Gravesend Blockhouse and the Clarendon

Total Page:16

File Type:pdf, Size:1020Kb

Gravesend Blockhouse and the Clarendon I started out to investigate the Blockhouse and The Clarendon as two separate, neighbouring buildings of historical interest. Research soon revealed that both these buildings share an interwoven history, so it makes sense to present them together. In Medieval times there were no comprehensive arrangements in place for river defences on the Thames. There were some unconnected local or private defences, such as at East Tilbury and Cooling. Otherwise defence depended on an ad-hoc system of lookouts and beacons, and the hope that suitable military forces could be mustered in time if a threat was spotted. The weakness of this system was amply demonstrated in 1380, when a French fleet landed troops to sack Gravesend and Tilbury. Defending The River During the reign of Henry VIII a better planned and coordinated system of defences was established. The Gravesend Blockhouse, built in 1539/40, was part of this. Two other blockhouses were sited at Milton and Tilbury to provide an inner line of defence, and two at East Tilbury and Higham to provide an outer line. The blockhouses were arranged so that their cross fire would protect the whole width of the river, to enable them to stop ships, protect the upper and lower ferry crossings, and prevent troops landing. Construction An estimate from 1539 gives the cost of Gravesend Blockhouse as £211 13s 4d, and includes costs for 150,000 bricks, 200 tons of chalk and a large quantity of timber. It is thought the chalk was needed both for stabilising the water-logged site on which the blockhouse was built, and infilling for the walls. The walls were 6ft 9in (1.95m) thick, consisting of inner and outer skins of red brick, with chalk concretion in between. The blockhouse was a D shaped two-storey brick structure with an armament of 21 guns of various designs. There were covered gun ports in the semi- circular front, and out in the open on the roof behind a curved parapet. Other guns were mounted behind an earthen rampart extending both sides along the riverbank. The blockhouse also probably stored gunpowder, and kept a supply of bows, arrows, crossbows, pikes etc for defence against a landing party. The illustration below is Tilbury Blockhouse in 1588. It is thought the same basic design was used for Gravesend and the other blockhouses. Garrison The garrison consisted of a commander, his deputy, six gunners, two soldiers and a porter. The garrison members had other part-time occupations, which must have been needed because their pay from the Exchequer was often delayed for months, even years. Dereliction As part of defence cuts in 1553 the Thames blockhouses were disarmed. Milton and Higham blockhouses were demolished, East Tilbury was abandoned, while Gravesend and Tilbury were retained but allowed to decay. Reinstatement In 1588, with the threat of invasion by Spain, the Gravesend and Tilbury blockhouses were in a ruinous state. They were hurriedly repaired and re- armed; Tilbury Blockhouse was enclosed in star-shaped ramparts, and there is evidence, though it is not conclusive, that the same was done at Gravesend Blockhouse. The new defences also included an 800 yard (738m) boom between the two blockhouses, constructed of a line of boats linked by cables and reinforced by spars driven into the river bed. The contemporary illustration below shows the boom defence and the newly fortified blockhouses. The Spanish Armada’s failed invasion gave England a chance to continue unfinished work on the Gravesend and Tilbury blockhouses, in expectation that Spain would rebuild her fleet. But when the threat had passed, the blockhouses were again allowed to fall into disrepair, so that by the time of the next Spanish invasion scare they were again in poor condition. Other uses After 1600, Spanish invasion was no longer a threat, and the Gravesend blockhouse was assigned to the Customs Service, examining ships for dutiable cargoes, goods intended to supply unfriendly states, or for spies from those states. However, it had still not been maintained – by 1630 it was in a parlous state of repair, and the commander and garrison had not been paid for six years (two gunners died before receiving their pay). A document from 1631 provides an audit of the blockhouse’s facilities, and recommends construction of a watch tower and guard room above the existing structure. By the time of the English Civil War (1642–49) the blockhouse was used for storage of muskets. Civil War At the start of the war, Parliament gained control of the blockhouses. This was crucial because the King, Charles I, declared his intention to capture London by attacking from the Thames. The blockhouse garrison was now also tasked with arresting those suspected of being spies