17th Conference of the International Work Group for Palaeoethnobotany

Paris, France Muséum national d’Histoire naturelle, Jardin des Plantes July 4-9, 2016

Organising committee

Charlène Bouchaud, Vladimir Dabrowski, Brigitte David, Alexia Decaix, Marie Derreumaux, Carolyne Douché, Müge Ergun, Anne-Cécile Haussonne, Michel Lemoine, Myriam Meziou, Andréa Parès, Bénédicte Pradat, Jérôme Ros, Marie-Pierre Ruas, Aurélie Salavert, Margareta Tengberg, Françoise Toulemonde, Véronique Zech Matterne

IWGP committee

Monika Badura, Felix Bittmann, Amy Bogaard, Otto Brinkkemper, Ramon Buxo, Dorian Fuller, Peter H. Mikkelsen, Naomi Miller, Klaus Oeggl, Leonor Peña-Choccaro, Anaya Sarpaki, Margareta Tengberg, Ehud Weiss

ABSTRACTS: LECTURES and POSTERS

LIST OF PARTICIPANTS

A B S T ABSTRACTS LECTURES R Resum´ es´ des communications A C T S The food-producing economy in earliest This offered the rare opportunity to study the vegetation of Shomutepe-Shulaveri culture, western Azerbaijan a small spot of land preserved in situ. Even subterranean or- L gans had survived like the root nodules of Fabaceae. Grassland E L’economie´ de subsistance durant la phase precoce´ de la species are dominating the pollen and macrofossil spectra. Of C culture Shomutepe-Shulaveri, Azerba¨ıdjan occidental the nine species of Poaceae, Cynosurus cristatus and Bromus T hordeaceus were most frequent. Entire capitula of dande- U Chie Akashi1, Yoshihiro Nishiaki1, Farhad Guiliev2, lion (Taraxacum officinale) in fruit indicate that the landslide R Kenichi Tanno3 must have happened in late spring or early summer. Further E frequent plant species were Centaurea jacea, Crepis biennis, S 1 The University Museum, The University of Tokyo – Japan Heracleum sphondylium, Leucanthemum vulgare, Picris hi- 2 Institute of Archaeology and Ethnology – Azerbaijan eracioides, Plantago lanceolata, Potentilla reptans, Ranuncu- 3 Yamaguchi University – Japan lus spec., Rhinanthus alectorolophus, Trifolium pratense and T. reptans. The species composition and the presence of spores of coprophilous fungi show that this spot was pasture land The Neolithic era of the southern Caucasus has, in terms rather than a hayfield. Grazing animals favoured the spread of archaeology, been one of the least studied areas. How- of juniper (Juniperus communis). The soil was rather moist ever, recent international projects in the Araxes and Middle and lightly manured. Pollen of fruit-bearing trees indicate the Kura Valleys provided important new data and enabled the re- presence of orchards in the vicinity. Pollen analysis shows that searchers to discuss the chronology, cultural change and sub- the slopes of the surrounding mountains were deforested. This sistence economy of the period in greater detail. was probably the cause of the landslide. The Azeri–Japanese joint mission has been conducting exca- vations in western Azerbaijan since 2008. The first target was Keywords: Middle Ages, Switzerland, Grassland, Palaeobiocoenosis a large Shomutepe-Shulaveri site, Goytepe (mid-6th millen- nium B.C.). Shomutepe-Shulaveri culture is the oldest agricul- tural society known in the southern Caucasus. In 2012, we also Crop production and consumption in coastal Languedoc started excavation in a neighbouring site called Haci Elamx- in the 3rd century BC: new data from Le Cailar (Gard), anli Tepe. This site produced older radiocarbon dates (early Lattara (Herault)´ and Pech Maho (Aude) 6th millennium B.C.) than Goytepe and showed evidence of agriculture. In fact, this is one of the oldest series of dates for Culture et consommation sur le littoral du Languedoc au 3e domestic plants in the Middle Kura at present. s. BC : nouvelles donnees´ des sites de Le Cailar (Gard), We present here the results of preliminary analyses performed Lattara (Herault)´ et Pech Maho (Aude) for plant macro-remains excavated in Haci Elamxanli Tepe 1 2 and discuss the choice of crop plants, use of wild plants and Natalia` Alonso ,Nuria´ Rovira utilization of cereal by-products. The interesting differences 1 between Haci Elamxanli Tepe and Goytepe provided clues to Universitat de Lleida – Spain 2 reconstruct the establishment of agriculture in the southern ASM – Universite´ Paul Valery´ - Montpellier III, CNRS : UMR5140 – France Caucasus. Since the last 15 years archaeobotanical research in south- Keywords: Azerbaijan, Neolithic, Shomutepe, Shulaveri, Haci ern France, especially in Languedoc coastal areas, is well de- Elamxanli Tepe, Goytepe veloped and concerns several major sites to understand not only the role of local crop productions but also exchanges with many Mediterranean societies. As regards to the Iron Age pe- The meadow of Onoldswil (Switzerland) in the summer of riod, recent excavations and works (for instance, at Lattara) AD 1295 - an example of a palaeobiocoenosis have provided new information to the knowledge of the agri- R La prairie d’Onoldswil (Suisse) a` l’et´ e´ 1295 ap. J.-C. - un cultural systems and plant consumption practices of the 5th e´ exemple de paleobioc´ enose´ and 4th centuries BC. They highlight a well-structured crop s production based on cereals (mostly barley, naked wheats and u emmer) and pulses together with an increasing development Orni¨ Akeret1, Marlu Kuhn¨ 1, Lucia Wick1 m of fruit growing. During the 3rd century one can observe the e´ appearance of changes mainly in crop productions and plant 1 s University of Basel – Switzerland consumption. The main aim of this presentation is so to discuss about this C In the early summer of the year AD 1295 a landslide de- transition period focusing on both economic aspects through o stroyed the former village of Onoldswil in the Swiss Jura the comparison of the early Iron Age basis (5th-4th c. BC) m montains. During construction work in 2014 a small area to the new agricultural and alimentary strategies adopted from m of the former land surface was unearthed. Five metres of the 3rd century BC onwards. For instance we can observe u compact clay had caused the complete lack of oxygene, and the gradual disappearance of emmer (Triticum dicoccum) in n the excavators came upon mosses and leaves of grasses and favour of naked wheat (Triticum aestivum/durum/turgidum), i other plants that were still green. Samples were taken for as well as an increasing development of local fruit growing (in c plant macro- and microfossil and geoarchaeological analysis. particular viticulture). a t i 1 o n s A B S T R For this, we present here new archaeobotanical data (based on parts, Health A seed and fruits analysis) concerning three archaeological sites C (Le Cailar, Lattara and Pech Maho) sharing many environmen- tal, economical and cultural characteristics: for instance, their Village people. Spatial approach to crops and gathered T plants at a late Neolithic occupation phase of the S location in a fluvial-lagoon environment (opened to the sea and the hinterland), and continuous occupation levels from at least Lakeshore site Parkhaus Opera in Lake Zurich¨ (Switzerland) L the first Iron Age (6thor 5th centuries BC) until the end of the second Iron Age (1st century BC) with a significant presence E Village people. Approche spatiale des plantes cultivees´ et of different elements of Mediterranean origin (Greek, Etruscan C cueillies associees´ a` la phase d’occupation du Neolithique´ and Iberian) within a strongly indigenous community. T final du site palafitte de Parkhaus Opera sur le Lac de Zurich¨ U Keywords: Seed and fruit remains, Iron Age, Southern France, Agri- (Suisse) R culture, Consumption E Ferran Antol´ın1, Christoph Brombacher1, Marlu Kuhn¨ 1, S Bigna L. Steiner1, Neils Bleicher2, Stefanie Jacomet1 Wild West Frisia: elucidating the collection of wild plants for different edible plant parts in Bronze Age subsistence 1 Integrative Prehistory and Archaeological Science (IPAS), Department of Environmental Sciences, University of Basel – Switzerland La province de Frise ou ”l’Ouest sauvage” : documenter la 2 Centre for Underwater Archaeology and Dendrochronology, Office for Ur- collecte des plantes sauvages comestibles, dont differents´ banism, Zurich¨ – Switzerland organes sont prelev´ es,´ pour agrementer´ le menu des populations de l’ageˆ du Bronze Lakeshore settlements in central Europe have produced some of the richest and most-accurately-dated botanical assem- Y.F. van Amerongen1 blages available for the Neolithic period in the continent thanks to optimal preservation conditions and the availabil- 1 Leiden University/EARTH Integrated Archaeology – The Netherlands ity of dendrochronology. Our knowledge of the evolution of plant economy in the region is consequently quite consistent. Mixed farming in the Dutch Bronze Age is considered to Nevertheless, large-scale sampling of Neolithic lacustrine sites form the major part of the subsistence economy, providing with waterlogged preservation is still rare, especially with a people with adequate amounts of produced domestic animal systematic investigation of large-volume samples (3-5 litres and plant food. Wild plant exploitation is deemed unnecessary of sediment), which are necessary for a representative evalua- during this period, because people can now fully rely on their tion of large-seeded plants. Over 250 samples of large volume own production potential, resulting in the phenomenon that and over 120 samples of small volume, covering an area of ”man starts living with his back towards nature”. However, ca. 3,000 m2, were analysed from a late Neolithic settlement the combined information obtained from ethnographical, eth- phase (dendrodated to around 3160 BC) of the pile-dwelling nobotanical, nutritional, and physical anthropological sources site of Parkhaus Opera´ (Zurich,¨ Switzerland). Over 80,000 consulted for the present study has indicated that the opposite plant macroremains of large size (> 2 mm) and 140,000 of was the case: the vegetative parts of wild plants have proven small size (< 2 mm) were recovered. This allows for the to be vital to subsistence by providing people with essential representative evaluation of the economy of the settlement, micro-nutrients which are unavailable in a staple diet based on including comparisons between precisely dendrodated build- cereals and meat alone. Besides giving clear indications that ings, after taking into account taphonomic and methodological wild plant collection was still required during the Bronze Age, factors. the present study has also been able to show the possibility to elucidate whether plants were specifically collected for their Keywords: Waterlogged sediments, Prehistoric agriculture, Wild seeds or their vegetative parts. By taking into consideration plant use, GIS, Taphonomy several inherent characteristics of these different plant parts, an expectation was created for how different plant remains Tubers, grains, dung and wood: studying hearth contents are most likely to become preserved in the archaeobotanical at the early Natufian Shubayqa 1 (north-eastern Jordan) R record. Factors which were considered for this expectation e´ include the prevailing preservation state (i.e. charred vs. un- Des tubercules, des grains, des excrements´ et du bois : etude´ s charred), the relative frequency of seeds (i.e. high vs. low), du contenu de foyers du site Natoufien ancien de Shubayqa 1 u and the chance of being preserved under different soil preser- (N-E. de la Jordanie) m vation conditions (i.e. dry vs. waterlogged). By applying this e´ expectation to the available macro botanical data from Bronze Amaia Arranz-Otaegui1, Tobias Richter1 s Age West Frisia, the Netherlands, it was possible to identify several edible wild plant species, of which the majority will 1 Department of Cross-Cultural studies and Regional studies, University of C have been collected for their vegetative parts. So, even though Copenhagen – Denmark o this type of wild plant collecting is usually underrepresented m as a practice due to a scarcity of preserved seeds from these m plants, this study has been able to identify the vital role of Unfortunately, very few are the Natufian sites in southwest u wild plant collection and vegetative plant part consumption in Asia that have provided large and securely dated archaeob- n the Bronze Age based on a comparison between expectation otanical assemblages. As a result, our knowledge regard- i and data. ing the exploitation of plant resources during this time pe- c riod is very limited. This general paucity of data largely con- a Keywords: Edible wild plants, Taphonomy, Diet, Vegetative plant trasts with the extraordinary well-preserved archaeobotanical t i 2 o n s A B S T assemblage found at the site of Shubayqa 1. This site is lo- been Pteridium aquilinum, Corylus avellana, Fagus sylvatica R cated in the Qa’ Shubayqa area of north-eastern Jordan and or Quercus sp. However, one needs to keep in mind that these A is dated to the early and late phases of the Natufian. In this plants could have also been used as animal fodder or lining. C paper, a multi-disciplinary approach is applied to characterise The presence of coprolites of goat/sheep in the samples might T the charred plant macroremains found in situ in two stone- indicate that animals were kept on the island. The dominance S made hearth structures dating to the early Natufian. The con- of pollen of flowering plants in different seasons proves that tent of the hearths includes a large variety of plant macrore- they were excreted in different seasons. One of the main com- L mains comprising more than 45,000 rhizome tuber remains, ponents of pollen spectra from coprolites was Corylus avel- E wild plant seeds, including wild wheat and barley, dung re- lana and Artemisia. Other remains represent mainly segetal C mains and large numbers of wood charcoal. The results of the weeds (taken on the island together with millet) and ruderal T analyses highlight new practices in terms of plant food con- plants (unintentionally taken by man). Diaspores of water and U sumption and use of fuel resources during the Natufian period. above-water plants are associated with the location of the site R The analyses reveal the importance of storage organs of wild on the lake. However, despite the close distance to water, par- E plants in the subsistence strategies as well as the use of dung ticipation of their remains was insignificant. S and specific wood taxa as fuel. The remains also indicate a landscape characterised by wetland vegetation in the nearby Keywords: Archaeobotany, Island, Early Middle Ages, Worship area. Overall, the study of plant macroremains at Shubayqa 1 constitutes an important contribution in order to understand the vegetation and the plant-based economy in a region and time period for which little evidence is so far available. Archaeobotanical evidence of fig (Ficus carica L.) in Keywords: Southwest Asia, Tubers, Founder crops, Wild plants, Europe on the axis of South-North gradient.The Hunters-gatherers inter-network data of the Papaver Centre research project

Occurrences de la figue (Ficus carica L.) en Europe selon un The Nowy Dworek Island (Lubuskie Voivodeship, W gradient Nord-Sud. Le reseau´ de donnees´ du Papaver Centre Poland) - An early medieval place of worship ? Results research project from plant macro and pollen analysis Jarom´ır Benesˇ1 2 ˇ ´ ´1 L’ˆıle de Nowy Dworek (Lubuskie Voivodeship, Ouest de la , Sabine Karg , Katerina Kodydkova , 3 ´ ´1 1 Pologne), un lieu de culte du debut´ de la periode´ medi´ evale´ ? Giovanna Bosi , Adela Pokorna , Michal Preusz , Manfred ¨ 4 4 Resultats´ des analyses carpologiques et palynologiques Rosch , Elske Fischer

Monika Badura1, Kinga Prokop1, Agnieszka M. 2 2 2 Noryskiewicz´ , Wojciech Chudziak , Ryszard Kazmierczak´ 1 Laboratory of Archaeobotany and Palaeoecology, Faculty of Science, Univer- sity of South Bohemia – Czech Republic 1 Laboratory of Palaeoecology and Archaeobotany, Department of Plant Ecol- 2 SAXO Institute, Prehistoric Archaeology, Faculty of Humanities, University ogy, University of Gdansk´ – Poland of Copenhagen – Denmark 2 Institute of Archaeology, Nicolaus Copernicus University in Toru – Poland 3 Laboratorio di Palinologia e Paleobotanica, Dipartimento di Scienze della Vita, Universita` di Modena e Reggio Emilia – Italy 4 The archaeological research carried out by the Institute of Labor fur¨ Archaobotanik,¨ Landesamt fur¨ Denkmalpflege Baden-Wurttemberg¨ Archaeology of the Nicolaus Copernicus University in Torun´ – Germany (11H 12 0526 81) resulted in the discovery of a small island on the Paklicko Lake, near Nowy Dworek (Lubuskie voivodship, Ficus carica L. is one of the oldest domesticated fruit trees W Poland). An exceptional location of the site, unique tech- in the world. The sweet fruits were widespread across Eu- nique of the construction of the island (wooden grate), traces rope and seeds frequently recorded in many archaeobotanical of a wooden bridge and archaeological artefacts indicate that datasets. The use of figs in diet varied substantially along the island in the early Middle Ages (9th-10th c.) was a very the geographical South-North European axis. The question special place (worship?) for the local community. Macrore- is whether this has been determined by its local availabil- R mains and pollen analysis also indicate the uniqueness of this ity, by cultural factors or both. The aim of the project, in e´ place. On the list of taxa a great number of plants, both cul- framework of the research of the Papaver Centre, is to col- s tivated and collected were found. Many of them could be lect every available information about chronology and distri- u linked with the Early Medieval beliefs, superstitions and folk bution of fig finds in archaeological contexts using archaeob- m medicine. Particularly interesting is the concentration of un- otanical databases in Italy (BRAIN research group), in the e´ damaged glumes of Panicum miliaceum. Southern part of Germany (ARBODAT Ba-W’u),´ in Czech s According to the ethnobotanical data, in the past crops were archaeobotanical database (CZAD) and in the archaeobotan- an important element of beliefs, and millet is named as part of ical databases of Scandinavia (HANSA network project). The C the agrarian rites. People brought to the island fruits of Cera- main effort of the study is an attempt to explain patterns of fig o sus avium/vulgaris, Malus sp. and Pyrus sp. In the material occurrence in time and trace its diffusion from the Mediter- m only a few remnants of vegetables, spices and oil-/fibre plants ranean to Central and Northern Europe. An additional goal is m were found. The traces of gathering consisted plants from to explain fig finds in archaeological context by correlating the u forests and forest edge (eg. Fragaria vesca, Rubus idaeus, finds with human behaviour and popular traditions. n R. caesius, Viburnum opulus). In the samples remains of or- i namental plants, species characteristic for dry grassland, were Keywords: Ficus carica, Europe, Macroremains, Chronology, c found. Plants of medicinal and magical character could have Archaeological context a t i 3 o n s A B S T R An interdisciplinary approach to changes in plant use The breakdown of the traditional rigid distinction between A from the Mesolithic to the Neolithic period at the Wetland hunter-gatherers’ and farmers’ has lead to increased interest C site Zamostje 2 (Sergiev Possad, Poland) into the different types of human-plant relationships that ex- T isted in hunter-gatherer and early farming societies during Une approche inter-disciplinaire des changements qui S the Mesolithic-Neolithic transition. It has been claimed that s’operent` entre le Mesolithique´ et le Neolithique´ dans Mesolithic hunter-gatherers may have actively managed ’wild’ l’utilisation des plantes sur le site en milieu humide de L plants like domestic crops and that not all Neolithic farmers Zamostje 2 (Sergiev Possad, Pologne) E carried out large-scale cultivation. The ’transition’ may there- C fore have been a continuum and its nature remains a matter 1 2 T Marian Berihuete Azorin , Olga V. Lozovskaya , Raquel of considerable contention. Until recent years the Scottish 3 4 U Pique` I Huerta , Ekatherina Ershova archaeobotanical dataset has been largely ignored in discus- R sions about the nature of human-plant interaction during the E 1 Institute of Botany, Universitat¨ Hohenheim – Germany Mesolithic and Neolithic, in part due to the supposed rarity S 2 Laboratory for Experimental Traceology, Institute for the History of Material of plant remains on early prehistoric Scottish sites. In the Culture (Russian Academy of Science) – Russia last decade, new synthesises of archaeobotanical data in Scot- 3 Prehistory Department, Universitat Autonoma` de Barcelona – Spain land have sought to challenge this perception, showing the 4 Department of Biology, Moscow State University – Russia large number of sites where archaeobotanical remains have been recovered. This paper will summarise the current evi- dence for continuity and change in plant subsistence during the The archaeological site Zamostje 2 is located 50 km North Mesolithic and Neolithic in Scotland using a synthesis of ar- from Sergiev Posad (Moscow, Russia). It is situated at the chaeobotanical evidence from 47 Mesolithic and 75 Neolithic shore of the Dubna River. Consisting of four archaeological archaeobotanical assemblages, and will discuss the future po- layers, which have been dated between the late Mesolithic and tential of the archaeobotanical evidence from the region for ad- the middle Neolithic, the constant waterlogging conditions of vancing understanding Mesolithic-Neolithic people-plant in- the older layers has allowed an exceptional preservation of or- teractions. The challenges in integrating this site based data ganic remains. The Neolithic phase in Zamostje 2 is char- at a regional-level and the mechanisms for developing the dis- acterized by the appearance of ceramics, while agriculture is semination of this dataset will also be considered. absent. Very little is known about plant use in the region, and the present work constitutes one of the first archaeobotanical Keywords: Mesolithic, Neolithic, Scotland, Regional archaeobotani- studies. It is supposed that the exploitation of wild vegetal re- cal synthesis sources played an important role among the Mesolithic com- munities, and probably during the latter Neolithic period too. The first systematic archaeobotanical sampling performed at In search of a very local palaeoenvironmental record: the site consists of a profile column retrieved from Test Pit 2 Using 13C isotopes to track water stress at the during the 2013 field season. It yielded more than 4000 plant Epipalaeolithic hunter-gatherer site of Kharaneh IV in remains corresponding to over 50 taxa. the Azraq Basin, Jordan The combination of the macrobotanical data (seeds, fruits and wood charcoal remains) with the pollen evidence has provided A la recherche d’un enregistrement paleoenvironnemental´ a better picture of how the environment where the inhabitants micro-local. Se servir des isotopes du carbone pour mettre en of Zamostje 2 lived was, as well as a good basis for the inter- evidence´ un stress hydrique sur le site epipal´ eolithique´ de pretation of the use of plant resources at the site. The compar- chasseurs-cueilleurs de Kharaneh IV dans le Bassin de ison and evaluation of the archaeobotanical evidence coming l’Azraq, en Jordanie from the different periods shows variations that could be the reflection of distinct plant management strategies along time Leslie Bode1, Alexandra Livarda1, Matthew Jones1, Angela by the inhabitants of Zamostje 2. On the table are several Lamb2 possible explanations: a change in the ecosystems being ex-

ploited, the arrival of people with new traditions or the impor- 1 University of Nottingham – United Kingdom tation of new knowledge. Other reasons could be a change in 2 NERC Isotope Geosciences Facilities, British Geological – United Kingdom the economic organization where new staples were privileged, R or even a change due to the new possibilities that pottery of- e´ fers, regarding cooking and storage. This paper presents a multi-proxy study that investigates, at a s local scale, changing water stress during occupation at the Epi- u Keywords: Mesolithic, Neolithic, Wet environments, Wild plants, palaeolithic, hunter-gatherer site of Kharaneh IV, in the Azraq m Food, Diet, Cooking Basin, Jordan. Archaeobotanical data are combined with the e´ use of stable carbon isotope values from 20k year old, wild, s carbonised seeds from archaeological contexts and are inter- Continuity and change in plant use in preted within the regional archaeological and palaeoenviron- C Mesolithic-Neolithic Scotland mental framework. o Stable carbon isotopes can be used as a direct means of infer- Continuite´ et rupture dans l’usage des plantes entre le m ring water conditions from archaeological crop remains. Here, Mesolithique´ et le Neolithique´ en Ecosse m we apply this method to pre-agricultural wild seeds to test the hypothesis that increasing water stress throughout Kharaneh u 1 n Rosie Bishop IV’s occupation history contributed to its final abandonment. i We present our initial results and discuss the rational of the c 1 Durham University – United Kingdom approach and the implications for regional vegetation recon- a structions and the patterns of subsistence and movement of t i 4 o n s A B S T the inhabitants of Kharaneh IV both on site and within the clusions for the live of the inhabitants and/or the participants R Azraq Basin. This method contributes to our ability to exam- of the activities around the pits can be drawn based on the ar- A ine the complex interplay between early communities and en- chaeobotanical remains. C vironmental factors in this area and how hunter gatherers may T Keywords: LBK, Ritual, Diversity, Plant macrofossil analysis have adapted and responded to micro-ecological changes. S

Keywords: Archaeobotanical methods, Palaeoenvironmental recon- Exploring the role of agriculture in urbanisation: a L struction, Near East, Epipalaeolithic, Stable isotopes multi-stranded approach using functional weed ecology E and crop stable isotope analysis C The ordinary & the particular. LBK macrofossils in a T rituel context at Herxkeim (Rhineland-Palatinate, Comprendre le roleˆ de l’agriculture dans l’urbanisation : U Germany) Une approche multidisciplinaire basee´ sur l’ecologie´ R fonctionnelle et les isotopes stables E L’ordinaire et le particulier : macrorestes du Rubane´ issus S 1 1 1 d’un contexte rituel sur le site de Herxkeim (province de Amy Bogaard , Michael Charles , Charlotte Diffey , Laura 1 2 3 4 Rhenanie-Palatinat,´ Allemagne) Green , Mette Marie Hald , Elske Fisher , Glynis Jones , Angeliki Karathanou5, Ursula Maier3, Reinder Neef6, 5 1 3 Nicole Boenke1, Julian Wiethold2, Andrea Zeeb-Lanz3 Chryssa Petridou , Erika Nitsch , Manfred Rsch , Anaya Sarpaki7, Alexia Smith8, Hans-Peter Stika9, Elizabeth Stroud1, Amy Styring1, Petra Vaiglova1, Soultana Valamoti5 1 Institut fur¨ Archaologische¨ Wissenschaften, Ruhr-Universitat¨ Bochum – Ger- many 1 1 School of Archaeology, University of Oxford – United Kingdom 2 Institut National de Recherches Archeologiques´ Preventives´ (INRAP) – 2 The National Museum of Denmark – Denmark France 3 Landesdenkmalamt Baden-Werttemberg¨ im RP Stuttgart – Germany 3 Konservatorin/Gebietsreferentin, Generaldirektion Kulturelles Erbe 4 Department of Archaeology, University of Sheffield – United Kingdom Rheinland-Pfalz, Direktion Landesarchaologie¨ – Germany 5 School of History and Archaeology, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki – Greece While it is generally not easy to proof a ritual context in pre- 6 Deutsches Archologisches¨ Institut – Germany historic times, occasions are extremely rare in Neolithic times. 7 137 Tsikalarion Rd, Tsikalaria, Souda, Crete – Greece Due to the absence of metal finds, which give reasons to ar- 8 Department of Anthropology, University of Connecticut – United States chaeologists to investigate e.g. sacrificial sites in later periods, 9 Institute of Botany, University of Hohenheim – Germany probably lots of situations demonstrating a ritual and/or cul- tic habit stay undetected. Usually just obvious hoards, stone In this talk we consider how cropping regimes and farm- settings or grave contexts witness aspects of ancient spiritual ing practices supported alternative pathways to urbanization in thinking. Therefore it seems interesting to follow the question, different parts of western Eurasia. Agricultural intensification’ how to detect patterns of ritual and/or cultic activities by the is often invoked to explain how societies adapted to social nu- archaeobotanical evidence of an archaeological site. cleation and stratification, but this concept is ill defined, and The settlement area with a surrounding double ditch in Herx- different agroecologies likely developed in contrasting social heim (Rhineland-Palatinate, Germany) offers a good instance and ecological settings. to investigate this problem. The enclosed settlement could Functional weed ecology and crop stable isotope values offer have been an ordinary LBK settlement, if not thousands of complementary insights into crop growing conditions, present human skeleton parts belonging to more than 450 individu- and past. As a multi-stranded method, this combined ap- als would have been detected in the excavated part of the sur- proach has the potential to triangulate onto’ farming regimes rounding ”ditches”. Even the construction of these ”ditches” for which no close present-day analogues exist. We illus- is special, because the structures had been dug out in the form trate these techniques using case studies from western Eurasia of long connected pits forming ditch segments with lengths (in northern Mesopotamia, central Anatolia, the Aegean and between 20 and 40 m. Associated with deposited bulks of hu- south-west Germany) under investigation in the ERC-funded man and animal bones, pottery and stone artefacts inside the Agricultural Origins of Urban Civilization’ project at Oxford. filling are also lots of charred plant remains. R Due to the particular character of the skeleton parts as well as Keywords: Urbanization, Intensification, Weed Ecology, Isotopes, e´ other archaeological artefacts it is obvious that in Herxheim Eurasia s specific ritual practices took place. In contrast to this - al- u though the charred plant remains are quite rich with slightly m more diverse (weed) seeds than normal - the archaeobotanical Farming and cereal crop selection in the oases of the e´ record at the first glance show up more or less the typical pat- Arabian Peninsula (4th c. BC-AD 4th c.) s terns of Neolithic settlements with Emmer (Triticum dicoccum Culture et selection´ des cer´ eales´ dans les oasis de la Schrank) and Einkorn (Triticum monococcum L.) as the main C Peninsule´ arabique (IVe s. av.-IVe s. apr. J.-C.) cereals, some evidence for pulses, fruits and nuts as well as a o variety of weed seeds. m Charlene` Bouchaud1 The paper focuses on the question how to bring those things m together. How ”normal” evidences could conceivably verify u 1AASPE – CNRS : UMR7209, MNHN, Sorbonne-Universites´ – France ”special” situations? This is considered first with a basic anal- n ysis if the botanical material is just the accidental admixture i of waste inside the features or part of a deposition following The recent flourishing of archaeological missions in Arabian c specific patterns. Further on it will be questioned which con- Peninsula, notably in Saudi Arabia, provides new archaeob- a t i 5 o n s A B S T R otanical data for the Historical periods, times of intense trade Lentil and pea are found in the ”Pre´ d’Ancy” site while faba A and cultural exchanges. In addition to survey and geomorpho- bean and common vetch are present in the ”Charnage” site. C logical studies, the carpological and anthracological results Amongst gathering plants, Sambucus spp., Prunus spinosa, T highlight the importance of the oasian agrosystems for the eco- Rubus fructicosus or charred acorns are encountered. These S nomic sustainability since the Bronze Age at least. Beside the results question the role of gathering plants, especially acorns, date palm, several annual and perennial plants constitute reg- in the subsistence strategies of late Bronze Age communities. L ular products for both staple and commercial economies. The Dendro-anthracological analysis were significant in this study, E study will focus on the cereals in order to analyse their spa- being tree ring-widths measurements performed on more than C tial and diachronic dynamics and their local and regional eco- one hundred oak charcoals. The high diversity of heliophilous T nomic functions through the archaeobotanical study of three taxa (Prunus, Corylus, Buxus, Pomoideae, Juniperus, Ostrya) U sites located on important trade roads between the Levant, the reveals a heterogeneous vegetation including a low under- R Southern Arabian Peninsula and the Persian Gulf: Mada’inˆ growth cover with hedges and thickets. A riparian forest with E Salih,ˆ the antique site of Hegra in northwestern part of Saudi Alnus, Fraxinus or Populus/Salix was also present during the S Arabia, Dumat-al-Jandalˆ to the north, and al-Yamamah, in the Bronze Age. eastern oasis of al-Kharj. In these sites, the main cereals are the durum wheat (Triticum turgidum subsp. durum) and hulled Keywords: Bronze Age, French Alps, Crops, Charcoal, Wood re- barley (Hordeum vulgare). The emmer (Triticum turgidum sources subsp. dicoccon) is very rarely identified and no characteristic bread wheat (T. aestivum subsp. aestivum) has been identi- fied to date. First, intrasite spatial and diachronic analysis, as Spicy, Sweet, Weedy, and Wild: Micro- and well as sample-by-sample studies made in household contexts Macrobotanical Remains from Feasting Deposits at the at Mada’inˆ Salihˆ highlight some differences of use between Late Classic Maya site of La Corona, Guatemala the two main cereals. Secondly, the comparison with the ar- Epice,´ sucre,´ psychotrope ou sauvage. Restes micro- et chaeobotanical data from the whole Arabian Peninsula and the macroscopiques associes´ a` des dep´ otsˆ festifs de la fin de la adjacent regions (Levant and Egypt) underline the existence of periode´ classique dans le site Maya de La Corona, regional agricultural identities and give some insights into the Guatemala processes of crop selection.

