Impact of Zika Virus Emergence in French Guiana: a Large General Population Seroprevalence Survey
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Impact of Zika Virus Emergence in French Guiana: A Large General Population Seroprevalence Survey Claude Flamand, Sarah Bailly, Camille Fritzell, Léna Berthelot, Jessica Vanhomwegen, Henrik Salje, Juliette Paireau, Séverine Matheus, Antoine Enfissi, Sandrine Fernandes-Pellerin, et al. To cite this version: Claude Flamand, Sarah Bailly, Camille Fritzell, Léna Berthelot, Jessica Vanhomwegen, et al.. Im- pact of Zika Virus Emergence in French Guiana: A Large General Population Seroprevalence Sur- vey. Journal of Infectious Diseases, Oxford University Press (OUP), 2019, 220 (12), pp.1915-1925. 10.1093/infdis/jiz396. hal-02615896 HAL Id: hal-02615896 https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-02615896 Submitted on 21 Aug 2020 HAL is a multi-disciplinary open access L’archive ouverte pluridisciplinaire HAL, est archive for the deposit and dissemination of sci- destinée au dépôt et à la diffusion de documents entific research documents, whether they are pub- scientifiques de niveau recherche, publiés ou non, lished or not. The documents may come from émanant des établissements d’enseignement et de teaching and research institutions in France or recherche français ou étrangers, des laboratoires abroad, or from public or private research centers. publics ou privés. Distributed under a Creative Commons Attribution - NonCommercial - NoDerivatives| 4.0 International License The Journal of Infectious Diseases MAJOR ARTICLE Impact of Zika Virus Emergence in French Guiana: A Large General Population Seroprevalence Survey Claude Flamand,1, Sarah Bailly,1 Camille Fritzell,1 Léna Berthelot,2 Jessica Vanhomwegen,3 Henrik Salje,4 Juliette Paireau,4 Séverine Matheus,2,3 Antoine Enfissi,2 Sandrine Fernandes-Pellerin,5 Félix Djossou,6 Sébastien Linares,7 Jean-François Carod,8 Mirdad Kazanji,1 Jean-Claude Manuguerra,3 Simon Cauchemez,4 and Dominique Rousset2 1Epidemiology Unit, and 2Arbovirus National Reference Center, Institut Pasteur, Cayenne, French Guiana; 3 Environment and Infectious Risks Unit, 4Mathematical Modelling of Infectious Diseases Downloaded from https://academic.oup.com/jid/article/220/12/1915/5550407 by Institut Pasteur user on 21 August 2020 Unit, Unité Mixte de Recherche 2000, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, and 5Clinical Coordination of Translational Research Center, Institut Pasteur, Paris, France; and 6Infectious and Tropical Diseases Unit, Centre Hospitalier Andrée Rosemon, Cayenne, 7Geographic Information and Knowledge Dissemination Unit, Direction de l’Environnement, de l’Aménagement et du Logement Guyane, Cayenne, and 8Medical Laboratory, Centre Hospitalier de l’Ouest Guyanais, Saint-Laurent du Maroni, French Guiana Background. Since the identification of Zika virus (ZIKV) in Brazil in May 2015, the virus has spread throughout the Americas. However, ZIKV burden in the general population in affected countries remains unknown. Methods. We conducted a general population survey in the different communities of French Guiana through individual inter- views and serologic survey during June–October 2017. All serum samples were tested for anti-ZIKV immunoglobulin G antibodies using a recombinant antigen-based SGERPAxMap microsphere immunoassay, and some of them were further evaluated through anti-ZIKV microneutralization tests. Results. The overall seroprevalence was estimated at 23.3% (95% confidence interval [CI], 20.9%–25.9%) among 2697 partici- pants, varying from 0% to 45.6% according to municipalities. ZIKV circulated in a large majority of French Guiana but not in the most isolated forest areas. The proportion of reported symptomatic Zika infection was estimated at 25.5% (95% CI, 20.3%–31.4%) in individuals who tested positive for ZIKV. Conclusions. This study described a large-scale representative ZIKV seroprevalence study in South America from the recent 2015–2016 Zika epidemic. Our findings reveal that the majority of the population remains susceptible to ZIKV, which could poten- tially allow future reintroductions of the virus. Keywords. Zika virus; seroprevalence study; general population survey; French Guiana. Zika virus (ZIKV) is a flavivirus transmitted by mosquitoes, and human birth defects [10–14], leading the World Health primarily Aedes aegypti, which also transmits dengue, chikun- Organization to declare a Public Health Emergency of gunya, and yellow fever viruses. It was first isolated in 1947 in International Concern [15]. Several recent studies have also African forests, where it circulates between nonhuman primates highlighted that ZIKV can be transmitted through sexual con- and sylvatic mosquitoes [1]. ZIKV was considered as an emer- tact or from mother to fetus [13, 16, 17]. In French Guiana, a gent