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The Abstracts Which Follow Have Been Classifled for the Convenience of The The abstracts which follow have been classifled for the convenience of the reader under the following headings : Experimental Studies, Animal Tumors The Digestive Tract Nature of Cancer, Etiologic Theories The Liver General Clinical Observations, Blood The Pancreas Studies Retroperitoneal Tumors, Cysts and Tu- Diagnosis and Treatment mors of the Mesentery Tumors of the Skin and Muscles The Spleen The Oral Cavity, Nose and Paranasal The Female Genital Tract Sinuses, Throat, Salivary Glands, The Genito-Urinary System Carotid Body The Adrenal Glands The Eye The Nervous System The Ear The Bones and Joints The Thyroid Gland The Lymphatic System The Breast Statistics Intrathoracic Tumors Education As with any such scheme of classification, overlapping has been unavoidable. Shall an article on " Cutaneous Melanoma, an Histological Study " be grouped with the articles on Histology or with the Skin Tumors? Shall Traumatic Cerebral Tu- mors go under Trauma or The Nervous System? The reader's choice is likely to depend upon his personal interests; an editor may be governed by no such considera- tions. The attempt has been made, therefore, to put such articles in the group where they would seem most likely to be sought by the greatest number. It is hoped that this aim has not been entirely missed. As abstractors are never perfect, and as the opinions expressed may on occasion seem to an author not to represent adequately his position, opportunity is offered any such to submit his own views for publication. The JOURNALwill not only wel- come correspondence of this nature but hopes in the future to have a large number of author abstracts, so that the writer of a paper may present his subject in his own way. 968 EXPERIMENTAL STUDIES, ANIMAL TUMORS Production of Tumours in the Fowl by Carcinogenic Agents: (1) Tar; (2) 1: 2: 5: 6- Dibenzanthracene-lard, P. R. PEACOCK.J. Path. & Bact. 36: 141-152, 1933. The recent experiments by Kennaway and his co-workers (Am. J. Cancer 16: 57, 1932) have shown that 1: 2: 5: 6-dibenzanthracene is not only carcinogenic for mice when painted on the skin, but when injected in solution in lard or emulsified with olive oil has produced connective-tissue sarcomata in rats and mice. Tumors of the fowl produced by this agent or by tar would, therefore, have an equal claim to recognition as true neoplasms with these experimental mammalian tumors. The author refers to attempts that have been made in recent years to produce tumors in fowls by injecting tar and other agents, but points out that the number of successes has been small and that much of the work has been criticized on the score that the results might be attributed to contamination of the apparatus used by traces of the infective agent of non-filterable tumors. His own experiments were free from this objection because no experimental work on fowl tumors had been done previously in the laboratory used. In the first part of his paper the author describes his experiments with three kinds of tar. In the largest of these series he used an emulsion of tar in soap solu- tion. The birds were one-month-old Plymouth Rock chicks. Seventy-three of these were inoculated in the right breast with minced eightday embryo tissue. Thirty-eight were then given injections of the tar emulsion, and 35 were given injections of soap solution only. The injections were repeated weekly for seven weeks. Out of 31 tar-injected birds that survived for a year or more, 13 developed tumors, 8 being sarcomas and 5 fibromas. Of the former, 3 have metastasized freely, and two have grown on as autotransplants. In the two other, smaller, tar-injected series the results were very similar. In the experiments with 1 : 2: 5: 6-dibenzanthracene, 31 chicks, two to three months old, were given injections of this substance, mixed with lard, into the right breast, and of lard alone into the left breast. After fourteen months 10 birds (of which 5 have died with extensive metastases) had developed tumors, all of spindle-cell sarcoma type, at the site of the dibenzanthracene-lard injection, while 3 had developed similar tumors at the site of the control lard injection. The author notes that in these 3 birds the ‘‘ lard tumor ” appeared before the dibenzanthracene tumor, and he believes that the latter substance must have spread to the opposite breast either directly by the connective-tissue spaces or by the blood vessels. The presence of the lard, a foreign substance, may have deter- mined the redeposition of minute traces of dibenzanthracene in the reacting tissue. The quantity of this agent which is actually required to induce sercomatous growth must be extremely small, because the bulk of it appears to remain encapsulated throughout the experiment. Histologically these tumors were similar to the slowly growing filterable fibrosarcomas of