1 Keywords: Arabian Peninsula, Historical period, Cereal crop selec- Clarissa Cagnato tion, Triticum turgidum subsp. durum 1 Washington University, St. Louis – United States

Integrated archaeobotanical analysis, agricultural activities and wood resources at the late Bronze Age: Ritual feasting was an integral part of ancient societies; the three settlements near Leman Lake (Chens sur Leman,´ Maya were no exception. Archaeologists working in this re- Haute Savoie, France gion have used various lines of evidence, including the study of beautifully painted polychrome drinking vases and reading Analyse archeobotanique´ integr´ ee,´ activites´ agricoles et ethnohistoric sources written by Spanish colonists, to attempt ressources en bois a` l’ageˆ du Bronze final : trois reconstructing ancient Maya feasts. Thus, while feasting de- etablissements´ pres` du lac Leman´ (Chens sur Leman,´ Haute posits have been identified across sites in the Maya world, few Savoie, France) have been studied from an archaeobotanical perspective. In this paper, I present macro- and microbotanical results from Manon Cabanis1, Eric Ner´ e´2, Florent Notier2, Sylvie two Late Classic feasting (A.D. 600-900) deposits from the Cousseran-Ner´ e´2 site of La Corona, located in northwestern Peten,´ Guatemala. To reconstruct the meals that participants may have enjoyed in the past I consider the plant remains but also the other cultural 1 Geolab´ - UMR 6042 – INRAP – France materials that were also part of the feasting deposits, as ”peo- 2 Institut National de Recherches Archeologiques´ Preventives´ (INRAP) – ple do not eat species, they eat meals” Sherratt (1991:221). France Based on the ceramic attributes, as well as the faunal and R botanical data, I argue that while the sounds of music-drums e´ An urban area of about ten square kilometres was found and whistles- played in the background, and aromatic resins s nearby the Geneva lake (french Leman Lake)), which strad- and flowers burned in censers, participants were served sweet u dles the border between Switzerland and France in the north- and spicy foods and drinks, made from ingredients collected m ern Alps. This large late Bronze Age agglomeration includes from wild and domestic landscapes. The senses of those at- e´ four sites: ”Tougues” lakeside, ”Vere´ ˆıtre”, ”Pre´ d’Ancy” and tending these feasts were further stimulated, as mind-altering s ”Charnage”. After 2010, preventive excavations were under- plants may have also been part of the menu. taken in the last three sites. Archaeobotanical analyses have These results suggest that ancient Maya feasts were events C been carried out on thirty samples per site, comprising a vol- that cannot be simply recreated through painted ceramic vases o ume of more than 900 litres of sediment. About a thousand or from reading historic records. If we are to appreciate the m charred seeds and fruits, and more than six hundred charcoal nuances of ancient Maya feasts the archaeobotanical record m fragments were identified, including 7 cereals, 5 pulses and 5 needs to be further evaluated. Studies whereby ancient plant u possibly cultivated/gathered fruit species. Globally, the spec- remains are considered with other lines of evidence render n trum of cereals is made of millets, einkorn, emmer and spelt, the past more vibrant, bringing to life the smells, sounds, and i followed by naked wheat, barley and oat. Barley is the most tastes of the past. c common cereal in the ”Pre´ d’Ancy” site. The assemblage a of cultivated pulses from the late Bronze Age is diversified. Keywords: Ancient Maya, Feasting, Ritual Archaeobotany,Macrobotanicals, t i 6 o n s A B S T Starch Grains pact of evolving rice systems from China to Southeast Asia. R Here, I will focus on mainland Southeast Asia and the his- A tory of rice in this region using macroremains analysis. More The role of isotopes to reveal the early history of faba C than ten sites spanning a wide chronological period (Hunter- bean in the Southern Levant: an overview of the Neolithic T Gatherer to Historic Periods) in mainland Southeast Asia have evidences S been studied during the duration of the project and are pro- Apport des isotopes a` la connaissance de l’histoire ancienne viding evidence to reconstruct rice use and adoption in the re- L de la feve` au Levant meridional.´ Revue des occurrences gion. Discussions will revolve around the crops and weeds E neolithiques´ found in the archaeobotanical assemblages which help define C diets, farming systems and habitats. Hypotheses on the move- T ments of rice from China and India into Southeast Asia will Valentina Caracuta1,2, Omry Barzilai1,3, Elisabetta U also be presented. Lastly, archaeogenetic work conducted on Boaretto1,2, Jacov Vardi3 R rice from Thailand and India will be presented which corrobo- E 1 Weizmann-Max Planck Centre for Integrative Archaeology and Anthropology rates some of the findings from the archaeobotanical research S – Israel and morphometric analysis. 2 D-Reams Radiocarbon Laboratory, Weizmann Institute of Science – Israel Keywords: Cereals, Genetics, Morphometric analysis, Southeast 3 Israel Antiquities Authority – Israel Asia

The cultivation of Vicia faba L. is widely spreads, but very few is known about the origin of this crop.Taxonomical and The Pandanus and the Trees: carpo-anthracology of fuel genetic analyses point out at the Near East as the core’ area management strategies on the island of Eiao, Marquesas of origin. New discoveries of Vicia faba L. in three Neolithic archipelago, French Polynesia sites in the Lower Galilee (Israel), open the debate about the pristine centre of domestication. Le Baquois et les arbres. Approche carpologique et Experiments were carried out on modern faba bean to esti- anthracologique des strategies´ d’approvisionnement en mate the variability of morphometry due to exposure to the fire matieres` combustibles sur l’ˆıle d’Eiao dans l’archipel des (charring effect). Classical size analysis was use to measure Marquises, en Polynesie´ franc¸aise the biometrical traits of charred small faba beans coming from the Neolithic sites of Ahihud, Nahal Zippori 3 and Yiftah’el, Michel Charleux1, Emilie Dotte-Sarout2 in the Lower Galilee. Archaeological faba beans were radio- carbon dated to assess their absolute chronology; the ∆13C 1 UMR 7041 ArScAn – Universite´ Paris I - Pantheon-Sorbonne´ – France measured to infer information on the water status of the seeds 2 The Australian National University – Australia during their life cycle. Experiments were conducted on modern faba beans to assess Eiao is a small isolated island (with a surface of less than the influence of charring on the fresh material; the results 40km2), today part of the archipelago of the Marquesas in demonstrate that archeological seeds must have been charred French Polynesia. The island is currently inhabited but is rich at a temperature around 200◦C and, at under these conditions, in archaeological remains dating to the second millennium the decrease in size is homogenous for all the beans. AD. It is uncertain whether it supported permanent popula- Once the effect of charring on the size was assessed, the bio- tion before European contact or more temporary forms of set- metric analysis of archeological faba beans revealed that seeds tlement, especially associated to the exploitation of its basalt from earlier site of Ahihud were found significantly longer quarries – producing valued adzes found to have been exported ( ˜20%) than those coming from the sites of Nahal Zippori 3 throughout Central Polynesia, to islands situated several thou- and Yiftah’el (p< 0,001). 14C dated confirm that the relative- sand kilometres away. bigger legumes from Ahihud belong to the Early Pre-Pottery The island also presents a highly degraded vegetation, with Neolithic B (10,200-10,000 cal BP), while the dates of the almost half of Eiao’s land surface being eroded soils devoid legume coming from Nahal Zippori 3 and Yiftah’el were con- of vegetal cover, 10% of it covered by invasive introduced sistent with a later chronology. The ∆13C proved that size species, and the remaining conserving some forms of relict (length) of the legumes was dependent on the water received forests that also contains Polynesian crops such as the bread- during the life cycle and not related to the degree of domesti- R fruit tree (Artocarpus altilis). An extensive archaeological cation of the legumes. e´ investigation of the island’s pre-european past has been con- s Keywords: Vicia faba L., Neolithic, Lower Galilee (Israel), Radio- ducted by the first author over the past 6 years, including the u carbon, ∆13C excavation and sampling of habitation soils and various ar- m chaeological features rich in charred botanical remains. A pi- e´ lot archaeobotanical study was conducted on some of these s Advances in the archaeology of rice in Asia samples, comparing two different types of deposits: one iden- tified as an occupation level containing the remains of possible C Avancees´ dans l’archeologie´ du riz en Asie oven or hearth rake-outs, the other representing the remains o of a large isolated and peculiar hearth, possibly associated to 1 m Cristina Castillo heat-treatment of basalt sources. A sharp difference in compo- m sition emerges from the results of the analysis, showing an ex- u 1 UCL, Institute of Archaeology – United Kingdom treme domination of Pandanus drupes that seem to have been n used as a preferred fuel in the habitation site, vs a majority of i This paper will present some of the latest research derived wood charcoal (or monocotyledon stem charcoal) recovered c from the Early Rice Project, which has been looking at the im- in the isolated hearth feature. These results will be presented a t i 7 o n s A B S T R in relation to the chronology and general archaeological inter- Vir, Blagotin, Ecsegfalva 23 and Alsony´ ek)´ and human den- A pretations of the sites, and their meaning will be discussed in tal calculus from four Mesolithic individuals from Lepenski C terms of past practices of fuel and vegetation resources man- Vir for botanical microrests. T agement used by the people who inhabited this small secluded Keywords: Early Neolithic, Food plant, Microfossils, Stone tools, S island. Southeastern Europe Keywords: Vegetation resources management, Tropical archaeob- L otany, Pacific Islands E Erysimum crassipes as neglected medicinal plant: Storage C at Early Bronze Age Kull¨ uoba,Turkey¨ T Early Neolithic plant processing and use in the Balkans: U new data from microfossils Erysimum crassipes, une espece` medicinale´ meconnue´ : R decouverte´ d’un stock sur le site de l’ageˆ du Bronze ancien de E Transformation et utilisation des plantes au Neolithique´ Kull¨ uoba,¨ en Turquie S ancien dans les Balkans : apports nouveaux des microfossiles Ozg¨ ur¨ C¸izer1, Cynthianne Debono Spiteri1 Alexandre Chevalier1, Mariya Ivanova2, Eszter Banffy´ 3, Tibor Marton3, Anette Osztas´ 3, Jasna Vukovic3 1 Eberhard Karls Universitat¨ Tubingen¨ – Germany

1 Humans and Environment during the Quaternary Program, Royal Belgian As a part of Iranio-Turanian vegetation, species of genus Institute of Natural Sciences – Belgium Erysimum, E. crassipes is widely distributed in Anatolia and 2 Institut fur¨ Ur-und Fruhgeschichte¨ und Vorderasiatische Archaologie,¨ Univer- in the Near East. Despite the extended use of numerous Erysi- sitat¨ Heidelberg – Germany mum species for medicinal purposes, ethno-medicinal use of 3 Institute of Archaeology, Academy of Sciences – Hungary E. crassipes is briefly mentioned solely from the Highlands of Northern Jordan. Archaeologically, at an Early Bronze Erysimum crassipes The shift from foraging to farming is arguably one of the piv- Age site in Turkey, found in a small pot otal events in human prehistory. with ca. 2,5 million seed counts, constitutes the first recorded The Balkan Peninsula is a zone of transition from semi-arid find on the World. At present, in modern medicine, numer- Erysimum to temperate environments and therefore a key region for the ous species of are well known as containing chem- adaptation of Near Eastern farming technology and its spread ical compounds in form of the steroid glycosides used against into the European continent in the sixth millenium BC. Radio- cardiac diseases, and essential oils with expectorant, laxative carbon dates suggest that in less than 500 years, between 6000 and diuretic effects. Essential oils like dillapiole were de- Erysimum and 5500 calBC, thousands of new farming villages emerged tected recently in other medicinal species as anti- between the southern Balkans and the northwestern fringes of inflammatory compounds. Essential oil and glycoside profile E. crassipes the Carpathian basin. of modern seeds are obtained using different chro- Nutrition was of primary importance for the survival and suc- matographic and spectrometric methods like FITR, GS/MS cess of early agricultural societies. Thus, the spread of agricul- and HPLC/MS/MS. Thereafter, on the modern seeds, thermal ture was possible only by rapid adaptation of food acquisition experiments have been applied to detect the effects of char- strategies, diet and food processing technology to new envi- ring on the chemical compounds. Comparison of the chem- ronments. ical profiles of archaeological seeds and those of the modern The importance of domestic cereals as dietary staples of the seeds allow reconstructing degraded chemical compounds in Early Neolithic farmers in Europe is demonstrated by charred archaeological seeds. Identification and definition of chemical Erysimum crassipes remains from the settlements but we are poorly informed about compounds of and their effects on human plant foodstuffs that are not represented among the carbonized body may enlighten not only its possible medicinal use at EBA remains. Waterlogged sites and tells with better preservation Kull¨ uoba,¨ but also its potential for the modern biochemistry of organic materials give an idea of the unexpectedly wide and medicine. spectrum of plant foods consumed on a daily basis in the Early Keywords: Medicinal plant Neolithic. R The extraction and morphological identification of micro- e´ scopic remains of plant parts (phytoliths and starch grains) is Plants and aromatics for embalming in Modern Times: A s therefore the best analytical methods for areas with less fa- synthesis of archaeobotanical and historical data (France u vorable conditions of macrofossil preservation whether from and Italy) m stone tools, cooking recipients or from dental calculus. e´ These methods are also especially suited to track staple plant Plantes et aromates utilises´ dans les pratiques s foods that are not (or only poorly) represented in the macrob- d’embaumement durant la periode´ moderne. Synthese` des otanical record. For our research area such elusive species are donnees´ archeobotaniques´ et historiques (France et Italie) C for example the starchy parts of wild plants like acorns and 1 2,3 o tubers, wild grain plants and domestic cereals like millet. The Remi´ Corbineau , Delphine Barbier-Pain , Marie-Pierre 4 2,5 2,6 m recognition and study of their use by microbotanical studies Ruas , Rozenn Colleter , Sylvie Duchesne , Gino 7 2,8 9 m will expand and may even modify traditional models of Early Fornaciari , Patrice Georges , Norbert Telmon u Neolithic (and in the case of Lepenski Vir also Mesolithic) n diet. 1 CReAAH, Nantes – CNRS : UMR6566 – France i We will present the results of the starch and phytolith anal- 2 Institut National de Recherches Archeologiques´ Preventives´ (INRAP) – c yses carried on twenty-four stone saddle querns from Ne- France a olithic contexts (Yabalkovo, Kapitan Dimitrievo, Lepenski 3 CReAAH, Rennes – CNRS : UMR6566 – France t i 8 o n s A B S T 4 AASPE – CNRS : UMR7209, MNHN, Sorbonne-Universites´ – France millet (Paspalum scrobiculatum), cotton (Gossypium sp.), R 5 AMIS, Rennes – CNRS : UMR5288 – France sesame (Sesamum indicum), cowpea (Vigna unguiculata) and A 6 AMIS, Toulouse – CNRS : UMR5288 – France urd/mung gram (Vigna mungo/radiata). For most of these C 7 Universita` di Pisa – Italy (pepper, rice, kodo millet and pulses), they constitute the ear- T 8 TRACES, Toulouse – CNRS : UMR5608 – France liest evidence of their presence in the Arabian Peninsula and S 9 AMIS, Toulouse – CNRS : UMR5288, CHU Toulouse – France likely represent imported products. Nevertheless, we will question if some species may also have been cultivated locally L Until recently, investigations on Late Medieval and Early by examining the ecological features, the agronomic require- E Modern embalming focused on osteological evidences ob- ments and others archaeobotanical evidence for the Arabian C served by anthropologists on archaeological human remains. Peninsula as well as from surrounding regions. From this per- T These evidences lead to a better knowledge of dissection spective the case of rice and cotton appears as of particular U modalities (e.g. craniotomy and sternotomy) but do not al- interest. R low a comprehensive approach of these mortuary practices E Keywords: Diet, Oasis agrosystem, Trade, Oman peninsula, pre- into elite social circles. Recent studies have investigated writ- S Islamic period ten and archaeobotanical sources, especially in France and in Italy. The authors have demonstrated that many plants and exudates, such as wormwood, mint, myrrh and frankincense, The chalcolithic refuge cave in Masada - food sources in were used by surgeons to prepare the corpse. Based on a syn- an hostile environment thesis of these works, this paper aims to understand which properties of these drugs were expected to stop the decay pro- La grotte-refuge chalcolithique de Massada. Se nourrir dans cess and honor the defunct. un environnement hostile

Keywords: Embalming, Mortuary practices, Archaeobotany, Written Michal David1, Ehud Weiss1 sources, Modern Times 1 Archaeobotanical lab, Institute of Archaeology, Bar-Ilan University – Israel Agriculture and diffusion of plants in the Oman peninsula during the 3rd century AD: recent archaeobotanical The Chalcolithic period in the Levant marks a transitional research in Mleiha (U.A.E.) phase in human history between the first agricultural societies of the Neolithic and the urbanized societies of the Bronze Age. Agriculture et diffusion des especes` veg´ etales´ dans la It is characterized by settlement in primitive farming villages, peninsule´ d’Oman durant le IIIe s. ap. J.-C. Recherches and developments in religion, technology and art. archeobotaniques´ recemment´ menees´ a` Mleiha (Emirats Yoram Cave is a karst grotto in the southern cliffs of Masada, Arabes Unis) where a Late Chalcolithic period (Ghassulian culture) anthro- pogenic layer was exposed, from which plant remains were Vladimir Dabrowski1,2, Charlene` Bouchaud1, Margareta collected and taken for analysis. This plant assemblage is Tengberg1 rich in both number and variety of species, and includes ed- ible plants (cereals, pulses and fruits), weeds, and wild plants. 1 AASPE – CNRS : UMR7209, MNHN, Sorbonne-Universites´ – France In addition, the environmental conditions in this desert cave 2 Universite´ Paris-Sorbonne - Paris IV – France brought about complete desiccation of the archaeobotanical remains, preserving flowers and other fragile plant organs. Little archaeobotanical data has been so far recorded from In this lecture, we will describe these plants and reconstruct historical periods in the Oman peninsula. The excavations car- the diet and economy of the cave’s inhabitants. Based on ried out under the direction of M. Mouton (CNRS) in 2010 and current conditions in the Dead Sea environment, the Yoram 2011 of a burnt building at Mleiha (Sharjah Emirate) dated to Cave assemblage indicates that some food plants were im- the end of the pre-Islamic period (middle of the 3rd century ported from other regions. Interestingly, some of the imported AD) have now provided a large amount of exceptionally well- grains came in the form of whole ears. Additionally, we will preserved organic remains such as seeds, fruits, charcoals, fi- reconstruct the environment around the cave, and discuss the possibility that the cave’s inhabitants were not local residents bres and amorphous remains. This discovery gives us the R but arrived as refugees from a distant land. unique opportunity to reconstruct the agrarian economy and e´ bring to light new information about the diffusion of plants Keywords: Chalcolithic period s during this period. u The results of both seed and charcoal analysis show the pres- m ence of an oasis agrosystem nearby the site, mainly based on Vegetation and plant exploitation in the Southern e´ the cultivation of date palms, irrigated thanks to wells giv- Caucasus, from Neolithic to Early Bronze Age s ing access to the groundwater. The seed and fruit assem- blages reflect the typical vertical organisation of date palm Couvert veg´ etal´ et exploitation des plantes dans le sud C garden containing also cereals (Hordeum vulgare, Triticum Caucase, du Neolithique´ au debut´ de l’ageˆ du Bronze o aestivum/durum), pulses (Lens culinaris, Lathyrus sativus), m 1,2 1 3 vegetables (Allium sativum) and fruit trees (Vitis vinifera, Alexia Decaix , Margareta Tengberg , Reinder Neef m Punica granatum). In addition to these common plant prod- u ucts regularly found within contemporary Middle Eastern oa- 1 AASPE – CNRS : UMR7209, MNHN, Sorbonne-Universites´ – France n sis agrosystem, several new species highlight the important 2 UMR 7041 – Universite´ Paris 1 - Pantheon-Sorbonne´ – France i connections between Mleiha and the Indian sub-continent, 3 Deutsches Archologisches¨ Institut – Germany c especially pepper (Piper nigrum), rice (Oryza sativa), kodo a t i 9 o n s A B S T R Southern Caucasus, between Black Sea and Caspian Sea, and last 1,000 years of occupation at the site. Limited palaeoeth- A at the crossroads of several phytogeographical provinces, is nobotanical and archaeobotanical studies have been conducted C the subject of new archaeobotanical studies since the 2000’s. in Australia and this approach using a variety of types of T Studies of seeds and fruits were already undertaken during the plant remains contributes substantially to region specific tra- S 1960s-1970s and gave a first idea of the uses of plant by in- ditional ecological knowledge and to the overall understand- habitants of several sites. New methods of sampling but also ing of human-plant relationships in hunter-gatherer societies L of identification allow since 20 years to characterize more pre- in Australia. E cisely the diet of inhabitants of settlements of the Southern Keywords: Palaeoethnobotany, Australian Archaeology, Carpology, C Caucasus, but also to precise the diachronic evolution of the Anthracology T relationship between humans and their environments. U The aim of this presentation will be to describe the cultivated R plants and the vegetal diet of people living in the Southern Investigating the Domestication of Forests in Tropical E Caucasus, from the Neolithic to the Early Bronze Age. Pacific Islands: the differential roles of wood charcoal and S carpo-remains as proxies Keywords: Southern Caucasus, Neolithic, Chalcolithic, Early Bronze Age Apprehender´ la domestication des foretsˆ dans les ˆıles tropicales du Pacifique : l’utilisation differenci´ ee´ des restes 47, 000 years of plant exploitation on the edge of the Great carpologiques et anthracologiques comme intermediaires´ Sandy Desert: multi-proxy archaeobotanical analyses at 1 2 Riwi cave, south central Kimberley, Western Australia Emilie Dotte-Sarout , Jennifer Kahn

47.000 ans d’exploitation des plantes a` la frange du Grand 1 The Australian National University – Australia Desert´ de Sable : analyses archeobotaniques´ multi-niveaux a` 2 College of William and Mary – United States la Riwi cave, dans le centre-sud du Kimberley, Australie occidentale Archaeobotany has played an essential role in archaeology by documenting and advancing knowledge on the history of do- 1 2 1 India Ella Dilkes-Hall , Rose Whitau , Jane Balme , Sue mestication and cultivation. Traditionally, carpo-remains rep- 2 O’Connor resent the main proxy to inform on anthropogenic manipula- tions of plants, on their specific uses and processes of exploita- 1 The University of Western Australia (UWA), Crawley – Australie tion. When combined with wood charcoal remains document- 2 The Australian National University, Canberra – Australie ing the composition and human use of a site’s surrounding woody vegetation, archaeobotanical studies of carpo-remains Despite the known importance of plants in hunter-gatherer can often produce a very fine reconstruction of past practices economies, poor preservational environments have restricted of trees resources, including arboriculture. the application of archaeobotanical studies on the Australian In tropical regions however, and in the Pacific Islands in par- continent, inhibiting our understanding of human-plant inter- ticular, specific environmental conditions as well as socio- action in the past. Excavations at Riwi cave located in south cultural trajectories have created both human-vegetation inter- central Kimberley, northwest Australia, have revealed excep- actions and archaeobotanical preservation settings that tend to tional preservation of botanical remains stretching back 47, reverse this pattern. Indeed, in such regions, it appears that the 000 years. Wood charcoal, uncharred wood, seeds, other ubiquitous and resistant wood charcoal macro-remains present floristics, and botanical artefacts (wood shavings, string, and a high potential to investigate past practices of arboriculture or, two wooden artefacts) were recovered. This paper presents the in a more complex perspective, forests’ domestication. results of archaeobotanical analyses (carpology, anthracology, Carpo-remains, in turn, emerge as supplementary proxies, and and the taxonomic identification of two wooden artefacts us- are often associated to non-anthropogenic layers with unusual ing X-ray computed microtomography) for which region spe- preservation conditions, such as waterlogged deposits. This cific botanical reference collections were created, one anthra- issue will be discussed through several case studies focusing cological and the other carpological, using appropriate meth- on two islands of French Polynesia, where archaeological sites were excavated recently at various locales on the islands and R ods. These high-resolution, local scale analyses have been produced archaeobotanical material from pre-human to post- e´ used to develop a detailed model of plant exploitation in the European contact deposits. We will show the differential roles s past, which is unprecedented in the Australian archaeological played by wood charcoal and carpological macro-remains in u context. our investigations of forests transformations, trees manage- m Carpological analysis revealed that monsoonal vine thickets, ment and arboriculture on the islands of Mo’orea and Maupiti, e´ which are isolated patches of dry rainforest, were the primary French Polynesia. s ecological environments exploited for food plants by hunter- gatherer groups occupying Riwi cave. The carpological data Keywords: Macroremains, Arboriculture, Forest, Tropics, Pacific C also indicate that occupation of the site was seasonal. Anal- o yses of charcoal were used to reconstruct woody vegetation m surrounding the site during periods of occupation, which re- Comparing the emergence of agriculture in the northern m vealed a shift in vegetation composition during the Pleistocene and the southern Levant through the archaeobotanical u that can be related to an arid event observed in other regional data from two PPN sites: Dja’de El-Mughara and Tell n palaeoecological archives. The identification of the material Aswad i used to produce two Riwi wooden artefacts, using X-ray com- c puted microtomography, illustrates that the past inhabitants of Comparer l’emergence´ de l’agriculture au nord et sud Levant a Riwi selected certain woods for specific purposes within the a` partir de deux sites PPN : Dja’de el-mughara et Tell Aswad t i 10 o n s A B S

1 2 3 T Carolyne Douche´ , Margareta Tengberg , George Willcox ing such as the scale of food production and exploitation of R wild resources; their nature; and to what extend the emergence A 1 Universite´ Paris 1, Pantheon-Sorbonne´ (UP1) – France of productivity points out the abandonment of forager subsis- C 2 AASPE – CNRS : UMR7209, MNHN, Sorbonne-Universites´ – France tence traditions. T 3 Archorient – CNRS : UMR5133, Universite´ Lumiere` - Lyon II – France In this manner, the presentation aims to reconsider the role of S domestic and wild plant foods as well as plant related sub- Dja’de el-mughara is situated in northern Syria and was oc- sistence activities of an early Neolithic community in Central L cupied during the X-IXth millenium, which corresponds to the Anatolia, where the latest data contributes to our understand- E transition period from PPNA to early PPNB. The village was ing of initial food production. The focus will be on As¸ikli C settled on a Pleistocene terrace on the banks of the Middle Eu- Hoy¨ uk,¨ the earliest sedentary community in Western Cappado- T phrates river. Today, the mean annual rainfall is between 250 cia dating to the 9th to 8th millennia BC, exhibiting a tran- U and 350 mm. sitional community both on social and economical manners, R Tell Aswad, located in southern Syria, was occupied from the for approximately one thousand years of occupation without E mid-IXth until the end of the VIIth millennium, that is to say interruption. The recent archaeobotanical results from As¸ikli S early to late PPNB periods. While today the site is situated Hoy¨ uk¨ points out cultivation of the founder crops known from in the irrigated farming area (receiving between 100 and 200 Southwest Asia, and also a diverse wild plant assemblage. The mm/year), the Neolithic village - covering approximately 4 ha detailed results will be presented by the diversity and intensity - was established on the edge of an ancient Pleistocene lake of these resources and their spatial distribution in domestic surrounded by a marshy area. spaces through occupation. Cultivated plant resources, pos- On both sites, tens of thousands of charred macro-botanical re- sible wild plant co-stables, related subsistence activities and mains were recovered from different archaeological contexts their impact on diet will be discussed within the framework of by flottation. They provide a good opportunity to observe the the general picture of Central Anatolian early Neolithic period local variations in the development of agriculture. These vari- and the emergence of food production in this region. ations may be due to chronological differences, local agricul- Keywords: Food production, Plant resources, Early Neolithic com- tural traditions, or different environmental conditions such as munities, Central Anatolia, As¸ikli Hoy¨ uk¨ for example availability of wild cereals and pulses. The two sites are situated in two distinct and very different cultural and climatic zones. In this presentation we will com- Stable isotopes through time and space in the Netherlands pare charred remains from each site and attempt to show how farming emerged simultaneously but quite separately and in- Les isotopes stables a` travers le temps et l’espace aux dependently in these two different regions. Pays-Bas

Keywords: PPNA, PPNB, Levantine area, Beginnings of agriculture Ricardo Fernandes1,2, Otto Brinkkemper3

Early Food Production in Central Anatolia: Role of 1 University of Kiel – Germany cultivars and wild plant resources in a transitional 2 University of Cambridge – United Kingdom community 3 Cultural Heritage Agency – Netherlands

Les debuts´ de la production alimentaire en Anatolie. Roleˆ des The isotopic analysis of preserved plant remains may pro- plantes cultivees´ et sauvages dans une communaute´ en vide important contributions to the reconstruction of past en- evolution´ vironments and human activities. The most commonly used

1,2 isotopic proxies in archaeobotanical-related research are the Muge¨ Ergun stable isotopes of carbon (δ13C) and nitrogen (δ15N). These isotopic signals are determined by the physiology of the spe- 1 Istanbul University – Turkey cific plant species, local soil and environmental conditions, 2 Universite´ Paris 1, Pantheon-Sorbonne´ (UP1) – France and farming practices. This large potential for archaeological information was explored in a new wide-range isotopic study Food production is considered to be one of the main shifts that included measurements on 100 samples of cereals, pulses, R in human prehistory as it changed over time the behaviour of linseed and gold-of-pleasure. These samples were recovered e´ late hunter-gatherer communities and led to the emergence of from various archaeological sites in the Netherlands assigned s early farming economies. The nature of this phenomenon that to different archaeological periods and soil types. u is also related to sedentary life has been of great interest to ar- In a first research phase, an already completed preliminary m chaeobotanical researches as well as more generally for early study containing 22 samples was undertaken to compare the e´ Neolithic investigations. efficiency of acid-only and acid-base-acid pre-treatments in s From an economical point, hunter-gatherers or foragers are removing foreign carbon contaminants (Brinkkemper et al., in defined as more or less mobile groups whose subsistence is prep.). Obtained results demonstrated that there were no sig- C based on diverse wild animal and plant foods, while they have nificant statistical differences between untreated and treated o no direct control on these resources. On the other hand, the samples provided that the isotopic results are reported with m diet of farmers depends on managed food resources, with a adequate uncertainties. Also investigated, was the use of pre- m great impact on these populations and the reproduction of the screening methods, FTIR and elemental measurements using u new generations. For the latter, a co-dependency can be sug- p-XRF, to determine sample preservation status. This compar- n gested where humans generally believed to be more effective ison demonstrated that p-XRF was more efficient than FTIR i or dominant. However, when the early Neolithic communi- in detecting the presence of humic contaminants by measur- c ties are considered, these definitions require detailed question- ing the presence of specific elements (e.g. Fe and Mn). The a t i 11 o n s A B S T R outcome of the preliminary study defined the sample treatment and castor oil plant). As far as we know this is the first ar- A and screening strategies applied to the remaining 80 samples. chaeobotanical evidence of Ricinus communis in Europe, a C In general no pre-treatment was applied, however, for samples highly toxic plant formerly used for medicinal purposes. T requiring isotopic measurements with higher precisions ele- Cereal remains recovered from one of the ditches suggest lo- S mental measurements were done to establish the need for an cal cultivation of naked wheat, barley and rye during a slightly acid-base-acid pre-treatment. earlier phase (12th century). However, it is the information L At the time of writing the study is not yet complete. How- provided by the study of land molluscs that allows us to ac- E ever, valuable results have been already obtained. There were knowledge the structure of these gardens’ and identify a clear C significant differences in δ15N values of acorns and pulses separation between orchards and areas destined to cereal culti- T vs. cereals. The latter were noticeably higher and overlapped vation. This division is further confirmed by a local document U with known values from animal bone collagen. This result (dated 1484) mentioning houses, orchards, vineyards, cereal R has important implications in human paleo-dietary studies em- plots, gardens, interior yards and stables in and around the ur- E ploying isotopic analysis and suggests that previous estimates ban area. S of dietary contributions from plant foods are likely underesti- mates. In addition, cereal δ15N differed among time periods. Keywords: Medieval, Modern town, Urban gardens, Bioarchaeology, Cereal samples from pre-historic periods (Neolithic, Bronze Ricinus communis Age, Iron Age) showed higher δ15N values than those from historical periods (Roman, Medieval). This diachronic trend is What’s under the rubble ? Exploring and comparing likely linked to shifts in agricultural practices, namely a com- botanical inventories of the Neolithic Vincaˇ houses paratively more intensive use of animal manure during pre- historic periods. Qu’y-a-t-il sous les decombres´ ? Analyser et comparer les Keywords: Stable isotopes, Cereals, Pulses, Manuring series´ botaniques associees´ aux habitations neolithiques´ du site de Vincaˇ

Suburban gardens from the 14th-17th centuries: the Dragana Filipovic´1, Miroslav Maric´1, Nenad N. Tasic´2 example of Forum des Carmes, Istres (Bouches-du-Rhone,ˆ Southern France) 1 Institute for Balkan Studies, Serbian Academy of Sciences and Arts – Serbia 2 Department of Archaeology, Faculty of Philosophy – Serbia Jardins sub-urbains des XIVe-XVIIe s. : l’exemple du Forum des Carmes, Istres (Bouches-du-Rhone,ˆ sud de la France) The paper focuses on the charred plant assemblage from the Neolithic tell-settlement of Vinca-Beloˇ Brdo near Belgrade in Isabel Figueiral1,2, Pascale Chevillot1, Sophie Martin1,3, Serbia. The Vincaˇ tell was inhabited over much of the SE Eu- Franc¸oise Paone1, Brigitte de-Luca1, Josiane Cuzon1 ropean Neolithic sequence, from c. 5600 to 4500 cal BC. It represents the type-site of the cultural phenomenon that devel- 1 Institut National de Recherches Archeologiques´ Preventives´ (INRAP) – oped across large parts of the central, western and northern France Balkans. Although only one of many Vincaˇ culture settle- 2 ISEM - Montpellier – CNRS : UMR5554, IRD : UMR226, Universite´ Mont- ments, Belo Brdo site remains unique in the central Balkans pellier II – France for the continuity and duration of its Neolithic occupation.The 3 ASM - Universite´ Paul Valery´ - Montpellier III, CNRS : UMR5140 – France settlement consisted of closely placed, rectangular wattle-and- daub buildings most of which were equipped with features Excavation work carried out in the heart of the town of Istres such as ovens and clay bins/basins and contained grinding (southern France), prior to the construction of a new shop- stones and other tools, ceramic vessels of various sizes and ping centre, uncovered the remains of a section of the me- shapes, ornaments and symbolic objects. A number of the dieval and modern towns, with their buildings and adjacent buildings were burned in the past enabling in situ preservation gardens. The study of the material remains, in association of the structural elements and indoor features and inventories. with data from soil morphology, land molluscs, archaeobotany Most recent investigations at the site included excavations of and written documents, provides the means to reconstruct hu- the three final horizons of Neolithic occupation of the settle- R man activities and their intensity within their environmental ment (i.e. uppermost levels of the tell) over an area of about e´ setting. The geoarchaeological profiles also allow us to go 1400 m2. Remains of some 17 buildings, of which most were s beyond our limited time scale and understand how the local burnt, were identified; few well preserved ones were C14- u ecosystem evolved since the beginning of the Holocene. dated to c. 4540-4500 cal BC. m The excavation of the garden areas turned out to be particu- Several of these buildings were systematically sampled for e´ larly interesting due to the discovery of three wells filled with macro-botanical remains that were recovered using flotation s organic material. The archaeobotanical waterlogged remains and were morphologically analysed. The paper presents the (fruit/seeds/wood/charcoal) recovered are unlikely to reveal primary archaeobotanical data and goes on to compare the C the full diversity of cultivated plants; however they provide ev- datasets from individual buildings. The main bases for com- o idence of a whole range of fruits (grapevine, fig, olive, peach, parison are: the range of crop and wild plants; the quantities m cherry, pomegranate, plum, almond, walnut, hazel), vegeta- of different crop and wild taxa; and the representation of dif- m bles (beet, two types of gourd, spinach, cucumber) and condi- ferent plant parts (i.e. plant products vs. discard). Further, ar- u ments (celery, coriander, rosemary, laurel), which contrasts chaeological contexts from which (concentrations of) plant re- n with written records suggesting that, in Provence, diet lacked mains derive are examined and compared. The location of the i vegetables and fruits. The variety of food plants thus revealed analysed deposits and their botanical density are plotted us- c may be related to the social status of the urban landowners. Or- ing GIS; such visual presentation of the results enables better a namental / medicinal plants also figure among the finds (lime understanding of the spatial distribution of plant remains (and t i 12 o n s A B S T plant-related activities) and the identification of variations in itself in the rich variety of strategies adopted for exploiting the R botanical content of the houses. plant resources, whatever the climatic conditions. A Finally, possible implications of the observations from Vincaˇ C Keywords: Archaeobotany, Environment, Crops, Maltese Islands, for two issues frequently discussed in the literature on the T Prehistory, Antiquity Balkan Neolithic are assessed: (1) the previously suggested S ritual nature of the house burning and thus potentially sym- bolic role of (large) plant deposits in burnt houses, and (2) Burnt to a crisp ? The high-throughput DNA sequencing L the emerging socio-economic differentiation and household of charred grains E inequality suggested for Vincaˇ culture communities. C Brulˆ e´ a` coeur ? Le sequenc¸age´ haut-debit´ (HTS) des grains T Keywords: Neolithic Vinca,ˇ Burnt and unburnt houses, Spatial distri- carbonises´ U bution of plant remains R Jannine Forst1, Terry Brown1 E Archaeobotanical analyses at Malta Islands S 1 Faculty of Life Sciences. Manchester Institute of Biotechnology. The Investigations archeobotaniques´ a` Malte Manchester University – United Kingdom