virus with few sporadic cases reported in Africa and Asia French overseas department of 260 000 inhabitants that is lo- until 2007, when a major epidemic occurred in Yap, Federated cated in Latin America in the Amazonian forest complex, Ae. States of Micronesia [2], followed by one in French Polynesia aegypti mosquitoes have been responsible for several major in 2013 [3, 4]. Subsequently, ZIKV continued to spread in the dengue fever outbreaks [18, 19] and for the chikungunya out- Pacific region [5] and emerged in South America in early 2015 break in 2014 [20, 21]. Given the risk of congenital complica- [6, 7]. During these recent outbreaks, the virus was linked to tions, the emergence of ZIKV was particularly concerning for neurological disorders [8, 9], severe congenital abnormalities, its inhabitants as the territory has the highest fertility rate in the Americas (3.5 children per woman) [22]. During the ZIKV Received 2 May 2019; editorial decision 29 July 2019; accepted 1 August 2019; published epidemic in French Guiana (January–September 2016), ap- online August 16, 2019. Correspondence: C. Flamand, PhD, Unité d’épidémiologie Institut Pasteur de la Guyane, 23 proximately 9700 clinical cases (approximately 4% of the popu- avenue Louis Pasteur, BP 6010, 97306 Cayenne Cedex, French Guiana (cflamand@pasteur- lation), with 14 congenital abnormalities including 3 instances cayenne.fr). of microcephaly, were recorded by local health authorities [23]. The Journal of Infectious Diseases® 2019;220:1915–25 © The Author(s) 2019. Published by Oxford University Press for the Infectious Diseases A territory-wide active monitoring of pregnant women imple- Society of America. This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative mented during the first 4 months of the outbreak also showed Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivs licence (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/ by-nc-nd/4.0/), which permits non-commercial reproduction and distribution of the work, in any that 573 of 3050 (19%) enrolled pregnant women had labora- medium, provided the original work is not altered or transformed in any way, and that the work tory evidence of ZIKV infection [22]. However, the ZIKV infec- is properly cited. For commercial re-use, please contact [email protected] DOI: 10.1093/infdis/jiz396 tion burden remains unclear in the general population. In such a context, population-representative seroprevalence studies Seroprevalence of ZIKV in French Guiana • JID 2019:220 (15 December) • 1915 provide an opportunity to estimate the underlying burden of in- Regional Environment, the planning and housing agency, and fection and to assess the potential for future epidemics of ZIKV the National Institute of Economic and Statistical Information. in the region. A stratified simple random sampling method was adopted to A number of seroprevalence studies have recently been con- select households from the 22 municipalities (strata), allowing ducted in affected countries and territories in the Americas an overrepresentation of isolated and small municipalities. among specific subgroups of populations and geographical Villages from 4 municipalities (Roura, Maripasoula, Regina, areas. ZIKV seroprevalence was found to be 63% in patient and Camopi) were specifically considered in the sample design cohorts and university employees in Salvador, Brazil [24], to ensure that all existing submunicipality areas were adequately 73% in a cohort of individuals residing in Pau da Lima com- represented among the selected households. The distribution munity in the Salvador [25]. In Bolivia, ZIKV seroprevalence of households selected from the 22 strata is presented in Table was estimated in blood donors at 39% in Beni, 21.5% in Santa 1. The global sampling fraction of the households was 1:49, Downloaded from https://academic.oup.com/jid/article/220/12/1915/5550407 by Institut Pasteur user on 21 August 2020 Cruz de la Sierra and close to 0% in three different highland varying from 1:103 to 1:5 according to the municipality. regions (Cochachamba, La Paz and Tarija) [26]. In Managua, Nicaragua, ZIKV seroprevalence was estimated at 36%, 46%, Procedures and Ethical Considerations and 56% among participants of pediatric, household, and adult Publicity and information about the survey was provided through cohort studies, respectively [27]. In Suriname, seroprevalence the media and contact with local and national authorities. rates were estimated at 35.1% and 24.5% in patient cohorts re- Fieldworker teams including investigators and nurses or medicine cruited from urban areas and 1 remote village, respectively [28]. residents were trained to visit all households, explain the project In the Caribbean sea, ZIKV seroprevalence was estimated at objectives, and, when allowed, collect participants’ signatures in a 42.2% in blood donors