or plotters. The Embryonic Clarendon The monarchy was restored in 1660. In 1665 Charles II had a residence built behind the blockhouse for the use of the Duke of York (later King James II) as Lord High Admiral. The front of the building was decorated with an anchor and the date 1665. How often it was occupied by the Duke of York is unknown. Charles II entertained important guests there or in the blockhouse. The residence later became the Ordnance Storekeeper’s Quarters. In much altered and extended state, and now separated from the remains of the blockhouse by a road, the residence is now the Clarendon Hotel. The present- day road and pavement are helpfully adorned with studs detailing the outline of the blockhouse structure over which they are built. The sketch below is from the 1660s, and shows the blockhouse from the west (a companion sketch shows the view from the east). It shows the original structure of the blockhouse, the watchtower proposed in 1631, and the Duke of York’s residence. The latter appears to be a three-storey brick structure with tall chimney stacks characteristic of the period. The illustration below shows the entrance to the Duke of York’s residence. Dutch Raid of 1667 When the Dutch fleet was spotted on 9th June, both Gravesend and Tilbury blockhouses were again quite unprepared for action. The population of Gravesend panicked and began to leave, so it was impossible to muster volunteers to man the defences. In fact, the Dutch were unaware of the unpreparedness of the Thames defences, and focused on destroying and capturing naval assets in the Medway. This allowed time to reinforce the Thames defences, re-arm the blockhouses, and build a new battery called Trinity Fort to the east of Gravesend Blockhouse. Quiet Years Following the Dutch raid, it was decided to build a powerful new fort with barracks at Tilbury, the blockhouse there being converted to a magazine. Gravesend Blockhouse was left to perform only a subsidiary role. It continued to carry out Customs duties – the Governor of the blockhouse, Sir John Griffith, was sacked in 1669 for illegally demanding tolls from ships cleared by Customs searchers. It also had a ceremonial role when important visitors arrived by ship at Gravesend. In 1701 the blockhouse’s armaments were recorded as ”about 20 guns planted level with the water”. The garrison consisted of a sergeant and twenty soldiers. It is unclear whether they were quartered in the blockhouse, the storekeeper’s quarters (now the Clarendon) or in local billets. By 1715, the blockhouse had been extended with a V-shaped addition to the rear, and a semi-circular western flank, all surrounded by a timber stockade with a south-facing opening to the storekeeper’s quarters. New internal walls and a pitched roof were also added, and to the east there were stables and a dog house. At some later date the watchtower to the rear was removed. The large capacity of the magazine at this time was considerably in excess of requirements for the blockhouse’s own guns, so it is thought it was being used as a storage depot for gunpowder to be used elsewhere. The plan below shows the layout of these buildings in 1715. The illustration below shows a panoramic view of Gravesend and the blockhouse in 1734. A report of 1766 states that the batteries, magazine, buildings and wharfing are in good order. The armament by this time consisted of only ten guns, quite inadequate for any serious military need, and feeble in comparison with the powerful riverside guns at Tilbury Fort. Threat From France During the American Revolution, France allied with the American Congress in revolt against the British. As a result Britain feared invasion by France, and England’s coastline and rivers were examined for vulnerability. At Gravesend, a replacement of the blockhouse gun positions on the riverbank was recommended by Captain Hyde Page, who also conceived a design for a new fort to the east, around New Tavern Inn, to become New Tavern Fort. The blockhouse’s new gun placements would extend further east, ending only 38 yards (35m) from the new fort building. These works were started in 1780. The plan was now that New Tavern Fort would provide powerful long-range fire downstream as well as cross-fire with Tilbury Fort. The role of the blockhouse was to provide broadside fire against any enemy ships that got through the defences provided by the forts, and to protect New Tavern Fort from any reverse fire from these ships. During peacetime it was standard practice to dismount the guns and place them under cover for protection. In 1784 the old stables were used to store guns, carriages and shot. Napoleonic Wars During the Napoleonic wars (1803-15) further improvements were carried out to the blockhouse and fort. A statement of lands dated 1811 listed a number of stores and outbuildings.