Girolamo Fiorentino1, Cosimo D’ Oronzo1 The genetics behind the spread of agriculture is important to determining not only how and when it occurred but also 1 Laboratory of Archaeobotany and Palaeoecology Department of Cultural its sustainability in our changing climate. Most studies us- Heritage University of Salento – Italy ing archaeological grains to answer the many questions about the origins and spread of agriculture use desiccated or water- The archaeobotanical analyses carried out at the site of Tas- logged grains because of their better DNA preservation. The Sil (Malta), allowed to investigate the strategies adopted by work presented here builds on studies using charred archaeo- human groups for exploiting plant resources in this island logical grains, a generally under-utilised resource due to the landscape from Neolithic to Roman period. many problems associated with the extraction and characteri- The sampling strategies applied to Tas-Sil, were individually sation of DNA from charred material. We used charred barley tailored to the type and function of the contexts being investi- from the late Bronze/early Iron Age site of Assiros Toumba gated and were aimed at the recovery of plant macro-remains, (from Phase 9, 1395-1343 BC) in Greece to evaluate different specifically charcoals and seeds/fruits. extraction methods. Each extraction method was tested us- The gathered data were used to determine the relationship be- ing different numbers of seeds and the most promising extract tween the environment and human beings by reconstructing (i) was prepared and sent for high-throughput sequencing (Illu- the ways in which the trees and wooded areas were exploited mina HiSeq). High-throughput sequencing, unlike the stan- for firewood and carpentry and (ii) patterns of agriculture for dard polymerase chain reaction (PCR) technique most com- food production. monly used, does not require a specific sequence to be targeted The anthacological analysis show the presence of olive associ- and so is not as restricted by fragmentary DNA and allows ated with mastic, myrtle buckthorn/phillyrea, indicate a typical DNA from unexpected origins to be sequenced, if present. The Mediterranean maquis environment, while remains of decidu- DNA sequences obtained by high-throughput sequencing will ous oak (Quercus type robur) and hornbeam (Carpinus sp.) be assessed for authenticity and composition to determine if highlight the presence of woodland during Neolithic period. the sequences originated from endogenous ancient DNA or The presence of Hordeum vulgare, Triticum dicoccum and T. contaminating environmental DNA, the results of which will aestivum/durum testifies the local cultivation of cereals and be presented here. it is confirmed at a regional level by the increase in Cerealia pollen in core sequences at Marsa and Salina Bay. Keywords: Ancient DNA, Charred grains, Domestication, Barley During the Bronze Age, the vegetation seems to be affected by micro-climate change. Multi-period and multi-cultural Tell e-afi/Gath,¯ Israel - In the Early Bronze Age, from the Thermi Ware phase on- variation in dietary preferences and palaeoenvironment wards (2300-2150 BC), climatic conditions tend to become R drier, with an increase in Leguminosae and Rhamnus; in this Le site multiphase´ et pluriculturel de Tell e-afi/Gath,¯ Israel.¨ e´ period cereal cultivation is testifies by barley associated with Diversite´ des pref´ erences´ alimentaires et des environnements s hulled wheat. During the Tarxien Cemetery period (2150- u 1450 BC) we reconstruct the return of more humid conditions, Suembikya Frumin1, Ehud Weiss1 m with the reappearance of naked wheat and a reduction in xe- e´ rophilous taxa, particularly of typical garrigues. The anthraco- 1 s logical sequence indicates an increase of vegetation typical of Bar-Ilan University – Israel the garrigue for the Bor in-Nadur period (Late Bronze Age), C probably related to a phase of relative drier climate. A large and rich Biblical site of the southern Levant revealed o The currently available archaeobotanical data pertaining to four consecutive periods, which allowed a rare opportunity m historic period (Phoenician-Punic-Roman phases) indicate a for a comparative analysis of ancient diet and environment. m landscape characterized by the dominance of olive trees and Tell e-afi/Gath¯ is a multi-period site, one of the five Philistines u the change in the management of plant resources, probably cities. In this investigation, we analyzed and compared ar- n linked to olive cultivation. chaeobotanical assemblages from its four periods of occupa- i Archaeobotanical analyses show that the resilience of the hu- tion – Early Bronze Age, Late Bronze Age, Iron Age I and c man groups in these Mediterranean island contexts manifests Iron Age II – from the middle of the third millennia BCE to a t i 13 o n s A B S T 2 R the 8th century BCE. Culturally, this is a Canaanite city during Department of Archaeology, University of Cambridge – United Kingdom A the Bronze Age, a Philistine city at Iron Age I and at the be- C ginning of the Iron Age II, after which it becomes a city with The distribution of Harappan material culture throughout the T Judahite cultural affinity. This large database of varying plants Greater Indus Valley is considered a marker of Harappan iden- S used by these four different cultural groups is an opportunity tity in socially and ecologically diverse regions of the Indus to identify their dietary preferences. Moreover, comparing the Civilisation (3300-1500 BC). In this presentation we argue L crops and their weeds reveals some distinctive changes which that food production and consumption patterns also reflect so- E relates to both the cultural shifts within the site and environ- cial identity at multiple levels, including the integration of lo- C mental changes during the ca. 1,700 years of occupation. In cal populations into wider regional dynamics. Our case studies T this lecture we would like to present our results related to the outline results from combining recent macro and microbotani- U crops, their weeds, and wild plants. cal research in two semi-arid regions of the Indus Civilisation: R Gujarat and Haryana (NW India). Monsoon-adapted small Keywords: Palaeoenviroenment, Near East, Bronze and Iron Ages, E millets and tropical pulses were the staple crops in Harappan Philistines S Gujarat, while wheat was consumed but not locally produced. Similarly, the evidence from Haryana suggests that a mixture Long and attenuated: comparative trends in the of millets, rice and barley formed the staple of the diet with a domestication of tree fruits small proportion of wheat used only occasionally, potentially traded in from other regions. When combined with previous Long et attenu´ e´ : Tendances comparatives dans la archaeobotanical research in the Greater Indus Valley, our evi- domestication des arbres fruitiers dence suggests that wheat was produced in areas related to the Indus hydrological dynamics and traded to peripheral regions, Dorian Q Fuller1 playing a key role in defining Harappan identities in areas un- suited for its cultivation.

1 University College, London – United Kingdom Keywords: Greater Indus Valley, Multi-proxy, Food, Social identity

This paper asks whether we can identify a recurrent domes- tication syndrome for tree crops (fruits, nuts) and track the A comparative archaeobotanical study on charred food evolution of tree domestication archaeologically. While ar- remains from Neolithic C¸atalhoy¨ uk¨ (Turkey), Tepe chaeobotany has made major contributions to documenting Marani and Gurga Chiya (Iraq) the domestication process in cereals and other annual grains, long-lived perennials have received less comparative attention. Analyse archeobotanique´ comparative de vestiges de Drawing on examples from across Eurasia, including each preparations´ alimentaires carbonisees´ des sites neolithiques´ Asian peach, jujube and chestnut, west Asian olive, almond de C¸atalhoy¨ uk¨ (Turquie), Tepe Marani et Gurga Chiya (Irak) and grape, and South Asian mango, comparisons suggest a tendency for the larger domesticated fruits to contain seeds Lara Gonzalez Carretero1 that are proportionally longer, thinner and with more pointed

(acute to attenuated) apices. Therefore, although changes in 1 flavour, such as increased sweetness, is not recoverable, seed Institute of Archaeology, University College London – United Kingdom metrics and shape provide an archaeological basis for track- ing domestication episodes in tree fruit. Where available, Archaeobotany as a scientific approach uses ancient plant re- metrical data suggest length increases, as well as size diver- mains in order to reconstruct and interpret the environment sification over time, with examples drawn from the Jomon context of past societies. However, traditional archaeobotan- of Japan (chestnuts), Neolithic China (peach, jujube) and the ical methods prove problematic when trying to recreate as- later Neolithic of the Near East (olive, date) to estimate rates pects of daily life and domestic activities such as food prepa- of change. Despite the long generation time in tree fruits, rates ration and cooking practices. To solve this issue, my PhD of change in their seeds is generally faster than rates of phe- project introduces a new archaeobotanical perspective on the notypic evolution in annual grain crops, suggesting that con- social study of preparation of daily meals in the Near East. R scious selection played a strong role in tree domestication in This study integrates archaeobotanical analyses of unstudied e´ contrast to the unconscious selection processes in cereals and plant evidence, such as amorphous organic food fragments and s grain legumes. food crusts from ceramics, combined with the archaeological u and ethnoarchaeological examination of artefact assemblages m Keywords: Arboriculture, Nuts, Conscious selection, Ziziphus, (ovens, clay balls, pots, ground stones, etc.) and experimen- e´ Prunus, Castanea, Olea, Vitis tal food preparation following traditional recipes. This paper s presents the preliminary results from the comparative investi- gation into the botanical composition of fragments of amor- The role of food in shaping Harappan identities C phous charred plant materials found at Neolithic Catalhoy¨ uk,¨ o Tepe Marani and Gurga Chiya which are thought to represent Le roleˆ de l’alimentation dans la construction identitaire m burnt food preparations (e.g. cereals processed into bread, bul- harappeenne´ m gur, and/or porridge). Scanning Electronic Microscope analy- u ses of micro-structure within these charred food remains had Juan Jose´ Garc´ıa-Granero1, Jennifer Bates2 n the potential to directly examine their plant composition and i also the cooking processes and choice of techniques and in- c 1 CaSEs Research Group, Department of Archaeology and Anthropology, IMF- gredients that led to the preparation and creation of prehistoric a CSIC – Spain meals. t i 14 o n s A B S T Keywords: Neolithic, C¸atalhoy¨ uk,¨ Archaeobotany, Organic residues, Keywords: Weed ecology, Agricultural regimes, Early cultivation, R Parenchyma Neolithic, Western Asia A C Could seed image analysis be helpful in the T Assessing the nature of early farming in Neolithic western archaeobotanical studies? S Asia: A functional ecological approach to emerging arable weed flora L’analyse d’images peut-elle etreˆ utile a` la demarche´ L archeobotanique´ ? E Explorer les premieres` pratiques agricoles du Neolithique´ en C Asie occidentale, avec l’aide de l’ecologie´ fonctionnelle Oscar Grillo1, Mariano Ucchesu1, Martino Orru´1, Marco T appliquee´ aux flores adventices emergentes´ Sarigu1, Gianfranco Venora2, Gianluigi Bacchetta1 U R Laura Green1, Amy Bogaard1, Michael Charles1, Carolyne E 1 Centro Conservazione Biodiversita` (CCB), Dipartimento di Scienze della Vita Douche´2, Dragana Filipovic´3, Glynis Jones4 S e dell’Ambiente (DISVA), Universita` degli Studi di Cagliari – Italy 2 Stazione Consorziale Sperimentale di Granicoltura per la Sicilia – Italy 1 School of Archaeology, University of Oxford – United Kingdom 2 Universite´ Paris 1, Pantheon-Sorbonne´ (UP1) – France Application of computer vision techniques in archaeological 3 Institute for Balkan Studies, Serbian Academy of Sciences and Arts – Serbia plant remains, proved to be an effective tool for the identi- 4 Department of Archaeology, University of Sheffield – United Kingdom fication both of charred and waterlogged seeds. Due to its strategic geographical position, its isolation and climatic con- Research on the origins of agriculture in western Asia has ditions, and owing to the existence of many archaeological placed great emphasis on the location and pace of domestica- settlements, perfectly preserved and distributed in the whole tion. However, much less attention has been given to recon- island, Sardinia can undoubtedly be considered a wonderful structing the specific nature and social implications of early archaeobotanical laboratory. cultivation practices across the agricultural transition, and to In this study, the results about seed and endocarp remains, the potentially varied land management strategies involved. recovered from the archaeological sites of Sa Osa and Santa By employing a functional ecological approach to the inter- Giusta (Oristano, Sardinia), respectively dated to the 12th- pretation of arable weed’ taxa associated with early cultivars, 10th BC and to the 5th-2nd century BC, are presented. this research addresses this gap in archaeobotancial research Samples digital images were acquired, processed and analysed by enabling detailed analysis of the growing conditions and applying image analysis techniques. A total of 98 morphome- farming methods involved in early plant cultivation in western tric features were measured on each seed and endocarp. The Asia. recorded morphometric data were statistically elaborated us- The core methodology analyses the functional ecological at- ing a stepwise Linear Discriminant Analysis, allowing statisti- tributes (e.g. leaf area and thickness; canopy dimensions; cal comparisons among archaeological remains, modern wild stomatal density and distribution) of the relevant arable weed populations and traditional cultivars. taxa isolated from archaeological contexts to determine the Considering the importance of a correct remains identification specific growing conditions of early crops and hence the na- for the comprehension of the history and origin of the domes- ture of management practices. Functional attributes are mor- tication processes; and the extreme difficulties to recognize ar- phological or behavioural characteristics that predict species’ chaeological charred seeds because of the morphological alter- potential in relation to major environmental variables, such as ation of seeds shape, different carbonisation experiments were soil productivity, disturbance and moisture. Statistical anal- carried out on grape seeds. Using both a hearth to reproduce ysis of these attributes will explore variation amongst early the same burning conditions occurring in archaeological con- cultivation contexts and compare them with weed survey data texts, and a muffle furnace to set and fix experimental con- from relevant (semi-)arid modern regimes, including a recent ditions, modern cultivated and wild grape seed samples were study of traditional cereal farming in Morocco. With the iden- treated applying different burning temperatures and then com- tification of specific agricultural strategies, the dynamics and pared with archaeological grape seeds. innovation of early farming societies will be explored, as well This analytical procedure allowed to identify the archaeologi- as their resilience and long-term sustainability. cal seeds from the Middle Bronze Age as intermediate forms R Ecological signatures’ will be determined from the now sub- between modern wild and cultivated grape pips; while, those e´ stantial weed’ dataset available from four well documented from the Late Bronze Age showed a high degree of similarity s and contextually rich Pre-Pottery and Pottery Neolithic sites, with the modern cultivars. u which have been strategically selected to explore agricultural Furthermore, high correspondence between the archaeological m strategies from its initial stages through to the established Ne- endocarps of Prunus spinosa and P. domestica and the mod- e´ olithic, as well as taking advantage of detailed sample-by- ern ones, was found, identifying the most similar modern wild s sample data and extensive in situ deposits. The sites investi- populations and cultivated varieties. gated include PPNA Jerf el Ahmar and PPNA/EPPNB Dja’de The exceptional state of preservation of the waterlogged re- C in northern Syria, PPNB Tell Aswad in southern Syria, and mains allowed to investigate the domestication process of Vi- o PPN-PN C¸atalhoy¨ uk¨ in Central Turkey. Refined identification tis vinifera, verifying the possibility that primitive grape cul- m of selected weed genera at these sites enables more accurate tivars might have existed in Sardinia, during the Bronze Age. m indications of their ecological implications. Furthermore, the Moreover, it was possible to hypothesize in Sardinia the ear- u results of the ecological analyses will be closely explored in liest evidence of P. domestica in the Western Mediterranean n relation to other contextual data at the selected sites and will Basin, during the Phoenician-Punic period. This method can i aim to determine the cultural context of specific farming prac- be considered a valid support for advances in the knowledge c tices and processing regimes. and comprehension of agriculture adoption and domestication a t i 15 o n s A B S T R processes. characterized by an arid environment. The average rainfall is A estimated at less than 50 mm/year excluding any dry farming. Keywords: Carbonisation experiment, Computer vision, Prunus do- C The research undertaken on the site has raised a number of mestica, Seed remains identification, Vitis vinifera T questions about the subsistence strategies, modes and means S of production or supply. The archaeobotanical analyses performed on archaeological Tracing the origin of the early medieval crop spectra in sediment samples, showed exceptional richness. The impor- L east central Europe. Ex oriente lux ? E tance of fruit remains (olive, peach, date, plum stones for example) associated with the presence of olive charcoal and C Sur la piste de l’origine du spectre des cultures du haut Prunus, raises the issue of whether these plants were imported T Moyen Ageˆ en Europe orientale et centrale. Ex oriente lux ? U or were grown locally. A multidisciplinary research program (archaeology, geophysics, sedimentology and ethnographic) R Maria´ Hajnalova´1, Petr Kocˇar´ 2, Zdenekˇ Vaneˇcekˇ 3, Peter has identified a number of areas suitable for agriculture and E Barta4 S reveals the presence of systems used to harvest runoff rainwa- ter. This research provides an array of presumptions allowing 1 Department of Archaeology, Faculty of Arts, Constantine the Philosopher us to hypothesize that local cultivation, despite a very arid en- University in Nitra – Slovakia vironment, was possible during the occupation of the site. 2 Institute of Archaeology AVCRˇ – Czech Republic Thus the results presented here allow us to envisage an agricul- 3 Department of Botany, Faculty of Science, Charles University – Czech Re- tural vocation for the monastic establishment, which is charac- public teristic of monastic facilities elsewhere in the Middle East and 4 Department of Archaeology, Faculty of Arts, Comenius University – Slovakia essential to the life of the community. Furthermore, Kilwa is a good example of where agriculture exploits rainwater run-off In Europe the period spanning from the end of the Roman and floodwaters. Research at Kilwa has enriched our general period (through the migration period) until the beginning of knowledge about the use of the environment by man and the the Early Middle Ages is recognised as a time of the promi- means implemented to face strong environmental constraints nent changes in arable farming and to it connected economy. in arid environments. It is a moment when prehistoric assortment of ”archaic” cere- als represented mostly by glume wheats (Triticum dicoccon, Keywords: Saudi Arabia, Desert, Monastery, Agriculture, Water T. monococcum, T. spelta) diminished and was replaced by management free-threshing wheats (Triticum aestivum, T. compactum), oat (Avena sativa) and rye (Secale cereale). This rebirth of farm- Processing, Storage and Symbolism of Wild Nuts in the ing survived without much damage only barley (Hordeum vul- Past and Present: Comparative ethnoarchaeobotanical gare s.l.) and millet (Panicum miliaceum), still favoured in studies of Japan and California, USA later medieval times. The switch from ”prehistoric” to ”medieval” assortment Preparation,´ stockage et symbolique passes´ et presents´ des of crops end economy emerges simultaneously in west- ”noix” sauvages. Approches ethnobotaniques comparatives ern (France, Netherlands, Germany...) as well as in the au Japon et en Californie (Etats-Unis d’Amerique)´ east-central Europe (Poland, Bohemia, Slovakia, Hungary, Ukraine...), yet for explanation of this phenomenon na- Leo Aoi Hosoya1 tional(istic) paradigms are often considered (e.g. introduction of the new crops and techniques by ”Slavs”, ”Germans” or 1 ”Celts”).This paper aims for more detailed temporal and spa- Centre for Global Human Resource Development, Ochanomizu University – tial description of this phenomenon, and targets also its possi- Japan ble causes. Recent archaeobotanical research revealed the high signifi- Keywords: Archaeobotanical methods, Europe, Middle Ages, Agri- cance of wild plant food, particularly nuts, even in early agri- cultural systems, Diffusion, Trade cultural periods in Chinese rice farming area (eg. Fuller et al. 2009). In Japan, significance of wild nuts in prehistoric diet has been discussed for some decades, and now human ex- R Ancient desert agriculture systems: The example of the ploitation of wild food plants is the central issue in discussion e´ monastry of Kilwa (8th century A.D.) s of East Asian prehistoric diet. u Agricultures anciennes en contexte desertique´ : l’exemple du To develop the discussion, we need to reconstruct not only m monastere` de Kilwa (8e siecle` de notre ere)` which plant people exploited but also how they scheduled e´ the uses of diverse resources, and the processing and storage technique, namely routine’. Studying regional diversity and s Linda Herveux1 chronological shifts of the routine, we can discuss the East C Asian prehistoric subsistence strategies on substantial basis. 1 Orient et Mediterran´ ee´ (OM) – CNRS : UMR8167 – France o Recently some new archaeological methods such as ancient m starch analyses and carbon/nitrogen isotope analyses to re- m Kilwa is a monastic site inhabited by a Christian community construct food processing techniques have been developed to u around the eighth century A.D. The site is in a physical envi- much contribute the discussion, but at the same time, we need n ronment so harsh that the main object of the study is to under- to obtain knowledge about diverse ways to utilize various food i stand how the community maintained itself in such an envi- resources and their interconnection with social organizations. c ronment. The site is located in the northwest of Saudi Arabia, Ethnographic research of modern traditional culture will pro- a 250 km east of the Gulf of Aqaba in a mountainous region vide such knowledge to be usefully referred to the archaeolog- t i 16 o n s A B S T ical interpretations. tivation practice of a variety of species, emmer, barley, free R In Japan, domestic ethnographic research for this purpose has threshing wheat and einkorn, was widely adopted on the level A been conducted by several archaeologists from 1970s, to ac- of single farmsteads. In some regions, it was already accom- C cumulate data of diverse non-mechanized food plant process- panied by the gradual introduction of a new tillage technology, T ing techniques, particularly with wild nuts, that were possible the ard. The innovation of crop growing was one trigger for S prehistoric major food. On the other hand, all available ethno- new collective human-environment interaction, like clearing graphic examples within Japan are of the uses of wild nuts as the landscape of big erratic blocks that were distributed in the L minor food, such as famine food or relic’ food, and thus it region with the late Pleistocene ice-cover, and social change E is difficult to observe routine organization of nut uses as the expressed in the emergence of monumentality between 3600– C major food. However, to develop comprehensive discussion 3200 BCE. The development of a cultural landscape with me- T on prehistoric subsistence strategy, we need the ethnographic galithic tombs, i.e. on abandoned arable plots or former farm- U information on such a routine organization, in addition to in- stead areas, was associated with a strong population growth R formation on individual nut processing techniques. and resulted in a widening of the landscape openings. With E Native Americans are also known by the tradition of intensive the Early to Middle Neolithic transition, distinct economic, S nut uses and there are good accumulation of the ethnographic social and environmental changes are observed, i.e. the popu- studies, but substantial comparison with Japanese examples lation concentration in villages of up to 40 houses. The sub- has not been conducted. Yet their late 19th - early 20th cen- sistence regime was conversed towards growing of only the tury records do show the state of society with wild nuts being two species, emmer and barley on large-scale arable fields. used as the major food, in connection with organization of pro- The weed record shows that arable fields were less intensively cessing activities and symbolism. Therefore, proper compar- managed than before. With strong variation between different ative studies, on the social level, of the native American and regions, palynological evidence for land-use intensity gener- Japanese cases can surely introduce a new insight to the East ally decreases until after ca. 3100 cal BCE a widespread lull Asian study of prehistoric subsistence strategies. It is quite in human activity favoured woodland regeneration and goes useful to promote such a global comparative study also in the along with the end of the Funnelbeaker tradition. ethnoarchaeological domain. Keywords: Neolithic, North European Plain, Plant Economy, Subsis- Keywords: Ethnoarchaeology, Native Californian, Japan, Wild nuts, tence, Landnam Routine

Early Agriculture in the Levant The late adoption of farming in the SW Baltic region in the Neolithic Les debuts´ de l’agriculture au Levant

L’adoption tardive de l’agriculture dans le Sud-Ouest de la Mordechai Kislev1, Orit Simchoni1 Baltique, au Neolithique´

1 Faculty of Life Sciences, Bar-Ilan University – Israel Wiebke Kirleis1, Walter Dorfler¨ 1, Ingo Feeser1, Ingo Feeser1, Elske Fischer2, Stefanie Klooss1 The agriculture revolution can be divided into seven sub- revolutions: 1 Institut fur¨ Ur- und Fruhgeschichte¨ und Graduiertenschule Human Develop- 1.Storage. Already during the Epi-Paleolithic, 20,000 years ment in Landscapes’, Christian-Albrechts Universitat¨ zu Kiel – Germany BP, as demonstrated in the site of Ohalo II, we assume that 2 Regierungsprasidium¨ Stuttgart, Landesamt fur¨ Denkmalpflege, Labor fur¨ the inhabitants were the owners of the immediate environment Archaobotanik¨ – Germany where they collected thousands dispersal units of ripe wild bar- ley. They stored the hulled grains after removing of the sharp The rather late adoption of farming practices in the south- awn and spikelet base, and from time to time they ground them western Baltic region is generally regarded to reflect the for making flour and baked then in different forms. marginal role of this region for the Neolithisation of Europe. 2.Early cultivation. Sedentary settlements accompanied by an- Despite earlier contacts with agricultural societies, it was only nual exploitation of the natural wild barley fields around, prob- during the early 4th millennium BCE that farming gained im- ably caused the decrease of this resource and opening a larger R portance with the Funnelbeaker Culture. Within the research habitat for wild weeds. It seems that already during the Late e´ program on ”Early Monumentality and Social Differentiation” Natufian (12,000 BP) and definitely during the Pre-Pottery Ne- s funded by the German Research Foundation over the last six olithic A period (11,000 BP) when humans solved the problem u years (2009–2015), intensive archaeobotanical investigations by sowing the fields with dispersal units or barley grains. m were carried out. Based on the new large dataset, a refinement 3.Cultivation of additional plants. Beside wild wheat, they e´ of our understanding of the transition from hunting/gathering sowed also legumes, such as wild lentil, broad bean, pea and s to farming and the establishment of new subsistence strategies chickpea, growing in nature in small patches. Beside, some of in the North-European Plain is possible on a high temporal and them are poisonous without cooking. C spatial resolution. 4.The expansion of agricultural systems. o The Early Neolithic (4100–3300 cal BCE) adoption of farming 5.The outcome of the domestication process. m practices is characterized by a stepwise development. From 6.Growing fruit trees. The agricultural revolution reached the m ca. 4100 cal BCE onwards, animal husbandry became impor- phase of growing fruit trees during the Chalcolithic period. u tant whereas evidence for crop growing is scarce. Woodland Finding of carbonized fig fruits in Gilgal I, an early Neolithic n pasture led to a change in woodland composition and a more site in the Jordan Valley, some 11,000 years ago led to the i open woodland structure, i.e. favouring light demanding trees proposal that trees were planted by humans in the immediate c and shrubs. Around 3750 cal BCE an intensive cereal cul- humid environment of the site. a t i 17 o n s A B S T R 7.Adopting beneficial mutations. examination revealed the remains of several groups of spieces. A Well preserved charred materials were dominated by cereals Keywords: Early Agriculture C mostly wheats ( T. dicoccum, T. monococcum), and cultivated T plants pea, lentil and flax. Worth to mention is also rela- tively high saturation of sediment with plant material (5,69 S Staple foods in Zambrone (Calabria, Southern-Italy) macroremains per 1 litre on average). Analysis were taken to during the Bronze Age L determine the macroremains density differences between the features. Abovementioned studies revealed that differences E Les denrees´ de premiere` necessit´ e´ a` l’ageˆ du Bronze dans le between the features were far less significant than those in C site de Zambrone (Calabre, Italie du sud) T saturation occuring on different levels of the same features. Further analysis were taken to prove a lack of direct correla- U Marlies Klee1, Barbara Zach2, Ursula Thanheiser3 R tion between amount of studied sediment and the number of found macroremains. Results suggest strong irregularity in de- E 1 Labor fur¨ Archaobotanik,¨ Freiburg – Germany position of plant macroremains, both charred and non-charred, S 2 Labor fur¨ Archaobotanik,¨ Bernbeuren – Germany among levels. Hypothesis which could explain unequal dis- 3 Vienna Institute for Archaeological Science [VIAS] – Austria tribution of well preserved burned plant remains is occurence of unique episodes, connected with high temperature which Up to now, archaeobotanical investigations of Bronze Age allowed the preservation of seeds and awns, or some stages in sites in Southern Italy have been rare. The results of the study forming the layers of the feature. Another studied problem is of carbonized seeds and fruits from the fortified Bronze Age the occurence of recent plant remains, found on various level settlement of Punta di Zambrone on the coast to the northeast inside the features, which proves the significance of post- of Tropea (Calabria), contribute essentially to the knowledge deposititional intrusions inside the once sealed sediments. of subsistence strategies in the region. Two main habitation phases could be identified dating to the Following presentation has been co-funded by National Center Early (EBA, 20th – 16th centuries BC) and the Recent Bronze of Science (2013/10/M/HS3/00537), (2013/11/B/HS3/03822). Age (RBA, 13th – 12th centuries BC) respectively. There is a hiatus during the Middle Bronze Age. Keywords: Stratigraphy, Distribution, Post-deposit processes, Envi- The plant remains can be assigned to three groups: staple ronment crops (cereals and pulses), fruits and nuts, and wild herbaceous plants. During the Bronze Age emmer wheat is the dominant. Considering Early Neolithic agricultural decision-making Both chaff and grain was recovered. Barley and field bean are in Europe and its archaeobotanical display present but of minor importance. During the Recent Bronze Age (RBA) the importance of the individual staple crops is Considerer´ les choix agricoles effectues´ par les agriculteurs more evenly spread. A newcomer, broomcorn millet, became du Neolithique´ ancien en Europe et leurs representations´ an important cereal. Particulary interesting are the finds of archeobotaniques´ lentil, acorn, olive and grapevine. The recovered plant remains can be interpreted as clean food Angela Kreuz1, Elena Marinova2,Peter´ Pomazi´ 1, Eva supply, ready for consumption. Was Zambrone a consumer Schafer¨ 1 place where people were supplied with good quality food products, which did not require further processing? 1 The results imply a complex pattern of resource utilization in State Office for Cultural Heritage Preservation/Landesamt fur¨ Denkmalpflege the area during the Bronze Age. The agricultural production Hessen, hessenARCHAOLOGIE,¨ Archaobotanik¨ – Germany 2 during the RBA at Punta di Zambrone does not give the im- Royal Belgian Institute for Natural Sciences – Belgium pression that it set itself apart from that in other contemporary settlements in southern Italy. During the seventh/sixth millennium cal BC the transition from foraging to farming took place in Europe represented Keywords: Archaeobotany, Charred seeds and fruits, Southern Italy, among others by the archaeological remains of the Early Ne- Bronze Age, Subsistence strategy olithic cultures concerned. Ten years after our publication R ”A comparison of Early Neolithic crop and weed assemblages from the Linearbandkeramik and the Bulgarian Neolithic cul- e´ Tracking the depositing process: stratigraphical tures: differences and similarities” in VHA the state of ar- s differentiation in distribution of plant remains u chaeobotanical research in Europe has been further advanced m Comprendre le processus de dep´ otˆ : differentiation´ and the scientific focus has been directed to new questions e´ stratigraphique dans la distribution des restes veg´ etaux´ searching for a deeper understanding of the Neolithic way s of agricultural production and the exploitation of natural re- sources. Krzysztof Kotynia1,2, Aldona Mueller-Bieniek2 C The by now available Early Neolithic Linerbandkeramik, o Starcevo,ˇ K’or´ ’os´ and Karanovo data from the working groups 1 Institute of Archaeology, Jagiellonian University, Krakow´ – Poland m in Brussels and Wiesbaden comprise the determination of 2 W. Szafer Institute of Botany, Polish Academy of Sciences, Krakow´ – Poland m 864123 plant remains from 78 settlement sites and from 1040 u archaeological features in Germany, Austria, Hungary, Roma- n Provided data comes from the late Neolithic settlement of nia and Bulgaria. The fully quantitatively generated results i Mozgawa, central Poland, dated to the Funnel Beaker culture have been archived with the database program ArboDat in or- c (TRB). Significant number of samples has been taken from der to be evaluated in detail and used to discuss the following a different levels of three separate features. Archaeobotanical two subjects: t i 18 o n s A B S T 1) To which extend is it possible to compare feature types and of xerothermic grasslands. Their caryopses and awns were R the taphonomy of different site types? Or is this attempt simi- found in archaeobotanical assemblages from Poland and Hun- A lar to comparing ”apples and oranges”? gary. These plants are characterized by a low nutritional value C 2) How indicative are Early Neolithic crop and weed assem- and only young specimens can be used as food. Instead, they T blages in the different regions and site types for the crop grow- could probably be used for insulation or for decorative pur- S ing systems and the dietary decisions or the environmental fac- poses. They could also be connected with some rituals of pre- tors underlying? historic communities. L The presence of Stipa remains in archaeological sites and the E Keywords: Early Neolithic, Europe, Crop growing, Diet, Methodol- history of xerothermic vegetation can be interpreted differ- C ogy ently. On one hand, there is an assumption of a strong connec- T tion between these communities and human activities, which U Plant foods in Mesolithic Netherlands - splendid harvest due to the deforestation for cultivation and grazing purposes, R on the river dune sites of the Maasvlakte 2 near resulted in the creation of more open landscapes, suitable for E Rotterdam the development of grasslands. On the other hand, the majority S of feather grass remains were associated with the oldest phases Les aliments veg´ etaux´ aux Pays-Bas au Mesolithique´ - of Neolithic occupation. This may suggest that xerothermic magnifique recolte´ sur les sites de la dune fluviale de grasslands already existed in the moment when the first Ne- Maasvlakte 2 pres` de Rotterdam olithic groups appeared. Therefore, current archaeobotanical investigations conducted in southern Poland and north-eastern Lucy Kubiak-Martens1 Hungary are focused on this research problem. Analysis of plant macro-remains associated to xerothermic grasslands has 1 BIAX – The Netherlands been performed. Also, inferences about the presence of more open landscapes is discussed in the context of anthracological assemblages, which indicate that near the human settlements, Plants are important for human life. They provide food, fuel wooded steppe (Hungary) and oak-dominated forests of rather and raw material. So it is now and so it was for Mesolithic open canopy (Poland) could have predominated. These pre- hunter-gatherers who lived around 7000BC on the river dune liminary results may lead to the hypothesis that during the At- sites of the Maasvlakte 2 area near Rotterdam. The great di- lantic period, patches of open- and semi-open vegetation ex- versity of plant foods available to and used by these groups isted naturally and that the Neolithisation of Central Europe who made recurrent visits to the same locations during the was somehow linked to the presence of such habitats. early Holocene is the main subject of this presentation. These Mesolithic hunter-gathers explored various ecological zones, Keywords: Neolithic, Stipa, Plant communities, Poland, Hungary from the forest through the wetland and into the open water, in their search for fruits and seeds, nuts, berries, roots and tubers. There was so much food out there. Farming and Food in Roman Britain: an Archaeobotanical Synthesis from the Roman Rural Keywords: Mesolithic, The Netherlands Settlement Project

Agriculture et alimentation en Grande-Bretagne romaine. Xerothermic communities and Neolithisation of Central Une synthese` archeobotanique´ issue du projet : Europe etablissements´ ruraux a` l’epoque´ romaine Communautes´ xerothermiques´ et neolithisation´ en Europe 1 centrale Lisa Lodwick