fowls. One of the dibenzanthracene tumors is growing in the second generation of transplantation. There are four- teen illustrations, including some good photomicrographs. F. CAVERR DifIerences in the Growth of Transplantable Twnours in Plasma and Serum Culture Media, R. J. LUDFORD. Proc. Roy. SOC.112 (Series B): 250-263, 1933. In a recent study of the behavior of normal and malignant cells in tissue cultures of transplantable tumors, the author found that vital staining showed a 969 970 ABSTRAUTS characteristic difference between the two cell types. When a plasma culture undergoes liquefaction, the outgrowth of malignant cells collapses owing to the breaking down of the fibrous network supporting the cells. The malignant cells round off , usually become detached, degenerate, and die. The non-malignant connective-tissue cells remain adherent to the cover-glass and, without renewal of the culture medium, often survive after all the malignant cells have died. From these observations it seemed improbable that any outgrowth of malignant cells would occur in a serum medium. Bits of four transplantable mouse tumors (the mammary carcinomas 63 and 206, Crocker sarcoma 180, sarcoma 37) were explanted in rat serum and rat plasma, also in mouse serum and plasma with or without mouse embryo extract. There was no appreciable difference in growth between rat plasma and mouse plasma or between rat serum and mouse serum. The cultures were vitally stained by adding a drop of 0.5 per cent trypan blue in Ringer’s solution as soon as growth was well established, usually two or three days after explanting. In each series two or three control cultures received no trypan blue. The author’s conclusions are as follows: ‘‘ In tissue cultures of tumours there are present (a) the malignant cells; (a) non-malignant cells, consisting of cells of the stroma, and cells of the monocyte- macrophage series, which vary in number according to the extent of the resistancc which the animal from which the tumour was removed had opposed to the malig- nant growth. The malignant cells can be distinguished from the non-malignant cells by the addition of trypan blue to the cultures, since the former do not segregate the dye like the latter. The two types of cells are further distinguishable by vital staining with a basic dye, such as neutral red, and by their general cytological characters, such as sire of nuclei and nucleoli, and cytoplasmic vacuolation. In plasma cultures both malignant and non-malignant cells migrate from the explant, in serum cultures only non-malignant cells do so.” It is suggested that the different behavior of malignant cells in plasma and in serum results from a change in their plasma membrane such that they are unable to adhere to glass, though able to use the fibrin network of a plasma clot for their movement. Such a change might be brought about by an increased amount of fats or lipins in the plasma membrane. To this change may be attributed the failure of malignant cells to segregate the water-soluble acid dyes which may be unable to penetrate such a membrane. The author points out that Lumsden (Am. J. Cancer 15: 563, 1931), having no such method for distinguishing between normal and malignant cells, failed to dis- cover that the cells which migrate from tumor explants in serum are non-malignant and that none of Lumsden’s photomicrographs shows other than the destruction of non-malignant cells. He formulates, from the results of his own work, two tests for any substance for which a specific destructive action on cancer cells i~i uitro is claimed. (1) When added to a young, actively growing plasma culture, such a substance should be able to kill the malignant cells, leaving the non- malignant cells unaffected. The latter can be distinguished by their general cytological characters and their reactions to acid and basic dyes. (2) When added to a young, healthy serum culture, such a substance should destroy the malignant cells within the explant, while leaving intact the cells which have wandered out from it, since the latter are non-malignant cells. The cells of the explant can be examined cytologically in serial sections, by partially crushing it, or by tearing it apart. Four plates of wash drawings and photomicrographs accompany this article. F. CAVERS EXPERIMENTAL STUDIES, ANIMAL TUMORS 971 Effect of Bone Marrow from Young Animals on Healthy and Pathological Growth, ROBENSTEINAND KOHLER. Die Rolle des jugendlichen Knochenmarks beim gesunden und kranken Wachstum, Arch. f. klin. Chir. 173: 239-242, 1932. In a paper presented at the 56th meeting of the German Surgical Society, Rosenstein and Kohler rehearsed their opinions concerning the part played by the bone marrow of young animals in connection with growth. They removed the bone marrow from the upper and lower extremity of one side of a six-weeks’ old calf, and fourteen days later that on the other side.
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