Recommended publications
  • Helena Chester the Discursive Construction of Freedom in The
    The Discursive Construction of Freedom in the Watchtower Society Helena Chester Diploma of Teaching (Early Childhood): Riverina – Murray Institute of Higher Education Graduate Diploma of Education (Special Education): Victoria College. Master of Education (Honours): University of New England Thesis submitted in fulfilment of requirements of the degree of Doctor of Philosophy at Charles Darwin University, Darwin. October 2018 Certification I certify that the substance of this dissertation has not already been submitted for any degree and is not currently being submitted for any other degree or qualification. I certify that any help received in preparing this thesis, and all sources used, have been acknowledged in this thesis. Contents Acknowledgements ............................................................................................................... 4 Dedication ............................................................................................................................. 5 Thesis Abstract ..................................................................................................................... 6 Keywords .............................................................................................................................. 7 Acronyms and Abbreviations ................................................................................................ 8 Chapter 1: The Discursive Construction of Freedom in the Watchtower Society ................... 9 The Freedom Claim in the Watchtower Society .............................................................
    [Show full text]
  • US Army Hawaii Addresses Command/Division Brigade Battalion Address 18 MEDCOM 160 Loop Road, Ft
    US Army Hawaii Addresses Command/Division Brigade Battalion Address 18 MEDCOM 160 Loop Road, Ft. Shafter, HI 96858 25 ID 25th Infantry Division Headquarters 2091 Kolekole Ave, Building 3004, Schofield Barracks, HI 96857 25 ID (HQ) HHBN, 25th Infantry Division 25 ID Division Artillery (DIVARTY) HQ 25 ID DIVARTY HHB, 25th Field Artillery 1078 Waianae Avenue, Schofield Barracks, HI 96857 25 ID DIVARTY 2-11 FAR 25 ID DIVARTY 3-7 FA 25 ID 2nd Brigade Combat Team HQ 1578 Foote Ave, Building 500, Schofield Barracks, HI 96857 25 ID 2 BCT 1-14 IN BN 25 ID 2 BCT 1-21 IN BN 25 ID 2 BCT 1-27 IN BN 25 ID 2 BCT 2-14 CAV 25 ID 2 BCT 225 BSB 25 ID 2 BCT 65 BEB 25 ID 2 BCT HHC, 2 SBCT 25 ID 25th Combat Aviation Brigade HQ 1343 Wright Avenue, Building 100, WAAF, HI 96854 25 ID 25th CAB 209th Support Battalion 25 ID 25th CAB 2nd Battalion, 25th Aviation 25 ID 25th CAB 2ndRegiment Squadron, 6th Cavalry 25 ID 25th CAB 3-25Regiment General Support Aviation 25 ID 3rd Brigade Combat Team HQ Battalion 1640 Waianae Ave, Building 649, Schofield Barracks, HI 96857 25 ID 3 BCT 2-27 INF 25 ID 3 BCT 2-35 INF BN 25 ID 3 BCT 29th BEB 25 ID 3 BCT 325 BSB 25 ID 3 BCT 325 BSTB 25 ID 3 BCT 3-4 CAV 25 ID 3 BCT HHC, 3 BCT 25 ID 25th Sustainment Brigade HQ 181 Sutton Street, Schofield Barracks, HI 96857 25 ID 25th SUST BDE 524 CSSB 25 ID 25th SUST BDE 25th STB 311 SC 311th Signal Command HQ Wisser Rd, Bldg 520, Ft.