Maria Litynska-Zajac´ 1, Magdalena Moskal Del-Hoyo2, 1 Department of Archaeology, University of Reading – United Kingdom Aldona Mueller-Bieniek2 Arable farming in Roman Britain was a diverse and 1 Institute of Archaeology and Ethnology, Polish Academy of Sciences – Poland widespread activity. Identifying the variation in how crops 2 Institute of Botany, Polish Academy of Sciences – Poland were grown is now possible, due to over 40 years of archaeob- R otanical analysis, largely as a result of developer-funded ar- e´ Xerothermic communities are widespread nowadays in chaeology. Rescue excavations took place in the late 1970s s south-eastern and southern Europe in areas with dry and warm and 80s in advance of rural gravel extraction in areas such u summers. They also appear extrazonally in areas with strong as the Nene and Thames Valley. These produced pioneering m sunlight exposure containing dry and alkaline grounds, which datasets, from sites such as Ashville and Barton Court Farm, e´ are rich in calcium. This kind of patches of vegetation, charac- which have formed the basis of synthetic work for the last s terized by a richness of flora, provides favourable conditions decades. Since the introduction of planning policy guidance for species adapted to them. At the current stage of research, 16 (PPG16) in 1990, there has been a dramatic growth in ar- C there is a discussion whether these communities are of natu- chaeological interventions and subsequent archaeobotanical o ral or anthropogenic origin, especially in regions located north analysis. Much of this work results from evaluations under- m of the Carpathian Mountains. Interestingly, these plant com- taken in advance of planning permission being granted, or m munities were in direct contact with the people of the early small-scale excavations leaving the bulk of archaeological de- u Neolithic cultures of Central Europe, as evidenced by the pres- posits preserved in situ. The quality of the resultant dataset is n ence in the archaeological features and layers of macroscopic very variable. Synthesis undertaken so far has focussed on the i plant remains such as Stipa spp. Grasses of this genus, ac- introduction and consumption of new plant foods, whilst the c cording to the phytosociological approach, are characteristic practices and outcomes of developer-funded archaeobotany a t i 19 o n s A B S T R have been heavily criticised. bet Kerak Ware and Kura-Araxes sites will be explored. As an A The Roman Rural Settlement Project (2012-16) has collated expression of identity, food preferences can reveal the group C all excavated evidence for Roman rural settlement in Eng- to which a person belongs and can also act as an exclusion- T land and Wales, the initial dataset of which is freely available ary tool to emphasise cultural and social difference. The crop S (http://archaeologydataservice.ac.uk/archives/view/romangl/). choices at Tel Beit Yerah have ramifications for understanding Both published reports and grey literature were collected, re- the nature of the Khirbet Kerak Ware occupation at the site. L sulting in records of 2523 individual settlement. This dataset Keywords: Tel Beit Yerah, Early Bronze Age, Kura, Araxes, Urban- E has now been complemented with excavated evidence from ism C small towns’ in Roman Britain, which acted as centres for T industry, trade or agriculture. This paper will present the key results of the archaeobotanical U Archaeobotany in central Argentina. Macro and micro aspect of this major project. The regional and chronolog- R remains at several archaeological sites from early Late ical distribution of the key cereal, pulse and oil crops will E Holocene to early Colonial Times (4000-250 BP) S be presented, identifying patterns in the use of crops against the physical and cultural landscape. Emerging evidence for L’archeobotanique´ dans le centre de l’Argentine. Etude des horticultural activity in the area north of London will be syn- macro- et microrestes du debut´ de l’Holocene` tardif au debut´ thesised, the current evidence for vineyards highlighted, as de l’Epoque Coloniale (4000-250 BP) well as the growing evidence for grain malting in the Mid and

Late Roman periods. Evidence for the consumption of wild 1 plant foods will also be summarised, and the key results of Van Laura Lopez´ der Veen et al’s conclusions on new plant foods will be reap- praised. Crucially, the relationship between cereal production 1 CONICET-Division´ Arqueolog´ıa, Facultad de Ciencias Naturales y Museo, in rural communities and the role of small towns in processing Universidad Nacional de La Plata – Argentina these crops will be investigated. The key conclusions of 40 years of archaeobotanical research into Roman Britain will be Archaeobotanical research has been developed in Central Ar- drawn and future directions highlighted. gentina since 10 years ago. A total of 15 archaeological sites in Cordoba province from early Late Holocene (4000 BP) to Keywords: Roman Britain, Developer, Funded archaeology, Cereals, early Colonial Times (250 BP) have reported macro and/or Horticulture, Plant foods micro botanical remains. This work presents the results of the archaeobotanical study of these open-air and rock-cave ar- chaeological sites, especially from a subsistence point of view. Feeding complexity: Early Bronze Age plant economy of Concerning methodology, systematic sampling with the use Tel Beit Yerah, Israel of fine-sieving methods was carried out for carporemains re- Complexite´ de l’alimentation : economie´ veg´ etale´ du site de covering in deposits related to human activities, especially of Tel Beit Yerah (Israel),¨ a` l’ageˆ du Bronze ancien food production and consumption. On the other hand, micro- scopic remains such as plant opal particles (phytoliths) and starch grains were recovered from hand-stone and pottery ves- Catherine Longford1, Alice Berger2 sel walls as well as from sediment samples, followed stan- dard methodology without use of heavy-liquids. Microre- 1 The University of Sheffield – United Kingdom mains analysis have played an important role in the recover- 2 University College London – United Kingdom ing of different plant taxa mentioned in Spanish chronicles of 17th century, from which no carpological remains were recov- This paper will present evidence on agricultural production ered. Results of this work show a characteristic distribution and crop choices at Tel Beit Yerah during the Early Bronze and composition of the archaeobotanical assemblages, which Age. Tel Beit Yerah on the Sea of Galilee is the largest tell were chronologically well defined. From a general perspec- site in the Southern Levant and is important due to its links tive, it was observed that, since 4000 BP, a process of intensi- with disparate cultures across the Near East. In the Early fication of plant consumption appear to have been developed Bronze II period (EBII), Tel Beit Yerah was a well organ- by hunter-gatherer groups. Later, crops had been incorporated R ised urban society with trading connections to Early Dynastic by these groups post-2000 BP. Finally, a mix of foraging and e´ Egypt. High status Egyptian artefacts were found within local cultivation economy characterized the semi-sedentary residen- s houses. By the end of the EBII, the well organised urban so- tial groups of later Pre-Hispanic Period (1000-300 BP) and u ciety had collapsed and a new pottery tradition, Khirbet Kerak early Colonial Times (250 BP). However, analyses of the taxa m Ware, with links to the Kura-Araxes of the Caucasus, appeared recovered have revealed differences and similarities between e´ at the site in the EBIII.Archaeobotanical data provides impor- northern and north-western areas of Cordoba province. In the s tant insights into the development of urban society in the EBII spectrum of wild plants, mistol (Ziziphus mistol) dominated and the cultural affinity of the Khirbet Kerak Ware users at the northern archaeobotanical assemblages among other taxa, C the site. Over time, food processing and distribution changed while algarrobo (Prosopis sp.) was the only wild taxa present o at Tel Beit Yerah, shifting from household crop processing in in north-western ones. On the other hand, the spectrum of cul- m the EBI to centralised grain distribution in the EBII and back tivated plants showed abundant maize (Zea mays), and quinoa m to household crop processing after the collapse of the well or- (Chenopodium quinoa) and Phaseolus vulgaris presence in u ganised urban society. In the EBIII, the crop assemblages from northern area, while scarce maize, abundant beans (Phaseolus n Khirbet Kerak Ware contexts include a greater variety of ce- vulgaris and P. lunatus), and squash (Cucurbita sp.) presence i real taxa than those in earlier periods or contemporary local’ in north-western area. In sum, this whole approach, which c contexts. By comparing the crop preferences at Tel Beit Yerah includes multiple evidences analysis, have allowed knowing a to other sites in the Near East, the relationship between Khir- about the types and manners in which wild and cultivated re- t i 20 o n s A B S T sources had been consumed in central Argentina in ancient Keywords: Food, Amazonia, Rainforest, Terra Preta, Microbotanical R times, an area from where archaeobotanical information was remains A very scarce. C ´ T Keywords: Archaeobotany, Hunter-gatherer groups, Agricultural ”El Arbol y el Paaj”.´ A dialogue between archaeobotany S societies, Cordoba´ province, Argentina. and ethnography in norwestern Argentina

”El Arbol´ y el Paaj”.´ Un dialogue entre archeobotanique´ et L ethnographie dans le N-O de l’Argentine E Microbotanical remains from sediments and pottery of C Terra Preta do Indio´ settlements: an approach to Mar´ıa Bernarda Marconetto1, Guillermo Gardenal1 T food-ways in the Amazonian rainforest U R 1 Instituto de Antropolog´ıa de Cordoba´ CONICET Universidad Nacional de Macro-residus´ botaniques de sediments´ et de poteries E Cordoba´ – Argentina provenant d’etablissements´ de Terra Preta do Indio´ : une S approche des pratiques alimentaires en foretˆ tropicale amazonienne We propose a dialogue between our results of ethnographic and archaeobotanical research in northwestern Argentina. Marco Madella1,2,3, Juan Jose´ Garc´ıa-Granero4, Javier Generally this link has been controversial in the history of Ruiz-Perez´ 1, Carla Lancelotti1, Evgenia Tsafou5, Marcia these disciplines, avoiding the long-discussed ethnographic Calegari6, Rodrigo Macedo7 analogy in archeology. However we want to retake it con- sidering that ethnography is an excellent tool to break our ideas when interpreting the archaeological record. The links 1 CaSEs Research Group, Department of Humanities, Universitat Pompeu between humans and plants in our area of research, and in Fabra – Spain general among native populations of South America, differs 2 Department of Archaeology and Anthropology, IMF-CSIC – Spain significantly to western logic that views plants as mere re- 3 ICREA – Spain sources. As this relationship is richer than this western sim- 4 CaSEs Research Group, Department of Archaeology and Anthropology, IMF- ple approach, we are interested to discuss our results based on CSIC – Spain broader patterns linking humans and plants. 5 School of History and Archaeology, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki – We can take the case of two particular tree taxa. On one hand, Greece a highly prevalent genus in the archaeological record of the 6 Departamento de Geografia, Universidade Estadoal do Oeste do Parana´ – region, the ”algarrobo” Prosopis sp also known as ”the tree”; Brazil and on the other hand the ”Quebracho colorado” or Paaj be- 7 Departamento de Cienciaˆ do Solo, Universidade de Sao˜ Paulo – Brazil longing to the Schinopsis sp genus. Both types of tree are quite abondant in our region, however in archaeological contexts the Amazonian dark earths (ADE) are anthropogenic soils called abundance of the ”algarrobo” contrasts with a remarkable ab- Terra Preta do Indio´ (TPI) in Brazil, created by indigenous sence of the ”quebracho”. Paleoenvironmental, taphonomi- people hundreds or thousands years ago. TPI is a black soil, cal or economical explanations, do not account for this differ- associated with long lasting Indian settlement sites, and it is ence. Trying to understand the archaeological evidence, took filled with ceramics and other cultural debris. The site ob- us to explore other ethnographical logics, moving away from ject of this research is part of the protected area (partially un- interpretations that end up approaching dangerously to mod- der cultivation) in the Embrapa Amazoniaˆ Ocidental outside ern mining logic. Manaus (Amazonas, Brazil). The area of the Rio Solimoes- Rio Negro confluence, where our site is located, has been sys- Keywords: Archaeobotany, Ethnography, Trees, Northwest Ar- tematically studied from 1995 to 2010 by the Central Ama- gentina zon Project (Rebellato et al. 2009). The project confirmed the existence of large settlements associated to Terra Preta Plants in the ritual landscape of Prehistoric Greece (ADE) and mounds associated with the Tradic¸ao Borda In- cisa (TBI). The archaeological sites of the confluence area are Les plantes en usage dans le paysage rituel de la Grece` often large settlements or mounds associated to Terra Preta prehistorique´ R (ADE) with thick multicomponent deposits, reaching in some e´ cases almost 300 cm depth. Earlier occupations are associated Evi Margaritis1 s with the Tradic¸ao Borda Incisa (TBI) while later occupations u (which are the focus of this study) are connected to the cul- m 1 STARC, Cyprus Institute – Cyprus tural tradition of the Guarita phase, starting at around 1000 e´ AD. Such occupations mark a break in the forms of the set- s tlements and in the ceramic production technique. Two test Recent work on plant remains in archaeological deposits has trenches were excavated in 2013, in order to understand the revolutionised our understanding of fundamental aspects of C pedological development of the ADE. Various pottery sherds the past: agriculture, domestication, environmental change, o were collected for phytoliths and starch grain analyses. Sed- diet, economy and daily life. A key missing element is the m iments from the pedo-cultural sequence were also collected. place of ritual: this paper explores the use of plants in ritual m Extractions were carried out at EMBRAPA and BioGeoPal and funerary contexts. Ritual, cult and religion are subjects u Laboratory in Barcelona. In this paper, we present the results that have been a focus of Greek archaeology, emphasising n of the microfossils study from both sediments and pottery, and such aspects as architecture, pottery and other material cul- i discuss their relevance in relation to Terra Preta taphonomy, ture and employing theoretical models, especially concerning c food processing and plant exploitation in the Central Amazon. mortuary practices. While animal sacrifice has been a focus a t i 21 o n s A B S T R of research, other practices, particularly involving the role of study aims at : A plants, have been passed over in silence. The ritual deposits - Determining which crops were cultivated for human con- C examined in this paper are burials, altars, domestic sacrificial sumption and which wild plants were gathered for consump- T pyres and temple offerings. These assemblages offer a wide tion, medicine or other purposes; S spectrum of ritual practice linked by the common theme of the - Identifying processing techniques and their possible location; deposition of plant material. - Describing agricultural practices and rhythms of agriculture L The detailed sampling undertaken at the sites in question al- (summer/winter crop weed communities, low/high sickle cuts, E lows clarification of whether plant remains are present as de- weed phytosociology, storage, etc.), and studying their effects C liberate sacrifice by fire, as food remains consumed during the on soil and landscape. T ritual performed, or as part of the original fuel of the fire. The Finally, our analyses will help clarify the function of these U clarification of these issues plays a crucial role in a develop- sites and establish whether these settlements were occupied R ing full understanding of the observed practices and the subse- all year round or not. E quent interpretation of people’s choices. In this way, it is pos- Keywords: Alps, Archaeobotany, Highland agriculture, Bronze Age, S sible to reconstruct funerary and ritual practices. Specifically, this paper will: 1) identify rites and their stages through the Iron Age composition of the deposits; 2) observe variation of the plant remains by context (burials vs altars and ritual vs quotidian); Gathering plants in Upper Paleolithic: seeds and fruits 3) examine whether plant remains are imports from other ar- from Cova de les Cendres (Teulada-Moraira, Alicante, eas, whether they are edible and whether they are intended to Spain) be consumed; and 4) determine whether plants mentioned in the literature as symbols of sleep, death, reincarnation, immor- La cueillette des plantes au Paleolitique´ superieur.´ Fruits et tality were actually used. For the first time, the plant remains graines issus de la grotte des Cendres (Teulada-Moraira, will contribute to a holistic interpretation of the ritual past. Alicante, Espagne) Keywords: Ritual, Funerary, Neolithic, Bronze Age, Intentional de- 1 1 position Carmen Mar´ıa Mart´ınez-Varea , Ernestina Badal Garc´ıa

1 Universitat de Valencia.` Departament de Prehistoria` i Arqueologia – Spain Life in the mountains: plant exploitation in the Alps during the Bronze and Iron age Fruits, tubers, leaves and other plant parts constitute an im- La vie dans les montagnes : exploitation des plantes dans les portant part of Palaeolithic hunters-gatherers diet. Moreover, Alpes au cours des agesˆ du Bronze et du Fer these groups must have used plants with other purposes. How- ever they haven’t been studied in depth by the traditional re- search. Nevertheless, this situation is currently changing and Lucie Martin1,2, Marie Besse2, Pierre-Jer´ omeˆ Rey1 the evidences of the use of vegetal resources are increasing thanks to several methods. 1 Laboratory of Prehistoric Archaeology and Anthropology, University of The available data for the Iberian Peninsula were scarce, the Geneva – Switzerland reason why we explored this question in the Spanish Mediter- 2 EDYTEM – CNRS : UMR5204, Universite´ de Savoie Mont Blanc – France ranean Region. We present the first results of the carpological analysis of Cova de les Cendres (Teulada-Moraira, Alicante, The alpine environment is both attractive and restrictive: on Spain). In this cave, a wide Paleolithic sequence has been the one hand, mountains have delivered significant resources documented, with Gravettian, Solutrean and Magdalenian lev- as obsidian, greenstone or rock crystal, and since the Ne- els. In all occupation levels, charred seeds were highly numer- olithic they are frequently assigned to pastoralism; on the other ous and their analysis is in process. For now, we are going hand, to exploit these territories, people had to adapt to the ef- to present the first results of the Middle Magdalenian level, fects of altitude, elevation changes and steep slopes. Thus, in from which we recovered 804 charred and mineralised macro- mountainous context, plant economy – including harvesting of remains in 138 litres of sediment. The density is high, with 5.8 plants and agriculture – is organized seasonally. remains/litre. Twenty-five different taxa have been identified R Considering these natural requirements and different technical among the assemblage. We have interpreted them as remains e´ choices, archaeobotanical research helps to understand how of food, like some Rosaceae or Ficus carica, or basketry, like s prehistoric communities have adapted to these environmental Stipa tenacissima. u constraints, especially in altitude, above 1000 m a.s.l. Moreover, this study allowed us to reconstruct the landscape m Since the Bronze Age, human impact on the environment is and climate more accurately, joining anthracological and car- e´ clearly visible. Agriculture is clearly attested up to 1500 m pological results. In the east of the Iberian Peninsula, during s a.s.l and farming practices are diversifying. Furthermore, plant the cold and dry stadial periods, the formations dominated by diversity is growing and new cultivated species are introduced, Juniperus were really prominent. Although it is not possible to C like spelt or millet. identify Juniperus species on the basis of the anatomy of their o This presentation shows new data from three sites around the wood, by contrast, this can be achieved through the botanical m Petit-Saint-Bernard Pass, on the French-Italian border: Chate- identification of their seeds. In the Middle Magdalenian level m lard Derriere-la-Motte` in Bourg-Saint-Maurice (Savoie, 971 of Cova de les Cendres, seeds of Juniperus sabina, J. commu- u m a.s.l), and in the Aosta valley: Grande Golette and Pian del nis and J. oxycedrus have been identified. These, along with n Bosco, respectively located at 1525 and 1240 m a.s.l. Situated other species identified among the carpological and anthraco- i on an important circulation route, between the Rhoneˆ valley logical remains, allow for a high-resolution paleoclimatic re- c and the Po plain, these three settlements have delivered sev- construction. This has shown that the bioclimatic conditions a eral thousands of charred plant remains. Our archaeobotanical in Middle Magdalenian at Cova de les Cendres were similar t i 22 o n s A B S

4 T to those currently prevailing on the Iberian ranges, implying a Lizcano Prestel R 10C decrease in temperature. A 1 All the 14C dates from Cova de les Cendres have been ob- Departamento de Prehistoria y Arqueolog´ıa, Universidad de Granada – Spain C 2 tained on charcoals and seeds previously identified botani- Instituto Universitario de Investigacion´ en Arqueologa Iberica,´ Universidad T cally. At Middle Magdalenian level, charred seeds of Junipe- de Jaen´ – Spain S rus sabina, mineralised nutlets of Lithospermum cf. arvense 3 Laboratorio de Biogeoqu´ımica de Isotopos´ Estables, Instituto Andaluz de and charcoal of Ephedra sp. have been dated. The three radio- Ciencias de la Tierra (CSIC-UGR) – Spain L 4 carbon dates, including mineralised seeds, are coherent among Area´ de Urbanismo. Ayuntamiento de Ubeda – Spain E them, with the cultural assignment of the level and with the in- C dicated ecological conditions. In this paper we present preliminary results of carbon iso- T tope analyses (d13C) of Vicia faba L. seeds from the archae- U Keywords: Hunters-Gatherers, Middle Magdalenian, Landscape, ological site of Eras del Alcazar´ (Ubeda, Spain). Samples R Seed, Iberian Peninsula range chronologically from early 3rd Millennium to the mid- E 2nd Millennium cal. B.C. Results have been compared to car- S Wood, food and landscape: the archaeobotany of the pological and others archaeobotanical data of this settlement. Terramare The aim of this study was twofold: firstly, to assess land man- agement strategies and the available conditions for agricultural Bois, alimentation et paysage : l’archeobotanique´ des production to the inhabitants of this settlement; secondly, to Terramare verify climate changes and the advance of the process of arid- ity in the studied area. The results highlight a strongly anthro- Anna Maria Mercuri1, Marta Bandini Mazzanti1, Giovanna pogenic context in which new farming systems were imple- Bosi1, Elisabetta Castiglioni1, Assunta Florenzano1, Maria mented due to the trend towards drier weather conditions. Chiara Montecchi1, Rossella Rinaldi1, Mauro Rottoli2, Rita Terenziani1, Paola Torri1 Keywords: Isotopic composition of carbon δ13C, Iberian Peninsula, Middle Holocene, Vicia faba L., Agricultural practices 1 Laboratorio di Palinologia e Paleobotanica, Dipartimento di Scienze della Vita, Universita` di Modena e Reggio Emilia – Italy Palaeolithic plant exploitation in the Western 2 Laboratorio di Archeobiologia, Musei Civici di Como – Italy Mediterranean: macrobotanical evidence of food and basketry at Middle Stone Age and Later Stone Age sites Terramare is the Middle Bronze Age culture that developed at in Morocco and Tunisia c. 1650–1150 BC in the Po Plain (Northern Italy), reaching a very high demographic density at the peak of its development Exploitation des plantes durant le Paleolithique´ en at c. 1400–1250 BC. Pollen and macroremains from settle- Mediterran´ ee´ occidentale. Temoins´ macroscopiques de ments and necropolis have been analyzed and permitted to re- residus´ alimentaires et d’activites´ de vannerie dans des sites construct the cultural landscape that developed from a combi- du Paleolithique´ moyen et final au Maroc et en Tunisie nation of wood and water management, and a complex agricul- ture economy. The plain was characterised by a natural open- Jacob Morales1, Lydia Zapata1, Leonor Pena-Chocarro˜ 2,3, ness of the landscape yet with a presence of thin woodlands, a Abdeljalil Bouzouggar4, Nick Barton5, Louise Humphrey6, good water supply and fertile soils of the alluvial plain of the Simone Mulazzani7,Jorg¨ Linstadter¨ 8, Lotfi Belhouchetr9 river Po. The landscapes had general features and local pecu- liarities of the area of influence of each terramara settlement. 1 Departamento Geograf´ıa, Historia y Arqueolog´ıa, University of the Basque Cereal fields were not uniformly distributed around the vil- Country – Spain lages but, together with pastures, constituted an important trait 2 Laboratorio de Arqueobiolog´ıa. Instituto de Historia. CCHS/CSIC – Spain of the agrarian landscapes. Besides cereal grains, grapevines 3 Escuela Espaola de Historia y Arqueolog´ıa en Roma/ CSIC – Italy and cornelian cherries marked the carpological records. Also 4 Institut National des Sciences de l’Archeologie´ et du Patrimoine – Morocco fruits of hazelnut and sloe, and other trees/shrubs growing in 5 Institute of Archaeology, University of Oxford – United Kingdom woods, are evidence that diversified food resources were avail- 6 Department of Earth Sciences, The Natural History Museum – United King- able. dom R 7 Aix-Marseille Universite´ – CNRS : UMR7269 – France e´ Keywords: Bronze Age, Po Plain, Environment management, Agri- 8 University of Cologne, Germany – Germany s culture, Food 9 Musee´ archeologique´ de Sousse – Tunisia u m Values of isotopic composition of carbon (δ13C) in This contribution presents the preliminary results of the Pa- e´ samples of Vicia faba L. seeds from Eras del Alcazar´ leoplant project (Palaeolithic plant exploitation in the West- s (Ubeda, southeastern Spain): agricultural production, ern Mediterranean) funded by the European Research Council. climate change and human impact The paper aims to explore the presence of macrobotanical re- C mains and to assess the role of plants during the Middle Stone o Valeurs isotopiques du carbone (δ13C) obtenues a` partir de Age (MSA) and Later Stone Age (LSA) of North-Western m graines de Vicia faba L. du site de Eras del Alcazar´ (Ubeda, Africa. Previous research on the Palaeolithic economy in this m S.-E de l’Espagne) : production agricole, changement region has emphasized the role of land snails and animal re- u climatique et impact anthropique sources, but little attention has been paid to the use of plants. n Here we present the preliminary results from systematic anal- i 1 2 Adrian´ Mora-Gonzalez´ , Eva Montes-Moya , Antonio yses of charred macro-botanical remains at several MSA and c 3 3 Delgado-Huertas , Arsenio Granados-Torres , Rafael LSA sites in Morocco and Tunisia. We identified abundant a t i 23 o n s A B S T R remains of several plants in all the sites, with wild legumes, ical of cereal crops may reflect short use of these fields. This A pine nuts, acorns, and Alfa grass being the most frequent. Ar- conclusion coincides with hypotheses on extensive, slash-and- C chaeobotanical and ethnographic evidence suggests that wild burn system of cereal cultivation, practiced by communities of T legumes, pine nuts and acorns could have been used for hu- theTRB. An attempt to determine the economic importance of S man consumption while Alfa grass may have been utilized as a other cultivars is much more difficult because of their low rep- source of fiber for basketry. We propose that food plants could resentation. One way or another, the TRB inventories contain L have played an important role in the diet, providing a highly remains of pea (Pisum sativum), lentil (Lens culinaris), linseed E nutritious food source which could also be stored. Palaeolithic (Linum usitatissimum) and poppy (Papaver somniferum). The C hunter-gatherers have been depicted as meat-eaters in which occurrence of these species in subfossil materials is indicative T plants played a secondary role; but data from MSA and LSA of their economic importance. U sites in North-Western Africa suggest that there was diversity Keywords: Neolithic, Funnel Beaker Culture, Cultivated plants, Cul- R among Palaeolithic groups, and that vegetal sources could play tivation model, Poland E an important role in the economy of some pre-agrarian soci- S eties. Staple Crops, Identity and Political Economy in Iron Age Keywords: Macrobotanical remains, Palaeolithic, North Africa, Wild and Archaic Italy food plants, Basketry Cultures de base, identite´ et economie´ politique dans l’Italie Plants of the second stage of Neolitisation in Poland de l’ageˆ du Fer et de la periode´ archa¨ıque

Les plantes liees´ a` la seconde vague de neolithisation´ en Laura Motta1 Pologne 1 University of Michigan – United States Magdalenia Moskal-Del Hoyo1, Maria Lityinska-Zajac´ 2, 1 1 3 Aldona Mueller-Bieniek , Magda Kapcia , Marek Nowak Staple foods offer an ideal opportunity to investigate cultural identity and socio-economic interactions. In Iron Age and Ar- 1 W. Szafer Institute of Botany, Polish Academy of Sciences – Poland chaic Central Italy several kinds of cereal staples were grown, 2 Institute of Archaeology and Ethnology, Polish Academy of Sciences – Poland consumed and possibly exchanged. In recent years there have 3 Institute of Archaeology, Jagiellonian University – Poland been a growing number of new projects that have incorpo- rated the study of archaeobotanical remains. Different pat- Neolithic communities appeared in Polish territories around terns are emerging suggesting interesting implications for the the mid sixth millennium BC. However, until the beginning understanding of the cultural and political landscape of Cen- of the fourth millennium BC, they primarily inhabited and ex- tral Italy in a period of rapid transformations. The resulting ploited only small enclaves, distinguished by ecological con- picture is compared with the current reconstructions of food- ditions favourable to farming. This changed during the first ways, diet and staple exchange networks which are typically half of the fourth millennium BC, when Neolithic settlement based primarily on the written sources. Significant differences spread over the vast majority of what is now Poland. These are notable, pointing to the existence of multiple local cultural processes are reflected by the expansion of the Funnel Beaker traditions, which influenced the choice of crops and their pro- culture (TRB). cessing. This is in contrast with the more homogenous narra- Agricultural activities of these people are mirrored in many tives relying on historical documents that are likely to present, off-site data (mainly pollen diagrams). These activities are if they are at all accurate, the situation of the city of Rome it- witnessed i.a. by sporomorphs of Cerealia, which have been self, rather than that of the rest of Central Italy. Keywords: Iron regularly recorded since ca. 4000/3800 BC. However, agro- Age, Europe, Diet, Trade, Methods pastoral economy of the TRB is directly evidenced by on-site analyses. Currently, we have a fairly large amount of data on plants cultivated by TRB people. The identification of culti- Breaking boarders, neolithisation of the Kujawy region in vated species was possible thanks to the analysis of charred Central Poland through archaeobotanical data remains scattered in features (e.g. Bronocice, Mozgawa) or R Briser les frontieres` : neolithisation´ de la region´ de Kujawy found as concentrated in storage pits (e.g. Krakow-Mogila,´ e´ dans le centre de la Pologne, d’apres` les donnees´ Krakow-Prdnik´ Czerwony), or plant impressions on daub (e.g. s archeobotaniques´ u Donatkowice, Niedzwied´ z).´ On this ground one can conclude m that mainly emmer (Triticum dicoccon), einkorn (T. monococ- Aldona Mueller-Bieniek1, Magda Kapcia1, Magdalenia e´ cum) and barley (Hordeum vulgare) were grown. The role Moskal Del-Hoyo1, Dorota Nalepka1, Joanna Pyzel2, s of other cereals was insignificant. The pattern of deposition 3 3 4 of caryopses of these two species of wheat suggests that they Ryszard Grygiel , Bazej Muzolf , Peter Bogucki C could be sown together, in a form of maslin with predomi- 1 W. Szafer Institute of Botany, Polish Academy of Sciences – Poland o nance of emmer (up to 90%). Emmer monoculture could also 2 Institute of Archaeology, University of Gdansk – Poland m be practised, as evidenced by pure deposits of this wheat (e.g. 3 Museum of Archaeology and Ethnology – Poland m Wwolnica). 4 School of Engineering and Applied Science, Princeton University – United u It should be noted that the degree of weed infestation in grain States n has been insignificant. This could be due to the low contam- i ination of crops or very good cleaning of grain by the then c farmers. The degree of infestation of fields depends i.a. on the The studied region is located at the norther frontier of the a duration of their use. Therefore, a small amount of weeds typ- Neolithic colonisation in Central Europe, out of the preferred t i 24 o n s A B S T by the first farmers loess zone. The area was covered by ice crop processing, agricultural conditions and preferences and R during the last glacial period. The aim of the study it a pre- local ecological conditions at the time of occupation. A sentation of carpological and anthracological on-site data from C Keywords: South Asia, Sri Lanka, Archaeobotany, Radiocarbon twelve archaeological sites clustered around Brzes´c´ Kujawski, T Dates Oslonki and Ludwinowo in the east part of ”Black Kuyavia” S (Czarne Kujawy). The area is covered mostly by black soils, similar to chernozems but of different origin. The most inter- Domestication of soybean and azuki bean in prehistoric L esting now Ludwinowo 7 site is located on the boarder of the Japan E Kujawy upland and the Wisla valley, the latter covered mostly C by sands. Despite the LBK sites are present north from the Domestication du soja et du haricot azuki dans le Japon T studied region, Ludwinowo 7 is the only LBK settlement in prehistorique´ U Kujawy with more than one house. It was excavated during R the large scale emergency works connected with motorway Hiroo Nasu1 E buildings. S The paper will present data from the archaeological features 1 The Graduate University for Advanced Studies (SOKENDAI) – Japan dated to the Danubian cultures (the Linear Pottery culture, the Stroke Band Pottery culture, the Lengyel culture) and the Funnel Beaker culture (TRB) from the same microregion. This paper presents new data on size of carbonized seeds and In the old, already published research the Lengyel culture seed impressions of soybean (Glycine max) and azuki bean data dominated. The new studies from most eastern sites (Vigna angularis) from prehistoric Japan, and discusses the Smolsk´ and Ludwinowo brought important information about timing of size enlargement and the process of domestication. I the Linear Pottery plants. The most valuable seems the role also compared the data with prehistoric Korea and China. The of Chenopodium in the economy of farmers. Unripe, charred results show that the earliest record of use of small soybean seeds of the plant were the most numerous and frequent re- and azuki bean seed (probably wild type) starts from Incipient mains at Ludwinowo 7 site. Sixty Chenopodium seeds and 3 to Initial Jomon period (ca. 13500-9000 cal BP). The statis- einkorn chaff remains from the same archaeological sample tically significant seed size enlargement of soybean has been were AMS dated as separate two subsamples giving the same seen from the late part of Middle Jomon samples (ca. 4500 LBK dates (ca. 5300-5000 cal BC). cal BP) both in carbonized seed and seed impressions. For The Danubian cultures plants are compared with the Funnel azuki bean, seed enlargement is found from the late part of Beaker data, the latter very scarce till now. In the paper both Late Jomon period (ca. 3500 cal BP) in carbonized seed data, typical cultivars and plants known as wild growing ones are however seed shape is getting round from the late part of Mid- included as a source of information about past plant economy. dle Jomon (ca. 4500 cal BP), and also seed impressions are The environmental background apart from the geographical getting larger from this period onward. Thus, the selection information will be highlighted by palynological and anthra- pressure for the large seed and/or round shape has increased cological data. in the late part of Middle Jomon period both in soybean and azuki bean. The rate of seed size enlargement is faster than in The study is financed by National Science Centre on the basis prehistoric Korea and China, probably because the selection of decision DEC-2013/10/M/HS3/00537. pressure for the large seed by Jomon people was higher than by cereal users in prehistoric Korea and China. The selec- Keywords: Economical plants, Environment, Linear cultures, TRB, tion pressures probably increased during the Early to Middle Kuyavia (Kujawy) Jomon period in prehistoric Japan, because the date is just af- ter the mid Holocene cooling event (5000-6000 cal BP) and the population expansion in the central Japan. I will discuss From North to South, New Archaeobotanical and the reason why the domestication has occurred in this timing, Radiocarbon Evidence from Kirindia and Kandarodai, along with climate change, population pressure and resource Sri Lanka balance during the period.

