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How to Cite Complete Issue More Information About This Article Revista de Biología Tropical ISSN: 2215-2075 ISSN: 0034-7744 Universidad de Costa Rica Gupta, Manju M.; Gupta, Akshat; Kumar, Prabhat Urbanization and biodiversity of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi: The case study of Delhi, India Revista de Biología Tropical, vol. 66, no. 4, 2018, pp. 1547-1558 Universidad de Costa Rica DOI: 10.15517/rbt.v66i4.33216 Available in: http://www.redalyc.org/articulo.oa?id=44959684017 How to cite Complete issue Scientific Information System Redalyc More information about this article Network of Scientific Journals from Latin America and the Caribbean, Spain and Portugal Journal's homepage in redalyc.org Project academic non-profit, developed under the open access initiative Urbanization and biodiversity of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi: The case study of Delhi, India Manju M. Gupta1, Akshat Gupta2 & Prabhat Kumar1 1. Department of Botany, Sri Aurobindo College, University of Delhi, Malviya Nagar, Delhi 110017 India; [email protected], [email protected] 2. Technical University of Munich, Arcisstraße 21, 80333 München, Germany; [email protected] Received 22-V-2018. Corrected 28-VII-2018. Accepted 28-IX-2018. Abstract: Increasing urbanisation is widely associated with decline in biodiversity of all forms. The aim of the present study was to answer two questions: (i) Does rapid urbanization in Delhi (India) affect biodiversity of arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungi? (ii) If so, how? We measured the AM fungal diversity at nine sites located in Delhi forests, which had different types of urban usage in terms of heavy vehicular traffic pollution, littering, defecation and recreational activities. The study revealed a significant decrease in AM fungal diversity (alpha diversity) and abundance measured as spore density, biovolume, mean infection percentage (MIP) in roots, soil hyphal length and easily extractable glomalin related soluble proteins (EE-GRSP) at polluted sites. Non-metric multidimensional scaling (NMDS) and nested PERMANOVA, revealed significant differences in AM fungal community structure which could be correlated with variations in soil moisture, temperature, pH, carbon, and nitrogen and phosphorus levels. BEST (biota and environmental matching) analysis of biological and environ- mental samples revealed that soil temperature and moisture accounted for 47.6 % of the total variations in the samples. The study demonstrated how different forms of human activities in urban ecosystems of Delhi are detrimental to the diversity and abundance of AM fungi. Key words: arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi; Urban forests; Glomus; Glomeromycotina; in situ conservation; anthropogenic disturbance. Gupta, M. M., Gupta, A., & Kumar, P. (2018). Urbanization and biodiversity of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi: The case study of Delhi, India. Revista de Biología Tropical, 66(4), 1547-1558. Increasing urbanisation is widely associ- evidence exists to demonstrate that AM fungi ated with decline in biodiversity of all forms improve soil attributes leading to better tree/ by introducing new man-made stresses which shrub seedling survival, growth and establish- affect the occurrence of species in a variety ment on moisture and nutrient stressed and of ways. Arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungi degraded soils (reviewed by Asmelash, Bekele, of subphylum Glomeromycotina (Spatafora, & Birhane, 2016) in all environments includ- Chang, Benny, Lazarus, & Smith 2016) are ing urban ecosystems (Chaudhary, Sandall, & important soil organisms with many ecosystem Lazarski, 2018). These beneficial organisms, roles. They form a symbiotic partnership with however, have not received adequate atten- most of the land plants to increase their effec- tion concerning their own biodiversity and tive absorptive capabilities and recieve plant- conservation. Proper attention given to these derived photosynthates from them (Walder & microrganisms would have an implication in van der Heijden, 2015). Abundant scientific many conservation priority approaches such Rev. Biol. Trop. (Int. J. Trop. Biol. ISSN-0034-7744) Vol. 66(4): 1547-1558, December 2018 1547 as reserve selection procedures, afforestation / they are sensitive to factors that cause soil reforestation drives (Pagano & Cabello, 2011). disturbance and their response is not always The factors that drive the occurrence and predictable (van der Heyde, Ohsowski, Abbott, distributions of AM fungi have been exten- & Hart, 2017). Different species of AM fungi sively studied (e.g., Davison, Moora, Öpik, have been shown to be differntially sensitive to Adholeya, & Ainsaar, 2015; Powell & Bennett, different agricultural practices (Oehl, Sieverd- 2016). Earlier studies revealed that the factors