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JAKO201808962643302.Pdf ISSN (Print) 1225-9918 ISSN (Online) 2287-3406 Journal of Life Science 2018 Vol. 28. No. 1. 130~139 DOI : https://doi.org/10.5352/JLS.2018.28.1.130 - Review - Genetic Analysis Strategies for Improving Race Performance of Thoroughbred Racehorse and Jeju Horse Kyung-Wan Baek1†, Jeong-An Gim2† and Jung-Jun Park1* 1Division of Sport Science, Pusan National University, Busandaehak-ro 63, Guemjeong-gu, Busan 46241, Korea 2Department of Biological Sciences, College of Natural Sciences, Pusan National University, Busandaehak-ro 63, Guemjeong-gu, Busan 46241, Korea Received December 8, 2017 /Revised January 25, 2018 /Accepted January 25, 2018 In ancient times, horse racing was done in ancient European countries in the form of wagon races or mountain races, and wagon racing was adopted as a regular event at the Greek Olympic Games. Thoroughbred horse has been bred since 17th century by intensive selective breeding for its speed, stamina, and racing ability. Then, in the 18th century, horse racing using the Thoroughbred species began to gain popularity among nobles. Since then, horse racing has developed into various forms in various countries and have developed into flat racing, steeplechasing, and harness racing. Thoroughbred racehorse has excellent racing abilities because of powerful selection breeding strategy for 300 years. It is necessary to maintain and maximize horses' ability to race, because horse industries produce enormous economic benefits through breeding, training, and horse racing. Next-generation sequencing (NGS) methods which process large amounts of genomic data have been developed recently. Based on the remarkable development of these genomic analytical techniques, it is now pos- sible to easily carry out animal breeding strategies with superior traits. In order to select breeding racehorse with superior racing traits, the latest genomic analysis techniques have to be introduced. In this paper, we will review the current efforts to improve race performance for racehorses and to examine the research trends of genomic analysis. Finally, we suggest to utilize genomic analysis in Thoroughbred racehorse and Jeju horse, and propose a strategy for selective breeding for Jeju horse, which contributes job creation of Korea. Key words : Exercise, genomics, Jeju horse, race performance, thoroughbred horse 서 론 문에서 다루고 있는 말아속은 현대의 말(Equus ferus caballus) 과 현존하는 유일한 야생마인 프셰발스키말이라고 불리우는 현대의 말 조상은 신생대의 고제3기 에오세(Eocene)에 에 몽고 야생마(Equus ferus przewalskii)로 나누어진다[29, 35, 45]. 오히프스(Eohippus)의 형태로 처음 등장하였고, 지금의 말과 거의 대부분의 현대의 말은 인간에 의하여 사육되고 교배되고 달리 몸집 크기가 상대적으로 작았다. 이후 올리고세(Oligo- 있으며, 서식환경 및 목적에 따라 다양한 형태의 품종(breed) cene)의 메소히프스(Mesohippus), 신제3기 마이오세의 메리키 으로 나누어진다. 