Du Nord au Sud, nouveaux temoins´ archeobotaniques´ et Keywords: Domestication process, East Asian archaeobotany, Use of radiocarbones de Kirindia et Kandarodai, au Sri Lanka pulse, Preagricultural plant use R Charlene Murphy1 e´ Inferring changes in crop cultivation regimes in northern s France by investigating the weed flora composition from u 1 UCL, Institute of Archaeology – United Kingdom the Late Bronze Age to the Roman period m e´ This paper will present the new radiocarbon dating and Apprehender´ les changements intervenus dans les pratiques s environmental data, specifically the archaeobotanical results culturales en France septentrionale par l’analyse des recovered from flotation, from the historic coastal sites of corteges` adventices, de l’ageˆ du Bronze a` la fin du C Kirindia (400-850 AD), in the southern province, and Kan- Bas-Empire o darodai (300-50 BC), located in the Jaffna peninsula in the m 1 2 3 north of Sri Lanka. Both Sri Lankan archaeological excava- Elsa Neveu ,Cecile´ Brun , Emmanuelle Bonnaire , m 4,5 6,7 tions were carried out as part of the larger SEALINKS Project, Genevieve Daoulas , Marie Derreumaux , Fred´ erique´ u 5,8 5,6 6 investigating trade links across the Indian Ocean. The ar- Durand ,Ben´ edicte´ Pradat , Franc¸oise Toulemonde , n 5 6 chaeobotanical assemblages from both these sites, located at Julian Wiethold ,Veronique´ Zech-Matterne i the extreme ends of the island of Sri Lanka, are dominated c by rice but have key differences which suggest differences in 1 CReAAH – Universite´ de Nantes, CNRS : UMR6566 – France a t i 25 o n s A B S T 2 R GEODE – CNRS : UMR5602, Universite´ Toulouse le Mirail – France Reinhard on Mt. Ampato, a stratovulcano in southern Peru. 3 A EA 3795 GEGENAA – Universite´ Champagne Ardenne, Bibracte EPCC, In between 1440 and 1450 AD the girl at the age of 12 – 14 C Centre archeologique´ europeen´ – France years was offered on the Ampato summit at about 6300 m al- 4 T ArScAn – Universite´ Paris I, CNRS : UMR7041, Universite´ Paris X – France titude and was buried on a platform. Due to Global Warming 5 S Institut National de Recherches Archeologiques´ Preventives´ (INRAP) – the platform collapsed and the mummy had fallen inside the France crater about 65 m below the summit together with female fig- 6 L AASPE – CNRS : UMR7209, MNHN, Sorbonne-Universites´ – France urines, food and pottery. This combination of material offer- 7 E CRAVO – CNRS : UMR7209 – France ings and human sacrifices in the Inca ritual is termed a ”ca- 8 C TRACES – CNRS : UMR5608, Universite´ Toulouse le Mirail – France pacocha complex”. Here we present the analysis of the plant T remains recovered with the body. All of the committed plant U The evolution of crop production in northern Gaul is now remains are edible and most of them belong to crops. Pre- R easier to reconstruct thanks to the high number of archaeob- dominant are carbohydrates delivering plants, e.g. Zea mays, E otanical studies of rural settlements, in addition to the dozen Chenopodium quinoa, Solanum tuberosum, Ipomea batatas, S concerning the oppida. The mapping of the results has re- but also legumes like Phaseolus lanatus and P. vulgaris are vealed sharp regional patterns in cereals exploitation, in rela- detected. Single fruits of Psidium guajava and Pouteria lu- tion with the cattle breeding and storage specificities (Zech- cuma represented also in the find assemblage. Furthermore a Matterne et al. 2013). We have then proceeded further with bundle of leaves from the Coca tree (Erythroxylum coca) sug- the reconstruction of agrarian practices by applying and ex- gests its consumption. The implications of the plant findings ploiting some aspects of weed ecology on archaeobotanical and the Inca offering rite are discussed. data deriving from more than hundred sites, located in the re- Keywords: The Andes, Human sacrifice, Capacocha gions Picardy, Ile-de-France,ˆ Champagne-Ardenne, Lorraine and Alsace. The characteristics of the weedy vegetation asso- ciated with the cultivated fields were analyzed using parame- The reticulated origins of domesticated tetraploid wheats: ters like flowering season, soil-disturbance indicators and the novel evidence from whole-genome polymorphisms and use of fertilizers. The aim of our study was to gain a better organelle genome sequencing insight into the cultivation techniques, the appearance of fal- low land and the spread of new segetal species (Zech-Matterne Emergence par reticulation´ des bles´ tetraplo´ ¨ıdes : nouveaux & Brun 2016 ; Toulemonde et al., forthcoming). In this pa- indices issus du sequenc¸age´ des polymorphismes de genomes´ per, we apply this approach to the archaeobotanical data set entiers (SNPs) et des organites obtained from the central and northern part of France (north of the river Loire). The chronological frame covers a time Hugo R. Oliveira1, Peter Civan1, Terry Brown1 span from the late Bronze Age until the end of the Roman pe- riod. This chronological sequence is patterned by some major 1 Faculty of Life Sciences. Manchester Institute of Biotechnology. The Univer- events, in particular the appearance of an urbanization phe- sity of Manchester – United Kingdom nomenon during the late Iron Age and the conquest of Gaul by the Roman armies. Increasing soil occupation is occurring in the late La Tene` period, followed by the concentration of Emmer (Triticum dicoccum L.) was one of the first crops to important populations in the oppida and a struggle concern- be domesticated in the Near East Neolithic. Based on genetics, ing access to cultivated land. Studying the important changes archaeobotanical and experimental data, two models explain- in agricultural practices through time allows to understand dif- ing how the domesticated forms and full-fledged agriculture ferent aspects of resource management, in particular cereal ex- emerged have been proposed. One postulates a fast process ploitation and food supply. It is indeed important to estimate to occurring in a core area, the other a protracted model with do- what extent these agricultural changes were relevant and sus- mestication occurring slowly after a mixing of wild genotypes tainable enough to meet the requirements of these new proto- with piece-meal emergence of domesticated traits all around urban centres and how and to what extent they contributed to a the Fertile Crescent rather in a single or small number of core trade mainly based on staple foods, which developed consid- areas. erably after the Roman conquest. We postulate a reticulated origin of emmer wheat. Reticula- tion refers to the genetic pattern arising when different parts R Keywords: Weed flora, Crop production, Northern France, Bronze of a genome have different genealogical histories due, for ex- e´ Age, Iron Age, Antiquity ample, to introgression, incomplete lineage sorting, or hybrid s speciation. To test the hypothesis that the relationship between wild and domesticated emmer is reticulated rather than lin- u The plant remains of the “Ice-maiden”, the Inca mummy ear we genotyped-by-sequencing (GBS) 72 accessions of wild m from Mt. Ampato, Peru e´ emmer, 35 emmer and 57 other cultivated tetraploids from the Near East and nearby regions. We generated > 10,000 unbi- s Restes veg´ etaux´ associes´ a` la momie inca “Juanita” ased single-nucleotide-polymorphisms (SNPs) specific to our decouverte´ dans les Monts Ampato, au Perou´ C accession panel. In addition to these bi-parentally inherited SNP markers, we sequenced the maternally inherited mito- o Klaus Oeggl1 m chondria and chloroplast genomes of 92 accessions of wild m emmer and emmer from the Near East. 1 Institute for Botany, University of Innsbruck – Austria u Our data suggests that introgression and lineage sorting n shaped the population structure of wild and cultivated cereals i In 1995 the frozen body of an Inca girl, named the ”Ice- in the Near East, with domesticated genotypes acquiring alle- c Maiden” or ”Frozen Lady” in analogy to the Neolithic Ty- les from different wild populations. Our genetic data is in ac- a rolean Iceman, was discovered by the anthropologist Johan cordance with a protracted model, the archaobotanical record, t i 26 o n s A B S T and falsifies previous studies suggesting single-domestications leaves of two pairs of crops, Panicum miliaceum L. (common R in a single core-area. millet) and Setaria italica (L.) P. Beauv. (foxtail millet) on the A one hand and Pennisetum glaucum (L.) R. Br. and Sorghum C Keywords: Emmer, Domestication, GBS, Genomics, Protracted bicolor ssp. bicolor (L.) on the other hand. These four taxa T model have been of major economic importance since Prehistory and S regularly occur at archaeological sites in Eurasia and Africa respectively. Occasionally the Asian and African crops also The archaeobotanical material from Late Bronze Age L co-occurr, for example in India. Jaffa / Israel E Leaves of two plants of five modern-day populations of Pan- C icum miliaceum, Setaria italica, Pennisetum glaucum and Le materiel´ archeobotanique´ du site de l’ageˆ du Bronze final T Sorghum bicolor were systematically sampled to collect 27 de Jaffa, Israel¨ U morphometric variables of size and shape of ca. 2000 bilobate R phytoliths per species with new, open-source software. The Andrea´ Orendi1, Simone Riehl2 E results show that it is possible to distinguish between the bilo- S bates from leaves from Panicum miliaceum and Setaria ital- 1 Collaborative Research Centre 1070 Resource Cultures, University of Tubin-¨ ica, which offers potential for archaeobotany. In contrast, it is gen – Germany not possible to distinguish between Pennisetum glaucum and 2 Institute for Archaeological Sciences (University of Tubingen)¨ – Germany Sorghum bicolor in the same way. Nevertheless, comparison between the four taxa shows that it is possible to distinguish Jaffa is situated on the coast of the Southern Levant. Next to the bilobates from Pennisetum glaucum and Sorghum bicolor Ashkelon and Dor it was one of the few larger harbours along from those of Panicum miliaceum as well as from those of Se- the coastline. Therefore during the Late Bronze Age Jaffa was taria italica. an important outpost of the Egyptian suzerainty over Canaan. While the populations of most species are relatively well com- One evidence of its importance are the remains of two pillars parable, in Pennisetum glaucum one population stands out. Al- built by Ramses II. (13th cent. BC) which belong to a gate. though the experiment does not allow explaining this observa- In 2013 and 2014 this gate area was excavated by the Jaffa Cul- tion with certainty, it seems probable that environmental vari- tural Heritage Project (cooperation project of the UCLA, the ation affects phytolith morphometry. This has implications for University of Mainz, and the IAA). The excavation revealed a sampling strategies of future research and for the application scenario of an occupation and attacking of the Egyptian bas- of identification criteria for cereals based on phytolith mor- tion which culminated in the destroying of the Egyptian gate phometry to archaeological case studies. by fire. The burnt beams from the upper levels of the gate building covered the gateway. Due to the sudden destruction Keywords: Cereal identification, Millets, Crop by-products, Bilobate and burning down of the gate, crop that was stored along the phytoliths, Morphometry gateway passage was sealed under the wooden beams. The aim of this contribution is to present the significance of Olive tree (Olea europaea L.) domestication and the archaeobotanical material from Jaffa. Since the material cultivation in Greece from Bronze Age to Roman times: was found in situ a contamination from later periods can be evidence from seed shape and written sources excluded. Archaeobotanical publications working on the Late Bronze Age II period are rare. So the data from Jaffa will con- Domestication et culture de l’olivier (Olea europaea L.) en tribute to the investigation of the final years of the Egyptian Grece,` de l’ageˆ du Bronze a` l’epoque´ romaine, d’apres` la sovereignty. morphometrie´ des noyaux et les sources ecrites´ The archaeobotanical material from Jaffa is dominated by free threshing wheat. The comparison to other sites might show Clemence´ Pagnoux1,2, Vincent Bonhomme2,3, Laurent if the material from Jaffa corresponds with other sites which Bouby2, Sarah Ivorra2, Evi Margaritis4, Christophe Petit1, also have been under Egyptian control like Beth Shean and Tel Soultana Maria Valamoti5, Jean-Fred´ eric´ Terral2 Aphek.

Keywords: Jaffa, Late Bronze Age, Egyptian outpost, Macro re- 1 ArScAn – Universite´ Paris I - Pantheon-Sorbonne,´ CNRS : UMR7041, Uni- versite´ Paris X - Paris Ouest Nanterre La Defense´ – France mains, Free-threshing wheat R 2 ISEM - Montpellier – CNRS : UMR5554, IRD : UMR226, Universite´ Mont- e´ pellier II - Sciences et techniques – France s Towards the identification of cereal by-products by 3 School of Mathematics and Statistics - University of Sheffield – United King- u phytolith analysis dom m 4 STARC, Cyprus Institute – Cyprus e´ Vers une identification des sous-produits cer´ ealiers´ a` partir 5 School of History and Archaeology, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki – s de l’analyse des phytolithes Greece

Welmoed A. Out1, Marco Madella1 C The domestication of the olive tree (Olea europaea L.) took o place independently in several regions of the Mediterranean m 1 Moesgrd Museum, ICREA/University Pompeu i Fabra – Germany basin, and not exclusively in the Near Eastern centre, from m which emerged the most prevalent and diverse agrolineages u Better detection and taxonomic identification of cereal leaves during the 4th millennium BC. The contribution of the occi- n is expected to result in an improved understanding of the pres- dental genetic pool in the constitution of the olive varietal her- i ence and function of crop products at archaeological sites. itage, even if a lesser one, is supported by numerous data from c For this reason, this study focuses on bilobate phytoliths from genetics and archaeobiology. From the southern Levant, do- a t i 27 o n s A B S T R mesticated forms and cultivation practices would have spread This presentation will present new elements of archaeobotani- A to the Western Mediterranean and reached the Aegean world cal analysis of Khirokitia covering for the first time the whole C during the 3rd millennium BC. In Greece, the introduction of chronological sequence of the settlement. New data allow a T domesticated varieties and the development of olive tree culti- better understanding of agricultural practices, cereal process in S vation are considered as factors explaining the rise of the Mi- the village and gathering activities. Products and by-products noan civilization during the Middle Bronze Age. As in the of agriculture, in particular hulled wheat, form the major part L case of western Mediterranean areas, a domestication event of the remains offering further analysis on spikelet bases and E may have occurred in Greece before the introduction of new cereal processing. The data on agriculture combined with re- C varieties from the Levant. In fact, an increase of olive pollen sults in charcoal analysis, published by S. Thiebault´ (2003), T in Crete is reported during the middle Neolithic, which may indicate the use of local, available resources and two changes U reflect an increase of olive cultivation. in plant ratios during time. Some elements of this evolution R This study aims to understand the past and present diversity of reflect not only a material differentiation from the mainland E olive trees in Greece, according to the shape of modern and ar- but also the assertion of their own cultural characters. First S chaeological stones from various sites. It is based on a modern spatial analysis was conducted with the botanical data and ac- set of reference, which includes cultivars and wild populations curate archaeological information from inside and outside the from Greece and other countries around the Mediterranean Sea village and houses. The study has also made use of questions where olives trees grow spontaneously and have been culti- on possibility of contacts between the continent and Cyprus vated for a long time (Turkey, Syria, Lebanon, Egypt, Tunisia, during the key period of the original development of ”Culture Algeria, Morocco, Spain, France and Italy). Analysis of vari- of Khirokitia”. ation in stone shape aims to provide accurate criteria for the discrimination between wild and domesticated forms, and be- Keywords: Island, Neolithic diffusion, Agriculture, Domestic Space, tween different groups of varieties. To investigate the chrono- Gathering logical evolution of the cultivated olive forms and their ge- ographic distribution in ancient Greece, archaeological seeds The Bronze Age plant economy in the surroundings of the from 18 sites located in Macedonia, Central Greece, Pelopon- Alps: new results from two sites in N-Italy (Lake Garda nese and Crete are studied. The samples are dating back to a region) period ranging from the middle Bronze Age (2100-1700/1500 BC) to the Roman times (1st century AD). In addition, Greek L’economie´ veg´ etale´ a` l’ageˆ du Bronze dans les environs des and Latin literature may give insights into the culture, uses and Alpes : nouvelles donnees´ de deux sites du nord de l’Italie perception of olive varieties. Archaeological material is com- (region´ du lac de Garde) pared to this reference collection, to show possible relations between ancient olives and modern groups of varieties. Renata Perego1,2 Keywords: Olea europaea, Archaeological seeds, Greece, Geometric morphometrics, Written sources 1 IPNA / IPAS - Integrative Prehistory and Archaeological Science, University of Basel – Switzerland 2 Laboratory of Palynology and Palaeoecology CNR-IDPA Milano – Italy Standing apart from the Ceramic Neolithic of the Near East, the Cypriot Site of Khirokitia: New Data about the A comprehensive archaeobotanical study has been carried out Plant Economy on two Bronze Age lake-dwelling sites currently under exca- A l’ecart´ du Neolithique´ Ceramique´ du Proche Orient, le site vation in the area of Lake Garda, N-Italy. The two investigated chypriote de Khirokitia : nouvelles donnees´ sur l’economie´ sites are Lavagnone (119 m asl, Desenzano del Garda) and Lu- veg´ etale´ cone D (249 m asl, Polpenazze del Garda), both located inside the Garda morainic amphitheatre, about 10 km distant from each other.The Lavagnone lake has been continuously inhab- Andrea´ Pares´ 1, Margareta Tengberg1, Odile Daune-Le ited, from the earliest phases of the Early Bronze Age (EBA), Brun2 till the end of Middle Bronze Age (MBA) (2077-1400 BC). Thanks to a huge archaeological stratified deposit, it is the 1 AASPE – CNRS : UMR7209, MNHN, Sorbonne-Universites´ – France R main reference site defining the chronological periodisation 2 CNRS – UMR 7041 – France e´ of northern Italian Bronze Age. The Lucone D site revealed s two subsequent EBA pile-dwellings (preliminary dendrodates u Cyprus is nowadays the first example of colonisation and dif- 2035-1970 BC). The first phase ended with a fire event that led m fusion trans mare of wild and domestic plants and animals to a partial collapse of the structure. e´ from the Near East, during the Neolithic period. A total of more than 50’000 botanical remains were recovered s The site of Khirokitia situated on the southestern part of the and identified. They were deposited in a waterlogged envi- island has first defined Aceramic Neolithic of the island. Now ronment and preserved in very good state in both sites.The C known as the best example of the Late Aceramic Neolithic investigation in these sites south of the Alps is crucial to un- o of Cyprus (from 7000 to 5500 BC), Khirokitia presents evi- derstand the spread of Bronze Age plant economy in the Po m dence of an original cultural development compared to the pre- Plain, into the Alpine valleys and finally to the regions North m vious period, recently defined (Cypro-Early and Initial Ace- of the Alps. Important results have been obtained in both sites. u ramic Neolithic). Whereas connection with the mainland were A large variety of cereal crops have been detected in both age n strong both in technics and material in early phases, Khiroki- periods. Emmer, the new glume wheat’ type (NGW), barley i tia shows an original culture development from 7000 BC on- and einkorn resulted to be the most important cereals, while c wards, standing apart from the contemporaneous Pottery Ne- spelt and naked wheat (both, 6n and 4n) were secondary crops. a olithic in the west Asiatic continent. The abundance of the NGW remains is particularly notewor- t i 28 o n s A B S T thy. The spread of broomcorn millet cultivation and of pulses rationalites´ prehistoriques´ a` Majorque (ˆıles Baleares,´ R (mainly horsebean) have been precisely detected at the MBA Mediterran´ ee´ occidentale) A layers onset at Lavagnone. The finds of a conspicuous amount C 1,2 2 of wild edible plants testifies the large contribution of gath- Llorenc¸Picornell-Gelabert , Manuel Calvo Trias T ered species in food supply e.g. Rubus fruticosus, Fragaria S vesca, Cornus mas, Corylus avellana, Quercus sp., Ficus car- ica, Pyrus sp., Malus sp. and Vitis vinifera subsp. sylvestris. L E Keywords: Plant palaeoeconomy, North Italy, Bronze Age C T 1 AASPE – CNRS : UMR7209, MNHN, Sorbonne-Universites´ – France U Plant remains from the 2nd and 1st millennium BC in the 2 ArqueoUIB Research Team, Universitat de les Illes Balears – Spain Balearic Islands R E ”Landscape” constitutes a challenging arena for archaeo- Restes veg´ etaux´ des IIe et Ier millenaires´ av. J.-C. dans les S logical research, as it demands the combination of both ˆıles Baleares´ natural/environmental and social/cultural issues, necessarily

1 1 merged in the creation of such a research subject. Moreover, Guillem Perez-´ Jorda´ , Leonor Pena-Chocarro˜ ”islands” represent privileged scenarios to address landscape research since they constitute water-delimited (although not 1 GI Arqueobiolog´ıa. Instituto de Historia, CCHS-CSIC – Spain isolated) lands in which socio-environmental processes occur. On the basis of this two research subjects, islands and land- Each of the four islands forming the Balearic Archipelago has scapes, we propose to address the study of the construction of followed different historical processes characterized by differ- ”islandscapes” and landscape rationalities of prehistoric com- ent phases of occupation and abandonment. Furthermore, the munities of the island of Mallorca. To address this objective influence of the Phoenician colonization occurring from the we propose the integration of two research strategies: land- 1st millennium BC was also different in each island. Agricul- scape archaeology and anthracology (aka charcoal analysis). ture has been little studied in the region and our knowledge The Balearic prehistory is characterized by the emergence and is still limited. Thus, this paper aims at providing a general development of a particular monumental cyclopean architec- overview of the agrarian activity developed in the area through ture. During Bronze Age, the so-called ”navetiforms” consti- the examination of archaeobotanical datasets. tuted the monumentalization of domestic spaces, being the lo- The earliest data comes from the site of Els Riuets (For- cus in which social life was developed. Around c.900/800 cal. mentera) dated to the beginning of the 2nd millennium BC, this monumental architecture experienced a noticeable BC where cereals (Hordeum vulgare var. nudum and transformation. New types of cyclopean monuments emerged, Triticum aestivum-durum) and possibly legumes (Lathyrus ci- with tower-like constructions (the so-called ”talaiots”), stag- cera/sativus) were cultivated. In Menorca, the earliest assem- gered platforms and villages’ walls. It was now the social blages are dated to the second half of the 2nd millennium buildings, common to the inhabitants of each village, but not cal BC in sites such as S’Alblegall, Torralba d’en Salort and the domestic, private spaces, which exhibited the monumental the caves of Es Carritx and Des Mussol; here naked cereals architecture, and these buildings were located in walled vil- are dominant although Hordeum vulgare subsp. vulgare and lages creating visual networks of connection among the0m. Triticum dicoccum are also present. The construction of a social landscape through monumental Information regarding the 1st millennium cal BC comes from cyclopean architecture was manifestly different in each case. the other two islands. In Mallorca, for instance, agriculture is The sense of space changed from Bronze to Iron Age and, characterized by the cultivation of cereals and legumes while in this sense, we propose to analyze how the organization in Ibiza, fruit growing appears as significant feature. Bearing of landscape practices related to woody plants (archaeolog- in mind the limited archaeobotanical record, these differences ically observable through charcoal analysis) intervened with may be explained by the different processes that took place these landscape rationalities materially expressed and ”seman- in each island. While in Mallorca the local population main- ticized” by monumental architecture. Wood uses and, spe- tained limited contact with the Phoenician colonizers, Ibiza cially, firewood procurement and consumption constitute re- was settled, after a period of abandonment, by communities current landscape practices, developed in an everyday basis R of oriental origin that brought in a new type of agriculture in and central to the material life of human groups, as they e´ which fruit tree growing played an important role. guarantee the energetic social demands. The dialogue be- s tween archaeobotanical data and landscape archaeology re- u Keywords: Islands, Agriculture, Arboriculture, Phoenician coloniza- constructions allows exploring how the ”islandscapes” were m tion socially constructed after specific landscape practices, such e´ as firewood procurement, and architectural manifestations. s Both elements are archaeologically observable and, thus, al- Monumentalazing islandscapes, redefining forest low a holistic approach to how the islandscapes were built, C resources management: Merging anthracology and maintained and transformed through time. Both perishable o landscape archaeology to approach prehistoric landscape (wood/charcoal) and non-perishable (stone buildings) material m practices and rationalities in Mallorca (Balearic Islands, culture remains are explored to approach the construction of m western Mediterranean) specific islandscapes through the choices people made in re- u gards to the island landscapes that they inhabited. n Redefinir´ la gestion des ressources forestieres` en contexte i insulaire, en croisant les approches anthracologique et Keywords: Landscape practices, Archaeobotany, Anthracology, c d’archeologie´ du paysage pour comprendre les pratiques et Landscape archaeology, Monumentality a t i 29 o n s A B S T R The development of weed vegetation in the Evolution of plant economy in Medieval and A Carpathian-basin during the archaeological ages Post-Medieval Belgium, a review of the Archaeobotanical C Data T ˆ S Le developpement´ des adventices dans le Bassin des Evolution de l’economie´ veg´ etale´ au Moyen Age et ˆ Carpathes, aux epoques´ archeologiques´ Post-Moyen Age en Belgique, un bilan des vestiges L archeobotaniques´ E 1 1 1 Patr´ıcia Posa´ , Edina Csakv´ ari´ , Ferenc Gyulai 1 1 C Sidonie Preiss , Lien Speleers T U 1 Royal Belgian Institute of Natural Sciences – Belgium R E The first archaeobotanical studies on medieval and early S modern sites in Belgium were published in the eighties of 1 Szent Istvan´ University, Faculty of Agricultural and Environmental Sciences last century. Since then hundreds of samples from rescue ex- Institute of Nature Conservation and Landscape Management Department of cavations have been analysed and the increasing amount of Nature Conservation and Landscape Ecology – Hungary data permits a first review. In this presentation we will give a synthesis of the carpological records of cultivated and col- lected plants of economic importance from medieval and post- Thanks to archaeobotanical investigations, we can now treat medieval sites in Belgium. It will comprise published data it as a fact that the territory of Hungary is one of the longest from Flanders (the northern part of Belgium) and published inhabited parts of Europe. The Carpathian Basin plays a bridg- and unpublished data from the Brussels region and the Wal- ing role in the spread of plant cultivation know-how between loon region (the southern part of Belgium), recently collected the Balkans path leading from the region of the Middle East, by the archaeobotanical team of the Royal Belgian Institute of known as the Fertile Crescent, to Central Europe. The rela- Natural Sciences. tionship between cultivated plants as well as weeds has been After evaluating the potential and limits of this rich archaeob- determined by the lifestyles of the populations that have lived otanical dataset, diachronic trends related to intensification of in the Carpathian Basin and climatic conditions. The cultiva- crop cultivation, developments in horticulture and fruit cul- tion of several species of plants is only associated with a spe- tivation, introductions of non-indigenous species, changing cific archaeological era or a specific culture. The populations trade networks and changes in food consumption patterns of that have lived here have always brought and grown their own medieval and post-medieval populations will be discussed. cultivated plants with them when they moved into the area. The data will be confronted with information from historical The archaeobotanical research in Hungary reaches back more sources and archaeobotanical records from the wider region. than 140 years. During this long time 50 researchers were Finally we will define some research questions for future stud- active in this topic and 500 archaeological sites have been pro- ies. cessed. About 10 million seeds of 800 plant taxa (mostly species) were identified from the Neolithic to the Modern Keywords: Plant macrofossils, Chronological distribution, Medieval Ages in the Carpathian Basin. The seed remains also shed and post medieval period, Belgium, Economic plants light on weed history in the last eight thousand years. Many species, that had been cultivated plants characteristic of indi- vidual cultures, became weeds or disappeared almost without Inside cakes: new data on plant components from food a trace. Our catalogue of the weedremains from Hungarian offerings at Sanctuary of Monte Papalucio (Oria - excavations, indicating species and number of items, classi- Southern Italy) by ESEM analysis fied on the basis of periods and sites, ranging from the Ne- olithic to the late Medieval. The first weeds of Kor¨ os-Star¨ cevoˇ A l’interieur´ des gateauxˆ : nouvelles donnees´ sur les culture were: Avena fatua, Bromus arvensis, Chenopodium al- composants veg´ etaux´ des offrandes alimentaires du bum, Fallopia convolvulus, Galium spurium. At the beginning sanctuaire de Monte Papalucio (Oria - Italie du Sud) par the spring-sown cerealweed or stoop crop weed association l’analyse par MEBE R (Polygeno-Chenopodietalia) and the autumn-sown cerealweed e´ association (Secalietea) were not differentiated significantly. Milena Primavera1, Andreas G. Heiss2, Giovanni Quarta3, s The number of the segetalweeds at the beginning (mostly in Maurizio Masieri3, Girolamo Fiorentino1 u Neolithic and Bronze Age) were very low. In the Iron Age m according to the harvesting method (iron sickles and harvest 1 Laboratory of Archaeobotany and Palaeoecology; Dipartimento di Beni Cul- e´ near ground level), their number has increased. The differen- tiation of segetal vegetation started in the Roman period. Dur- turali, University of Salento – Italy s 2 ing the Middle Ages the weed associations reached the present University of Vienna, Vienna Institute for Archaeological Science (VIAS) – Austria C – but before the large-scale agriculture and significant ruder- 3 Laboratorio di Microscopia ottica, Elettronica e Diffrattometria di Raggi X, o alization – species composition. We detected with computer IBAM-CNR, – Italy m assisted image analysis that the size of the weed seeds have m increased significantly with the size of the grains of cultivated u plants. Amoung 156 of pieces archaeophyton weed species In the studies of ancient bread or bread-like remains, the n due to large-scale farming nearly disappered from the hungar- well-preserved findings from the Messapian/Greek Sanctuary i ian flora. of Monte Papalucio (Oria, southern Italy) represent one of the c most famous examples in the Mediterranean region. The sanc- a Keywords: Europe, Wild plants, Weed, Development tuary, dated to Archaic and Hellenistic periods, was dedicated t i 30 o n s A B S T to the cult of Demeter and Persephone/Kore, strictly associ- aestivum, Panicum miliaceum and Secale cereale. But also R ated to agricultural cycles and fecundity rituals; effectively, the spectrum of fruits and nuts is very diverse in the Upper A during the excavation of the terraces where the sanctuary lies, Town Area. Especially Vitis vinifera occurs in high numbers C a large amount of charred plants and, above all, cakes and bis- and abundant in the samples. The whole plant spectrum gives T cuits were recovered and interpreted as food offerings (Cia- a good insight into different activities of the inhabitants of the S raldi 1997-1998). As for the latter finds, the author identified town ex. crop processing, stock keeping or waste deposition. different kinds of dough on the base of macroscopic analy- Together with the results of the other archaeobotanical inves- L sis, some bearing resemblance to modern filo-pastry, possibly tigations of Early Byzantine sites in the Balkan area, mainly E corresponding to plakous (typical cakes offered to Demeter), from the region of the lower Danube, the results of Caricin C some others decorated with knobs, or ring shaped. For a third Grad help to characterize the crop spectrum of the region and T type, Ciaraldi suggested the use of broad bean flour among the to compare it with the other regions of the Empire. Especially U ingredients. the cereal spectrum differs from the other regions of the Em- R Given that these unusual finds represent direct and rare evi- pire. Triticum aestivum or T.durum and Hordeum vulgare were E dence of the food products offered by indigenous and south most widely used in all regions of the Empire during the Early S Italian Greeks inside a particular ”place of encounter” between Byzantine Period, but the cultivation of Panicum miliaceum the Messapian and the Greek form of the cult of Demeter, their and Secale cereale seem to be unique to the Early Byzantine detailed analysis and microscopical re-evaluation seemed cru- Balkan area. cial for understanding further aspects of food production (the plant components and processes involved), as well as the cul- Keywords: Byzantine Empire, Balkan Area, 6th century, Cereal Cul- tural dimension of the offered foodstuff. tivation, Activity Areas Therefore, ESEM (Environmental Scanning Electron Micro- scope) analyses were performed on the Monte Papalucio find- New archaeobotanical evidence from the Northern Fertile ings: Tissue remains and their particle sizes, along with other Crescent: vegetation, subsistence strategy and possible parameters, were used in order to elucidate ingredients and food plants at aceramic Neolithic Kortik¨ Tepe, production techniques, and the various processes involved SE-Anatolia (grinding, sieving, leavening, baking). Also, the hypothesis of a connection between ingredients, production techniques Nouvelles donnees´ archeobotaniques´ relatives au nord du and cake/biscuit shape and decoration was tested. The contri- Croissant fertile : veg´ etation,´ strategie´ de subsistance, et bution presents and discusses the unexpected results of these plantes alimentaires potentielles deduites´ des resultats´ du site analyses. neolithique´ aceramique´ de Kortik¨ Tepe, Anatolie du S.-E. Keywords: Food remains, Tissue analyses, Ritual offering, Archaic, 1 1 2 Hellenistic period, Southern Italy Corinna Roessner¨ , Katleen Deckers , Marion Benz , Simone Riehl3, Vecihi Ozkaya¨ 4

The Early Byzantine Balkan Area between Caricinˇ Grad 1 Institute for Archaeological Sciences, Eberhard-Karls-University – Germany and the Lower Danube - An Archaeobotanical Perspective 2 Department of Near Eastern Archaeology, Albert-Ludwigs-University – Ger- many La periode´ byzantine precoce´ dans la region´ des Balkans 3 Institute for Archaeological Sciences (University of Tubingen)¨ – Germany entre Caricinˇ Grad et le Danube inferieur´ - une perspective 4 Edebiyat Fakultesi,¨ Arkeoloji Bol¨ um¨ u,¨ Dicle University – Turkey archeobotanique´

The transition from hunter-gatherer to early farming commu- Anna Elena Reuter1,2 nities is crucial to the investigation of the beginning of agri- culture. The Fertile Crescent is one of the key areas for this 1 Institute of Pre-and Protohistory, University of Kiel – Germany process and provides a good archaeological record for agri- 2 Romisch-Germanisches¨ Zentralmuseum Mainz, Leibniz-Forschungsinstitut cultural research. This presentation will be focussing on Epi- fur¨ Archaologie¨ – Germany palaeolithic and Early Holocene sites of the Fertile Crescent (11th – 10th millennium BC) to gain insight into the begin- The Early Byzantine town Caricinˇ Grad (530-615 AD) is ning of early farming communities and the progenitors of our R now in focus of archaeological research for more than 100 crops today. The crops were an adaptive response to cultiva- e´ years. To gain more information about the human daily life, tion as landscape practice with a long-term pre–domestication s archaeobotanical research was conducted between the years process at some sites, while others are not conclusive in this u 2013 and 2015 for the first time. The excellent preservation regards. m due to the undisturbed occupation layers provide a interesting New evidence from the Northern Fertile Crescent, more pre- e´ insight in the plant material of a very short occupation period cisely from K’ortik´ Tepe, located in the Province of Di- s of only about 80 years. In the three years of investigation 233 yarbakir, Southeast Turkey, contributes to the question of soil samples were collected systematically from occupation whether there is evidence for the beginning of agriculture. The C layers in different parts of the town. Mainly from different archaeological, archaeozoological and archaeobotanical data o structures ex. streets, buildings of the Upper Town Area in indicate multiple features of permanent settlement. A variety m the north of the Acropolis. Besides, 35 hand-picked samples of wild resources were hunted, fished or gathered by the inhab- m from the Upper and the Lower Town areas, collected during itants that occupied the site from ca. 10200 – 9200 cal. BC. u former excavations mainly from the 1980s were available for K’ortik´ Tepe provides new anthracological information on the n analysis. So far more than 70,000 plant remains mainly pre- development in local vegetation patterns at the transition from i served in charred condition were found. The plant spectrum the Younger Dryas to the Early Holocene, which will be linked c is dominated by crop species especially cereals like Triticum to changes in subsistence strategies visible in the seed record. a t i 31 o n s A B S T R Keywords: Fertile Crescent, Aceramic Neolithic, Origins of agricul- Acknowledgements: FONDECYT projects #1130808, A ture, Younger Dryas #3130668, FONDAP Program #1511009 to CR2. C Keywords: Hunters-Gatherers, Archaic period, Food, Diet and T Gathering, processing, use and consumption of plant cooking, Archaeobotanical methods, Atacama Desert highlands S resources during the Archaic (ca. 10.500 – 3.700 years B.P.) in the Atacama Desert highlands (south-central L Andes): the case of ”Alero El Bajo” site E Evidence for rare crop weeds of the Caucalidion group in C Recolte,´ transformation, usage et consommation des especes` Southwestern Germany since the Bronze Age - T veg´ etales´ durant la periode´ archa¨ıque (environ 10.500 – Palaeo-ecological implications U 3.700 years B.P.) sur les haut-plateaux desertiques´ de R l’Atacama (regions´ centrale et meridionale´ des Andes). E L’exemple du site ”Alero El Bajo” Presence´ de rares mauvaises herbes des cultures du groupe S Caucalidion dans le sud-ouest de l’Allemagne depuis l’ageˆ Manuel J. Rojas1,2, Marcela A. Sepulveda´ 3,4, Eugenia M. du Bronze – Implications paleo-´ ecologiques´ Gayo´2 Manfred Rosch¨ 1

