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The Psychoanalysis of Career Choice, Job Performance, and Satisfaction

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The Psychoanalysis of Career Choice, Job Performance, and Satisfaction The Psychoanalysis of Career Choice, Job Performance, and Satisfaction Freud said that “love and work” are the central therapeutic goals of psychoanalysis: the twin pillars for a sound mind and for living the “good life.” While psychoanalysis has masterfully contributed to understanding the experience of love, it has made only a modest contribution to understanding the psychology of work. This book is the first to explore fully the psychoanalysis of work, analyzing career choice, job performance and job satisfaction, with an eye toward helping people make wiser choices that bring out the best in themselves, their colleagues and their organization. The book addresses the crucial questions concerning work: how does one choose the right career; what qualities contribute to excellence in performance; how best to implement and cope with organizational change; and what capacity and skills does one need to enjoy everyday work? Drawing on psychoanalytic thinking, vocational counseling, organizational psychology and business studies, The Psychoanalysis of Career Choice, Job Performance and Satisfaction will be invaluable in clinical psychoanalytic work, as well as for mental health professionals, scholars, career counselors and psychologists looking for a deeper understanding of work-based issues. Paul Marcus, PhD, is a training and supervisory analyst at the National Psychological Association for Psychoanalysis in New York City and the author/ editor of eighteen books, including Creating Heaven on Earth: The Psychology of Experiencing Immortality in Everyday Life and Sports as Soul-craft: How Playing and Watching Sports Enhances Life. He can be reached at [email protected] It is not your responsibility to finish the work [of perfecting the world], but neither are you free to abstain from it. —Rabbi Tarfon, Sayings of the Fathers (author’s translation) The Psychoanalysis of Career Choice, Job Performance, and Satisfaction How To Flourish in the Workplace Paul Marcus First published 2017 by Routledge 2 Park Square, Milton Park, Abingdon, Oxon OX14 4RN and by Routledge 711 Third Avenue, New York, NY 10017 Routledge is an imprint of the Taylor & Francis Group, an informa business © 2017 Paul Marcus The right of Paul Marcus to be identified as author of this work has been asserted by him in accordance with sections 77 and 78 of the Copyright, Designs and Patents Act 1988. All rights reserved. No part of this book may be reprinted or reproduced or utilised in any form or by any electronic, mechanical, or other means, now known or hereafter invented, including photocopying and recording, or in any information storage or retrieval system, without permission in writing from the publishers. Trademark notice: Product or corporate names may be trademarks or registered trademarks, and are used only for identification and explanation without intent to infringe. British Library Cataloguing in Publication Data A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library Library of Congress Cataloging in Publication Data Names: Marcus, Paul, 1953- author. Title: The psychoanalysis of career choice, job performance, and satisfaction: how to flourish in the workplace / Paul Marcus. Description: Abingdon, Oxon ; New York, NY : Routledge, 2017. Identifiers: LCCN 2016022876| ISBN 9781138211643 (hardback) | ISBN 9781138211650 (pbk.) | ISBN 9781315452531 (ebook) Subjects: LCSH: Vocational guidance–Psychological aspects. | Career development–Psychological aspects. | Psychology, Industrial. | Occupations–Psychological aspects. | Work–Psychological aspects. | Psychoanalysis. Classification: LCC HF5381 .M3175 2017 | DDC 650.101/9–dc23 LC record available at https://lccn.loc.gov/2016022876 ISBN: 978-1-138-21164-3 (hbk) ISBN: 978-1-138-21165-0 (pbk) ISBN: 978-1-315-45253-1 (ebk) Typeset in Times New Roman by Cenveo Publisher Services To my late psychoanalyst, Phillip M. Stone, who was still capably analyzing two weeks before his death at age 98. Books by Paul Marcus Sports as Soul-craft: How Playing and Watching Sports Enhances Life (Marquette University Press, 2015). Creating Heaven on Earth: The Psychology of Experiencing Immortality in Everyday Life (Karnac, 2015). They Shall Beat Their Swords Into Plowshares: Military Strategy, Psychoanalysis and The Art Of Living (Marquette University Press, 2014). How to Laugh Your Way Through Life: A Psychoanalyst’s Advice (Karnac, 2013). In Search of the Spiritual: Gabriel Marcel, Psychoanalysis and the Sacred (Karnac, 2013). Theater as Life: Psychological Insights Drawn from Great Acting Teachers, Actors and Actresses (Marquette University Press, 2011, with Gabriela Marcus). In Search of the Good Life: Emmanuel Levinas, Psychoanalysis and the Art of Living (Karnac Publishers, 2010). Warring Parents, Wounded Children, and the Wretched World of Child Custody: Cautionary Tales. Co-author J. Helmreich (Greenwood Publishers, 2008). Being for the Other: Emmanuel Levinas, Ethical Living and Psychoanalysis (Marquette University Press, 2008). Levinas and Psychoanalysis. Editor, A Special Issue of the Psychoanalytic Review (2007). Ancient Religious Wisdom: Spirituality and Psychoanalysis (Praeger, 2003). Autonomy in the Extreme Situation: Bruno Bettelheim, the Nazi Concentration Camps and the Mass Society (Praeger, 1999). Blacks and Jews on the Coach: Psychoanalytic Reflections on Black-Jewish Conflict (Co-editor Alan Helmreich.) (Praeger, 1988). Psychoanalytic Versions of the Human Condition: Philosophies of Life and Their Impact on Practice (Co-editor Alan Rosenberg) (New York University Press. 