프스(Merychippus)를 거쳐 플리오세(Pliocene)의 플리오히프 말은 강한 힘과 지구력을 갖고 있는 포유류로써, 신석기 혁 스(Pliohippus)에 있어서 현대의 말과 유사한 형태와 크기로 명 이후 인류에게 있어서 빠른 속도로 인한 기동력과 튼튼한 진화되었다. 현대 말의 직접적인 조상인 에쿠스(Equus)는 신 체격 및 강력한 지구력을 통한 전투력과 이동력을 제공해 주 제3기의 플리오세에 처음 등장하였으며, 제4기의 플라이스토 었다. 강인한 힘을 가지고 있기에 농경에도 활용되었으며, 심 세(Plistocene)를 거쳐 현재의 말속으로 분화되었다[37, 45, 지어는 풍부한 생체량을 바탕으로 하여 식용으로도 활용되었 54]. 이러한 말 속은 말아속(Equus ferus), 당나귀아속(Equus 다. 중세 이후 유럽을 중심으로 승마, 경마, 폴로 및 마장마술 asinus), 얼룩말아속(Equus Hippotigris)으로 나누어지고, 본 논 과 같은 인간의 취미활동을 위하여도 사육 및 육종 되었다. 16세기와 17세기에 걸쳐, 영국에서 뛰어난 경주 능력을 가진 †Authors contributed equally. 말에 대한 선택적 교배를 통하여, 현재 주로 경주마로 활용되 *Corresponding author *Tel : +82-51-510-2713, Fax : +82-51-510-3746 고 있는 서러브레드(Thoroughbred)종의 혈통 관리가 시작되 *E-mail : [email protected] 었다[3, 25]. 지난 100여 년간 육종기술의 발달을 통한 선발 This is an Open-Access article distributed under the terms of 육종이 경주마의 혈통 관리에 적용되었고, 비교적 최근에 발 the Creative Commons Attribution Non-Commercial License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/3.0) which permits 달하였던 분자육종기술을 통하여 RFLP (Restriction fragment unrestricted non-commercial use, distribution, and reproduction length polymorphism) 및 SNP (Single nucleotide poly- in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited. morphism) 등을 통한 우수 개체의 마커가 발굴되고 있다[5, Journal of Life Science 2018, Vol. 28. No. 1 131 59]. 2007년 말의 게놈이 밝혀진 이래, 특히 최근 눈부시게 발 경우 종부료가 매우 비싼 실정이다. 우수한 혈통을 가지거나, 전하고 있는 NGS 기법을 통하여, 전장 유전체 단계에서 우수 경주 능력이 좋은 씨수말에 대한 다양한 유전학적 연구 방법 말 특이적 인자를 발굴하려는 노력이 계속되고 있다[19, 32, 이 제안되었고, 이러한 연구는 말의 게놈이 공개되면서 가속 46, 61, 68]. 화되었다. 따라서, 아래에서는 말의 유전학적 연구를 말 게놈 제주마(Jeju horse)는 중간 체구의 말로, 온순한 성격을 갖고 서열 공개 전과 후로 나누어서 살펴 보고자 한다. 있으며, 항병성을 갖고 있기에 생존력이 강한 종이다. 이들은 인간의 경우 2001년 인간 게놈 프로젝트가 완료되었으며, 원래 제주도에 서식하였던 조랑말과 1276년 몽고로부터 들여 이후 영장류 및 다양한 동식물의 게놈이 속속 공개되고 있다. 온 160마리의 몽고마(Mongolian horse)와의 교잡종이다. 제주 경제적으로 막대한 영향을 줄 수 있는 서러브레드 경주마에 마는 13세기부터 제주도에 정착하였고, 주민들은 이들을 농경 대한 게놈 역시 분석이 필요하다는 공감대가 형성되었으며, 용, 이동용 및 식용으로 사용하였다[44]. 1986년 제주의 제주마 MIT의 Broad Institute와 하버드 대학교가 중심이 된 연구 컨 가 대한민국의 천연기념물 제 347호로 지정되었고, 현재까지 소시엄에서 말 유전체 해독 프로젝트를 수행하였다. 그 결과, 종 보존 및 우수 혈통 유지를 위한 노력이 계속되어 왔다. 2007년 1월 코넬 대학교 수의과대학에서 제공한 “Twilight”라 본 논문에서는 현재까지 다양한 국가에서 수행되었던 우수 는 씨암말 샘플에 대한 전장 게놈 해독이 완료되었다[61]. 한 서러브레드 경주마를 선별 육종 하는 연구 방법에 대하여 현재까지 전장 게놈이 밝혀지기 이전까지 연구를 정리해 토의하고, 앞으로의 육종 전략에 대하여 전망하였다. 이러한 보면, 아래와 같다. 유전체 내 짧은 반복서열인 Microsatellite 최신 분자육종 전략을 제주마에 적용할 수 있음을 시사함으로 을 이용하여 개체 간, 개체의 특성 간, 종 간 차이를 확인하는 써, 제주마의 경주 능력 향상에 대한 가능성을 타진해 보고자 연구가 많이 이루어졌다. 말에서도 GAGAGAGAGAGAGAGA 한다. (GA8)과 같은 염색체 전반에 분포되어 있는 Microsatellite를 이 용하여 말 유전자 지도를 만드는 시도가 이루어졌다[41]. 또한, 본 론 포유류 종 간 radiation hybrid mapping (RH mapping)이 말 에서 시도되었고, 말의 11번 염색체에서 24개의 마커가 발굴 말의 경주 능력 향상을 위한 기존의 노력 되었다[9]. 