1 Carrera de Antropolog´ıa, Universidad de Tarapaca´ – Chile 2 Center for Climate and Resilience Research (CR2) – Chile 3 Laboratorio de Analisis´ e Investigaciones Arqueometricas´ (LAIA) – Chile 1 Landesdenkmalamt Baden-Wurttemberg¨ im RP Stuttgart – Germany 4 Instituto de Alta investigacion,´ Universidad de Tarapaca´ (IAI) – Chile The crop weed communities of dry calcareous soils, belong- The Atacama Desert highlands (2,000-3,800 masl) have pro- ing to the Caucalidion association are today very rare and en- vided key information for the understanding of the cultural dangered in. In the early days of phytosociology during the dynamics of Andean populations that have inhabited contin- first half of the 20th century, when vegetation documentation uously the South-Central Andes since the initial colonization with modern methods started, this group was already in a late of this region by the latest Pleistocene. Our knowledge about state of disappearing, caused by the intensification of agri- cultural patterns for the Archaic period ( ˜10,500-3,700 years culture since the 19th century. Therefore the botanists found BP) is, however, constrained by the preservation of materials these plants only in a few regions with calcareous soils, and (i.e plant remains) beyond the record of lithic artefacts, zooar- the common opinion was, that their distribution reflects the chaeological vestiges or rock art. Actually, settlement patterns geological conditions. Archaeobotanical macrofossil on-site for hunter-gatherers groups and/or features for archaeologi- evidence for example for Orlaya grandiflora in the Roman cal archaic sites (e.g. functionality) have been mostly –and period outside these limestone areas was interpreted as food traditionally- inferred from analyses on these kinds of evi- import. On-site evidence is still scattered in time and space dence. and difficult to interpret. The western Lake Constance region In order to overcome these limitations, we have focused our belongs not to those limestone areas where this plant asso- efforts in developing methodological frameworks to search ciation is expected, and floristic observations of the last two and for recover plant remains in archaic sites. Hence, we car- centuries are lacking. The archaeobotanical record of the Late ried out systematic archaeological surveys and excavations in Bronze Age and High medieval period is very scattered. Es- the Atacama Desert highlands (high Azapa basin, 18◦30’S, pecially of Orlaya grandiflora, which, for a entomogamous 3,100-3,900 masl) to evaluate the potential effects of depo- species, is rather well represented in the pollen record, there is sitional environments (fluvial versus interfluvial) and/or site now proof from several pollen diagrams that this species did types (closed versus open sites) in the differential preserva- occur regularly and with high frequency in the lake Constance tion of plants remains. Likewise, we used the manual sieving region from the Late Bronze Age to the 19th century A.D. Sev- technique to retrieve botanical macro-remains instead of the eral other species of the Caucalidion are also reflected in the traditional flotation methodology. We believe that by imple- pollen record, but less frequent, reflecting the ecological con- menting this sieving procedure, we are able to recover a large ditions triggered by agriculture, which determines their occur- R amount of plant materials; including either the small remains rence rather than geology. Due to soil erosion most topsoils e´ fraction (i.e seeds) or bigger fractions (leaves, flowers, fruits). were thin, specially on slopes, with low water capacity, the s Despite their depositional environment, practically all of the competition between crop and weeds was week, and the yields u 105 archaeological sites identified in the high Azapa basin were low. The weeds were distributed over long distances by m lack of macro-botanical remains. Exceptionally, in the cave migrating domestic animals, whereupon fruits with spines like e´ ”Alero El Bajo” (10,565-5,820 cal yrs BP) –located along- Orlaya or Caucalis had an advantage. From scattered finds of s side an ephemeral canyon- we recovered in excavation over their pollen grains in high-resolution pollen profiles of Nord- 1,500 excellent well-preserved plant remains. Our prelimi- schwarzwald and Allg’au,´ regions where this plants were not C nary results show evidence for the use of local species such expected at all, we can guess, that the Caucalidion was more o as Cacti (e.g. Cumulopuntias ssp.) and selective gathering or less ubiquitous between Late Bronze Age and early Mod- m of wild Quinoa (Chenopodium ssp.). These finding offers the ern Ages in Central Europe and adjacent regions reflecting the m unique opportunity to reconstruct cultural practices regarding tenuous situation of extensive ard agriculture. To have more u the acquisition, management, use and consume of plant re- than a guess, more better pollen diagrams and more on-site n sources throughout the Archaic ( ˜10,500-5,800 cal yrs BP), studies of macrofossils would be necessary. i and certainly complement our notion about life strategies for c hunter-gatherer groups from the Atacama Desert highlands. Keywords: Caucalidion, Macrofossil evidence, Pollen evidence, a Agriculture, Human impact t i 32 o n s A B S T Changing peoples, changing plants: Archaeobotanical Changing crop choices in northern Sudan: past and R finds from Northern Tunisia from the Roman to Islamic present A period C Evolution des choix de culture dans le Soudan septentrional : T passe´ et present´ S Co-evolution´ des peuples et des plantes : decouvertes´ archeobotaniques´ dans le nord de la Tunisie aux periodes´ 1 Philippa Ryan L romaine et islamique E 1 The British Museum – United Kingdom 1 C Erica Rowan T Nubian agricultural practices are rapidly altering due to in- U frastructure development, as well as technological and envi- R ronmental changes. In this project we interview Nubian farm- E ers about crop choices, land-use strategies and changes over S time on Ernetta Island, as well as farmers in other villages be- 1University of Exeter – United Kingdom tween the 2nd and 3rd cataracts to understand variability. This paper discusses changes in the diversity and the relative im- Northern Tunisia was an economically vital part of the Ro- portance of cereals and pulses grown over the last century, in- man Empire. The wheat grown in the Medjerda valley was cluding the use of hulled barley (Hordeum vulgare), sorghum shipped to Rome to feed the city’s vast population. The other (Sorghum bicolor) and lablab (Lablab purpureus). For exam- main exports, produced in enormous quantities, included fish ple, hulled barley was an important winter cereal grown for sauce, olive oil and African red slip pottery. Consequently, food until the 1960s but is now only grown in small quantities, the region contained some of the largest cities in the Empire mostly for animal fodder and to make beverages. By exam- including Carthage and Utica. Despite frequent invasion and ining which crops or practices are considered traditional’, we occupation from the 5th AD century onwards, many of the re- are forming new reference points from which to make com- gion’s sites were occupied through the Byzantine and Islamic parisons with the archaeological record. Equally, considering periods. which ’traditional’ crops have a long temporal presence in the However, North Africa is one of the most archaeobotanically archaeological record helps to highlight the role of increas- understudied areas of the Mediterranean. A combination of ingly marginalised crops. This research is part of a broader 19th century clearance excavations and modern political insta- project ”Sustainability and subsistence systems in a chang- bility has led to little archaeobotanical sampling. The early ex- ing Sudan” (2013-2016) which compares present-day and an- cavations did not include any form of environmental archaeol- cient crop choices to investigate agricultural risk management ogy and in many countries, such as Libya and Algeria, modern within Nile settlements. This research is funded by the Arts excavations have been postponed due to dangerous conditions. and Humanities Research Council and part of their broader re- However, the recent excavations at Utica, led by a team from search theme Care for the future: thinking forward through the the University of Oxford, have produced a wealth of archaeob- past –environment and sustainability’. otanical data ranging in date from the Roman period (1st-2nd centuries AD) to the Islamic period (9th-12th centuries). In Keywords: Sudan, Ethnobotany, Archaeobotany, Cereals, Pulses antiquity, the city was situated on Medjerda river estuary with access to the coast. It was second only to Carthage in both size and population. Samples from the site were taken between Diversities in Food Complex over Eurasia 2011-2014 from a wide range of contexts including Punic and Roman cisterns, Roman kilns and elite houses, and Islamic Diversite´ des regimes´ alimentaires en Eurasie houses and storage pits. Changes in dietary patterns reflect the 1 changing religious and economic character of the region. The Yo-Ichiro Sato findings also indicate changes in food production and process- 1 ing over time as well as domestic and industrial fuel choices. The National Institutes for Humanities (NIHU) – Japan This paper will present the new archaeobotanical assemblage from Utica together with archaeobotanical finds from other Human being is an omnivorous mammal and thus must nec- R nearby sites such as Carthage, Leptiminus and Oudhna in essary eat both plant and animal food materials. The starch e´ order to trace the shifting relationships between people and for energy comes mainly from plants, and protein and lipid s plants from the Roman to the Islamic period in Northern mostly from animal-derived food. Thus human diet consists u Tunisia. Continuity and changes in diet, especially with re- of plant and animal food resources, which are obtained from m spect to cereals, will be explored. How strong were the pre- their own ecosystem. In the east of Eurasian continent, typical e´ vailing religious and cultural attitudes on food production and humans’ diet is ”rice and fish”; in which rice provides starch, s diet? Continuity and changes in diet, especially with respect to and fish and other aquatic animal species do protein. In the cereals, will be explored. How strong were the prevailing reli- northern regions of the east Eurasian continent, foxtail millet C gious and cultural attitudes on food production and diet? The and/or proto millet are used instead of rice. In the vast central o importance of plants in the economy of the region during both and west of Eurasian continent, package of ”potato or wheat m periods will also be analysed. Finally, similarities and differ- and milk” has been established. m ences in food consumption practices in Northern Tunisia dur- u ing the Roman period will be compared to those taking place The animal-derived protein has been mainly provided by live- n on the northern Mediterranean coast. stock. In the coastal areas face to the Atlantic Ocean, fish (cod i and herring) played an important role as a protein-provider c Keywords: North Africa, Utica, Roman, Islamic, Olives instead of livestock. In both of east and west of Eurasian con- a t i 33 o n s A B S T R tinent, starch is provided mainly by crops. On the other hand, testify of a time in which dikes were not there yet to provide A protein is provided by natural resources in the east, while it permanent shelter for incidental flooding. In these times, be- C is provided by domesticated animal species elsewhere. These tween approximately 600 BC and 1200 AD, people were mak- T differences might bring about thought of nature. ing their living on the open, unprotected salt marsh. S Both waterlogged and charred plant remains are generally Keywords: Starch, Protein, Eurasian continent, Diet package found in substantial numbers in the terps, so a long and exten- L sive archaeobotanical record is available. Amongst the taxa encountered are various crop plants, including barley as the E New carpological analyses from Neolithic sites of dominant cereal (Hordeum vulgare subsp. vulgare), faba bean C North-eastern France, including records of “New Glume (Vicia faba var. minor) and flax (Linum usitatissimum). To T Wheat” U many archaeologists, the fact that crop cultivation was possi- ble at all, is already quite astonishing. An unfortunate side- R Nouvelles analyses carpologiques dans le N-E de la France, effect of this astonishment is that little attention is paid so E sur des sites du Neolithique,´ avec ref´ erence´ au ble´ de type far to diversity in crop availability w´ıthin the terps area, both S “nouveau ble´ vetu”ˆ chronologically and geographically. In the Netherlands in particular, terp archaeology is very much Caroline Schaal1,2 alive, resulting in the founding of a research group devoted solely to the study of terps, the so-called Terp Research Group 1 Universite´ de Franche-Comte´ UMR6249 Chrono-Environnement – France in 2012. Both from this group and in contract archaeology, 2 GeoArch´ Eon´ SARL – France excavations on various scales took place over the past years, and the work continues. Archaeobotany has a strong position Archeobotanical research on the Neolithic period of the within this research. Recent analyses show that a wider spec- North East of France is blooming, with new research focused trum of crops was available and that difference in time and on demography, social organization and cultural operation, space do occur indeed. with archaeobotanic data possibly acting as markers of dif- The few overviews of crops in the Dutch and German terps ferent cultural groups. These data not only show the various area are not up to date, incomplete, generally restricted to the stages of the opening and closing of the landscape, but also present national borders, and not published in a form easily mirror demographic changes and their impact on agriculture available to an international audience. The complete dataset and gathering activities. includes hundreds of samples from dozens of sites. This paper This contribution present sites with a chronological sequence presents an overview of what is known so far, merging both re- expanding from the early Neolithic to the Bell-Beaker culture cent and old’ data, from the Netherlands as well as Germany. ; Soultz Florival (Alsace) for a period starting at the early Neolithic Linearbandkeramik, Clairvaux (Jura) for the mid- Keywords: Salt marsh, Terps, Crop cultivation dle Neolithic, Ingenheim (Alsace) from the Neolithic recent, Pont-sur-Seine (Aube) dates to the recent Neolithic and Er- Archaeobotanical data on farming practices during the stein (Alsace) to the end of the Neolithic period Bell-Beaker Neolithic (2500 BC) to Early Historic (200 BC) in the culture. Ganga Plain, India The archaeobotanic studies document, to the rank of the species, plants cultivated during the Neolithic period. The Donnees´ archeobotaniques´ sur les pratiques agricoles du results obtained show an heterogeneity in the preservation Neolithique´ (2500 BC) au debut´ de la periode´ historique (200 modes of ecofacts in the structures studied; however, clues BC) dans la plaine du Gange, en Inde are provided on the societal choice of individuals in connec- tion with their environment. The idea that the grain could Shalini Sharma1, Anil K. Pokharia1 have been adapted to different environments or to historical changes in the environment has to be demonstrated. The ar- 1 chaeobotanic history of these Neolithic communities, allows Birbal Sahni Institute of Palaeobotany – India us to consider that choices were made by society as drivers of economic and social developments. The Gangetic plain has a significant position in the history R Deserving special mention is the recent discovery of New and archaeology of India. It has been the cradle of Indian civi- e´ Glume wheat from the site of Pont-sur-Seine, France. lization right from the terminal Pleistocene period. The Ganga s plain was initially very rich in wild flora and fauna due to u Keywords: Neolithic, France, North.East, New Glume Wheat favourable climate, but has now to some extent been changed m because of deforestation and excessive hunting and cutting of forest primarily due to pressure of human population. The e´ Crop diversity in the Dutch and German terps area s changing climatic conditions during early and middle phases Diversite´ culturale dans la zone des “terps”, allemande et of Holocene in the area played a significant role in the evolu- C neerlandaise´ tion of cultures. The excavations and explorations conducted o during the last four decades by Archaeological Survey of In- dia, State Archaeology Departments and Departments of an- m Mans Schepers1 m cient Indian history of different Universities, have furnished u a complete cultural sequence of the region-Epipalaeolithic, 1 Groningen University, Groningen Institute of Archaeology – Netherlands n Mesolithic, Neolithic, Chalcolithic, Early Iron Age and His- i torical periods. Very few sites mostly, multi-cultural in nature c Along the Wadden Sea coast of the Netherlands and Ger- have been excavated and attempted for multidisciplinary stud- a many, numerous man-made living mounds known as terps, ies. Recent excavations have thrown new light on the early t i 34 o n s A B S T farming cultures of the area. The study provides insight into stone tools and pottery vessels. R a range of taxa exploited by early inhabitants of different cul- Macrobotanical remains show intensive processing of nuts and A tural occupations spanning from about beginning of 3rd mil- acorns. Microbotanical results confirm the stable existence of C lennium BC to 2nd century BC and also for the change in nut and acorn processing at study sites, and some evidences T plant use over time. The evidence denotes a highly developed show that root plants were also processed/cooked by the same S state of arable agriculture, which requires foresightedness and stone tools and pots. Based on these integrated results, macro planning. The principal cultivated cereals were Oryza sativa, and micro plant remains show intensive processing of nuts and L Hordeum vulgare, Triticum aestivum, Triticum sphaerococ- acorns, that were conducted as the basic wild plant food pro- E cum followed by few African (Eleusine coracana, Sorghum bi- duction. Also starch residue patterns can reveal systematic use C color) and indigenous (Paspalum scrobiculatum, Panicum sp.) traces of grinding stones and pottery. T millets. While there is continuity in the agricultural pattern in U Keywords: Jomon period, Macro and micro plant remains, Process- time and space however, certain changes do seem in diversifi- R ing and cooking methods, Starch granules, Wild plants cation of plant use during Iron Age. The record of Sesamum E indicum, Brassica juncea, Carthamus tinctorius, Linum usi- S tatissimum, Gossypium arboreum/herbaceum and Cannabis Morus alba: The history of the tree and Chinese, Sasanian sativus emphasize the importance of oeliferous crops and tex- and Byzanthine silk production from palaeobotanical tile production. Finds of Vitis vinifera, Vigna unguiculata, perspectives Luffa sp., Allium cepa, Nigella sativa, Murraya koenighii and Ziziphus mauritiana along with Phoenix dactylifera, Termi- Morus alba : Histoire de l’arbre et de l’artisanat de la soie nalia chebula, Terminalia bellerica, Emblica officinalis, and chinoise, sassanide et byzantine, d’un point de vue Crataeva sp., suggest horticultural practices and highly ad- archeobotanique´ vanced medicinal system was in vogue during 1st millennium BC. The weeds and wild taxa, belonging to cultivated fields, Lyudmila S. Shumilovskikh1,2,3, Silvia Balatti4, Morteza moist places, wasteland and ditches were also recorded as an Djamali2, Valerie´ Andrieu Ponel2, Philippe Ponel2, admixture with these macroremains. Jacques-Louis De Beaulieu2, Eberhard Sauer5 Keywords: Archaeobotany, Ganga Plain, Neolithic, Chalcolithic, 1 Department of Palynology and Climate Dynamics, Georg-August University Macroremains of Gottingen¨ – Germany 2 IMBE– Aix Marseille Universite,´ CNRS : UMR7263, IRD : UR237, Univer- Hunter-gatherer exploitation of wild plant foods during site´ d’Avignon – France the Jomon period in Japan 3 National Research Tomsk State University – Russia 4 Christian Albrechts University of Kiel – Germany Exploitation par les chasseurs-cueilleurs de plantes 5 University of Edinburg – United Kingdom alimentaires sauvages au cours de la periode´ Jomon au Japon Originating from China, Morus alba (white mulberry) is now 1 Ayako Shibutani distributed in warm-temperate and subtropical regions around the world. Such great success in spreading the species across 1 National Museum of Japanese History – Japan the globe is undoubtedly the result of human attraction to silk, produced by monophagous caterpillar of silkmoth Bom- Wild plant exploitation as starchy food was the fundamental byx mori, feeding on Morus alba. The process of raw silk part of prehistoric living even in the early agricultural ages. production consists of two agricultural technologies of white In so doing, processing technique of wild plants is the way to mulberry cultivation (moriculture) and silkmoth rearing (ser- make plant tissue edible and is more vital than gathering or iculture). Starting in the Yellow River regions at ˜2,300 – farming techniques. Along with examining local environment 2,000 B.C., silk production was kept secret, initially success- features, studies of artefacts and botanical remains can recon- fully. By AD 553-554 AD, under Emperor Justinian, the tech- struct ”plant food cultures” efficiently. Especially use-wear nology had definitely arrived in the Byzantine Empire, as re- and residue analyses have the potential of finding evidences ported by Procopius of Caesarea. Legend has it that a princess smuggled Morus seeds and silkworms out of China, conceal- of perishable materials that are usually poor-preserved in the R ing them in her hear, or monks hiding them in their walking archaeological record. These methods can also deliver minute e´ sticks. However, the exact ways of distribution of moriculture testimonies of the practices of processing such materials and s and sericulture from China are unknown. This study presents necessary technical know-how of past human populations. u a comparison of historical, palaeobotanical and palynological This study applied an interdisciplinary methodology combin- m records, including recent finds that shed significant new light ing use-wear and residue analyses for exploring plant process- e´ on the question. ing activities in the Jomon period dating from 15,000-2500 s cal BP. According to the current studies, Jomon people were Keywords: Moriculture, Sericulture, Sasanian Empire, Palaeobotany, not plain hunter-gatherers, and did use various plant resources Palynology C around their settlements intensively since the early Jomon pe- o riod starting at ca. 7000 cal BP. A series of questions on which m I focus is how these people selected and processed wild plants Bushman Rock Shelter: a Bonanza of Botanical Remains m for getting food sources over the long term. Examples come u from habitation sites in northern, central, and southern parts of L’abri sous roche Bushman : une mine d’or pour l’etude´ des n Japan, and these sites contained well-preserved macroscopic restes botaniques i plant remains and many processing tools. The focus of this c 1 1 2 study is micro-plant remains that are extracted from grinding Christine Sievers , Aurore Val , Guillaume Porraz a t i 35 o n s A B S T 1 R University of the Witwatersrand (Wits) – South Africa order to obtain δ13C and δ15N ratio, with two different tech- 2 A ArScAn - CNRS : UMR 7041 – France niques: by isotope ratio mass spectrometry (IRMS) and AMS C (Accelerator Mass Spectrometry). T Bushman Rock Shelter, Limpopo Province, is one of a hand- For the aim of the workshop, the specific features both of the S ful of sites in southern Africa that preserves fruit and seed re- insular and volcanic nature of these territories will be con- mains in Middle Stone Age (MSA) deposits. Excellent preser- sidered to analyse vegetation dynamics and its relation with L vation of botanical remains is also present in the Later Stone human occupation, but also paleoeconomical issues and agri- E Age (LSA) deposits. Archaeobotanical research at the site cultural strategies. What features can be isolated as insular C in the 1960s and 1970s indicated the abundant presence of factors in vegetation? And in human dynamics? How did the T marula (Sclerocarya birrea) in layers 25-28 (MSA) and in lay- andosols influenced plant growth? What kind of differences U ers 1-8 (LSA). Significantly, an almost complete absence of can be individuated in each island? Can we try and evaluate R marula was identified in layers 9-17. Marula is frost-sensitive the paleodemographic impact and its influence on the use of E and it was suggested that the clear absence of the taxon could resources? How does the ecosystem is balanced through its S be an environmental indicator, although social issues were not archipelagian environment? How much could these volcanic discounted. During renewed excavations at the site in 2015, territories produce in terms of crops under different climatic marula remains were again recovered in MSA and LSA con- conditions? texts and demonstrate the important contribution this taxon Keywords: Bronze Age, Aeolian archipelago, Island archaeobotany, can make to the interpretation of the past at Bushman Rock Insular environment, Paleodemography Shelter, in terms of past vegetation and people’s exploitation of the fruit. Recent ethnoarchaeological research in the area has indicated that this highly nutritious resource has many and The Spread of Domesticated Plants along the Silk Road varied uses that may leave distinct archaeological footprints. La diffusion des especes` domestiques le long de la Route de Keywords: Marula, Bushman Rock Shelter, Middle and Later Stone la Soie Age, Ethnoarchaeology Robert N Spengler III1 “An Island of One’s own”: Plant resources, resilience and population dynamics of the Aeolian Archipelago through 1 Washington University, Anthropology Department – United States Prehistory The Great Silk Road was the largest commerce network of the “Une ˆıle a` soi”. Ressources veg´ etales,´ resilience´ et ancient world; it linked the disparate ends of the vast Eurasian dynamique des populations dans l’archipel des ˆıles eoliennes´ supercontinent and in doing so connected the imperial cen- au cours de la Prehistoire´ ters of East and southwest Asia. While organized trade, in- cluding military outposts and government taxation, along the Claudia Speciale1,, Cosimo D’ Oronzo1, Angela Stellati1, 1 Silk Road dates back to the Han dynasty (206 BC–AD 220), Girolamo Fiorentino the exchange of goods, ideas, cultural practice, and genes, through the thousands of kilometers of desert and mountain- 1 Laboratorio di Archeobotanica e Paleoecologia, Universita` del Salento, Di- ous expanses comprising this region dates back to the third partimento di Beni Culturali – Italy millennium BC. Over the past two millennia, the power strug- gle along the Silk Road has passed control back and forth be- The Aeolian archipelago is a group of 7 little volcanic is- tween various nationalities and ethnic groups, including suc- lands located off the northern coast of Sicily, emerged about cessive Chinese dynasties and Central Asian mobile peoples, 2 millions of years ago. The archipelago is very rich and such as the Xianbei and Xiongnu. This ebb and flow of cul- heterogenic in terms of geomorphology and biodiversity and tures directly shaped the trajectory of human history in myriad there are extremely different biotopes, including several en- ways, including by spreading agricultural practices and crop demic plants. Analysing the delicate balance of human is- varieties. landers communities during Prehistory (Vth-Ist millennium Inner Asia is an anomaly in discourse surrounding social com- R BC), dependent mainly on the environmental changes and the plexity; the early Iron Age (800–200 BC) is marked by a de- e´ knowledge and use of the territory and its natural resources, mographic transition, long believed to be fueled by increased s it is possible to evaluate if the archipelago could be indepen- pastoralism. Interestingly, one of the least studied parts of the u dent from the coast and self-sufficient. Plant macroremains world, in terms of early agriculture and its link to increasing m from the archaeological sites are used to rebuild the paleoen- social complexity, is also the region that saw the rise and fall e´ vironmental framework and compare it with the cultural dy- of some of the world’s greatest empires. The early Iron Age in s namics and the paleodemographic and socioeconomical data. Central Asia is also marked by large-scale exchange and glob- The main aim of our research is to highlight the potential in- alization, increased craft specialization and social hierarchy, C formation of these plant macroremains in settlement contexts and, as recent data is showing, increased investment in agricul- o and to enhance the method for spatial analysis crossing all ture. Over the past decade, with a new wave of archaeobotan- m the available data. This approach will allow us to evaluate ical research in Central Asia, we are starting to piece together m the paleoeconomical framework, in particular for the villages the role that farming played in the economy. Likewise, we can u of Filo Braccio (Filicudi), Portella (Salina), Acropoli (Lipari) trace the introduction and spread of crops through the arable n and contribute to investigate the possible network among the valleys and foothills of the Tien Shan, Dzunghar, Pamir, and i Aeolian islands from the beginning until the end of the Bronze Kopet Dag Mountains. This new research is taking steps to- c Age (end of the IIIrd-end of the IInd millennium BC). Cereals ward the construction of a novel economic model for Eurasia, a grains and wood charcoals were also selected and analyzed in and in doing so is reshaping the general understanding of so- t i 36 o n s A B S T cial developments across the Old World. Likewise, by follow- Ganga plain, by and large, were towing the line of the earlier R ing the spread of specific crop varieties along the Silk Road, farming communities of the region. A we can understand how they helped shape cuisines around the C Keywords: Archaeobotany, Ganga Plain, Neolithic, Chalcolithic, world. Archaeobotanically tracing the path that plants fol- T Macroremains lowed on their long journey across Central Asia, provides us S with a map that lays out the early route these foods took to ultimately reach our dinner plates today. Layer formation processes in late Neolithic lakeshore sites L E Keywords: Silk Road, Central Asia, Agriculture, Crops, Exchange Les processus de formation des niveaux archeologiques´ dans C les sites de bord de lacs de la fin du Neolithique´ T Current status of ancient plant economy during Iron-Age U and Early Historic period in Upper Ganga Plain Bigna Steiner1, Annekathi¨ Heitz-Weniger1, Kristin R Ismail-Meyer1, Eda Gross2, Orni¨ Vach3, Ferran Antol´ın1, E Etat actuel de l’economie´ veg´ etale´ ancienne au cours de Patricia Vandorpe1, Gishan Schaeren2, Philippe Rentzel1, S l’ageˆ du Fer et de la periode´ historique precoce´ dans la Stefanie Jacomet1 plaine du Gange superieur´

1 Integrative Prehistory and Archaeological Science (IPAS), Department of 1 Chanchala Srivastava Environmental Sciences, University of Basel – Switzerland 2 Office for Preservation of Sites of Historic Interest and Archaeology, Depart- 1 Birbal Sahni Institute of Palaeobotany – India ment of the Interior, Canton of Zug – Switzerland 3 Clinical Epidemiology, Department of Medical Biometry and Medical Infor- In the recent past, many a sites of Iron Age and Early His- matics, University of Freiburg – Germany toric times excavated in Upper Gangetic plain like Indor- khera in district Bulandshahr, Ahichhatra in district Bareilly, As generally known, the understanding of taphonomy and Sanchankot/Ramkot in district Unnao and Kampil in district formation processes of archaeological layers is crucial for their Farrukhabad; have been investigated for palaeoethnobotanical interpretation and forms a fundamental basis for further anal- finds, all in UP. A number of field-crop finds belonging to cere- yses (e.g. evaluation of FIBS or isotopes). Despite excel- als, millets, pulses/legumes, oil-seed and fiber-yielding crops, lent preservation conditions, the taphonomy of wetland set- have been recorded with their field associates through the mor- tlement layers at lakes in Central Europe (”pile dwellings”, phological investigation of seed and fruit remains’ samples UNESCO world cultural heritage) is not well understood. In from cultural horizon of pre-P.G.W., P.G.W., N.B.P.W. up to order to improve this situation, an SNF-funded project was Early Historic Sunga and Kushana Periods (approx. 1500 B.C. started in 2014 by an interdisciplinary team at IPAS (project to 300 A.D.). The studies have revealed well settled agricul- nr. CR30I2 149679/1). Aim is to identify natural and an- ture based subsistence economy of double cropping system of thropogenic factors influencing the deposition and preserva- winter as well as summer crops, along with fruit remains of tion of occupation layers using a multi-proxy approach (plant jujube and grape, etc. Use of herbal drug yielding plants like macroremains, pollen, micromorphology and archaeology). jambolan/jamun, emblic/amla, fig/gular and neem, etc. is also Some of the main questions are: can we jointly identify limnic seen. The record of neem (Azadirachta indica) seed/fruit re- and/or fluvial flooding and desiccation events? Can we make mains, a medicinally valuable tree taxa from Sunga-Kushana a statement about the seasonality in different micro-layers? levels (200 B.C.-300 A.D.) at Naimisharanya (district Sitapur) Can we define groups of remains typical for a type of sed- is significant in archaeological lexicon of Ganga plain. Botan- iment? Are there ”defined” assemblages in terms of func- ical remains such as fig at Ahichhatra and rudraksha of Hi- tional groups? Another goal is to solve ”old” methodolog- malayan origin at Indor-Khera, both of high religious value ical questions (presented separately in poster, by Steiner et have also been recovered in the upper reaches of Ganga plain. al.). Within the project, we investigate two sites that were The find of Custard apple recorded from Kushana phase (100- sampled in a completely different way (large-volume surface 300 A.D.) at Sanchankot and Naimisharanya, are additional samples versus a dense network of profile-columns). In our evidence to this pre-Columbian fruit in this region. There is contribution, we will present the results of one of those sites, record of minor crop (job’s tear) from the ancient site Ahich- the lakeshore settlement Zug-Riedmatt (Central Switzerland), R hatra which apart from use as food, is also known to be used which was occupied sometime between 3200 and 3100 cal BC e´ for ornamental purposes. The crop assemblage recorded in- and left behind a cultural deposit of up to 1.2 m thickness. s clude elements of Near-East, Central Asian, and indigenous Only a small part of this excellently preserved site has been u origin. The weeds and wild taxa encountered in association excavated, but the recovery technique was detailed, allowing m with field-crop remains, reveal the pattern of field-crops, state a separation into microlayers in 78 profile columns in the lab. e´ of ancient agriculture fields and regional ecological conditions Five profile sequences were chosen and analysed in close col- s in ancient times. laboration between the disciplines mentioned. All involved The new advances in the recovery and analysis of plant re- researchers simultaneously sampled the profiles, analysed the C mains during recent times have given higher yield of material same layers and actively exchanged their results, experiences o evidence in comparison to past known ancient sites of Iron and ideas. m Age In this region, thus adding more information to our exist- In a microarchaeological approach, we tried to disentangle the m ing palaeoethnobotanical concepts. complex interactions of the different factors that may have u It is also clear from the archaeological data that Chalcolithic formed the waterlogged organic layers. The first results show n communities of India were practicing skilled farming, which that often, different traces of activity were interwoven even i was adopted later by early iron using communities of the on a microarchaeological level and are sometimes difficult to c Ganga plains. The evidence suggest that the dwellers of the separate. Nevertheless, we could determine groups of remains a t i 37 o n s A B S T R indicative for events which were perceived by all disciplines been individualised. After ecological degradation and demo- A involved. These groups were tested by statistics and existing graphic collapse of El Argar culture, Late Bronze Age sees the C data from the literature. Final aim is to provide a sound basis beginning of a truly household centred economy. T for the interpretation of archaeological wetland sites in gen- Keywords: El Argar Bronze Age, South East Spain, Crop Choices, S eral. Societal Organisation, Subsistence Production Keywords: Taphonomy, Subfossil plant macroremains, Interdisci- L plinary sampling, Microarchaeology, Multiproxy approach E Crop husbandry and plant use in Central Anatolia: C investigating chalcolithic “farmscapes” through a T Crop Cultivation, Crop Processing and Consumption multi-stranded approach U Preferences in Bronze Age South-Eastern Iberia (Prov. of R Murcia and Almer´ıa) Culture et utilisation des plantes en Anatolie centrale : E Reconstruction du paysage agricole chalcolithique a` travers S Cultures, traitements des recoltes´ et pref´ erences´ alimentaires une demarche´ pluri-disciplinaire dans le sud-est de l’Iberie´ a` l’ageˆ du Bronze (Prov. de Murcie et d’Almer´ıa) Elizabeth Stroud1, Amy Bogaard1, Michael Charles1