1998). On the Death of My Father: A Psychoanalyst’s Memoir (Edwin Mellen Press. 1995). Bruno Bettelheim’s Contribution to Psychoanalysis. Co-editor with Alan Rosenberg. A Special Issue of the Psychoanalytic Review (1994). Into the Great Forest: A Story for Children Away from Parents for the First Time (Co-authored with Irene Wineman Marcus), (Brunner-Mazel, 1992). Scary Night Visitors: A Story for Children with Bedtime Fears (Co-authored with Irene Wineman Marcus), (Brunner-Mazel, 1990). Healing Their Wounds: Psychotherapy with Holocaust Survivors and Their Families (Co-edited with Alan Rosenberg), (Praeger, 1989). Psychoanalytic Reflections on the Holocaust: Selected Essays (Co-edited with Steven A. Luel), (University of Denver and KTAV Publishers, 1984). Contents 1 Introduction 1 2 Choosing the “right” career 13 3 Flourishing on the job 48 4 Psychopathology I: the individual 75 5 Psychopathology II: the organization 110 6 The crucial role of emotions in facilitating organizational change 153 7 When to call it quits: retirement 189 References 215 Index 237 This page intentionally left blank Chapter 1 Introduction “Without work, all life goes rotten,” said Albert Camus, “but when work is soulless, life stifles and dies” (www.oxfordreference.com).1 Indeed, Camus’ astute obser- vation resonates with most people who seriously reflect on the problem of what it takes to fashion a work life that is joyful, or at least satisfying, over a sustained period of time.2 To loathe one’s work, or to experience it as barely tolerable, is a kind of personal horror that calls to mind a bad marriage or failed relationship with a significant other in which one feels utterly trapped. Regrettably, in west- ern society this feeling of disenchantment with one’s work life is fairly common; phrases like “I am burned out,” “I am only working for the pay check,” “I can’t stand my job” punctuate ordinary conversations with adults who honestly convey their feelings about work life. In my activities as a psychoanalyst and psychologist I have been struck by how so many patients are distressed for one reason or another by their work life, the subject getting more talking time than their love lives. Indeed, it is a blessed soul who can affirm what Thomas A. Edison allegedly said: “I never did a day’s work in my life. It was all fun” (www. inspirational-quotations.com). Edison’s incredible confession may be rooted in the fact that he had an enviably healthy attitude towards failure as an inventor: “I have not failed. I’ve just found 10,000 ways that won’t work” (Farrington, 2014, p. 75). As clinical research psychologist Ann Roe noted, “Occupation plays an immensely important role in the life of the individual,” including of one’s economic and social status, and “if one wishes to understand the total psychology of any person, it is at least as important to understand his occupa- tional behavior as it is to understand his sexual behavior. (They are not unre- lated)” (1956, pp. 24, vi). More recently, French psychoanalyst Christophe Dejours wrote that “the relation to work is intertwined with the sexual economy” (2015a, p. xv), that is, with the attitudes and behaviors in the personal realm, including body-ego, body-image and love relationships. Moreover, the psycho- dynamics of work are “always involved, both in the construction of mental health [i.e., psychological functioning] and in the genesis of [psychiatric] illness,” such as in the worsening of a patient’s health and their ability for recovery (ibid., p. xvii). Finally, Dejours notes that “the theoretical and clinical questions raised by the impact of the pressures of professional life [“the experience of work,” 2 Introduction especially its psychopathology] on mental health remain poorly understood by psychiatrists” (2015b, p. 1) and other mental health professionals (Thomas and Hersen, 2004). For many years now I have been publishing books that deal with what is most important to the average person in terms of everyday existence: how to live the “good life.”3 By “good life” I mean a life that is characterized by deep and wide love and creative and productive work, one that is also guided by reason and ethics and is aesthetically pleasing. This book is a further contribution to delineat- ing what constitutes the “nuts and bolts” of living a flourishing life, a way of being that blends practicality and passion as it pertains to what an adult spends most of his or her time doing, namely, working (Albion, 2006, p. xxiv). In particular, it focuses on what it takes to achieve excellence in work, that quality of having outstanding performance and productivity while also enjoying what one does.
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