Early Transcriptional Events Linked to Induction of Diapause Revealed By
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Cold Hardiness of Winter-Acclimated Drosophila Suzukii (Diptera: Drosophilidae) Adults
PHYSIOLOGICAL ECOLOGY Cold Hardiness of Winter-Acclimated Drosophila suzukii (Diptera: Drosophilidae) Adults 1 2 1 3,4 A. R. STEPHENS, M. K. ASPLEN, W. D. HUTCHISON, AND R. C. VENETTE Environ. Entomol. 44(6): 1619–1626 (2015); DOI: 10.1093/ee/nvv134 ABSTRACT Drosophila suzukii Matsumura, often called spotted wing drosophila, is an exotic vinegar fly that is native to Southeast Asia and was first detected in the continental United States in 2008. Pre- vious modeling studies have suggested that D. suzukii might not survive in portions of the northern United States or southern Canada due to the effects of cold. As a result, we measured two aspects of in- sect cold tolerance, the supercooling point and lower lethal temperature, for D. suzukii summer-morph pupae and adults and winter-morph adults. Supercooling points were compared to adults of Drosophila melanogaster Meigen. The lower lethal temperature of D. suzukii winter-morph adults was significantly colder than that for D. suzukii summer-morph adults, while supercooling points of D. suzukii winter- morph adults were actually warmer than that for D. suzukii summer-morph adults and pupae. D. suzukii summer-morph adult supercooling points were not significantly different than those for D. melanogaster adults. These measures indicate that D. suzukii is a chill intolerant insect, and winter-morph adults are the most cold-tolerant life stage. These results can be used to improve predictions of where D. suzukii might be able to establish overwintering populations and cause extensive damage to spring fruit crops. KEY WORDS spotted wing drosophila, Drosophila melanogaster, cold acclimation, cold tolerance Nonnative insects have the potential to cause wide- Most species of Drosophila overwinter as adults in spread damage to both natural and cultivated systems some sort of diapause state (e.g., reproductive or aesti- (e.g., Manchester and Bullock 2000, Pimentel et al. -
ABSTRACT BAYLESS, KEITH MOHR. Phylogenomic Studies of Evolutionary Radiations of Diptera
ABSTRACT BAYLESS, KEITH MOHR. Phylogenomic Studies of Evolutionary Radiations of Diptera. (Under the direction of Dr. Brian M. Wiegmann.) Efforts to understand the evolutionary history of flies have been obstructed by the lack of resolution in major radiations. Diptera is a highly diverse branch on the tree of life, but this diversity accrued at an uneven pace. Some of radiations that contributed disproportionately to species diversity occurred contemporaneously, and understanding the relationships of these taxa can illuminate broad scale patterns. Relationships between some subordinate groups of taxa are notoriously difficult to untangle, and genomic data will address these problems at a new scale. This project will focus on two major radiations in Diptera: Tabanus horse flies and relatives, and acalyptrate Schizophora. Tabanus includes over one thousand species. Synthesis focused research on the group is stymied by its species richness, worldwide distribution, inconsistent diagnosis, and scale of undescribed diversity. Furthermore, the genus may be non-monophyletic with respect to more than 10 other lineages of horse flies. A groundwork phylogenetic study of worldwide Tabanus is needed to understand the evolution of this lineage and to make comprehensive taxonomic projects manageable. Data to address this question was collected from two different sources. A dataset including five genes was sequenced from ninety-four species in the Tabanus group, including nearly all genera of Tabanini and at least one species from every biogeographic region. Then a new data source from a next generation sequencing approach, Anchored Hybrid Enrichment exome capture, was used to accumulate a dataset including hundreds of genes for a subset of the taxa. -
The Drosophilidae (Diptera) of Latvia 68