1 Hans-Peter Stika 1 School of Archaeology, University of Oxford – United Kingdom

1 Institute of Botany, University of Hohenheim – Germany Little is known about agricultural practices in central Anato- lia between the 6th and 4th millennia cal BC. The Neolithic Land-use management strategies of prehistoric agrarian so- and the Bronze Age have claimed most attention, with lim- cieties do often differ considerably between regions and pe- ited focus on the intervening Chalcolithic period. However the riods. In semi-arid south-eastern Spain, farming methods ap- transitional period between the emergence and establishment plied, mainly depend on the different landscapes and are pri- of agriculture and the development of urban centres, states and marily being influenced by the amount of precipitation and empires is crucial to understand the social and ecological roles water availability. The importance of some domesticated crops of farming. in larger areas and their temporal shifts from Chalcolithic to- Using two cases studies from Central Anatolia, this presenta- wards El Argar Bronze Age (Early and Middle BA in south- tion considers the techniques and strategies used by Chalcol- east Spain) and furthermore towards Late Bronze Age will be ithic farmers to cultivate crops. The evidence examined ranges presented. A shift in cultivation preferences occurred: from from archaeobotanical analysis of crop remains and process- free-threshing wheats and faba bean towards barley. In El Ar- ing waste, through to stable isotope analysis of crop taxa. The gar Bronze Age, the availability of free-threshing wheats prob- methods used to cultivate crops and the modes by which they ably depended on social status (Tira del Lienzo). While dur- were processed, stored and consumed are explored in order to ing the Chalcolithic period mainly wild olive was gathered in develop a nuanced view of farmscapes’ during the Chalcol- south-eastern Spain, and the use of several wild fruits and nuts ithic. (strawberry tree, stone pine, grape vine, myrtle, white crow- The case studies focus on the large early Chalcolithic site berry, sloe) are reported from Zambujal and Alcalar in Por- of C¸atalh’oy´ ’uk´ West and the small late Chalcolithic site of tugal, in El Argar Bronze Age mastic fruit became an impor- C¸amlibel Tarlasi. Marcobotanical remains demonstrate re- tant gathered plant as indicated by pure storage finds from Tira gional differences and the impact of site size and environ- del Lienzo and Monte Agudo. For the semi-arid south-east of mental conditions on crop choice and agricultural decision- Spain hulled barley (La Bastida and La Almoyola) was the making. Weed flora and crop stable isotope analysis shed light dominant crop during El Argar Bronze Age, based on dryland on distinctive management strategies for particular crops. The farming. Less important cultivation of pulses and flax received impact of environmental and social constraints appears to play additional water supply (probably seasonal flooding along the an important role in shaping the agricultural landscape. river beds) as isotopic analyses of seeds have suggested. There are hints of an overexploitation towards the end of the El Ar- Keywords: Chalcolithic, Anatolia, Crop husbandry, Isotopes R gar Bronze Age which seem to have led to social conflicts that brought El Argar society to an end. Late Bronze Age subsis- e´ Plant remains from Hasankeyf Hoy¨ uk:¨ a new PPNA tence production became more diverse between regions with s settlement in the upper Tigris valley u a broader spectrum of cultivated crops and subsistence strate- m gies applied. Les restes veg´ etaux´ de Hasankeyf Hoy¨ uk¨ : un nouveau site du e´ The analyses of archaeological contexts indicate different and PPNA dans la haute vallee´ du Tigre s changing societal organisations and hierarchical structures. They might have been strong factors for the choices of the Kenichi Tanno1, Osamu Maeda2, Yutaka Miyake2 C applied subsistence strategies and for crop processing prac- o tices. Preferences in consumption and the formation of so- 1 Faculty of Agriculture, Yamaguchi University – Japan m cial groups sharing food are noticeable. In Chalcolithic con- 2 Faculty of Humanities and Social Sciences, University of Tsukuba – Japan m text diversified subsistence production is detected; storage and u consumption practices are dominated by collective principles. n For El Argar society, specialised subsistence production with Hasankeyf Hoy¨ uk¨ is a sedentary village site on the upper i centralised storage practices and a new, highly efficient grind- Tigris and dated to the second half of the 10th millennium c ing technology are evident, while consumption of a greater cal. BC. The site is more or less contemporary with other a amount of boiled food (soups, porridge, etc.) seems to have PPNA sites in this region: Hallan C¸emi, Demirkoy¨ Hoy¨ uk,¨ t i 38 o n s A B S T Kortik¨ Tepe and Gusir Hoy¨ uk.¨ Interestingly, none of these samples from Serra do Maguari. R sites show the sign of plant domestication when many other A Keywords: Amazonian Dark Earths, Tapajos,´ Plant management, Ar- contemporary sites in West Asia demonstrate the evidence for C chaeobotany, Phytolith cultivation of plants. Located in the bottom of the Tigris valley T which is surrounded by steep slope covered with open forest S which comprises deciduous oak, almond, pistachio and hack- Agricultural origins: Triticum “new” glume wheat type berry, etc., the natural environment around Hasankeyf Hoy¨ uk¨ and the role of Anatolia L is quite different from that of other sites on the upper Tigris. E Botanical remains were collected from 22 contexts inside Aux origines de l’agriculture : Le ble´ de type “nouveau ble´ C structures and 9 contexts in open space. In total 52 sam- vetu”ˆ et le roleˆ de l’Anatolie T ples were water floated and over 40 thousands charred re- U mains have been identified. The most common taxa is almond Burhan Ulas¸1, Girolamo Fiorentino2 R (Amygdalus sp.), accounting for more than ten thousands shell E fragments. Pistachio (Pistacia sp.) and hackberry (Celtis sp.) 1 Alata Horticultural Research Institute Mersin-Turkey – Turkey S are also numerous. These three fruit tree species are today 2 Laboratory of Archaeobotany and Palaeoecology Salento University. – Italy commonly seen in this region. Lentil (Lens sp.) is common and some pulses such as bitter vetch (Vicia ervilia) is also in- cluded. Cereal plants are virtually absent except for two exam- The most important questions related to the domestication of ples of concentration of Taeniatherum caput-medusae. Many plants are those which concern the times and places of do- species of Boraginaceae are also seen. These plants were most mestication, that is whether the species were domesticated all probably exploited from nature and it seems likely that agri- together or one at a time and at different times in different culture was yet to be known at Hasankeyf Hoy¨ uk.¨ regions. Although these questions go back to last century’s When compared with other contemporary sites on the upper sixties and seventies, they are still debated, as they are linked Tigris, Cyperaceae and Polygonaceae are rich at Hallan C¸emi to the theories on the origins, development and transmission and Graminae, Cruciferaceae and Chenopodiaceae are com- of Neolithic cultures. Whereas it was previously assumed that mon at K’ortik´ Tepe while both are rare at Hasankeyf Hoy¨ uk.¨ ”neolithization” had spread only from northern Levant (”Lev- These three sites are not far from each other but their local antine primacy school”) recent research has demonstrated the vegetations are considerably different. Hasankeyf Hoy¨ uk¨ is key role of the Taurus region in the process. New researches in located near a wood land on the bank of the Tigris while Hal- fact, indicate less restrictive areas of origin and confirm the ex- lan C¸emi is located along a wetland and Kortik¨ Tepe is in a istence of a center of agricultural development in southeastern fluvial plain at the confluence of two rivers. Turkey, where the closest wild relatives of einkorn, emmer, It seems thus likely that their subsistence was tightly depen- barley, rye, chickpeas, and lentils still grow. Based on data dent on different types of wild plant resources available at their provided by the DNA sequence, in particular, the primary im- local natural environment. This is contrasted with the situa- portance of the Karacadag˘ (Taurus) region is emphasized. tions in other regions in West Asia, where initial cultivation This study fits in these debates with the aim to reconstruct the was practiced and the local vegetation began to be encroached origin of hulled grains. Specifically, it examines some prob- by domesticated plants. lematic aspects emerging when comparing experimental re- sults with archaeobotanical data, such as: Keywords: Tigris valley 1) Criteria for the identification of the so-called ” Triticum new glume wheat type”, through biometric and morphologi- cal analysis on archaeobotanical samples from some Neolithic Plant management on ancient Amazonia from an Anatolian sites such as As¸iklihoy¨ uk¨ (PPNB-Central Anatolia), archaeobotanical approach Yumuktepe (PN-Cilicia) and Yenikapi (PN-Marmara), com- pared with experimental combustion of spike fragments of Approche archeobotanique´ de l’exploitation des plantes dans modern species. l’Amazonie ancienne 2) Location of the area of potential origin of Triticum new glume wheat type, T. monococcum and T. dicoccum and other 1 1 2 Daiana Travassos Alves , Jose´ Iriarte , Denise Schaan domesticated plants in order to define the role of the region of the Taurus in the process of domestication. R 1 University of Exeter – United Kingdom The results so far obtained confirm the existence of an impor- e´ 2 Universidade Federal do Para´ – Brazil tant role played by the sites of the Karacadag region in the s emergence of production economy. u ADEs are highly fertile soils found in association with ar- Keywords: Domestication, Anatolia, Neolithic, Triticum new glume m chaeological sites all over the Amazonia that result from an- wheat type, Karacadag˘ e´ cient societies’ landscape management. We present prelim- s inary results on the research of plant consumption on Ama- zonian Dark Earths (ADE) sites at Santarem region, Lower Alcoholic drinks of prehistoric Greece: revisiting the C Amazon. To tackle questions concerning plant food produc- evidence o tion and the formation of ADEs at the region three sites are m under investigation from an archaeobotanical approach: Serra Boissons alcoolisees´ en Grece` prehistorique´ : le reexamen´ m do Maguari and Cedro on terra firme plateau and the river- des preuves u ine Porto de Santarem. Soil samples for phytolith and micro n 1 charcoal analyses were collected in test pits column soils and Soultana Maria Valamoti i excavations on the sites. So far, palm phytoliths and phytoliths c from another disturbance indicators plants were identified on 1 School of History and Archaeology, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki – a t i 39 o n s A B S T R Greece analyses provide new insights on both the onset of cultivation, A plant gathering and other types of plant use in northern Eu- C Wine has been closely linked with ancient Greek civilisation, rope. T the cult of Dionysos and the symposium. As a diachronic el- Keywords: Neolithic, Bronze Age, Diffusion/Trade, Finland, Estonia S ement of Mediterranean religious, ritual, healing and culinary traditions, it has been the alcoholic drink par excellence, as- L sociated with prehistoric societies of the Aegean. Abundant Understanding the domestication of maize through E artefactual evidence from the Bronze Age onwards, related to ancient DNA C serving and drinking, has been associated with wine and this T has been further supported by LBA Linear B texts which make Apprehender´ la domestication du ma¨ıs graceˆ a` l’ADN ancien U clear references both to wine and Dionysos, its god. Yet, does R this justify a projection of wine production and consumption Nathan Wales1, Jazm´ın Ramos Madrigal1, M. Thomas P. E to prehistoric communities of Greece? Do drinking sets, avail- Gilbert1 S able already from the Neolithic, necessarily indicate wine as the liquid contained in them? This paper reviews the available 1 Center for GeoGenetics, National History Museum of Denmark, University archaeobotanical evidence for alcohol production, revisiting of Copenhagen – Denmark old data that may be providing alternative plant derived fer- mented liquids. The possibility that besides wine, beer was also known, produced and consumed by some at least prehis- Conventional archaeobotanical analyses of maize micro- and toric communities of the region is raised here based on old and macrobotanical remains have shed light on many archaeo- more recent archaeobotanical finds from Greece. logical questions regarding the domestication of maize and its subsequent dispersal from Central Mexico. However, ad- Keywords: Wine, Beer, Neolithic, Bronze age, Iron age, Prehistoric ditional information can be gleaned from aDNA recovered Aegean from well-preserved archaeological samples, as demonstrated by the findings in this study. We present new genetic data from a range of archaeological maize remains from Mexico, Onset of plant cultivation in Finland and Estonia the American Southwest, and Ozark Bluff Dweller rockshelter sites. Together, these data allow greater resolution on the ge- Les debuts´ de la mise en culture des plantes en Finlande et en netic relationships between maize from different sites and time Estonie points, thereby giving new insights into the migration and dif-

1 fusion routes used by past peoples. Furthermore, signatures of Santeri Vanhanen human selection on particular genes is shown to have occurred at different points in prehistory, enabling a more nuanced un- 1 University of Helsinki, Archaeology – Finland derstanding of the domestication process of maize.

In my ongoing PhD project, I conduct plant macrofossil anal- Keywords: aDNA, Domestication, Diffusion, Maize, Diet yses to study the onset and development of plant cultivation in mainland Finland, Aland˚ and Estonia. Recently, the on- Characterizing patterns of plant gathering and early set of plant cultivation has been discussed using palynologi- cultivation at aceramic Neolithic Chogha Golan (Iran) cal data. In mainland Finland, finds of Hordeum-type pollen date to ca. 4200 BC and Fagopyrum pollen date already to Determiner´ les traits caracteristiques´ de la collecte et de ca. 5300 and signs of small-scale sporadic cultivation is also l’agriculture emergente´ sur le site neolithique´ aceramique´ de found during the later stages of the Stone Age. In Estonia the Chogha Golan (Iran) first palynological signs of cultivation date to ca. 4000 BC and in Aland˚ no palynological data regarding Stone Age cul- Alexander Weide1, Simone Riehl1,2, Mohsen Zeidi2,3, tivation has been yet found. These results have, however been Nicholas J. Conard2,3 questioned and debated lately. These results showing of Early Neolithic cultivation are not in 1 Institute for Archaeological Sciences (University of Tubingen)¨ – Germany R accordance with finds of plant remains. At the current stage 2 Senckenberg Center for Human Evolution and Paleoenvironment at Tubingen¨ e´ the amount AMS-dated cereals is very limited. In Estonia and – Germany s mainland Finland macrofossils indicate later dates for the on- 3 Department of Early Prehistory and Quaternary Ecology, University of Tubin-¨ u set of cultivation. In SW Finland AMS-dated cereals are found gen – Germany m only during the end of the Stone Age / early Bronze Age (ca. e´ 1800–1000 BC) and in Aland˚ during the Pitted Ware period ca. s 2800–2600 BC. A single barley impression has been found in The aceramic Neolithic site of Chogha Golan is located in the Estonia from a Corded Ware vessel (2800–2300 BC). foothills of the Zagros Mountains in Iran and dates to between C Due to this gap in the material, I analyse and date new mate- 11,700 and 9,600 cal. BP. Members of the T’ubingen-Iranian´ o rial from various Stone Age sites. So far the results have been Stone Age Research Project (TISARP) excavated the site in m promising. From a Pitted Ware site of Glamilders in Aland˚ 2009 and 2010 and divided the stratigraphy into eleven archae- m remains of barley and associated weeds have been found to- ological horizons (AH). Whereas AH XI to III are character- u gether with remains of collected plants. Material from a ized by a wide range of wild species, AH II and I (ca. 9,800 n Corded Ware site of Narva-Jesuu 2b in Estonia have been anal- - 9,600 cal. B.P.) provided evidence for domesticated emmer i ysed partly and has shown to contain many different collected wheat, although wild plants like Aegilops sp., Hordeum spon- c plants. Material from a Corded Ware site, Tallbacka, in south- taneum and several small grained grasses remain dominant. a ern Finland is going to be analysed and presented. All these Several legumes, including lentil and pea, add to the broad t i 40 o n s A B S T spectrum of founder crops. This subsistence strategy is re- project has been to isolate and identify these developments in R garded as an early farming economy that developed on the ba- arable farming. I use phytoliths, to pinpoint changes in cultiva- A sis of the local hunter-gatherers. The goals of this presentation tion system from pre agriculture to complex irrigated paddies. C are (1) to provide a spatial and functional insight into the ar- The range of systems produce different sets of weed commu- T chaeobotanical record of the upper horizons at Chogha Golan, nities and in turn these produce diverse phytolith assemblages. S (2) to compare this record with the lower horizons and (3) to The first method I used was to create ecological groups of investigate whether analogous patterns exist at contemporary phytoliths from a range of modern traditionally farmed fields L sites in other regions of the Fertile Crescent. and archaeological samples and apply multivariate analysis to E these groups. Next I applied Madella’s fixed versus sensitive C Keywords: Aceramic Neolithic, Cultivation, Subsistence, Zagros model, which uses plant cells that are predisposed to take up T Mountains silica (fixed) in contrast to those which are formed when there U is increased water flow through the plant (sensitive), to infer R The where and when of barley domestication: new results wet versus dry farmed rice systems. Here I demonstrate how E these methods can be applied through case studies from sites S Quand et o a eu lieu la domestication de l’orge: nouvelles across the region while also considering their limitations. donnes sur la question Keywords: Rice, Weeds, Arable systems, Asia Ehud Weiss1

1 Bar Ilan University – Israel The origins of agriculture in the eastern Fertile Crescent: new archaeobotanical evidence from recently excavated Barley was domesticated about 10,000 years ago in the Fer- Neolithic sites in Iran and Iraq tile Crescent and became a founder crop of Neolithic agri- culture. However, proto-weeds found in Ohalo II, a 23,000- year-old hunter-gatherers’ sedentary camp on the shore of the Les origines de l’agriculture dans l’Est du Croissant Fertile : Sea of Galilee, Israel, shows small-scale trial cultivation was nouvelles donnees´ archeobotaniques´ venant de sites much earlier than originally anticipated. Ohalo IIs plant as- neolitiques´ recemment´ fouilles´ en Iran et Irak semblage demonstrates extensive human gathering of over 140 plant species. Among these, 13 well-known current weeds Jade Whitlam1, Amy Bogaard2, Michael Charles2 were mixed with numerous seeds of wild emmer, wild barley, and wild oat. This provides the earliest evidence of a human- disturbed environment at least 11 millennia before the onset of 1 University of Reading – United Kingdom agriculture that provided conditions ideal for ”proto-weeds”, 2 School of Archaeology, University of Oxford – United Kingdom a prerequisite for weed evolution. In addition, we will report the genome sequences of five 6,000-year-old barley grains, the This paper focuses on the analysis of three new archaeob- oldest crop samples to be sequenced to date, from a cave in otanical datasets from recently excavated early farming sites the Judean Desert, Israel. Comparison of the data to a diverse in and around the Central Zagros region (www.czap.org). The panel of present-day accessions of wild and domesticated bar- charred plant assemblages studied span the Early Neolithic leys reveal the ancient barley to be most closely related to from Sheikh-e Abad (c.9800 – 7600 cal BC) in western Iran, to extant landraces from the Southern Levant, consistent with a Bestansur an eighth millennium site (c.7600 cal BC) in north- proposed origin of domesticated barley in the Upper Jordan east Iraq and Khaleseh (6000 – 5500 BC) in northwest Iran. Valley. Our findings suggest that barley landraces grown over Together these expand significantly upon the current body of the past six millennia in present-day Israel have not experi- archaeobotanical data available for the Neolithic period in the enced a major lineage turnover, despite evidence for gene flow eastern Fertile Crescent, particularly its earlier phases, and between cultivated and sympatric wild populations since pre- provide us with the opportunity to test the validity of emerg- historic times. We show the utility of ancient genomes from ing paradigms that conceptualize plant domestication as a pro- archaeobotanical remains in research into the origin, early do- tracted and geographically diffuse process. Crucially these mestication and subsequent migration of crop species. datasets address existing biases in the distribution of archaeob- R Keywords: Barley domestication otanical evidence across Southwest Asia, which remains heav- e´ ily weighted towards the western Fertile Crescent where the s majority of archaeological investigations have been conducted u New narratives on dispersal and diversification of rice in the past. m cultures in East and South East Asia The results presented here provide evidence for the broad e´ range of plant resources utilized in the eastern Fertile Crescent s Nouveaux recits´ sur la diffusion et la diversification des during the Early Neolithic and for the diversity in plant man- cultures du riz dans l’Asie de l’Est et du Sud-Est agement strategies between sites, paralleling contemporary C patterns observed in the western Fertile Crescent. Moreover, o Alison Weisskopf1 1 , Dorian Fuller when integrated with other archaeobotanical datasets from the m region, results are consistent with concepts of local crop tra- m 1 Institute of Archaeology, UCL – United Kingdom jectories and emphasize the need to further reassess the role u that the eastern Fertile Crescent played in the domestication n Different rice agricultural systems require varying degrees of of plants and origins of agriculture in Southwest Asia. i human organisation and water management, indicating possi- c ble social and cultural changes. One of the larger aims of our Keywords: Neolithic, Agriculture, Domestication, Central Zagros a t i 41 o n s A B S T R Early medieval agriculture in eastern France: are in Bavaria are presented and can add a finer resolution in the A environmental conditions the important factors for crop regional and chronological development of crop cultivation. C choice and weed assemblages ? Schwanfeld is the most famous site of the Earliest Linearband- T keramik culture in Central-Western Europe, and had three crop Agriculture au haut Moyen Ageˆ dans l’Est de la France : les S plants: Emmer, Barley and Lentil. conditions environmentales sont-elles les facteurs essentiels The largest Linearbandkeramik site excavated in northern dans le choix des cultures et les assemblages de mauvaises L Bavaria is Stadel. More than 3000 features provide a set- herbes ? E tlement history from the oldest to the younger Linearband- C keramik. The archaeobotanical results of its oldest phase dated Julian Wiethold1, Genevieve Daoulas1, Anna-Maria 5500 to 5200 BC can be compared with samples from the Mid- T 1 U Desiderio dle Linearbandkeramik culture, after 5125 BC, with differ- R ences in the presence of domesticated plants. A very interest- 1 E Institut National de Recherches Archeologiques´ Preventives´ (INRAP)– France ing discovery was a store of emmer together with grains prob- S ably of the ”New Glume Wheat Type”, representing Triticum During the last 10 years several preventive excavations con- timopheevii. ducted by the Institut national des recherches archeologiques´ Settlements of the Linearbandkeramik usually are found on preventives (Inrap) allowed studying a rich archaeobotani- loess soils on lowlands. Nevertheless, excavations in the last cal material from more than 20 early (Merovingian and Car- years have found settlements on mountains in the southern part olingian) to late medieval rural sites in eastern France (Lor- of Germany. Archaeobotanical results of this site, dated to the raine and Champagne-Ardenne regions). In most cases the time of the second phase of Stadel, showed Emmer as a dom- archaeobotanical studies had to focus on carbonized plant inant crop, Einkorn and Lentil are present. assemblages, dominated by cereals, pulses and associated Not far from Eschlipp the Linearbandkeramik site of Buch- weeds. The medieval settlers cultivated and consumed a wide brunn starts a little bit later than Eschlipp and reaches the range of cereals: naked wheat (bread wheat), hulled barley, youngest Linearbandkeramik culture. Besides Emmer and cultivated oat, rye but also spelt and einkorn, which were only Einkorn, breadwheat was identified. Barley is present only secondary cereals at most sites. These secondary cereals, both in the younger phases. Three more sites had species which hulled wheat species, are well resisting to some environmen- were missing up to now in Bavaria: apple and acorn. Due to tal constraints like less fertile soils situated on gravel in the a growing contact to the Bavarian State Conservation Office river valleys and less favourable climate conditions on higher (BLfD) we can look forward to an increasing cooperation in altitude plateaus. The paper aims presenting and discussing archaeobotany in Bavaria. environmental impact on crop choice of the medieval settle- Keywords: Linearbandkeramik, Bavaria, Charred seeds and fruits ments. Nevertheless, from ethnographic examples we know that some cereals may have also played a role during feasting and other Barnyard-millet Farming Zone in Northeast Asia: culture or society driven activities. While most early me- Archaeobotanical evidence from Northeastern China dieval rural sites were focusing mainly on agricultural pro- duction, the excavation of the late medieval site of Chaillon La zone de culture du millet japonais en Asie du Nord-Est : (Meuse, Lorraine) gives evidence of a local medieval popu- temoins´ archeobotaniques´ de Chine nord-orientale lation mainly focusing on pottery production. The archaeob- otanical results from this excavation are quite different com- Zhijun Zhao1 pared to most of the early medieval sites. Are these differences in the cultivated and used crops due to a social differentiation 1 Institute of Archeology, Chinese Academy of Social Sciences – China of the medieval population or are they just a response of a lo- cal population of potters, who are not gaining their life mainly by agricultural activities ? Northeastern China is described by Ancient Chinese litera- tures as a wild land, characterized by the subsistence of hunt- Keywords: France, Middle Ages, Cereals, Crop choice, Environmen- ing/gathering. However, agriculture appeared in this region tal factors as early as the prehistoric time, based on new archaeological R findings. In recent years, flotation works have been carried out e´ in a number of archaeological sites which are located in North- Bandkeramik in Bavaria s eastern China. The sites are dated from Neolithic to historical periods, but most of them belong to the time of Liao/Jin Dy- u Le Rubane´ en Baviere` m nasties in Chinese history, i.e. AD 907 ˜1234. A large number e´ of soil samples were processed, and a tremendous amount of Barbara Zach1 s plant remains were recovered. The majority of the plant remains are from crops, includ- 1 Archaeobotanik Labor Zach – Germany C ing foxtail millet (Setaria italica), broomcorn millet (Pan- o icum miliaceum), barnyard millet (Echinochloa esculenta), m The first settlers, earliest crops and domesticated animals soybean (Glycine max), adzuki bean (Vigna angularis), buck- m in central Europe belong to the Neolithic cultural group. In wheat (Fagopyrum esculentum), wheat (Triticum aestivum), u the southern part of Germany, archaeobotanical investigations barley (Hordeum vulgare), hemp seed (Cannabis sativa), oat n are correlated with pioneer work in the 1970s and 1980s at (Avena sativa), perilla (Perilla frutescens), sorghum (Sorghum i Schwanfeld, Enkingen and Mintraching in Bavaria, together vulgare) and rice (Oryza sativa). The barnyard millet is the c with eight more sites in the area of the Linearbandkeramik cul- most significant finding, due to not only the abundance but a ture. Current archaeobotanical investigations of several sites also being the first found in China. t i 42 o n s A B S T Based on a quantitative analysis, the two different farming sys- Asia around 1000 years ago, with barnyard millet as a mark R tems were identified in Northeastern China during this historic of unique crop. This agricultural zone was distributed in an A period. One was distributed in the plain area, characterized area roughly between 40◦-45◦north latitude of northeastern C by the dominant crops of foxtail millet, broomcorn millet and Asia, specifically hilly areas of Northeast China, northwest- T wheat. The other was distributed in the hilly areas, charac- ern corner of Korea, southern part of Far East of Russia, and S terized by the dominant crops of foxtail millet, barnyard mil- Hokkaido and northern part of Honshu of Japan. let, buckwheat and barley. Considering the archaeobotanical L Keywords: Northeastern China, Neolithic, Historical periods, Barn- data from northern Japan and Far East of Russia, I propose E yard millet, Food plant complex that an identical agricultural zone once existed in Northeast C T U R E S

R e´ s u m e´ s

C o m m u n i c a t i 43 o n s A B S T R ABSTRACTS POSTERS A Resum´ es´ des posters C T S Out of the shade: an archaeobotanical investigation of Bronze Age. The palaeoenvironmental study through a multi- LP plant remains and wood charcoal from the “Dark Age” proxy analyses (pollen, shell, ostracods, insects, charcoals, OE rural site of Dando Close, Wollaston, Northamptonshire seeds, tephra) have shown a close relationship of the settle- CS ment with the lagoon environment and changes in vegetation T Sorti de l’ombre. Enqueteˆ archeobotanique´ sur les vestiges cover.Archaeobotanical analyses conducted recently, highlight UE veg´ etaux´ et les charbons de bois du site rural de Dando Close different species of crops (generally cereals, pulses and tree R a` Wollaston (Northamptonshire) aux “agesˆ obscurs” fruits) and different storing technique during the Bronze Age. ES The analysis of cereals caryopses, pulses and their spatial dis- S Stacey Adams1 tribution has allowed to identify a few specific areas of the set- tlement devoted to storing (generally barley caryopses), which 1 University of Nottingham – United Kingdom are characterized by the presence of a number of surface circu- lar structures during the Middle Bronze Age. During the Late Bronze Age, in particular cereals appear mainly to have been Sixteen archaeobotanical samples were analysed for plant stored in domestic spaces, as proved by the presence of a large macro remains and wood charcoal from the Anglo-Saxon ru- amount of burned seeds at two huts, but you can assume col- ral settlement of Dando Close, Wollaston, Northamptonshire. lective storage areas near the defensive walls. The emergence The inhabitants of the site practised a mixed cereal economy of changes in storing technique is linked to social change, but of oat and barley as a risk management strategy. Crop hus- probably to a greater specialization in agriculture techniques. bandry regimes did not change throughout the period with the To test this hypothesis, barley caryopses were selected and an- exception of the introduction of free-threshing wheat from the alyzed by volume extimation of single grain and δ13C and Mid Saxon period (7 th – 9 th century AD) onwards. Wild δ15N values. This approach is used to distinguish between plant food exploitation appears to have been avoided by the grain from different harvesting sites (crop provenience) and to inhabitants of the site. The excellent preservation of the wood identify special agricultural practices (e.g. manuring or irriga- charcoal found that deciduous oak (Quercus deciduous) was tion). the predominant species throughout the site and was employed for structural timber and firewood. The oak firewood was sup- Keywords: Archaeobotanical methods, Bronze Age, Crops, Storage, plemented with lesser species including (Sambucus sp.), birch Stable isotopes (Betula sp.) and hazel (Corylus sp.). Wood charcoal from the apple sub-family (Maloideae) was routinely cracked and may provide evidence for orchard cultivation of apple and/ or pears Burnt building structures on the Bernstorf hill (Upper near the site. The anthracological evidence suggests a wooded Bavaria, Germany) – an integrated research environment was exploited close to the settlement along with occasional driftwood of poplar/ willow (Populus/Salix). The Batimentsˆ incendies´ a` Bernstorf hill (Haute Baviere,` results of the archaeobotanical investigation found that the in- Allemagne) – approche croisee´ habitants of the Anglo-Saxon Settlement at Dando Close were 1 1 2 largely insular and focused on the domestic sphere. Wood col- Vanessa Bahr¨ , Barbara Eichhorn , Maren Gumnior , Astrid 3 lection, for timber and firewood, appears to have been the only Ropke¨ activity in which interaction with the wild was exercised. 1 Institut fur¨ Archaologische¨ Wissenschaften, Goethe-Universitat,¨ Frankfurt am Keywords: Plant remains, Wood charcoal, Medieval Period Main – Germany 2 Institut fur¨ Physische Geographie, Goethe-Universitat,¨ Frankfurt am Main – Germany Using stable isotope analysis to reconstruct land 3 Institut fur¨ Ur- und Fruhgeschichte,¨ Universitat¨ zu Koln¨ – Germany management and storage systems in Apulian Bronze Age R sites e´ The archaeological site Bernstorf hill (Upper Bavaria, Ger- s Recours aux analyses d’isotopes stables pour restituer la many) comprises a vitrified Bronze Age and an Iron Age for- u gestion du paysage et les systemes` de stockage de sites de tification as well as an early medieval refuge fort. In order m l’ageˆ du Bronze dans la region´ des Pouilles to get a broader picture of the site and its Bronze and Iron e´ Age burnt structures we applied micromorphology and phy- tolith analyses to investigate different burnt materials. Our s Giorgia Aprile1, Cosimo D’Oronzo1, Girolamo Fiorentino1 R investigations aim to distinguish between the composition of Ce´ Bronze Age and Iron Age construction material by identify- 1 Laboratory of Archaeobotany and Palaeoecology Dipartimento di Beni Cul- os ing different features of the construction (e.g. plaster, daub, turali University of Salento – Italy mu floor) regarding sediment composition, treatment and possible m tempering. The Bronze Age burnt structures are visually com- ue´ Thirty years of archeological research at Coppa Nevigata parable. Thin section and phytolith analyses show that they ns (Manfredonia-Foggia) showed transformations of the settle- are composed of the same source material and resemble the i ment from the Neolithic to the Iron Age. In particular, the Bronze Age cultural layers as well as colluvial layers (refer- Pc site presents changes in defensive structures, the organization ence soils). Most samples have high amounts of grass phy- oa of space, the subsistence activities and exchanges during the tolith short cells in common. Concerning phytolith composi- st ti 44 oe nr s A B S

1,2 3 T tions the wall material is comparatively uniform. Without def- Delphine Barbier-Pain , Marie-Pierre Ruas ,Remi´ R inite evidence of intentional tempering, the phytoliths indicate Corbineau4, Sylvie Duchesne1,5, Rozenn Colleter1,6, Norbert 7 A open grassland vegetation shaped by men. Bilobate phytoliths Telmon C attest the presence of wild and/or cultivated millets. Iron Age T 1 burnt building structures differ distinctly from the Bronze Age Institut National de Recherches Archeologiques´ Preventives´ (INRAP) – S samples. Macroscopically, tempering is visible. Thin section France 2 and phytolith analyses confirm this observation. The building CReAAH, Rennes – CNRS : UMR6566 – France LP 4 material has high amounts of inflorescence phytoliths (husks, AASPE, Paris – CNRS : UMR7209, MNHN, Sorbonne-Universites´ – France OE 4 mainly from the Triticeae tribe) often in cell sheets derived CReAAH, Nantes – CNRS : UMR6566 – France CS 5 from threshing remains which were used as temper. Accord- AMIS, Toulouse – CNRS : UMR5288 – France T 6 ing to micromorphological analyses the use of dung can be AMIS, Rennes – CNRS : UMR5288 – France UE 7 excluded. This is in contrast to the occupation layer contain- AMIS, Toulouse – CNRS : UMR5288, CHU Toulouse – France R ing mostly single inflorescence phytoliths. ES From December 2011 to June 2013, a rescue excavation was S Keywords: Micromorphology, Phytoliths analyses, Burnt structures conducted by Inrap (French National Institute for Preventive Archaeological Research) at the Jacobin convent in Rennes. Growing grain for δ15N values Now dedicated to become the Rennes Metropole´ conference center, this edifice was built in 1369 after the War of the Bre- Cultiver des grains pour obtenir des valeurs de δ15N ton Succession, as a consequence of the victory of John IV of Montfort, Duke of Brittany, over Charles of Blois. From Corrie Bakels1 the 15th to 17th centuries, this Dominican establishment be- came an important place for pilgrimages and inhumations. Approximately 800 graves were uncovered by the archaeol- 1 Faculty of Archaeology, Leiden University – The Netherlands ogists, including five lead coffins dated back to the 17th cen- tury. Four of the coffins located in the church choir yielded Excavations of Bronze Age sites in the Netherlands reveal relatively well-preserved skeletons. Some skulls and rib cages ancient fields with ard marks and their produce represented by were sawed as an evidence of embalming, a common cus- charred grain. One of the questions regarding tilling practice tom into elite social circles.Each coffin was accompanied by a is whether the fields were manured with animal dung. A now heart-shaped lead reliquary containing an embalmed heart sur- well-established method to tackle this question is to measure rounded by textile and plant material. These reliquaries also the δ15N value of the charred crops. The Bronze Age grain presented inscriptions revealing the identity of the deceased. reveals high δ15N values, but before the conclusion can be Such a discovery is unique in Brittany and very rare in France reached that the fields were indeed manured with animal dung, and in the whole Europe. It offers an exceptional occasion to δ15N values of grain grown in the past on the same kinds of carry on a comprehensive archaeobotanical investigation in- substrates without manuring need to be known. In order to ob- cluding pollen, seeds, and other macroremains and thus con- tain these baseline values emmer wheat and hulled barley, the tribute to a better knowledge of embalming methods and Ma- most common Bronze Age crops, were grown on two of the teria Medica in Modern Times. substrates most appropriate for the Dutch situation. Big plas- tic tubs were filled with sandy clay or Pleistocene cover sand Keywords: Mortuary practices, Archaeobotany, Modern Times, Pres- originating from localities that had not received any fertilizer tigious burial during at least the last 50 years. These tubs were placed in the open air in a section of the Leiden Hortus Botanicus closed to On the traces of food plants in archaeological sites of the the general public, on concrete tiles, and in a large cage to keep Sultanate of Oman cats and birds out. They were sown with summer emmer and summer barley in the spring and the winter varieties of these Sur les traces de plantes alimentaires dans plusieurs sites crop plants in the autumn. The experiment lasted two years to archeologiques´ du Sultanat d’Oman avoid the impact of the influence of one especially bad or good summer or winter.The resulting grain was charred at the same Cristina Bellini1, Alexia Pavan2, Marta Mariotti Lippi1 temperature as the Bronze Age grain endured in the past, and R δ e´ the 15N values measured in the same lab with the same pro- 1 Dipartimento di Biologia, Universita` di Firenze – Italy s cedure (Centre for Isotope Research Groningen). The values 2 Dipartimento Di Scienze Storiche Del Mondo Antico, Universita` di Pisa – u were much lower than those of the prehistoric grain. More- Italy over, a difference in δ15N values the between the clay and the m sand could be observed. e´ The Italian Mission to Oman (IMTO, directed by Alessan- s Keywords: Baseline δ15N, Experimental growing, Manuring dra Avanzini, University of Pisa) is working inSouthern and R South-eastern Arabia since 1997. Excavation and research ac- Ce´ tivities have been particularly focused on two archaeological os Plants and methods used for embalming in the Modern sites: the pre-Islamic walled city of Sumhuram, located along mu times in France: archaeobotanical results from the the coasts of Dhofar, at the estuary of the Wadi Darbat, and the m Jacobins’ Convent at Rennes (France) fortified Iron Age settlement of Salut, situated in a transitional ue´ area between the mountain region of the Al-Hajar and the in- ns Plantes et methodes´ de l’embaumement a` la periode´ moderne terior arid plains, near Nizwa. i en France : resultats´ archeobotaniques´ du couvent des The widely different environmental contexts in which these Pc Jacobins a` Rennes (France) sites are inserted are reflected in the dissimilarities in their ao st ti 45 oe nr s A B S T R local food economies. In the arid interior plains of northern village of Montegibbio. Charcoals from archaeological layers A Oman, dates are still the main crop, whereas in the Monsoon- have been studied in order to improve the comprehension of C influenced southern region of Dhofar, agriculture is more var- the human-environment relationships (e.g., wood exploitation T ied with fruits such as bananas, coconuts and papayas and veg- and timber selection) at the local scale. The study will provide S etables like tomatoes and cucumbers. further knowledge on palaeoecology of woody vegetation liv- Textual information about the ancient diet and food economy ing in the areas close to the sites. In Mo-arch2, nearly all the LP of Southern Arabia comes from the Moroccan explorer Ibn remains have an excellent state of preservation and a relatively OE Battuta, who visited Oman in the 14th century. In particular, large size. The results suggest that the most of burnt wood CS he underlined that fishing was the main subsistence activity were large including trunks or branches. The total charcoals T along the coasts and that the principal staple food in Dhofar are almost one thousand, with a strong dominance of Fraxinus UE was rice, which was imported from India. and Carpinus, followed by Acer, Ulmus, Quercus (deciduous) R The most ancient sedimentary sources from archeaobotani- and others. The record refers to the mixed broadleaved forest ES cal researches have only furnished ragmentary information, that grew in the area. In the second site, charcoals were again S mainly relative to the North and eastern coast of the country. in a good state of preservation, Acer, Carpinus and Fagus syl- Palm dates, Ziziphus stones, Setaria and Sorghum caryopses vatica prevail. For both sites, pollen and seed-fruit analyses are the most common plant macro-remains, but the list of food are available. The multiproxy study and the complementarity plants has been extended by the study of micro-remains, for of different analyses improve the details of palaeoenvironmen- example pollen grains and starch grains. tal and palaeoethnological reconstruction of this area. At Salut pollen analysis attested the occurrence of palm grove and the cultivation of Cerealia and of Sesamum, a traditional Keywords: Anthracology, Archaeobotanical records, Roman Age, crop the cultivation of which is now largely abandoned be- Modena, Plain/hill cause insufficiently remunerative. Cereal pollen also occurred along the stratigraphic sequences Plant macro remains from the Antic city of Vani (Western in the city of Sumhuram and was recorded in large amount Georgia, South Caucasus) in plastered rooms, suggesting that cereals were stored inside the city. Starch analysis demonstrated the presence of millet Macrorestes veg´ etaux´ de la cite´ antique de Vani (Georgie´ starch grains on the surface of a Pre-islamic grindstone. occidentale, sud du Caucase Unfortunately, the preservation of plant remains is not gener-

ally good in these contexts: at Salut, the sandy soil preserved 1 2 3 a very low amount of pollen; the same is true in Dhofar, prob- Marine Bokeria , Brigitta Ammann , Catherine Masserey , Thierry Luginbuhl¨ 3, Darejan Kacharava4, Dimitry ably as a consequence of the repeated cycles of wet and dry 4 episodes linked to the Tropical monsoon climate. Akhvlediani

