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The Drosophilidae (Diptera) of Latvia 68 The Drosophilidae (Diptera) of Latvia 1 1 2 1 STEFAN ANDERSSON ESCHER , JOHAN EKENSTEDT , AINA KARPA AND ANSSI SAURA 1 - Department of Genetics, Umeå University, SE-901 87, Umeå, Sweden; e-mail: [email protected] 2 - Institute of Biology, 3 Miera Str., LV-2169, Salaspils, Latvia; e-mail: [email protected] ESCHER S.A., EKENSTEDT J., KARPA A., SAURA A. 2002. THE DROSOPHILIDAE (DIPTERA) OF LATVIA. – Latv. Entomol., 39: 68-76. Abstract: The Baltic countries represent a veritable terra incognita on the Drosophila map of Europe. To remedy the situation we made two collecting trips through the three Baltic countries in the summer of 2000. The first trip was made in early summer to get spring species such as those belonging to genus Chymomyza and the second in late August to get the mushroom feeding species. In general the drosophilid fauna of the Baltic resembles the well known fauna of the Nordic countries. The single most interesting result is that Chymomyza amoena was found in Estonia and Lithuania. This American species is a recent invader of Central Europe. Other interesting finding was the relative rarity of D. subobscura and the complete absence of D. virilis group species. The latter have become uncommon in Sweden and Finland in recent years as well. Key words: Drosophilidae, Chymomyza, Drosophila, Gitona, Leucophenga, Scaptomyza, Latvia, new records. Introduction D. melanogaster is taxonomically far away from the nominate species of the genus Drosophila melanogaster is now by far D. funebris; in fact so far that several the best known insect. Its genome has been drosophilid genera are placed within an sequenced, its development is a model for obviously paraphyletic genus. Throckmorton other animals and its behaviour has been (1975) and Desalle & Grimaldi (1991) show linked to individual genes. Very many of its using both morphological and includes many genes have direct counterparts with our own taxa that are independent genera ( the lagest genes; in several cases homologies are found of which is Scaptomyza). in as evolutionarily distant organisms as Drosophila is the largest genus of the green plants. Because of the small size and family Drosophilidae. The reason why the the fast rate of reproduction the function of genus is large is that it includes D. genes can be established in Drosophila; melanogaster. Because of the immense these results can then be used to find a amount of literature written on these small function of an unknown nucleotide sequence flies, removing melanogaster from the genus in humans. Like many other dipterans, is out of question. Drosophila larvae have polytene The power of Drosophila genetics can be chromosomes in the salivary glands that harnessed to serve ecology and taxonomy. make the exact localization of genes to Drosophilid flies have quite diverse chromosomes possible. ecological niches and evidently much can be 69 Latvijas Entomologs, 2002, 39: 68-76. learned through a study of their biology. We Flies were collected from as many believe that the Latvian biologists will biotopes as possible, including dustbins, benefit in having a first survey of the mushrooms, felled logs etc. and either with drosophilid fauna in Latvia. net sweeping or suction in fermenting baits With the exception of a single record by using rotting bananas and other fruits. Gimmerthal (1845) nothing has been Depending on weather conditions and other published on the drosophilid fauna of the factors, the traps were checked at least once Baltic countries. There is a species list for an hour. After preliminary examining of the Estonia (Kunberg, 1981). It is the work of a flies, in the field, they were put in ethanol skilled entomologist, but has remained as an and further determined in the lab. The unpublished master’s thesis written in material collected by the author Karpa is Estonian. The Institute of Biology at deposited at Institute of Biology, University Salaspils has a good collection of drosophilid of Latvia while the material collected by the specimens that are identified using the key of Swedish group is at the Dept. of Molecular Stakelberg (1970). This key and the pictures Biology of Umea University in Sweeden. are good but some common European The material was determinated at the dept. of species are missing. The authors Escher and Molecular Biology in Umea using a Saura are involved in a project that concerns binocular microscope and the available the drosophilid fauna of Northern Europe, in determination keys to European species. collaboration with Dr. Gerhard Bächli, We made a special effort to get the virilis University of Zürich, Switzerland. The group species by collecting along the banks project will cover the Northern European of small and large rivers. species of Drosophila and will give details of distributions, a key to the species and biological information.We wished therefore Results and discussion to gather as extensive entomological records as possible and to fill eventual gaps in the The results are given in the knowledge. The collection at Salaspils has accompanying species list and highlight been collected using traditional dipteran certain species. In general, there was nothing collection methods. This gives a species list completely unexpected if we compare the different from the one that is obtained when results with the well-known drosophilid using fermenting baits, observing fauna of the Nordic countries. The northern mushrooms or felled trees. In other words, and alpine species were, of course, missing. the different collecting methods complement A remarkable result is the absence of the each other. We describe here the drosophilid virilis group species. Four species, D. fauna of Latvia. littoralis, D. lummei, D. montana and D. ezoana are found in Sweden and Finland. Of these D. lummei and D. ezoana have Materials and methods virtually disappeared from Finland and Sweden and, D. littoralis and D. montana The material for this report was collected have also become uncommon. These are our by the authors in June and August 2000. The personal observations. In places in Sweden records from the author Karpa’s earlier and Finland, where they were common in the collections are included. 