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Dynamiques Territoriales Des Amérindiens Wayãpi Et Teko Du Moyen Oyapock, Camopi, Guyane Française

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Dynamiques Territoriales Des Amérindiens Wayãpi Et Teko Du Moyen Oyapock, Camopi, Guyane Française BOIS ET FORÊTS DES TROPIQUES, 2012, N° 311 (1) TERRITOIRE WAYÃPI ET TEKO / LE POINT SUR… 49 Dynamiques territoriales des Amérindiens wayãpi et teko Isabelle Tritsch1 Valéry Gond2 du moyen Oyapock, Camopi, Johan Oszwald3 Damien Davy4 Guyane française Pierre Grenand5 1 Université des Antilles et de la Guyane/Cirad Umr Écologie des forêts de Guyane Campus agronomique de Kourou 97310 Kourou France 2 Cirad Upr Bsef Biens et services des écosystèmes forestiers tropicaux Campus international de Baillarguet 34398 Montpellier Cedex 05 France 3 Université Rennes 2 Département de géographie Costel, Umr Cnrs Letg 4, place Henri le Moal 35000 Rennes France 4 Cnrs Usr 3456 Observatoire Hommes/Milieux « Oyapock » Cnrs Guyane 2, avenue Gustave Charlery 97300 Cayenne France 5 Ird Observatoire Hommes-Milieux « Oyapock » Cnrs Guyane 2, avenue Gustave Charlery 97300 Cayenne France Abattis au bord du fleuve Oyapock. Notez les bananiers et le manioc en premier plan, puis la lisière d’arbres qui sépare l’abattis du fleuve, en aval du saut Alikoto, novembre 2010. Photo I. Tritsch. BOIS ET FORÊTS DES TROPIQUES, 2012, N° 311 (1) I. Tritsch, V. Gond, J. Oszwald, 50 FOCUS / WAYÃPI AND TEKO TERRITORY D. Davy, P. Grenand RÉSUMÉ ABSTRACT RESUMEN DYNAMIQUES TERRITORIALES TERRITORIAL DYNAMICS IN THE WAYÃPI DINÁMICAS TERRITORIALES DE DES AMÉRINDIENS WAYÃPI ET TEKO AND TEKO AMERINDIAN COMMUNITIES LOS AMERINDIOS WAYÃPI Y TEKO DU MOYEN OYAPOCK, CAMOPI, OF THE MIDDLE OYAPOCK, CAMOPI, DEL OYAPOQUE MEDIO, CAMOPI, GUYANE FRANÇAISE FRENCH GUIANA GUAYANA FRANCESA Les populations amérindiennes expérimentent Amerindian populations have been experienc- Las poblaciones amerindias llevan varias déca- depuis plusieurs décennies des changements ing major socio-economic changes for several das experimentando profundos cambios socioe- socio-économiques et territoriaux importants, decades, in a context of rapid demographic conómicos y territoriales dentro de un contexto dans un contexte d’augmentation démogra- growth. This article addresses the ways in de fuerte incremento demográfico. Este artículo phique forte. L’article aborde l’adaptation des which the Amerindian populations of French aborda la adaptación de los sistemas de ocupa- systèmes d’occupation du territoire et d’exploi- Guiana have adapted their land use and natu- ción de la tierra y aprovechamiento de recursos tation des ressources naturelles des Amérin- ral resource management systems to cope with naturales por parte de los indígenas de la Gua- diens de Guyane française face aux contraintes the pressures exerted on their lands and yana Francesa para hacer frente a las presiones exercées sur leur territoire et leur mode de vie. lifestyles. The aim was to investigate the ejercidas sobre sus tierras y su modo de vida. Quelle est la résilience des systèmes amérin- resilience of their systems for land and natural ¿Qué resiliencia manifiestan los sistemas ame- diens d’utilisation du territoire et de ses res- resource use. The concentration of Amerindian rindios de uso de la tierra y de sus recursos sources naturelles ? La concentration de l’habitat habitats around the town of Camopi, which is naturales? La concentración del hábitat indígena amérindien autour du bourg de Camopi, liée à linked to the availability of health and school alrededor de la villa de Camopi, debido al esta- l’implantation des infrastructures de type centre infrastructure and to efforts to promote a blecimiento de infraestructuras sanitarias y edu- de santé et école, et à la promotion de l’habitat sedentary lifestyle, is a factor of increasing nat- cativas y al fomento del sedentarismo, contri- sédentaire, contribue à générer une pénurie des ural resource scarcity and social alienation. The buye a generar escasez de recursos naturales y ressources naturelles et un mal-être social. Le system is adapting by fragmenting the malestar social. El sistema se adapta mediante système s’adapte par un éclatement de l’habitat Amerindian habitat into peripheral villages and la dispersión del hábitat en pueblos periféricos y en villages périphériques et par une extension extending farmlands along rivers to access to mediante la extensión de las tierras agrícolas a des terroirs agricoles le long des cours d’eau, more space. These villages replicate patterns of lo largo de los cursos de agua para encontrar afin de retrouver de l’espace. Ces villages repro- spatial organisation that are similar to those espacio. Estos pueblos reproducen un modelo duisent un modèle d’organisation spatiale sem- found in traditional Wayãpi and Teko villages, de organización espacial que se asemeja a la blable à l’organisation traditionnelle des