ing, Ineichen, Ris, & Boller, 2005, Tchabi, which contribute to global biodiversity loss, Hountondji, Laouwin, Coyne, & Oehl, 2009), such as habitat loss, pollution (Bedini, Pel- heavy metal pollution, elevated CO2 concen- legrino, Avio, Pellegrini, & Bazzoffi, 2009; tration and climate warming (Drigo et al.2010, Brundrett & Ashwath, 2013; Yang, Liang, Dumbrell et al.2011). The stress of urban pollu- Han, Chiu, & Ghosh, 2016), invasive spe- tion on soil as a result of change in land usage cies (Souza, Rodriguez-Echeverría, Andrade, pattern may also be affecting the occurrence of & Freitas, 2016) and global warming (Drigo, these fungi. In all, occurrence of 167 species Pijl, Duyts, Kielak,& Gamper, 2010; Dumbrell, of the total of ~250 morphologically described Ashton, Aziz, Feng, & Nelson, 2011) may species belonging to the phylum Glomeromy- also be detrimental to these fungi. Different cota are known to occur in India (Gupta, Naqvi anthropogenic activities affect the biodiversity & Singh, 2014; Gupta, Naqvi & Kumar, 2017). of AM fungi in an ecosystem to the extent of Nevertheless, studies on the biodiversity of AM causing a conservation concern for many spe- fungi concerning their protection and conserva- cies (reviewed by Álvarez-Sánchez, Johnson, tion have yet not begun in several parts of the Antoninka, Chaudhary, & Lau, 2011). Recent world including India. studies on multiscale effects of anthropogenic In the present study, we aimed to explore disturbance in the form of clearcutting on the the combined effect of different forms of unat- distribution of a AM fungi in tropical rain tended recreational, defecation, littering and air forests revealed marked changes in AM fungal polluting anthropogenic activities associated communities which later could be stabilized with urbanisation on the biodiversity pattern of (García de León et al., 2018). A comparison in mycorrhizal status of forest trees grown AM fungi in urban forests of Delhi. We hypoth- in urban and rural environments in Poland esised that these activities are altering the soil revealed much lesser colonization in urban and air quality that leads to change in the AM areas (Tyburska, Frymark-Szymkowiak, Kul- fungal community structure. We predicted that czyk-Skrzeszewska, & Kieliszewska-Rokicka, some AM fungal species would be more sensi- 2013). However, effect of specific polluting tive to the variations caused by these factors human activities as a result of urbanisation and would thus be of a conservation concern. in city forests have yet not been explored in Our study is unique because we examined the regard to its influence on the below-ground variation in AM fungal species biodiversity, diversity of AM fungi. These activities may be abundance and community structure to assess posing a conservation concern for these fungi the influence of several unexplored anthropo- in India (Turrini & Giovannetti 2012). Such genic activities in reserve forest stands of Delhi studies would have important implications on with a focus on conservation. A better under- improving city life. standing of the range of variability in different High population density and the ensuing AM fungal species across these parameters overuse of scarce resources have put heavy will enhance our ability to predict distributions pressure on the soil environment in Delhi, and aid in designing efforts to conserve the India. Since arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) biodiversity and ecosystem functions of this fungi are the organisms that live in the soil, important group of fungi. 1548 Rev. Biol. Trop. (Int. J. Trop. Biol. ISSN-0034-7744) Vol. 66(4): 1547-1558, December 2018 MATERIALS AND METHODS were categorised into three a priori groups based on visual assessment of their use: pro- Sampling design: The abundance, diver- tected (gp-1), recreational (gp-2) and polluted sity and community composition of Glomero- (gp-3) urban disturbance (UD) sites (Table 1). mycota was examined in the urban forest area The protected sites had none of the four dis- across the Delhi Ridge (21º38’ N & 77º12’ E), turbances and were protected by iron fencing which is the northern extension of the ancient or concrete wall. They had minimum of urban Aravalli Ranges (~1 500 million years old), disturbances. Sites grouped as gp-3 (polluted with vegetation classified as ‘thorny scrub’ sites) had presence of three of the polluting cri- (Sinha, 2014). The Ridge stretches over a dis- teria namely littering, defecation and vehicular tance of 35 km across Delhi in India, which traffic by urban population and were not pro- includes green belt, recreational sites (parks) tected by any fencing. However, the gp-2 sites and villages inhabited by rural populations. were regions of recreational activities such as The Ridge is known to be a good store of morning walk, picnic, playing etc. and had a AM fungi (Rani & Mukerji,
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