    [Show full text]
  • This Document Was Retrieved from the Ontario Heritage Act E-Register, Which Is Accessible Through the Website of the Ontario Heritage Trust At
    This document was retrieved from the Ontario Heritage Act e-Register, which is accessible through the website of the Ontario Heritage Trust at www.heritagetrust.on.ca. Ce document est tiré du registre électronique. tenu aux fins de la Loi sur le patrimoine de l’Ontario, accessible à partir du site Web de la Fiducie du patrimoine ontarien sur www.heritagetrust.on.ca. ...... ..,. • NovinaWong City Clerk City Clark's Tai: [416) 392-8016 City Hall, 2nd Roor, West Fax:[416) 392-2980 100 Queen Street West [email protected] Toronto, Ontario M5H 2N2 http://www.city.toronto.on.ca ---- - - .. - - i April 26, 1999 j ,.-- ~~··,, "\ ... 1 1··, - ...._. ,... '•I ' . ~ ......... IN 1'HE MATTER OF THE ONTARIO HERITAGE ACT I -- - - - - - -· -- - - -- - . :! R.S.O. 1990, CHAPTER 0.18 AND ,;------·-. 2 STRA NAVENUE (ST EY BA CKS) CI1'Y OF TORONTO, PROVINCE OF ONTARIO NOTICE OF PASSING OF BY-LAW To: City of Toronto Ontario Heritage Foundation 100 Queen Street West 10 Adelaide Street East Toronto, Ontario Toronto, Ontario M5H2N2 MSC 1J3 Take notice that the Council of the Corporation of the City of Toronto has passed By-law No. 188-1999 to designate 2 Strachan Avenue as being of architectural and historical value or interest. • Dated at Toronto this 30th day of April, 1999. Novina Wong City Clerk r ' .. .,. ~- ~ ...... ' Authority: Tor9nto Community Council Report No. 6, Clause No. 55, as adopted by City of Toronto Council on April 13, 14 and 15, 1999 Enacted by Council: April 15, 1999 CITY OF TORONTO BY-LAW No. 188-1999 t/' / / To designate the property at 2 Strachan Avenue (Stanley Barracks) as being of architectural and historical value or interest.
    [Show full text]
  • Martello Towers Research Project
    Martello Towers Research Project March 2008 Jason Bolton MA MIAI IHBC www.boltonconsultancy.com Conservation Consultant [email protected] Executive Summary “Billy Pitt had them built, Buck Mulligan said, when the French were on the sea”, Ulysses, James Joyce. The „Martello Towers Research Project‟ was commissioned by Fingal County Council and Dún Laoghaire-Rathdown County Council, with the support of The Heritage Council, in order to collate all known documentation relating to the Martello Towers of the Dublin area, including those in Bray, Co. Wicklow. The project was also supported by Dublin City Council and Wicklow County Council. Martello Towers are one of the most well-known fortifications in the world, with examples found throughout Ireland, the United Kingdom and along the trade routes to Africa, India and the Americas. The towers are typically squat, cylindrical, two-storey masonry towers positioned to defend a strategic section of coastline from an invading force, with a landward entrance at first-floor level defended by a machicolation, and mounting one or more cannons to the rooftop gun platform. The Dublin series of towers, built 1804-1805, is the only group constructed to defend a capital city, and is the most complete group of towers still existing in the world. The report begins with contemporary accounts of the construction and significance of the original tower at Mortella Point in Corsica from 1563-5, to the famous attack on that tower in 1794, where a single engagement involving key officers in the British military became the catalyst for a global military architectural phenomenon. However, the design of the Dublin towers is not actually based on the Mortella Point tower.
    [Show full text]
  • QHN Spring 2020 Layout 1
    WESTWARD HO! QHN FEATURES JOHN ABBOTT COLLEGE & MONTREAL’S WEST ISLAND $10 Quebec VOL 13, NO. 2 SPRING 2020 News “An Integral Part of the Community” John Abbot College celebrates seven decades Aviation, Arboretum, Islands and Canals Heritage Highlights along the West Island Shores Abbott’s Late Dean The Passing of a Memorable Mentor Quebec Editor’s desk 3 eritageNews H Vocation Spot Rod MacLeod EDITOR Who Are These Anglophones Anyway? 4 RODERICK MACLEOD An Address to the 10th Annual Arts, Matthew Farfan PRODUCTION Culture and Heritage Working Group DAN PINESE; MATTHEW FARFAN The West Island 5 PUBLISHER A Brief History Jim Hamilton QUEBEC ANGLOPHONE HERITAGE NETWORK John Abbott College 8 3355 COLLEGE 50 Years of Success Heather Darch SHERBROOKE, QUEBEC J1M 0B8 The Man from Argenteuil 11 PHONE The Life and Times of Sir John Abbott Jim Hamilton 1-877-964-0409 (819) 564-9595 A Symbol of Peace in 13 FAX (819) 564-6872 St. Anne de Bellevue Heather Darch CORRESPONDENCE [email protected] A Backyard Treasure 15 on the West Island Heather Darch WEBSITES QAHN.ORG QUEBECHERITAGEWEB.COM Boisbriand’s Legacy 16 100OBJECTS.QAHN.ORG A Brief History of Senneville Jim Hamilton PRESIDENT Angus Estate Heritage At Risk 17 GRANT MYERS Matthew Farfan EXECUTIVE DIRECTOR MATTHEW FARFAN Taking Flight on the West Island 18 PROJECT DIRECTORS Heather Darch DWANE WILKIN HEATHER DARCH Muskrats and Ruins on Dowker Island 20 CHRISTINA ADAMKO Heather Darch GLENN PATTERSON BOOKKEEPER Over the River and through the Woods 21 MARION GREENLAY to the Morgan Arboretum We Go! Heather Darch Quebec Heritage News is published quarterly by QAHN with the support Tiny Island’s Big History 22 of the Department of Canadian Heritage.
