Men and Masculinities in Nordic Cinema and Its American Remakes: a Comparative Analysis

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Men and Masculinities in Nordic Cinema and Its American Remakes: a Comparative Analysis Men and masculinities in Nordic cinema and its American remakes: A comparative analysis Valtteri Mustonen Master’s Thesis University of Jyväskylä Department of Language and Communication Studies English July 2020 JYVÄSKYLÄN YLIOPISTO Tiedekunta - Faculty Laitos - Department Humanistis-yhteiskuntatieteellinen tiedekunta Kieli- ja viestintätieteiden laitos Tekijä - Author Valtteri Mustonen Työn nimi - Title Men and masculinities in Nordic cinema and its American remakes: a comparative analysis Oppiaine - Subject Työn laji - Level Englannin kieli Maisterintutkielma Aika - Month and year Sivumäärä - Number of pages Heinäkuu 2020 122 Tiivistelmä – Abstract Tässä maisterintutkielmassa analysoin kahta pohjoismaissa tuotettua elokuvaa sekä niiden amerikkalaisia elokuva- adaptaatioita. Analyysin tavoitteena on saada selville, kuinka kyseisissä elokuvissa esitetään miehiä ja maskuliinisuutta sekä verrata näitä kahdessa eri kulttuurisessa kontekstissa tuotettua elokuvaa tästä näkökulmasta. Tutkielman aineistoksi valikoituivat tanskalainen Brødre (2004) ja norjalainen Kraftidioten (2014) sekä molempien amerikkalaiset uudelleenfilmatisoinnit Brothers (2009) ja Cold Pursuit (2019). Tutkimuksen menetelmäksi valikoitui tekstianalyysi, jossa tekstin käsitteellä ymmärretään mikä tahansa merkitystä tuottava asia, tässä tapauksessa elokuva. Kyseinen menetelmä mahdollistaa sekä elokuvan yksityiskohtaisen tarkastelun sekä laajemman kontekstin huomioimisen, johon elokuva sijoittuu. Analyysin yhtenä keskeisistä käsitteistä käytettiin hegemonista maskuliinisuutta, joka huomioi useiden maskuliinisuuksien hierarkkisen jäsentymisen tietyssä kontekstissa. Lisäksi analyysissa tarkasteltiin elokuvia maskuliinisuuden kriisin näkökulmasta. Vaikka maskuliinisuuden kriisi on nykyäänkin paljon keskustelua ja eriäviä mielipiteitä herättävä aihe, se mahdollisti elokuvien mieshahmojen sekä maskuliinisuuden ristiriitaisten ja usein mahdottomien miehiin kohdistamien odotusten tutkimisen. Lisäksi analyysissä keskityttiin maskuliinisuuden sekä mieshahmojen representaatiohin valituissa elokuvissa. Analyysissä tehdyt huomiot ja tulkinnat jäsenneltiin neljään kategoriaan, joista ensimmäinen keskittyi mieshahmojen keholliseen ilmentymiseen sekä hahmoja esittäviin näyttelijöihin. Toiseksi analyysi esittelee hahmojen fyysistä toimintaa ja erityisesti heidän harjoittamaa sekä heihin kohdistettua väkivaltaa. Kolmas kategoria keskittyy siihen, miten mieshahmot sijoittuvat suhteessa muihin hahmoihin sekä yhteiskuntaan ja sen maskuliinisuutta kohtaan luomien odotusten ja roolien suhteen. Lopuksi analyysi käsittelee hahmojen sisäistä kokemusta miehuudesta ja erityisesti millaisien ongelmien ja kriisien kanssa hahmot kamppailevat. Tutkimuksen tuloksena ilmenivät useat maskuliinisuuden ristiriitaisuudet esimerkiksi miehiin kohdistettujen odotusten ja arvojen suhteen. Tämä näkyi erityisesti siinä minkälaiset mieshahmot ja heidän piirteensä esitettiin tavoiteltavina ja arvostettuina sekä puolestaan siinä, mikä esitettiin näiden vastakohtana. Elokuvat heijastivat myös kriisiä sekä hegemonisessa maskuliinisuudessa että miehen asemassa yhteiskunnassa ja perheessä isän ja aviomiehen roolissa. Eri kulttuureissa tuotettujen elokuvien välillä löytyi myös eroja esimerkiksi naisiin kohdistuvan väkivallan ja miesten välisten suhteiden esittämisessä sekä elokuvien poliittisessa sisällössä ja -korrektiudessa. Asiasanat - Keywords masculinity, gender, film, Nordic countries, United States, representation Säilytyspaikka - Depository JYX Muita tietoja - Additional information TABLE OF CONTENTS 1. Introduction ........................................................................................................................... 4 2. Transnational movie remakes of Nordic cinema ................................................................... 7 2.1. Adaptations ...................................................................................................................... 7 2.2. Remakes......................................................................................................................... 11 2.3. National, transnational and Nordic cinema ................................................................... 15 2.4. Conclusion ..................................................................................................................... 19 3. Masculinity and movies ...................................................................................................... 20 3.1. Masculinities on film ..................................................................................................... 20 3.2. Crisis of masculinity ...................................................................................................... 23 3.3. Hegemonic masculinity ................................................................................................. 26 3.4. Cinematic representations of masculinity ...................................................................... 29 3.5. Conclusion ..................................................................................................................... 32 4. Set-up of the present study .................................................................................................. 33 4.1. Aims and research questions ......................................................................................... 33 4.2. Data ................................................................................................................................ 34 4.3.1. Kraftidioten and Cold Pursuit ................................................................................. 35 4.3.1. Brødre and Brothers ............................................................................................... 36 4.3. Methods of analysis ....................................................................................................... 37 5. Analysis: Masculinity in Brødre, Brothers, Kraftidioten and Cold Pursuit ....................... 45 5.1. The Body: masculinity personified................................................................................ 45 5.1.1. Masculinity mediated by actors and characters ...................................................... 46 5.1.2. Physical representation ........................................................................................... 50 5.1.3. Conclusion .............................................................................................................. 54 5.2. Action: performing masculinity..................................................................................... 55 5.2.1. Violence .................................................................................................................. 59 5.2.2. Conclusion .............................................................................................................. 65 5.3. The External World ....................................................................................................... 66 5.3.1. Relationships and family ......................................................................................... 66 5.3.2. The Other: Gender, sexuality and ethnicity ............................................................ 70 5.3.3. Expectations and roles ............................................................................................ 78 5.3.4. Conclusion .............................................................................................................. 84 5.4. The Internal World: experience of being male .............................................................. 85 5.4.1. Crises and anxieties ................................................................................................. 85 5.4.1. Conclusion .............................................................................................................. 97 6. Discussion ........................................................................................................................... 99 6.1. The contradictory nature of masculinity ........................................................................ 99 6.2. Remaking masculinity ................................................................................................. 105 6.3. Concluding remarks ..................................................................................................... 111 Bibliography: ......................................................................................................................... 114 Primary sources: ................................................................................................................. 114 Secondary Sources .............................................................................................................. 114 4 1. Introduction In the introduction to Masculinity: Bodies, Movies, Culture (2001), Peter Lehman recalls a conversation he had with a female colleague about the ability to use film to talk about topics they could otherwise not discuss, such as sexuality. Instead, they were able to discuss such topics indirectly through movies. Even though they might talk about sexuality in movies, what they actually were discussing were themselves and their own lives. Lehman goes on to argue that “both in the movies and within our culture, representing, showing, and even talking about many areas of masculinity, sexuality, and the male body are still nearly taboo” (Lehman 2001: 1-2). What Lehman’s story shows is that movies are a way to address and
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