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THE SOCIALIST PARTIES in SYRIA and LEBANON. the American 62-3996 EL-KHALIL, AH Yusif, 1933- THE SOCIALIST PARTIES IN SYRIA AND LEBANON. The American University, Ph.D., 1962 Political Science, international law and relations University Microfilms, Inc., Ann Arbor, Michigan Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. Copyright by Ali Yusif El-Khalil 1962 Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. THE SOCIALIST PARTIES IN SYRIA- AND LEBANON by Ali Yusif El-Khalil Submitted to the Faculty of the Graduate School o f The American U niversity in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree of Doctor of Philosophy in In tern a tio n a l R elation s and Organization Signaturess ofof^Committeq Committee; >. Chairman Graduate Dean: eys. A . J i s Z ' i Date: AMERICAN UNIVERSITY March 1962 \ • P ' » '• MAY 1 1 1962 The American U niversity Washington, D. C. WASHINGTON, a a THE 3 \S Ig'oij- Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. PREFACE The purpose of this inquiry is to study the two socialist parties in Syria and Lebanon, The Arab Resurrection Socialist Party (the Ba'th) and the Progressive Socialist Party (the P.S.P.), to examine their programs and accomplishments, determine their place in the Arab socialist movement, and ascertain the distinguishing features of that movement as w ell as the ro le i t p la y s. A brief sketch of the historical background of and political condi­ tions in Syria and Lebanon, the basic characteristics of their economy, and the structural pattern of their society reveal the need for the social and economic reforms manifested by the socialist parties under study. Supplementing this background are a short survey of the contri­ butions of the Islamic teachings and movements to Arab political thought and a brief discussion of the reformist movements which acted as a connecting link between social and socialist reforms. Together, they lay the foundation upon which pur study is based. The body of this work is devoted to the history, achievements, structure, programs, and principles of the two parties with emphasis on their ideological doctrines. A critical analysis of their teachings shows that both parties advocate_a moderate kind of socialism but that their programs are not exclusively socialist. They also embrace freedom and democracy, embody nationalist aspirations, and champion the liberal movements in th e ir area. Arab socialism is still a vague concept. Its. objectives' have not been elucidated, and its importance has not been fully realized. It i i Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. i i i is the intention of this dissertation to cast more light on the Arab socialist movement by clarifying its objectives, revealing its important role, and disclosing its potential power. Arab forms of socialism were created in response to the need for social and economic reforms in Arab society and have distinguishing features that differentiate them from communism, Western socialism, and other socialist movements. The Arab s o c ia lis t movement follow s a p o lic y of p o s itiv e neutralism and nonalignment with either of the two power blocs in order to achieve an ideological mean between democratic capitalism and authoritarian communism and, as a practical policy, to lessen the tensions of the cold war. It is one of the major movements in the struggle to end Western imperialism in the Arab world and, at the same time, it is a powerful and effective force against communist infiltration into the area. As a popular movement, the Arab s o c ia lis t movement in i t s organized form is mainly represented by the Ba'th party, the most wide­ spread Arab socialist party and the only one having branches throughout the Arab world. In order to achieve a fuller understanding of the revolutionary spirit that pervades the Arab world and of its ideological components-- n ationalism , so cia lism , and humanism—and to comprehend i t s p o te n tia l power and speculate on its prospects for success, one has to understand and analyze its machinery which is represented by the organized popular movements in the Arab world spearheaded by the s o c ia lis t p a rties in Syria and Lebanon. This work is intended to be a study to that effect and a con trib ution in that d ir e c tio n . Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. iv The author wishes to acknowledge the valuable help rendered him by the chairman of his advisory committee, Dr. Abdul Aziz Said, and to express his appreciation to the other members of the committee, Dr. Vi. Wendell C leland, Dr; Edgar S. Robinson, Dr. Kerim Key and Dr. Charles 0. Lerche, for their indispensable advice and guidance. Others to whom gratitude is due are those Ba’th and P.S.P. leaders and members who made it possible for the author to obtain party documents and other primary sources, and Miss Mary Betschler who read the first draft of the manuscript and offered some useful suggestions. The author is also in­ debted to the staffs of the Near East Section of the Library of Congress, the Middle East Institute Library, and the American Friends of the Middle East Library for their kind cooperation and assistance. The opinions expressed in this study are solely those of the author and do not reflect the views of the members of Ms advisory committee. Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. TABLE OF CONTENTS CHAPTER. _ PAGE I . POLITICAL, ECONOMIC, AMD SOCIAL CONDITIONS IN SYRIA AND LEBANON ............................................................................................................ 1 Physical and Historical Features ...................................................... 1 From Mandate Through Independence ......... .................. 7 Economic Conditions .................... 18 Social Conditions ...................... 31 I I . ORIGIN AND DEVELOPMENT OF ARAB SOCIALIST PARTIES....................... U3 Socialist Tendencies in Islam ............... h8 Arab Reformist Schools of Thought 38 Arab S o c ia lis t Movements ........................................................................ 63 I I I . THE ARAN RESURRECTION SOCIALIST PARTY: IDEOLOGY AND_ STRUCTURE............................................................................................................ 76 Ideology ....... ............................................................................ 77 The Ba'th Concept of Arab Nationalism ................................ 77 The Concept of Unity ............................... 80 The Concept of Liberty ........................................ ....... 83 Ba'th Socialism ..... ................................................................... 86 The Concept of Revolution ........ ................................ 93 Secularism ................................................................................. 98 Positive Neutralism ...................... 101 The Concept of Eternal M ission ....................................... 103 Structure ....................... " 106 Membership ......................................................................................106 Leadership ................................................ 107 v Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. v i CHAPTER PAGE Organization ..... ........................................................................ 112 IV. THE ARAB RESURRECTION SOCIALIST PARTY: HISTOJiY AND ACHIEVE­ MENTS 115 Early History (19hO-19U9) ..... .... 116 The Period of Military Dictatorships (±9k9-195k) 120 Attainment of Power and Achievement of Principles (195U- 1 9 5 9 ) .................................................................. • • • 12U The Ireak With N asser ......................................................................................138 V. THE PROGRESSIVE SOCIALIST PARTY.......................... lU9 I d e o l o g y ........................................................................... lli9 Progressive Socialism ....................................................................... Ili9 Foreign Policy .............................................................................158 Nationalism ........................................................................................................160 Structure ...’................................................................................................... 160 M em b ersh ip ................................................................................................. 160 L e a d e r s h ip ....................................................................... l o l Organization ........ ............................................................... I 6h History and Achievements .................................................................. 165 Historical Background ............................................................................ 165 From the 1952 Coup d'Etat to the 1958 Revolution .... 168 The Aftermath ................................................................................................... 175 VI. THE ARAB SOCIALIST MOVEMENT: COMPARISON AND CONTRAST .... 178 Communism and Arab S ocialism . ....... 173 Ideological Differences ........ 178 Political wi(Terences ............................................................................ 185
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