The Drosophilidae (Diptera) of Latvia 68 The Drosophilidae (Diptera) of Latvia 1 1 2 1 STEFAN ANDERSSON ESCHER , JOHAN EKENSTEDT , AINA KARPA AND ANSSI SAURA 1 - Department of Genetics, Umeå University, SE-901 87, Umeå, Sweden; e-mail: [email protected] 2 - Institute of Biology, 3 Miera Str., LV-2169, Salaspils, Latvia; e-mail: [email protected] ESCHER S.A., EKENSTEDT J., KARPA A., SAURA A. 2002. THE DROSOPHILIDAE (DIPTERA) OF LATVIA. – Latv. Entomol., 39: 68-76. Abstract: The Baltic countries represent a veritable terra incognita on the Drosophila map of Europe. To remedy the situation we made two collecting trips through the three Baltic countries in the summer of 2000. The first trip was made in early summer to get spring species such as those belonging to genus Chymomyza and the second in late August to get the mushroom feeding species. In general the drosophilid fauna of the Baltic resembles the well known fauna of the Nordic countries. The single most interesting result is that Chymomyza amoena was found in Estonia and Lithuania. This American species is a recent invader of Central Europe. Other interesting finding was the relative rarity of D. subobscura and the complete absence of D. virilis group species. The latter have become uncommon in Sweden and Finland in recent years as well. Key words: Drosophilidae, Chymomyza, Drosophila, Gitona, Leucophenga, Scaptomyza, Latvia, new records. Introduction D. melanogaster is taxonomically far away from the nominate species of the genus Drosophila melanogaster is now by far D. funebris; in fact so far that several the best known insect. -
Thermal Analysis of Ice and Glass Transitions in Insects That Do and Do Not Survive Freezing Jan Rozsypal, Martin Moos, Petr Šimek and Vladimıŕ Koštál*
© 2018. Published by The Company of Biologists Ltd | Journal of Experimental Biology (2018) 221, jeb170464. doi:10.1242/jeb.170464 RESEARCH ARTICLE Thermal analysis of ice and glass transitions in insects that do and do not survive freezing Jan Rozsypal, Martin Moos, Petr Šimek and Vladimıŕ Koštál* ABSTRACT crystals in their overwintering microhabitat (Holmstrup and Westh, Some insects rely on the strategy of freeze tolerance for winter survival. 1994; Holmstrup et al., 2002). Under specific conditions, insect During freezing, extracellular body water transitions from the liquid to body solutions may also undergo phase transition into a biological š the solid phase and cells undergo freeze-induced dehydration. Here, glass via the process of vitrification (Sformo et al., 2010; Ko tál we present results of a thermal analysis (from differential scanning et al., 2011b). calorimetry) of ice fraction dynamics during gradual cooling after In this paper, we focused on the strategy of freeze tolerance. The inoculative freezing in variously acclimated larvae of two drosophilid classical view (Lovelock, 1954; Asahina, 1969) is that freeze-tolerant flies, Drosophila melanogaster and Chymomyza costata. Although the organisms rely on the formation of ice crystal nuclei in the species and variants ranged broadly between 0 and close to 100% extracellular space. As the ice nuclei grow with decreasing survival of freezing, there were relatively small differences in ice fraction temperatures, the extracellular solutions become more concentrated, which osmotically drives water out of cells. It remains under debate dynamics. For instance, the maximum ice fraction (IFmax) ranged between 67.9% and 77.7% total body water (TBW). -
Diapause Is Not Selected As a Bet-Hedging Strategy in Insects: A
bioRxiv preprint doi: https://doi.org/10.1101/752881; this version posted January 20, 2020. The copyright holder for this preprint (which was not certified by peer review) is the author/funder. All rights reserved. No reuse allowed without permission. RESEARCH ARTICLE Diapause is not selected as a bet- hedging strategy in insects: a meta-analysis of reaction norm shapes Cite as: Joschinski J and Bonte D. Diapause is not selected as a bet- 1 1 hedging strategy in insects: a meta- Jens Joschinski & Dries Bonte analysis of reaction norm shapes. bioRxiv 752881, ver. 3 peer-reviewed and recommended by PCI Ecology 1 Terrestrial Ecology Unit (TEREC), Department of Biology, Ghent University, Ghent, (2020). Belgium. Posted: 20th January 2020 This article has been peer-reviewed and recommended by Recommender: Peer Community in Ecology Bastien Castagneyrol Reviewers: Kévin Tougeron, Habibur Rahman ABSTRACT Salman and one anonymous Many organisms escape from lethal climatological conditions by entering a resistant reviewer resting stage called diapause, and it is essential that this strategy remains optimally Correspondence: timed with seasonal change. Climate change therefore exerts selection pressure on [email protected] phenology, which is expected to cause the evolution of mean diapause timing, but also phenotypic plasticity and bet-hedging strategies. Especially the latter as a strategy to cope with unpredictability is so far little considered in the context of climate change, and it is unknown whether it can readily evolve. Contemporary patterns of phenological strategies across a geographic range may provide information about their evolvability. We thus extracted 458 diapause reaction norms from 60 studies. -