    [Show full text]
  • Soldier Illness and Environment in the War of 1812
    The University of Maine DigitalCommons@UMaine Electronic Theses and Dissertations Fogler Library Spring 5-8-2020 "The Men Were Sick of the Place" : Soldier Illness and Environment in the War of 1812 Joseph R. Miller University of Maine, [email protected] Follow this and additional works at: https://digitalcommons.library.umaine.edu/etd Part of the Canadian History Commons, Military History Commons, and the United States History Commons Recommended Citation Miller, Joseph R., ""The Men Were Sick of the Place" : Soldier Illness and Environment in the War of 1812" (2020). Electronic Theses and Dissertations. 3208. https://digitalcommons.library.umaine.edu/etd/3208 This Open-Access Thesis is brought to you for free and open access by DigitalCommons@UMaine. It has been accepted for inclusion in Electronic Theses and Dissertations by an authorized administrator of DigitalCommons@UMaine. For more information, please contact [email protected]. “THE MEN WERE SICK OF THE PLACE”: SOLDIER ILLNESS AND ENVIRONMENT IN THE WAR OF 1812 By Joseph R. Miller B.A. North Georgia University, 2003 M.A. University of Maine, 2012 A DISSERTATION Submitted in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree of Doctor of Philosophy (in History) The Graduate School The University of Maine May 2020 Advisory Committee: Scott W. See, Professor Emeritus of History, Co-advisor Jacques Ferland, Associate Professor of History, Co-advisor Liam Riordan, Professor of History Kathryn Shively, Associate Professor of History, Virginia Commonwealth University James Campbell, Professor of Joint, Air War College, Brigadier General (ret) Michael Robbins, Associate Research Professor of Psychology Copyright 2020 Joseph R.
    [Show full text]
  • Casemate Wall with Abutting Structures at Khirbet Qeiyafa: the Archaeology of Architecture and Its Implications for Khirbet Qeiyafa’S Identity
    ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! The Architectural Phenomenon of ‘Casemate Wall with Abutting Structures at Khirbet Qeiyafa: The archaeology of Architecture and its Implications for Khirbet Qeiyafa’s Identity Rachel Hyung Guong Ko School of Religious Studies McGill University, Montreal February 2018 A thesis submitted to McGill University in partial fulfillment of the requirements of the degree of Master of Arts (M.A. thesis). ©2018 by Rachel Hyung Guong Ko ABSTRACT This work catalogues and re-examines the main architectural features that were uncovered at the Iron Age city of Khirbet Qeiyafa. The site was excavated for a total of seven seasons under the direction of Dr. Yosef Garfinkel of the Hebrew University and Saar Ganor on behalf of the Israel Antiquities Authorities; Michael G. Hasel of the Southern Adventist University joined Garfinkel and Ganor for the 2009-2011 excavation seasons. The excavators have proposed that the site be identified as the biblical site of Sha’arayim, meaning “two gates”, mentioned three times in the Hebrew Bible (Joshua 15:36, 1 Samuel 17:52, 1 Chronicles 4: 31). Their identification of Khirbet Qeiyafa as belonging to the kingdom of Judah has stirred much controversy amongst scholars who support current theories of state formation in the Levant during the Iron Age. These scholars, so called ‘minimalists’, maintain that there is no archaeological evidence to support an United Monarchy, and insist that the northern Kingdom of Israel only emerged in the early 9th century BC, and the kingdom of Judah only in the late 8th century BCE, some 300 years later than the events as purported to have happened in the biblical narrative (Lemche 1988; Finkelstein 1996; Thompson 1999)”.1 The architectural remains of the Iron Age city at Khirbet Qeiyafa have been particularly important in the discussion regarding the socio-political identity and the territorial affiliation of the site.