이후 말 염색체 지도가 밝혀졌는데, 이는 fluo- 말을 활용한 경주는 고대 유럽의 여러 국가들에서 마차 경 rescence in situ hybridization (FISH) 방법을 이용하여 인간 주 혹은 산악 경주 등의 형태로 이루어졌으며, 고대 그리스 염색체와 비교함으로써 확인되었다[57]. 유전자 맵핑을 위한 올림픽에서 마차 경주가 정식 종목으로 채택되었다. 당시의 국제적 협력이 이루어졌고, 그 결과 연관지도(linkage map)을 경주마는 오늘날의 경주마로 쓰이는 서러브레드종과 달리, 유 포함한 766개의 마커가 발굴되었다[47]. 이러한 연관지도와 럽 재래종마의 선조마가 사용되었다. 15세기 말 1마일을 1분 FISH 결과를 바탕으로 다양한 질병 및 특성과 관련된 후보 대에 주파한 아랍계 우수 종마가 생산되면서, 경주마를 선별 유전자들이 발굴되었다. 대표적으로 말의 염색체 13번이 재발 하는 전략이 수립되기 시작되었다. 현재 경주마로 널리 쓰이 성 기도폐색증(recurrent airway obstruction) 및 만성 하기도 는 서러브레드종은 17세기부터 속도, 체력, 그리고 경주 능력 질환(chronic lower airway disease)과 관련되어 있다는 사실 을 위해 선택적으로 교배되었다. 이후 18세기 영국에서는 귀 이 밝혀졌다[30]. 그리고, 부분적 피부 쇠약증(hereditary 족이 향유하는 스포츠로써 서러브레드종을 활용한 경주가 시 equine regional dermal asthenia; HERDA)를 유발하는 유전 행되었다. 이후 경마는 여러 국가에서 다양한 형태로 발달하 자가 PPIB (cyclophilin B)라는 사실 역시 밝혀졌다[60]. 또한, 여 현재 크게 평지 경주, 장애물 경주, 마차 경주 등으로 발달 PMEL17와 같은 유전자들이 말 모색의 결정과 관련되어 있다 하였다. 현대의 서러브레드 경주마 산업은 번식, 조련, 경마 는 사실이 밝혀지기도 했다[7]. 등 수천억 달러의 산업 규모를 가지고 있다[22]. 인간에서의 유전 현상 연구는 인간 게놈 프로젝트가 공개되 오늘날에 있어 서러브레드 경마산업은 국내외적으로 중요 기 전과 후로 나누어 볼 수 있듯이, 말에서의 유전 현상 연구 한 산업으로 인식되고 있다. 하지만, 오로지 경주 능력을 지향 역시 같은 양상으로 진행되었다. 2007년, equCab2.0으로 공개 한 강력한 선발로 인한 근친교배로 인하여, 폐쇄적 혈통 유지 된 2.47 Gb에 달하는 게놈 서열이 공개되었다. 이는 2007년 이 (Closed stud book)가 이루어졌다. 그 결과, 서러브레드 집단 전까지 연구되었던 연관지도, RH mapping 결과, FISH map- 의 유전적 다양성(Genetic diversity)은 매우 좁아진 실정이다. ping 결과와 대부분 일치하는 것으로 확인되었다[61]. Repeat 211마리의 서러브레드마에서 총 13개 Microsatellite 마커의 Masker 구동 결과, 이동성 유전인자를 비롯한 반복서열이 약 분석 결과, 집단 내 78%가 30두의 공통조상으로 확인되었다 50% 정도를 차지하고 있었으며, 특히 X 염색체에 60%에 달하 [12]. 하지만, 현실적으로 우수한 말을 선별하기 위하여, 우수 는 반복서열이 존재함이 확인되었다. Long interspersed nu- 한 씨수말로 교배하려는 수요가 많은 것이 사실이다. 따라서, clear element (LINE) 서열이 약 20%, song interspersed nu- 혈통이 우수하거나 경주 능력이 좋은 서러브레드 씨수말의 clear element (SINE) 서열이 약 7%, 및 long terminal repeat 132 생명과학회지 2018, Vol. 28. No. 1 (LTR) 서열이 약 6% 정도를 차지하고 있었다. 이러한 서열은 스피드와 지구력과 관련되어 있다는 사실이 보고되었다[23] 추후 기능유전체 연구에 있어서 중요한 인자가 되고, 2018년 그리고, 근육 비대증에 영향을 미침으로써 운동능력과 직접적 현재 말에서의 이동성 유전인자의 구조와 기능이 속속 규명되 인 관련성을 제공하는 MSTN (myostatin) 유전자에 대하여, 고 있다[14, 20]. “Twilight”의 게놈을 참조서열로 하여, 아랍 최신 기법을 적용한 추가적인 연구가 진행되었다. 그 결과, 종, 프셰발스키마, 당나귀 등과 같은 각 품종에서 SNP 분석, 단거리 경주에 효과적인 근육과 관련된 SNP 마커가 발굴되었 whole genome re-sequencing (WGRS) 등이 이루어졌다. 그 다[28]. 이와 같은 서러브레드마 CKM, COX4I2, MSTN 유전자 결과 100만 개 이상의 SNP들을 발굴하였으며, SNP 마커 지도 등의 SNP 데이터를 바탕으로, 다양한 품종의 말에서 강건성, 를 구축하였다. 이러한 분석 결과를 통하여, 말 유전자 연구에 지구력과 관련된 유전자들을 발굴할 필요성이 커지고 있다. 서 NGS 기술을 활용한 게놈 기반의 연구가 본격적으로 시작 최근 NGS 비용의 하락으로 WGRS 비용이 낮아지고 있다고 될 것이라는 것을 시사해 주었다[61]. 서러브레드 경주마와 제 하나, DNA chip 기술에 비하면 아직까지 비싼 실정이다. 따라 주마를 포함한 가축화된 말, 몽고야생마로 알려져 있는 프셰 서, Illumina는 10개의 말 품종에 대하여 WGRS와 유전자형 발스키마, 그리고 말속에 속하는 당나귀와 얼룩말의 간략화된 타입 분석을 통하여, Equine SNP50K chip 등을 개발하여 출시 계통수를 제시하였다(Fig.
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