Publications Files/2018 Leal Et Al Leptidea Diapause Transcriptomics.Pdf
Received: 16 October 2017 | Revised: 17 January 2018 | Accepted: 19 January 2018 DOI: 10.1111/mec.14501 ORIGINAL ARTICLE Gene expression profiling across ontogenetic stages in the wood white (Leptidea sinapis) reveals pathways linked to butterfly diapause regulation Luis Leal1,2 | Venkat Talla1 | Thomas Kallman€ 3 | Magne Friberg4 | Christer Wiklund5 | Vlad Dinca6 | Roger Vila7 | Niclas Backstrom€ 1 1Department of Evolutionary Biology, Evolutionary Biology Centre (EBC), Uppsala Abstract University, Uppsala, Sweden In temperate latitudes, many insects enter diapause (dormancy) during the cold sea- 2Department of Plant Ecology and son, a period during which developmental processes come to a standstill. The wood Evolution, Evolutionary Biology Centre (EBC), Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden white (Leptidea sinapis) is a butterfly species distributed across western Eurasia that 3Department of Medical Biochemistry and shows photoperiod-induced diapause with variation in critical day-length across Microbiology, Uppsala Biomedical Centre (BMC), Uppsala, Sweden populations at different latitudes. We assembled transcriptomes and estimated gene 4Department of Biology, Biodiversity Unit, expression levels at different developmental stages in experimentally induced Lund University, Lund, Sweden directly developing and diapausing cohorts of a single Swedish population of L. si- 5Department of Zoology, Division of Ecology, Stockholm University, Stockholm, napis to investigate the regulatory mechanisms underpinning diapause initiation. Dif- Sweden ferent day lengths resulted in expression changes of developmental genes and 6 Department of Ecology and Genetics, affected the rate of accumulation of signal molecules, suggesting that diapause University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland induction might be controlled by increased activity of monoamine neurotransmitters 7Institut de Biologia Evolutiva (CSIC-UPF), Barcelona, Spain in larvae reared under short-day light conditions. -
A Provisional Assessment of the Status of Acalyptratae Flies in the UK
Natural England Commissioned Report NECR217 A Provisional Assessment of the Status of Acalyptratae flies in the UK First published 1 December 2016 www.gov.uk/natural -england Foreword Natural England commission a range of reports from external contractors to provide evidence and advice to assist us in delivering our duties. The views in this report are those of the authors and do not necessarily represent those of Natural England. Background Making good decisions to conserve species This report should be cited as: should primarily be based upon an objective process of determining the degree of threat to FALK, S.J., ISMAY, J.W. & CHANDLER, P.J. the survival of a species. The recognised 2016. A Provisional Assessment of the Status of international approach to undertaking this is by Acalyptratae flies in the UK. Natural England assigning the species to one of the IUCN threat Commissioned Reports, Number217. categories. This report was commissioned to update the threat status of the acalypterate fly families. It is based on text originally submitted in 1995, but subsequently updated a number of times, most recently in early 2016. It provides a valuable repository of information on many species and should act as a springboard to further survey and work. Reviews for other invertebrate groups will follow. Natural England Project Manager - David Heaver, Senior Invertebrate Specialist [email protected] Contractor - John Ismay [email protected] Keywords - Acalyptratae flies, invertebrates, red list, IUCN, status reviews, IUCN threat categories, GB rarity status Further information This report can be downloaded from the Natural England Access to Evidence Catalogue: http://publications.naturalengland.org.uk/ . -
Environmental Factors Modulating Cold Tolerance, Gene Expression and Metabolism in Drosophila Montana JYVÄSKYLÄ STUDIES in BIOLOGICAL and ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE 231