villages except that habitation is sedentary, as families organización tradicional de los pueblos wayãpi y wayãpi et teko. L’habitat reste cependant séden- hope to have their villages equipped with at teko. No obstante, los asentamientos mantienen taire, les familles souhaitant voir leur village se least drinking water and electrification. Habitat un carácter sedentario y las familias desean que faire équiper des services minimaux : eau pota- fragmentation is spatially limited by the time sus pueblos se doten de los servicios mínimos: ble et électrification. La limite spatiale à l’éclate- taken for daily journeys to school, and therefore agua potable y electricidad. El límite espacial de ment de l’habitat demeure les déplacements by school bus services (dugout), which means la fragmentación del hábitat viene dado por los journaliers vers l’école, et par conséquent la des- that land use is effectively conditioned by serv- desplazamientos diarios a la escuela (piragua) y, serte par le transport scolaire (pirogue). Ainsi, ices and infrasrtucture. Other living quarters por consiguiente, el servicio de transporte esco- les services et infrastructures conditionnent l’oc- are maintained at a distance from the village, lar. Esto hace que los servicios e infraestructuras cupation du territoire. Des abattis complémen- so that the habitat is bi-local: families have a condicionen la ocupación de la tierra. Se mantie- taires sont maintenus à plus grande distance du main home where services and infrastructure nen algunas áreas desbrozadas complementa- bourg et l’habitat devient bilocal : un habitat are available, and a secondary itinerant home rias a una mayor distancia de la villa y el hábitat principal desservi par les services et infrastruc- further away, which is chosen according to the se vuelve ambilocal: un asentamiento principal tures et un habitat secondaire, éloigné et itiné- quality of farmland, the hunting yield of que cuenta con servicios e infraestructuras y uno rant, conditionné par la qualité des terres agri- hunting resources, the history of the location secundario, alejado e itinerante, condicionado coles, les ressources cynégétiques, l’histoire du and family networks. These distant homes are por la calidad de las tierras agrícolas, los recur- lieu et les réseaux familiaux. Le maintien de ces kept up by spending income from social assis- sos cinegéticos, la historia del lugar y los víncu- habitations éloignées est possible grâce à l’in- tance on transport. It’s thus shown that these los familiares. El mantenimiento de estas vivien- vestissement des revenus issus des aides Amerindian systems for land and natural das alejadas es posible por el empleo de los sociales dans le transport. Il est ainsi montré resource uses are highly adaptable, in that ingresos procedentes de las prestaciones socia- que les systèmes amérindiens d’occupation du their sustainability is guaranteed by the recon- les en el transporte. Se demuestra así que los territoire et d’exploitation des ressources natu- struction of a circular pattern of mobility in sistemas amerindios de ocupación de la tierra y relles ont un potentiel adaptatif fort : ils s’ap- accordance with the intensity of resource use. aprovechamiento de los recursos naturales puient sur la recomposition de mobilités circu- poseen un fuerte potencial de adaptación: se laires, organisées selon un gradient d’intensité Keywords: slash-and-burn cultivation, territo- basan en la reestructuración de las movilidades d’utilisation des ressources, qui garantit la dura- rial management, system of natural resource circulares, articuladas según un gradiente de bilité du système. use, protected area, Amerindian populations, intensidad de utilización de los recursos que French Guiana. garantiza la sostenibilidad de su sistema. Mots-clés : agriculture itinérante sur brûlis, gestion du territoire, système d’exploitation Palabras clave: agricultura itinerante de des ressources naturelles, aire protégée, popu- corta y quema, ordenación del territorio, sis- lations amérindiennes, Guyane française. tema de explotación de recursos naturales, área protegida, poblaciones amerindias, Gua- yana Francesa. BOIS ET FORÊTS DES TROPIQUES, 2012, N° 311 (1) TERRITOIRE WAYÃPI ET TEKO / LE POINT SUR… 51 Introduction Le rôle des populations amérindiennes dans la gestion démographique et la baisse de la disponibilité en terre sont et la conservation des écosystèmes forestiers est amplement les facteurs principaux favorisant l’entrée en crise des sys- débattu. De nombreux auteurs qualifient leurs systèmes d’ex- tèmes d’agriculture itinérante sur brûlis (Dounias, 2000). ploitation des ressources naturelles comme compatibles Mais les systèmes amérindiens d’exploitation du milieu pré- avec la conservation des milieux, particulièrement lorsque sentent une forte complexité et complémentarité spatio-tem- les densités de population sont faibles
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