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Bird's Eye Vancouver: Mapping Time, Culture And bird’s eye vANCOUVER: MAPPING TIME, CULTURE AND BIOSPHERE by Lynda Nakashima B.F.A., Emily Carr Institute of Art and Design, 2008 THESIS SUBMITTED IN PARTIAL FULFILLMENT OF THE REQUIREMENTS FOR THE DEGREE OF MASTER OF ARTS In the School of Interactive Arts and Technology Faculty of Communication, Art and Technology © Lynda Nakashima, 2011 SIMON FRASER UNIVERSITY Fall 2011 All rights reserved. However, in accordance with the Copyright Act of Canada, this work may be reproduced, without authorization, under the conditions for “Fair Dealing.” Therefore, limited reproduction of this work for the purposes of private study, research, criticism, review and news reporting is likely to be in accordance with the law, particularly if cited appropriately. APPROVAL Name: Lynda Nakashima Degree: Master of Arts Title of Thesis: Bird’s Eye Vancouver: Mapping time, culture and bio- sphere Examining Committee: Chair: ________________________________________ Dr. Marek Hatala Associate Professor, School of Interactive Arts and Technology Dr. Diane Gromala Senior Supervisor Associate Professor, School of Interactive Arts and Technology Dr. Chris Shaw Supervisor Associate Professor, School of Interactive Arts and Technology Dr. Tom Calvert External Examiner Professor Emeritus, School of Interactive Arts and Technology Date Defended/Approved: August 19, 2011 ii Partial Copyright Licence ABSTRACT Cities are now the dominant form of human habitation. How they are managed and developed will have global sustainability consequences. In the design and planning of cities, maps are a tool for cataloguing and organizing infrastructure, but they are less often used in a creative or strategic capacity. Two forces that have a significant impact on the development of cities—their ecological context, and their culture—tend to be invisible on maps. This study investigates ways of mapping these forces using the affordances of digital media, particularly 3D computer graphics, to support new ways of mapping the dynamic space that surrounds the infrastructure of cities. This new mapping is informed by artistic and cartographic traditions of visualizing space, and brings a representation of time to the map form. Key words: urban visualization, 3D mapping, sustainability, digital media, urban mapping, data visualization iii DEDICATION For D.M.O. iv ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS I would like to thank my senior supervisor Dr. Diane Gromala for helping me to experience the research process as an integral and productive part of my practice, and for her insight, understanding and support along the way. I also thank my supervisory committee Dr. Chris Shaw and Dr. Tom Calvert for their thoughtful feedback and encouragement. Thank you to the SIAT community, particularly Jim Bizzocchi, Thecla Schiphorst and Lyn Bartram for their involvement and generosity as faculty; my interim supervisor Ron Wakkary for getting me started; and Russell Taylor for opening the door. I would also like to acknowledge my design colleagues at Metro Vancouver, and my manager there, Heather Schoemaker, for supporting my studies with good humour in the midst of busy times. I would like to thank my family and friends for their encouragement, and finally, a special thanks to my partner Debora O for her patience and love throughout the process. Table of Contents List of Figures v TABLE OF CONTENTS Approval ............................................................................................................................ ii Abstract ............................................................................................................................ iii Dedication......................................................................................................................... iv Acknowledgements ........................................................................................................... v Table of Contents.............................................................................................................. vi List of Figures ..................................................................................................................viii Chapter 1 Introduction ....................................................................................................1 1.1 Context—Sustaining cities .......................................................................................1 1.2 Mapping as a creative and strategic design tool .......................................................2 1.3 Contribution ...............................................................................................................4 Chapter 2 Background ....................................................................................................5 2.1 Mapping as a way of describing place ......................................................................5 2.1.1 Visualizing the built-world: Abstraction vs. Representation ..............................6 2.1.2 From database to medium in digital cartography ...........................................10 2.2 Conceptualizing Place: other ways of understanding the city .................................14 2.2.1 New Urbanism ...............................................................................................15 2.2.2 Urban ecosystem model ................................................................................17 2.2.3 Aboriginal Forbearers .....................................................................................19 2.3 Picturing Place: traditions of bird’s eye view ..........................................................21 2.3.1 Bird’s eye view maps .....................................................................................21 2.3.2 The Rakuchu Rakugai Screen .....................................................................24 2.3.3 The Kangxi Scroll ...........................................................................................27 Chapter 3 Method ..........................................................................................................28 3.1 Design Research Triangle .......................................................................................28 3.1.1 A three point triangle .....................................................................................29 3.2 The model applied ...................................................................................................32 3.2.1 Working in the design practice node ..............................................................34 3.2.2 Working in Design Studies .............................................................................34 3.2.3 Working in Design Exploration .......................................................................35 3.2.4 The dynamics of the model ............................................................................36 3.2.5 Validating results ............................................................................................37 vi 3.3 Adding to the model ................................................................................................38 3.3.1 New movements in design—a disciplinary grouping .....................................38 3.3.2 Design and multidisciplinary practice .............................................................38 3.4 Other relevant methods ...........................................................................................39 Chapter 4 Description ..................................................................................................41 4.1 Approach .................................................................................................................41 4.1.1 Orchestration .................................................................................................42 4.1.2 Mapping time ................................................................................................44 1.1 Description of animatics ..........................................................................................48 Chapter 5 Discussion ....................................................................................................55 5.1 Representation: degree of detail .............................................................................55 5.1.1 Current Approaches .......................................................................................56 5.1.2 Other approaches .........................................................................................57 5.2 Orientation: Volumetric space .................................................................................59 5.2.1 Current Approaches .......................................................................................59 5.2.2 Other Approaches ..........................................................................................61 5.3 Dynamic Space: Key-framing the environment .......................................................66 5.3.1 Current Approaches .......................................................................................66 5.3.2 Other Approaches ..........................................................................................69 5.4 Findings ...................................................................................................................72 5.4.1 Summary of three affordances: Design considerations .................................72 5.4.2 Narrative contextualization of data ................................................................74 5.4.3 Summation of movement
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