    [Show full text]
  • Gravesham Tree Trail
    of the past military occupation can be seen. be can occupation military past the of Tel: 01474 33 76 00 Tweet @visit_gravesend 00 Tweet 76 33 01474 Tel: restful environment in which intriguing glimpses glimpses intriguing which in environment restful 18a St George’s Square, Gravesend DA11 0TB DA11 Gravesend Square, George’s St 18a and the statue of Pocahontas. of statue the and The pleasant riverside gardens offer visitors a a visitors offer gardens riverside pleasant The George’s Shopping Centre, close to St George’s Church Church George’s St to close Centre, Shopping George’s into the Visitor Information Centre – at the rear of St St of rear the at – Centre Information Visitor the into enter the New Tavern Fort Gardens. Fort Tavern New the enter Make the most of your visit to Gravesend by dropping dropping by Gravesend to visit your of most the Make Gordon’s statue to the south west gate, you can can you gate, west south the to statue Gordon’s Walking through the gardens, around General General around gardens, the through Walking caused by a V2 in 1944. in V2 a by caused building was demolished following an explosion explosion an following demolished was building House in the grounds of the New Tavern Fort. The The Fort. Tavern New the of grounds the in House included the New Tavern Fort. He lived in Fort Fort in lived He Fort. Tavern New the included various fortifications along the Thames which which Thames the along fortifications various the borough. He was appointed to upgrade the the upgrade to appointed was He borough.
    [Show full text]
  • Lower Thames Crossing Annexes 1-7 Technical Assessment
    Annex 1 Development (‘red line’) boundary Annex 2: Current Lower Thames Crossing Scheme Proposals Annex 3 Housing development quantities Table 1: Comparison of LTC model development inputs with adopted and emerging local plans and Government’s standard local housing need calculation (as at 2017) Local Core Scenario Phasing Comments Authority Assumptions (Housing only) – totals are cumulative (Figure is number of 2026 2031 2041 2051 dwellings 2009 – 25 used in LTC V2 model) Basildon 3,444 6,885 6,885 6,885 LTC not showing any housing development in Basildon post 2031. (6,800) Revised publication version of Local Plan (2014 – 34) going to Council 18 October 2018 with housing target of 17,791 or 889 dpa + area of search post 2031. See http://www.basildonmeetings.info/ieListDocuments.aspx?CId=216&MId=6436 . Local Housing Need based on standard methodology (according to report) should now be around 991 dpa. If this figure is correct, then the local housing need over the period to opening of LTC (2016 -26) would be around 9,900 dwellings compared to 3,444 used in modelling. For period to design year (2016 – 41) the local housing requirement based on 991 dpa would be 24,775. The modelling therefore is based on a housing figure that is around 17,890 below what might reasonably be expected for the design year if growth targets are met. Even if the lower 889 dpa was to be rolled forward over the period 2016 – 41, this would result in a housing requirement of 22,225 with the 6,885 figure used in the modelling representing a 15,340 dwelling shortfall.
    [Show full text]
  • The War After the War: Fort Kent Blockhouse, 1839-1842
    Maine History Volume 29 Number 3 Winter-Spring 1990; Vol. 29, No. 3 & 4 Article 3 1-1-1990 The War After the War: Fort Kent Blockhouse, 1839-1842 Sheila McDonald Follow this and additional works at: https://digitalcommons.library.umaine.edu/mainehistoryjournal Part of the Military History Commons, and the United States History Commons Recommended Citation McDonald, Sheila. "The War After the War: Fort Kent Blockhouse, 1839-1842." Maine History 29, 3 (1990): 142-168. https://digitalcommons.library.umaine.edu/mainehistoryjournal/vol29/iss3/3 This Article is brought to you for free and open access by DigitalCommons@UMaine. It has been accepted for inclusion in Maine History by an authorized administrator of DigitalCommons@UMaine. For more information, please contact [email protected]. s h e i l a McDo n a l d THE WAR AFTER THE WAR: FO R T KENT BLOCKHOUSE, 1839-1842 On March 23, 1839, the Maine State Legislature passed a resolve removing Maine’s militia from the brink of conflict in the Aroostook War. On that day, the Fort Kent blockhouse, destined to become one of the most enduring symbols of the war, was still six months away from construction at the conflu­ ence of the Fish and St. John rivers. Fort Kent did not rise out of bombast and calls to arms. It instead assumed its very strategic location gradually as Maine pushed to establish a toe-hold in the territory claimed by both Great Britain and the United States under the nebulous terms of the Treaty of Paris signed in 1783.