JYVÄSKYLÄ STUDIES IN BIOLOGICAL AND ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE 231 Laura Vesala Environmental Factors Modulating Cold Tolerance, Gene Expression and Metabolism in Drosophila montana JYVÄSKYLÄ STUDIES IN BIOLOGICAL AND ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE 231 Laura Vesala Environmental Factors Modulating Cold Tolerance, Gene Expression and Metabolism in Drosophila montana Esitetään Jyväskylän yliopiston matemaattis-luonnontieteellisen tiedekunnan suostumuksella julkisesti tarkastettavaksi yliopiston vanhassa juhlasalissa S212 marraskuun 25. päivänä 2011 kello 12. Academic dissertation to be publicly discussed, by permission of the Faculty of Mathematics and Science of the University of Jyväskylä, in Auditorium S212, on November 25, 2011 at 12 o’clock noon. UNIVERSITY OF JYVÄSKYLÄ JYVÄSKYLÄ 2011 Environmental Factors Modulating Cold Tolerance, Gene Expression and Metabolism in Drosophila montana JYVÄSKYLÄ STUDIES IN BIOLOGICAL AND ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE 231 Laura Vesala Environmental Factors Modulating Cold Tolerance, Gene Expression and Metabolism in Drosophila montana UNIVERSITY OF JYVÄSKYLÄ JYVÄSKYLÄ 2011 Editors Jari Haimi Department of Biological and Environmental Science, University of Jyväskylä Pekka Olsbo, Ville Korkiakangas Publishing Unit, University Library of Jyväskylä Jyväskylä Studies in Biological and Environmental Science Editorial Board Jari Haimi, Anssi Lensu, Timo Marjomäki, Varpu Marjomäki Department of Biological and Environmental Science, University of Jyväskylä Cover picture Tiina S. Salminen URN:ISBN:978-951-39-4485-8 ISBN 978-951-39-4485-8 -
Insect Cold-Hardiness and Ice Nucleating Active Microorganisms Including Their Potential Use for Biological Control RICHARD E
.I. lnsecr Physiol. Vol. 39, No. 1, pp. 1-12, 1993 0022-1910/93 $24.00 + 0.00 Printed in Great Britain. All rights reserved Copyright Q 1993 Pergamon Press Ltd REVIEW Insect Cold-hardiness and Ice Nucleating Active Microorganisms Including Their Potential Use for Biological Control RICHARD E. LEE JR,* MARCIA R. LEE,? JANET M. STRONG-GUNDERSON$ Received 20 July 1992 Since most insects are unable to survive internal ice formation a key factor in their overwintering survival is the regulation of the temperature at which they spontaneously freeze. To enhance their supercooling capacity overwintering insects eliminate endogenous ice nucleators, accumulate low-mol- ecular-weight polyols and sugars, and synthesize hemolymph antifreeze proteins. A number of freeze-tolerant species contain proteins/lipoproteins or insoluble crystals that are ice nucleating active at relatively high subzero temperatures. Only recently have ice nucleating active bacteria and fungi been identified as normal flora in the gut of insects. These microorganisms are the most efficient class of heterogeneous ice nucleators that have been found in insects. Ice nucleating active microorganisms can regulate the supercooling capacity of insects when ingested or applied topically. These unique microorganisms may offer a novel means for the biological control of insect pests during the winter. Insect cold-hardiness Supercooling point Ice nucleation Ice nucleating active bacteria and fungi Biological control INTRODUCTION lethal temperature. However, without careful testing it must -
Characterization of the Molecular Clockwork in the Cockroach Rhyparobia Maderae
Characterization of the molecular clockwork in the cockroach Rhyparobia maderae The core feedback loop genes period, timeless 1 and cryptochrome 2 Dissertation zur Erlangung des akademischen Grades Doktor der Naturwissenschaften (Dr. rer. nat.) Vorgelegt im Fachbereich Mathematik und Naturwissenschaften der Universit¨at Kassel von Achim Werckenthin Kassel, Dezember 2013 Eidesstattliche Erkla¨rung Hiermit versichere ich, dass ich die vorliegende Dissertation selbstst¨andig, ohne unerlaubte Hilfe Dritter angefertigt und andere als die in der Dissertation angegebenen Hilfsmittel nicht benutzt habe. Alle Stellen, die w¨ortlich oder sinngem¨aß aus ver¨offentlichten oder unver¨offentlichten Schriften entnommen sind, habe ich als solche kenntlich gemacht. Dritte waren an der inhaltlich- materiellen Erstellung der Dissertation nicht beteiligt; insbesondere habe ich hierf¨ur nicht die Hilfe eines Promotionsberaters in Anspruch genommen. Kein Teil dieser Arbeit ist in einem anderen Promotions- oder Habilitationsverfahren verwendet worden. Kassel, 13.12.2013 Achim Werckenthin iii iv Vom Fachbereich 10, Mathematik und Naturwissenschaften der Universitat¨ Kassel als Dissertation am 13.12.2013 angenommen. Prufungskommission¨ 1. Gutachterin: Prof. Dr. Monika Stengl 2. Gutachterin: Prof. Dr. Mireille Schafer¨ 3. Gutachterin: Prof. Dr. Charlotte Forster¨ 4. Gutacher: Prof. Dr. Friedrich Herberg Tag der mundlichen¨ Prufung:¨ 17.02.2014 Contents Contribution statements ix Zusammenfassung xi 1 Summary 1 2 Introduction 3 2.1 Rhyparobia maderae andcircadianresearch . 