1970’s and 80’s they have disappeared. We shall study this phenomenon further this The Drosophilidae (Diptera) of Latvia 70 summer. The only specimen of this group The larvae diapause, many details of which that we obtained was an undetermined remain unknown (Riihimaa, 1996). female from the city moat of Pärnu, Estonia. In addition, we found some Chymomyza We had expected to get hundreds of virilis amoena in Estonia and Lithuania (Escher et group flies from the great rivers Daugava all., 2002a,b). These findings are the and Nemunas; but we did not get a single northernmost records for this North one. The riverside habitats gave mostly American species immigrant to Central and domestic species, in particular many D. Southern Europe (e.g. Band et all., 1999). melanogaster. Unlike the forest Chymomyza species D. subobscura was also remarkably mentioned above, C. amoena is collected uncommon. In habitats where we expected it, over garbage and fermenting bait. we got mostly D. obscura in very large numbers. D. subobscura had disappeared Genus Drosophila Fallén, 1823 from the sites in Sweden and Finland where we tried to collect it in 1994, but earlier it Subgenus Dorsilopha Sturtevant, 1942 was very common and abundant and now it is to some extent returning. It would be D. busckii Coquillett, 1901 interesting to know what has happened with This is a domestic species that breeds in these common flies (D. virilis group and D. all kinds of refuse like rotting potatoes. subobscura). Laboratory strains are available These flies can be cultured using Drosophila from the period before the crash and there is medium with e.g. some malt added. also a vast amount of unpublished enzyme Salaspils, 29.10.1990. Leg A.Karpa. allele frequency data from Norway, Sweden Inside a house. and Finland from mid 1970’s. This would allow us to compare allele frequencies before Subgenus Drosophila Fallén, 1823 and after the crash, and it is also possible to carry out DNA comparisons. funebris species group D. funebris (Fabricius, 1787) An annotated list of species A widespread, domestic species. It breeds in particular in pickled cucumbers Genus Chymomyza Czerny, 1903 etc. and is therefore “vinegar fly”. They are easily collected using fermenting bait and are C. costata Zetterstedt, 1838 easy to culture. Alksne, 14.06.2000. Leg. A.Saura. Zosna, 07.08.1956; Jaundubulti, Deciduous forest. Suction from birch log. 08.09.1956. Leg. Z.Spuris. Inside houses. In addition, we obtained some C. fuscimana and C. caudatula from Estonia histrio species group (Escher et all., 2002a). These two species can be found on the same felled logs as C. D. histrio Meigen, 1830 costata. They engage in a length courtship These large flies are never common in behaviour and are easily collected. C. costata Europe. The larvae live in mushrooms. is one of the most common drosophilid flies Culturing may be possible using mushrooms in northern Europe (Hackman et all., 1970). in the medium. 71 Latvijas Entomologs, 2002, 39: 68-76. Mazsalaca, 17.08.1989, 26.09.1989. Leg. Kurzeme, Leg. B.Gimmerthal (1845); A.Karpa. Pine forest; Bldene, 25.08.2000. Engure, 16.08.1995, 6.08.1998, 14.08.2000. Leg A.Saura. Deciduous forest. Fermenting Leg. A.Karpa. Mixed forest. Kolka, bait; Engure, 10.07.2001. Leg. K.Vilks. Pine 16.09.1998. Leg E.Jucevia. Meadow. forest. D. transversa Fallén, 1823 immigrans species group This is a very common species all over Latvia everywhere where there are D. immigrans Sturtevant, 1921 mushrooms. The distribution extends from A widespread, domestic species that Norway across Asia to North America.
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  • Thermal Analysis of Ice and Glass Transitions in Insects That Do and Do Not Survive Freezing Jan Rozsypal, Martin Moos, Petr Šimek and Vladimıŕ Koštál*

    Thermal Analysis of Ice and Glass Transitions in Insects That Do and Do Not Survive Freezing Jan Rozsypal, Martin Moos, Petr Šimek and Vladimıŕ Koštál*

    © 2018. Published by The Company of Biologists Ltd | Journal of Experimental Biology (2018) 221, jeb170464. doi:10.1242/jeb.170464 RESEARCH ARTICLE Thermal analysis of ice and glass transitions in insects that do and do not survive freezing Jan Rozsypal, Martin Moos, Petr Šimek and Vladimıŕ Koštál* ABSTRACT crystals in their overwintering microhabitat (Holmstrup and Westh, Some insects rely on the strategy of freeze tolerance for winter survival. 1994; Holmstrup et al., 2002). Under specific conditions, insect During freezing, extracellular body water transitions from the liquid to body solutions may also undergo phase transition into a biological š the solid phase and cells undergo freeze-induced dehydration. Here, glass via the process of vitrification (Sformo et al., 2010; Ko tál we present results of a thermal analysis (from differential scanning et al., 2011b). calorimetry) of ice fraction dynamics during gradual cooling after In this paper, we focused on the strategy of freeze tolerance. The inoculative freezing in variously acclimated larvae of two drosophilid classical view (Lovelock, 1954; Asahina, 1969) is that freeze-tolerant flies, Drosophila melanogaster and Chymomyza costata. Although the organisms rely on the formation of ice crystal nuclei in the species and variants ranged broadly between 0 and close to 100% extracellular space. As the ice nuclei grow with decreasing survival of freezing, there were relatively small differences in ice fraction temperatures, the extracellular solutions become more concentrated, which osmotically drives water out of cells. It remains under debate dynamics. For instance, the maximum ice fraction (IFmax) ranged between 67.9% and 77.7% total body water (TBW).