    [Show full text]
  • END and SURROUNDING AREAS Itinerary Highlights
    3 AND 5 DAYS IN GRAVESEND AND SURROUNDING AREAS Itinerary highlights The maritime town of Gravesend is an ideal place for a short stay. The borough of Gravesham has the Thames riverside, countryside, historic villages and picturesque parishes for you to enjoy. All this and it’s only 24 minutes from London and has convenient links from Ebbsfleet International Station to continental Europe. So, come and visit Gravesend! Explore Gravesend’s historic riverside and heritage Enjoy good food at one of the traditional pubs along the river or the variety of restaurants in town Experience one of Kent's largest and award winning Escape Rooms Be amazed by the magnificent Gurdwara, one of the largest in Europe Pay a visit to the villages of Meopham, Cobham and Higham and enjoy walks through the beautiful countryside and landscapes. Day 1: Gravesend Town Morning: Historic Town Riverside Audio tour, including Gravesend's Napoleonic Fort, New Tavern Fort. Afternoon: Hop on the Gravesend and Tilbury Ferry and visit Tilbury Fort. Evening: Back in Gravesend enjoy a taste of India in one of our many traditional Idian restaurants. Day 2: Meopham Walk & Escape Rooms Day 3: Cobham Village Morning: A walk in Trosley Country Park - 170 acres Morning: Cobham village and its church,renowned for of beautiful woodland and chalk downland via 3 its collection of 15th Century brasses. waymarked trails. Afternoon: After lunch in Cobham, enjoy the afternoon Afternoon: After lunch, back to Gravesend for an walking or cycling at Jeskyns Community Woodland. afternoon of fun in the award winning Escape Rooms Evening: After dinner, book an evening of "The Panic Room" entertainment at the Woodville theatre.
    [Show full text]
  • Royal Artillery Barracks and Royal Military Repository Areas
    CHAPTER 7 Royal Artillery Barracks and Royal Military Repository Areas Lands above Woolwich and the Thames valley were taken artillery companies (each of 100 men), headquartered with JOHN WILSON ST for military use from 1773, initially for barracks facing their guns in Woolwich Warren. There they assisted with Woolwich Common that permitted the Royal Regiment of Ordnance work, from fuse­filling to proof supervising, and Artillery to move out of the Warren. These were among also provided a guard. What became the Royal Regiment Britain’s largest barracks and unprecedented in an urban of Artillery in 1722 grew, prospered and spread. By 1748 ARTILLERY PLACE Greenhill GRAND DEPOT ROAD context. The Board of Ordnance soon added a hospi­ there were thirteen companies, and further wartime aug­ Courts tal (now Connaught Mews), built in 1778–80 and twice mentations more than doubled this number by the end CH REA ILL H enlarged during the French Wars. Wartime exigencies also of the 1750s. There were substantial post­war reductions saw the Royal Artillery Barracks extended to their present in the 1760s, and in 1771 the Regiment, now 2,464 men, Connaught astonishing length of more than a fifth of a mile 0( .4km) was reorganized into four battalions each of eight com­ Mews in 1801–7, in front of a great grid of stables and more panies, twelve of which, around 900 men, were stationed barracks, for more than 3,000 soldiers altogether. At the in Woolwich. Unlike the army, the Board of Ordnance D St George’s A same time more land westwards to the parish boundary required its officers (Artillery and Engineers) to obtain Royal Artillery Barracks Garrison Church GRAND DEPOT RD O R was acquired, permitting the Royal Military Repository to a formal military education.
    [Show full text]