5 2.1.1 Thecentralnervoussystem. 6 2.2 Molecularrhythmgeneration . 11 2.2.1 Transcriptional-translational feedback regulation and adjacent pathways in D. melanogaster ............................. 12 2.2.2 The circadian molecular clockworkinnon-Drosophilidinsects . 16 2.2.3 Period.................................... 20 2.2.4 Timeless .................................. 22 2.2.5 Cryptochrome ............................... 23 2.2.6 Posttranslationalregulation. -
Chymomyzid Fly (Chymomyzia Amoena)
The International Journal of Comparative Psychology, Vol. 2, No. 1, Fall 1988 BEHAVIOR AND TAXONOMY OF A CHYMOMYZID FLY (CHYMOMYZIA AMOENA) Henretta Trent Band ABSTRACT: Molecular genetics studies on the chymomyzids have produced divergent results on their relation to the genus Drosophila. Behavior has been used to assess the appropriateness of their inclusion in the genus (Maclntyre and Collier, 1986) or off the drosophilid main stem (Beverley and Wilson, 1984). Laboratory and natural population studies on Chymuniyza amoena in Michigan and Virginia and observations on multiple species aggregations at natural sites in 1986 and 1987 in Virginia's Allegheny Mountains have been carried out. Wing-waving and foreleg splaying are characteristics of both sexes. In nature, females do not approach males until sexually mature. All population sizes seem small. Studies on C. amoena indicate that behavioral phenotypic plasticity exists for all stages: lanal feeding substrates, pupation site choice, mating system, egg deposition and oviposition site selection. Behavioral traits shared with the lek Drosophila (Hawaiian and Australian), genus Scaptomyza, subgenus Scaptodrosophila, subgenus Sophophora and genua Lissocepha I a among the drosophilids, and the tephritids, otitids and hyinenopterans outside the family Drosophilidae suggest that chymomyzids retain characteristics of primitive drosophilids that have undergone selective modification in the evolution of different drosophilid lineages. Significant differences in aggression between Michigan and Virginia C. amoena populations support this conclusion. Throckmorton (1962, 1966) anticipated the chymomyzid relation to the drosophilid stem from external and internal anatomical studies. A wood breeding habitat of most forest chymomyzids is also in agreement with recent molecular genetics evidence that fermented fruit breeding evolved later in drosophilid evolution. -
Diapause Is Not Selected As a Bet-Hedging Strategy in Insects: a Meta-Analysis of Reaction Norm Shapes
bioRxiv preprint doi: https://doi.org/10.1101/752881; this version posted September 6, 2019. The copyright holder for this preprint (which was not certified by peer review) is the author/funder. All rights reserved. No reuse allowed without permission. Diapause is not selected as a bet-hedging strategy in insects: a meta-analysis of reaction norm shapes. Jens Joschinski1*†, Dries Bonte1‡ 1 Terrestrial Ecology Unit (TEREC), Department of Biology, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium. * [email protected] † Twitter: @jensjoschi, ORCID: 0000-0001-7828-3336 ‡ Twitter: @bontedries, ORCID: 0000-0002-3320-7505 Keywords: Phenotypic plasticity, diversified bet-hedging, conservative bet-hedging, insects, phenotypic variance, critical day length, photoperiodism, phenology, climate change bioRxiv preprint doi: https://doi.org/10.1101/752881; this version posted September 6, 2019. The copyright holder for this preprint (which was not certified by peer review) is the author/funder. All rights reserved. No reuse allowed without permission. 1 Abstract 2 Many organisms escape from lethal climatological conditions by entering a resistant resting 3 stage called diapause, and it is essential that this strategy remains optimally timed with seasonal 4 change. Climate change therefore exerts selection pressure on traits that regulate phenology, 5 which is expected to cause the evolution of mean diapause timing, but also phenotypic 6 plasticity and bet-hedging strategies. Especially the latter as a strategy to cope with 7 unpredictability is so far little considered in the context of climate change, and it is unknown 8 whether it can readily evolve. 9 Contemporary patterns of phenological strategies across a geographic range may provide 10 information about their future evolvability.