Keywords: Archaeobotany, Pollen analysis, Starch analysis, Diet 1 Department of the Natural History of the Georgian National Museum – Geor- gia 2 University of Bern, Oeschger Centre & NCCR-Climate – Switzerland Charcoals and other archaeobotanical records of two 3 University of Lausanne IASA, Anthropole – Switzerland Roman sites of Modena’s area (N-Italy) in a multiproxy 4 Otar Lordkipanidze Centre for Archaeological Studies of the Georgian Na- approach tional Museum, Tbilis – Georgia

Charbons et autres restes archeobotaniques´ de deux sites romains de la region´ de Modene` (Italie septentrionale) dans Palaeobotanical studies of the antic city Vani have been in une approche interdisciplinaire progress since 2007 within the frames of the Georgian-Swiss multidisciplinary Project. The goal of our investigation is to define the basic plant species that had decisive role in the nu- Alessandra Benatti1, Giovanna Bosi1, Anna Maria trition of Colkhic population in Antic and Hellenistic periods, Mercuri1, Marie-Claude Bal2, Philippe Allee´ 2, Rossella the main question is if the results of our study can establish any Rinaldi1, Maria Chiara Montecchi1, Donato Labate3 signs of crisis that was observed on the base of archaeological investigations. According to archeologists in the second half 1 Laboratorio di Palinologia e Paleobotanica, Dipartimento di Scienze della R of the III century BC was collapsed the united kingdom of Vita, Universita` di Modena e Reggio Emilia – Italy e´ Colkhis, which was followed by occupation of Mithridates of 2 Geolab UMR/CNRS 6042, Faculte´ des Lettres et des Sciences Humaines, s Pontus in the end of II and beginning of the I centuries BC. Universite´ de Limoges – France u Ca 64 plant species, representatives of 50 genera and 24 plant 3 Soprintendenza per i Beni Archeologici dell’Emilia Romagna – Italy m families were identified from 1056 L of sediment. The ma- e´ jority of carbonized plant remains from rubbish pit are result s In the framework of the archaeobotanical research carried out from frequently conducted, routine activities. Several hundred R in the area of Modena (Emilia Romagna, Northern Italy), new charred caryopses of millet with accompanied weeds mixed Ce´ charcoal analyses from two Roman archaeological sites have with burnt oak fragments were revealed in the storage pit (VI os been studied. The one named ”ex Cinema Capitol” (MO- layer) burned in situ, were processed millet was stored most mu arch2) was brought to light in the current historical centre of probably is the result of local fire. The analysis of carpologi- m Modena, and corresponds to a urban domus with walls, floors cal remains showed generally high botanical density across the ue´ and foundation structures. The other is a complex archaeologi- deposits dated back by 6th-5th centuries BC and broad spec- ns cal site, and its study is in progress. Although it is still difficult tra of species represented. In assemblage free-threshing wheat i to interpret the archaeology of this site, probably it was a do- was dominant. Fossilized remains of broomcorn and foxtail Pc mus or a votive area, located in the hill at 350 m a.s.l., near millets, grape wine, flax, pea and lentil with high number of oa the important geological site called ”Salse di Nirano”, in the weeds were identified. st ti 46 oe nr s A B S T Carpological complex of the material, obtained from the lay- burials are more rich than those associated with the crema- R ers, dated back by the 3rd-1st centuries BC is mainly presented tions. The samples from the early Byzantine Christian period A by broomcorn millet and Italian millet. Of wheat emmer and graves presented an atypical spectrum, with the near absence C einkorn have been identified. The index of crop density is low. of pulses (only one item) and complete absence of broomcorn T Single grains of barley and wild grape were detected. From the millet, grape and flax, however this might be for taphonomic S II-I cc BC the main wheat crop has been found to be emmer reasons. with very occasional grains of einkorn. Barley was presum- The most interesting finds are charred seeds of flax and hemp LP ably sown as another crop. Only one seed of flax was found and textile fragments. The mineralized fragments of linen tex- OE as well. No evidence of crop legumes, wine grape and crop tile were revealed in both Hellenistic and early Byzantine buri- CS weeds at all. The remains of wild plant species of ruderal habi- als and they may have been deposited in the graves as cloth- T tats are found in small amounts. Share of cereals in the carpo- ing, or the wrapped cerement of the decease. Ethnographic UE logical assemblage is reduced. These results are confirmed by data suggests that, in west Georgia people used to dip the flax R comparing the ubiquities of different taxa. The described car- cerement in candle wax and roll it around the deceased before ES pological spectrum points to the low economic activity and de- burial. S cline of farming. It is interesting to note that there are several Within the archaeobotanical spectra there were revealed an- changes through time period seen in the stratigraphic layers nual and perennial plant species associated with crop weeds, between the Antic and Late Hellenistic periods from the Vani especially wheat and millets, such as several varieties of vetch, settlement concerning plant husbandry and economy. grass pea, mustard, bedstraw, rye-grass etc. Ruderals of dis- Thus, our results partly corroborate the version proposed by turbed habitats, such as broadleaf plantain, bird eye, spear- archaeologists that the political events, taking place at the end wort, alkali bulrush, wood sorrel, ribwort plantain, sheep’s of the 2nd century BC and beginning of the 1st century should sorrel, knotgrass, fat hen, speedwell etc, would have grown have had an impact on life and economical activities of the in the vicinity of the site, they were probably deposited in the population. grave unintentionally. The remains of charred, processed meal were revealed, most Keywords: Crop macro remains, Ethnobotany, Early Antic, Hellenis- likely millet porridge, possibly an element of funeral meals. tic Unidentified seed and fruit flesh remnants were also found, and require further investigation.

Vegetal offerings on Hellenistic age burials from Keywords: Ritual archaeobotany, Grave goods, Hellenistic Nokalakevi (Western Georgia, South Caucasus)

Offrandes veg´ etales´ dans des inhumations d’epoque´ Archaeobotanical evidence of food plants in Northern hellenistique´ a` Nokalakevi (Georgie´ occidentale, sud du Italy during the Medieval and Renaissance periods Caucase) Temoins´ archeobotaniques´ de plantes alimentaires en Italie Marine Bokeria1, David Lomitashvili1, Besic septentrionale aux periodes´ medi´ evale´ et moderne Lortkipanidze1, Paul Everill2, Ian Colvin2, Benjamin Niel2, Nino Kebuladze1, Nikoloz Murgulia1, Ana Mtvaradze1, Giovanna Bosi1, Mauro Rottoli2, Elisabetta Castiglioni3, Kathy Grant3 Marta Bandini Mazzanti1

1 Department of the Natural History of the Georgian National Museum – Geor- 1 Laboratorio di Palinologia e Paleobotanica, Dipartimento di Scienze della gia Vita, Universita` di Modena e Reggio Emilia – Italy 2 Department of Archaeology, University of Manchester – United Kingdom 2 Laboratorio di Archeobiologia, Musei Civici di Como – Italy 3 Institute of Archaeology, University College London – United Kingdom 3 Laboratorio di Palinologia e Paleoboanica-Dipartimento di Scienze della Vita- Universita` di Modena e Reggio Emilia – Italy This archaeobotanical study deals with carbonized fruits and seeds recovered from the Nokalakevi settlement, located in The aim of this study is to highlight carpological remains West the Georgia, on the edge of the Colkhian plain, some of food plants that have been found in about fifty archaeo- 40km from the Black Sea. More than 130 samples were taken logical sites of the Medieval and Renaissance Periods (7th – R from Hellenistic cremation and inhumation burials and early 16th century AD). All sites are located in Northern Italy. The e´ Byzantine graves. Ninety species, belonging to 67 genera, deposits belonged to different contexts, especially waste dis- s were identified and recorded. posal. A list of about 100 taxa of plants that can be used u Most charred remains of wheat, millets, lentil, celtic bean, flax for food has been filled. It includes cereals (naked wheats, m and hemp, nuts and fruits recovered from the Nokalakevi sam- spelt, einkorn, emmer, barley, rye, broomcorm, foxtail mil- e´ ples are of economic importance, widely used in Hellenistic let, sorghum, oat), pulses (among which lentil, pea, chickpea, s period. They were probably intentionally selected for funer- bitter vetch, faba bean,...), many fruits and nuts (grape, fig, R ary rituals and should be interpreted as plant offerings. The peach, apricot, quince, sweet and sour cherry, plums, pear, ap- Ce´ recovery of grape, hazelnut and walnuts, berries, some uniden- ple, medlar, black mulberry, pomegranate, jujube, melon and os tified fruit and shell fragments, indicates the consumption of watermelon, woodland strawberry, chestnut, walnut, hazel- mu fruit and nuts and that fruit may also have been offered whole nut, almond, ...), vegetables and condiments (eg. beet, bot- m as part of a funerary ritual. Small pieces of charred grape tle gourd, carrot, chicory, lettuce, orache, purslane, rocket,...; ue´ branches and pine needles might represent the remnants of fuel anise, basil, dill, celery, coriander, fennel, mints, parsley, cul- ns burned at the graveside. They may have been deliberately se- tivated poppy, black pepper, ...) and plants for beverages, i lected for their symbolic importance? oils and food dyes. For a better interpretation of these data, Pc The seed assemblages associated with Hellenistic inhumation written sources, such as the most ancient Italian ”cookbooks”, ao st ti 47 oe nr s A B S T R have been checked for food plants. Such texts dated to a pe- Hunter gatherer archaeobotany of a mortuary context in A riod between the 14th and the 17th century AD, and include Patagonia (Cueva Galpon, Argentina): artefactual, C Liber de coquina (various anonymous authors), Libro de arte carpological, anthracological and other plant T coquinaria (the first collection of recipes ”signed” - Maestro macroremains from ca. 3300 BP S Martino), De honesta voluptate et valetudine (Platina), Libro novo nel quale s’insegna a’ far d’ogni sorte di vivande (Mes- Etude´ archeobotanique´ d’un contexte funeraire´ de sisbugo), Opera. Dell’arte di cucinare (Scappi),... LP chasseurs-cueilleurs en Patagonie (Cueva Galpon,´ Argentine) OE : artefacts, carpologie, anthracologie et autres macrorestes Keywords: Seeds/fruits, Food plants, Recipe books, Me- CS veg´ etaux,´ 3300 BP dieval/Renaissance, Northern Italy T UE Aylen Capparelli1, Emiliano Mange1, M. Laura R Early Neolithic farming economy in the Southern margins Ciampagna1, Luciano Prates1 ES of the Massif Central (Southern France): a review of S archaeobotanical data

´ Economie agraire au Neolithique´ ancien dans les marges 1 CONICET- Division´ Arqueolog´ıa, Facultad de Ciencias Naturales y Museo, meridionales´ du Massif Central (Sud de la France) : synthese` Universidad Nacional de La Plata – Argentina des donnees´ archeobotaniques´

This paper analyzes the archaeobotanical record (macrore- Laurent Bouby1,2, Philippe Marinval3, Fred´ erique´ mains and manufactured items) of Cueva Galpon,´ a hunter Durand4,5, Claire Manen4 gatherer site located in the Paileman hills (R´ıo Negro Province, Argentina). The deposit is located in a cave of 50 1 ISEM – CNRS : UMR5554, IRD : UMR226, Universite´ Montpellier II – m wide and 8 m average depth, in which three explorative France transects were carried out and two sectors of 3m2 each were 2 UM2 – Universite´ Montpellier II, PRES Sud de France – France excavated in artificial levels of 5 cm to 50 cm deep. The ar- 3 ASM– Universite´ Paul Valery´ - Montpellier III, CNRS : UMR5140, Lattes – chaeological materials (mainly faunal and botanical) were re- France covered both manually and by fine sieving, and at least two 4 TRACES – CNRS : UMR5608, Universite´ Toulouse II – France mortuary contexts were identified. The first one presented 5 Institut National de Recherches Archeologiques´ Preventives´ (INRAP) – charred human remains associated to materials chronologi- France cally near to the Spanish conquest of the territory. The sec- ond one give an age of 3314±51 and 3264±38 14C years BP. Archaeobotanical research on early Neolithic sites in South- Results show that the latter was covered at the top by two ern France was quite active during the years 1970 and 1980, layers of a mat whose warp was made from stems of Pip- when excavations were carried out on many cave occupations. tochaetium sp. (flechilla negra) and the weft from stems of Unfortunately the potential for new studies decreased later on, Cyperaceae/Juncaceae. These structures were tied to sticks of when most of the archaeological activity focused on rescue Larrea cuneifolia (jarilla) by braids of leather or animal sinew. excavations and open air settlements. Consequently the avail- Numerous dispersed tufts of at least two grass species were ability of early Neolithic archaeobotanical data is now rather also found which probably representing a kind of ”bed” struc- poor compared to other regions of Western Europe. In the ture. Associated with this context a partially carbonized arti- framework of the PROCOME ANR research program we have fact made on Chusquea sp. (colihue cane), possibly an arrow undertaken a systematic inventory of the available archaeob- shaft, was found. Nine fragments of different types of plant otanical information west of the Rhoneˆ river and south of the strings (lax and compact) were also recovered, together with a Massif Central mountains. In this poster we propose a critical total of 1925 macroremains, both dry and charred. The assem- review, highlighting the most recent achievements and impor- blage shows a high diversity both taxonomical and anatomi- tant drawbacks of the dataset. About 30 sites which delivered cal (woody stems of different diameters, leaves, bark, fruits, any archaeobotanical information are registered. They only inflorescences, rhizomes). The most abundant correspond to yielded charred botanical remains. The major part is repre- dry endocarps of Condalia sp. (piquill´ın) and Prosopis sp. R sented by cave occupations and in many cases sampling and (algarrobo), and aff. Grindelia sp. flowers, which suggest a e´ recovery techniques are not representative (coarse sieving pre- spring/summer seasonal occupation. These materials repre- s vails). The spatial distribution of the sites should be noticed sent at least three different anthropogenic sources: grass beds, u as they cluster around the southeastern part of our area, close fuel and food consumption, and except for Chusquea sp. of m to the Mediterranean. Based on the available information we Andean-Patagonian origin, the genera identified correspond e´ will discuss how agriculture established on the northwestern with the Monte province and to a lesser extent, to the Patago- s Mediterranean shore and how it spread to the hinterland. Pre- nian province, and are available near the site. The finding of a R vious research considered that the first agriculture in the area seaweed specimen links population that inhabited the site with Ce´ was based on naked cereals, wheat and barley; we will see how the sea coast, distant 50 km. The analysis of archaeobotani- os the recent studies fit into this model. Wild fruits are common cal remains of Cueva Galpon´ do not only allowed to a better mu in some of the sites. We will consider the nutritional role that understanding ot a kind of mortuary practices poorly known m they may have played in addition to cultivated plants. We will in Patagonia, but also defines the high mobility range of the ue´ also investigate the possible evidence of field weeds and its hunter gatherer of the area, from the Andes Mountains to the ns implications regarding cultivation practices of the first farmers Atlantic Ocean. i in the area. Pc Keywords: Archaeobotany, Macroremains, Hunter gatherers, Mortu- oa Keywords: Agriculture diffusion, Naked cereals ary context, Patagonia st ti 48 oe nr s A B S T Baking bread in the ancient Egypt, new discoveries from the role of multiple crop systems, that included both the wet R the site of Amheida-Dakhla Oasis (rice) and the dry (millets), has not been directly documented A archaeobotanically. The present post presents new archaeob- C Faire du pain en Egypte´ ancienne, nouvelles decouvertes´ otanical results from 12 sites in Benin that suggest that the rise T dans le site de l’oasis d’Amheida-Dakhla of larger populations and population centres, like the urban S site of Birni Lafia, developed only once agriculture diversified Valentina Caracuta1, Girolamo Fiorentino1, Paola Davoli2, beyond pearl millet cultivation to include multiple cereals, as 3 LP Roger Bangall well as cowpea, oil palm and cotton. Flotation results indicate OE that sites of the First Millennium BC were dominated by pearl CS 1 Laboratory of Archeobotany and Palaeoecology, Department of Cultural Her- millet evidence, which can be related to the earlier origins of T itage, University of Salento, Lecce – Italy this crop to the North in Mali. However by the early centuries UE 2 Department of Humanities. University of Salento, Lecce – Italy AD, the additions of sorghum and rice correlate to increasing R 3 Institute for the Study of the Ancient World. New York University – United urbanism, a pattern revealed by our evidence from Benin and ES States congruent with existing evidence from Mali. This highlights S the role of agricultural diversification in promoting urbanisa- Recent excavations in the site of Amheida brought to light, in tion and state formation. area 4.1, a structure likely devoted to theproduction of bread Keywords: Africa, Pennisetum, Sorghum, Oryza glabberima, Cotton, datable to the II intermediate period c. 1700-1550 BC). Dou- Urbanism ble bread moulds were found stuck on a wall of what is con- sidered to be a oven for baking bread. The archaeobotanical assemblage is mostly made of cereals remains (80%) and a few weeds(12%). Among the cereals recovered, the majority are grains of hulled barley and a few of naked wheat. Residues Taxonomic differentiation between Triticum species using of chaff and forks of hulled wheat were found, but no grain of multi-proxy methods: Application of pollen and chemical such species. Chaff remains of hulled barley and naked wheat analyses on T. monococcum, T. urartu and “new type are also attested, but in lower percentage compare to the grains glume wheat” (Triticum cf. timopheevii) of the same species. The presence of chaff suggests that burnt hot straw was likely put in the bread moulds and used as base Differenciation´ taxinomique entre les especes` de Triticum par for the dough; it is possible that lately the bread moulds would l’approche interdisciplinaire : analyses polliniques et be put on the wall of the baking oven to complete the cook- chimiques de T. monococcum, T. urartu et du “new glume ing. Since no residues of burnt dough were recovered from wheat” (Triticum cf. timopheevii) the bread-moulds we do not have enough elements to differ- entiate between the species of cereals used for baking and ¨ 1 2 1 those used for their straw. The fact that hulled wheat grains Ozgur¨ C¸izer , Suzanne Leroy , Cynthianne Debono Spiteri were not found might be an indication that this specie was used solely for its straw, whereas hulled barley and, less likely naked wheat, could have been used for both purposes. 1 Eberhard Karls Universitat¨ Tubingen¨ – Germany 2 Brunel University – United Kingdom Keywords: Bread, Bakery, Archaeobotany, Second Intermediate Pe- riod Domesticated einkorn is mostly one grained, a two-grained einkorn-like form is identified in the archaeological contexts New evidence on the development of millet and rice of Near Eastern and European Neolithic and Bronze Age sites, economies in the Niger river basin: archaeobotanical however its cultivation is not known in modern agriculture results from Benin and the crop is not represented in modern crop germplasm. T. urartu, a diploid wheat species, is morphologically indis- Nouvelles donnees´ sur le developpement´ de l’economie´ du tinguishable from T. monococcum but they constitute genet- millet et du riz dans le bassin fluvial du Niger : resultats´ ically separate species. Genetic studies show that the pres- archeobotaniques´ du Benin´ ence of T. urartu in the archaeological contexts, previously R identified as einkorn, cannot be excluded. Identification of e´ Louis Champion1, Anne Haour2, Dorian Fuller1 another wheat species, archaeologically named ”new type s glume wheat” (NGW) is based primarily on rachis morphol- u 1 University College London – United Kingdom ogy. For NGW, recently suggested taxonomic classification m 2 University of East Anglia – United Kingdom is ”Triticum cf. timopheevii”. Identification of ”new type e´ glume wheat” grains is still problematic, due to preservational s The Niger river is second only to the Nile in length in Africa, problems in comparison to other wheat species. Studies have R and is host to dense populations of agriculturalists that sup- shown that wheat species whose grains are morphologically Ce´ ported in historical times states such as the kingdoms of Song- inseparable can be distinguished from each other using pollen os hay and Mali. This is also the region to which the origins morphology. Evidence of Triticum urartu and Triticum cf. mu of the Niger-Congo language family, including its Bantu off- timopheevii in EBA K’ull´ ’uoba’s´ storage sample contexts are m shoot is attributed. Despite this archaeobotanical evidence for questioned using proxy methods based on gross morphologi- ue´ the development of agricultural systems based on both indige- cal and pollen analyses, as well as biomarkers with FITR and ns nous crops, like Pennisetum glaucum, Vigna unguiculata and GC/MS. i Oryza glaberrima, and introduced crops, such as Sorghum bi- Pc color and Gossypium sp. has remained limited. In particular Keywords: Morphology ao st ti 49 oe nr s A B S T R European Late Neolithic population crash correlated with A declines in agricultural productivity The aim of the present study was to determine whether the C choice of wood raw material for making agiven object was de- Correlation´ entre l’effondrement demographique´ en Europe T liberate and justified by technological and exploitation wood au Neolithique´ final et le declin´ de la productivite´ agricole S qualities of different tree species or was it the result of acciden- tal gathering of raw material from the nearest surroundings. Sue Colledge1, James Conolly2, Enrico Crema1, Stephen LP 1 A summary of taxonomic wood determinations is shown, OE Shennan which includes hundreds of medieval everyday use objects CS (e.g. scoops, turned and stave vessels, small buckets, spoons, 1 University College London, Institute of Archaeology – United Kingdom T plugs, pegs, bungs, dowels, construction elements, spades, 2 Trent University – Canada UE torches, spindles, knife handles, clubs and net floats). The R objects selected for analysis are functionally diverse and come ES The widely recognised increase in central and western Eu- from several strongholds on the territory of Poland (Szczecin, S ropean population densities after c. 4500 cal BC, more gen- Wroclaw, Wolin, Dawidgrodek´ and others). The wood of erally referred to as the Neolithic Demographic Transition, pine, oak, ash, and alder was more often used by medieval is attributed to a suite of advantageous effects of agriculture craftsmen. Pine was mostly used for making stave bowls including the increased dietary availability of a greater com- and torches, oak wood for construction elements and clubs. plement of carbohydrate-rich plant foods (e.g., in Eurasia the Turned bowls were made mainly from ash, and alder was used grain crops such as cereals and pulses), reduced mobility, ear- for objects resistant to stay in the water for a long time. The lier onset of weaning and concomitant higher fertility. Re- connection of wood kinds with specific useful functions of cently, however, it has been demonstrated that there was a objects allowed to conclude that raw materials were selected phase of particularly rapid growth beginning at c. 4000 cal purposefully. BC after which population levels fluctuated for 500 years, then crashed at c. 3500 cal BC. Growth is then negligible be- This work was supported by funds from the National Science fore population densities begin to increase slowly in the early Centre, Poland (grant No 2014/13/N/ST10/04881). Bronze Age. This demographic instability has been charac- terised as resembling a boom and bust’ pattern and is recog- Keywords: Xylology, Useful wood, Technological and working wood nisable across Neolithic Europe. Satisfactory explanations to qualities, Human impact on forest communities account for the demographic crash after the initial growth of farming populations have proved elusive; however, on the ba- sis of correlations with palaeoclimate proxies, in some regions The identity of the mysterious “new glume wheat” of of Europe (e.g., the northwest) increasingly cold and wet con- early European agriculture ditions are cited as the cause for the decline, or even abandon- L’identite´ du mysterieux´ “nouveau ble´ vetu”ˆ des premieres` ment, of cereal agriculture. The suggestion of a link between agricultures europeennes´ agricultural productivity and declines in population is com-

pelling but has not been tested at the wider geographic scales 1 1 from which population histories have been reconstructed. In Beata Czajkowska , Terry Brown this study we assess the relationships between population lev- 1 els and agricultural productivity and we consider the possi- University of Manchester – United Kingdom bility that a reduction in productivity can be attributed to de- creasing soil fertility rather than diminished agricultural out- “New glume wheat”, NGW or new type of glume wheat is put from a smaller population base. We interpret the reduc- unidentified, extinct today Triticum species, formerly classi- tions in productivity as most likely driven by several centuries fied as aberrant or slender emmer. Its close relationship to of intensive land use in the early Neolithic that led to a deteri- modern tetraploid Timopheevii wheats has been proposed with oration of soil fertility. In addition, we take into account evi- respect to spikelet bases and the grains. In prehistoric times dence for worsening climate from c. 3500 cal BC and specifi- NGW could have been a widespread crop with archaeobotan- cally increased rainfall that exacerbated the anthropogenic ef- ical records ranging from Anatolia to Western Germany, from fects. Which of these two influences was the more signifi- various cultures from the Early Neolithic to the Iron Age. Do- R cant is not at the present time resolvable but both are likely mesticated T. timopheevii is not a common species; being re- e´ to have worked in tandem to produce noticeable declines in stricted to localized regions of Georgia. The aim of the project s crop yields and a corresponding decrease in carrying capacity, is to establish the identity of the NGW to distinguish if ar- u leading to significant impact in population levels from c. 3500 chaeological tetraploid NGW is related to Timopheevii wheat m cal BC onwards. (Triticum timopheevii subsp. timopheevii and T.t. araraticum, e´ AuAuGG) or to emmer (Triticum turgidum subsp. dicoccum, s Keywords: Neolithic Europe, Agriculture, Productivity, Soil fertility AuAuBB). Archaeobotanical study is not sufficient in diag- R nosing definite taxonomic identification of the NGW. How- Ce´ Trees and shrubs exploited in medieval Poland for the ever, there are unambiguous differences at the molecular level: os production of everyday use objects T. timopheevii possesses the G and Au genomes; whereas em- mu mers genomic composition is B and Au. The specific objec- m Arbres et arbustes exploites´ en Pologne medi´ evale´ pour la tive of the project is therefore to use ancient DNA (aDNA) se- ue´ production d’objets du quotidien quencing to determine if the NGW contains a B or G genome. ns Plant material consists of 41 T. timopheevii ssp. timophee- i Katarzyna Cywa1 vii accessions, 12 T. timopheevii ssp. araraticum and charred Pc NGW grains from Assiros Toumba, Greece. We will de novo oa 1 W. Szafer Institute of Botany, Polish Academy of Sciences, Krakow – Poland sequence variable regions of at least 50kb of the G genome in st ti 50 oe nr s A B S T order to identify diagnostic polymorphisms, apply target en- North Bohemian sandstone rockshelters: an attempt at R richment and then sequence targeted aDNA from charred ce- reconstructing past landscapes and human impact using A real grains. Prevalence of major plasmon haplotypes can also plant macroremains C determine Triticum species so we will confirm species identity T Abris sous roche en gres` de Boheme` septentrionale : tentative via chloroplast and mitochondrial marker identification. S de restitution des paysages passes´ et de l’impact anthropique Keywords: New Glume Wheat, Timopheevii wheat, domestication, par le recours aux macrorestes veg´ etaux´ LP genome, sequencing 1 2 3 OE Michaela Divisova , Petr Sida , Martin Ptak CS T 1 Arrhenatherum elatius var. bulbosum and funerary Laboratory of Archaeobotany and Palaeoecology, Faculty of Science, Univer- UE practices: the study of carbonized plant remains from a sity of South Bohemia – Czech Republic R 2 gallo-roman cremation at Compertrix “Saint-Pierre” Department of Archaeology, Faculty of Philosophy, University of West Bo- ES (Champagne-Ardenne, France) hemia – Czech Republic S 3 Institute of Archaeology, Faculty of Philosophy, University of South Bohemia Arrhenatherum elatius var. bulbosum et pratiques funeraires´ – Czech Republic : etude´ de restes veg´ etaux´ carbonises´ d’un bucherˆ gallo-romain a` Compertrix “Saint-Pierre” Archaeological excavations at North Bohemian sandstone (Champagne-Ardenne, France) rockshelters in the area called Bohemian Paradise offered well-stratified sandy sediments dated since the Mesolithic to Genevieve Daoulas1,2, Nathalie Achard-Corompt1 the recent period. These were recently systematically sampled for plant macroremains, charcoal, faunal and malacofaunal re- mains and small artefacts. The contribution deals particularly 1 Institut National de Recherches Archeologiques´ Preventives´ (INRAP) – with the plant macroremain assemblages showing unusual uni- France formity throughout the whole profiles and attempts to recon- 2 ArScAn, Universite´ Paris I, CNRS : UMR7041, Universite´ Paris X – France struct past landscape and possible plant use in the specific area under study. The importance of plants used during funeral rites is dif- ficult to identify. Nevertheless, archaeobotany enables us Keywords: Bohemian Paradise, Rockshelters, Mesolithic, Plant to study this question when plant remains survive through macroremains carbonization. Excavations carried out by the Institut Na- tional des Recherches Archeologiques´ Preventives´ (Inrap) in The plant economy of the Northern European Bronze 2012 allowed study of the site of Compertrix (51) ”Saint Age: More than just Emmer and Barley Pierre”, which contains archaeological features dating from the Mesolithic to Antiquity. Economie veg´ etale´ a` l’ageˆ du Bronze en Europe A stone funerary monument, dated to the 1st century AD, was septentrionale : davantage que de l’amidonnier et de l’orge situated within the excavated area. Remains of a funerary pyre were deposited at the base of the monument around AD 250- Henrike Effenberger1, Almuth Alsleben1 275. Later the ensemble was covered by colluvial deposits. This poster presents and discusses the identified plant species 1 and attempts to interpret their use in funerary rituals during Academy of Science and Literature Mainz – Germany Roman times. 2,438 carbonized macro-remains have been recorded. They Opposed to previous, more local investigations, summarizing allow us to investigate the funeral ritual in detail. The burial all available data concerning the plant economy of the North- gifts and offerings were composed of seeds and bread, cake ern European Bronze Age has shown that it constitutes a time or cereal porridge. Five cereals, one pulse and 31 associated of innovation and continuous change. In addition to the om- weeds were identified. Exceptional amounts of charred roots, nipresent Emmer (Triticum dicoccum) and Barley (Hordeum stems and tubers of the grass species Arrhenatherum elatius vulgare) this period is marked by the emergence of new culti- ssp. bulbosum were recovered. The assemblage of carbonized vars with spelt (Triticum spelta) in the transition to the Early R plant remains deriving from this deposit contains 933 roots Bronze Age and broomcorn millet (Panicum miliaceum) in the e´ fragments, 625 tubers and 419 stem fragments of this grass Middle Bronze Age. Furthermore it was possible to observe s species. This remarkable quantity of remains raises the ques- the establishment of oat (Avena sativa) at the last stages of the u tions regarding its use and ritual importance. We suggest that Bronze Age, that reached its maximum in the following Iron m the grass Arrhenatherum was used to make a ”bed” for the Age. Also the cultivation of different pulses with pea (Pisum e´ body of the deceased prior to the lighting of the funeral pyre. sativum), lentil (Lens culinaris) and horse bean (Vicia faba) s The archaeobotanical analysis of the site of Compertrix (51) as well as different oil plants with flax (Linum usitatissimum) R ”Saint Pierre” allowed study of botanical remains which reveal and, as a new development in the Late Bronze Age, gold-of- Ce´ information concerning funerary ritual during Gallo-Roman pleasure (Camelina sativa) could be verified.A comparison be- os times. The results from this study are quite different compared tween the cereal spectra from several regions in Northern Ger- mu to those from other Gallo-roman cemeteries in Champagne- many and Scandinavia revealed differences and similarities m Ardenne, where the remains of Arrhenatherum elatius ssp. that allowed the reconstruction of multiple possible contact ue´ bulbosus are rare or absent. zones and various influences from adjacent cultures. It was ns confirmed that Northern Germany and especially Schleswig- i Keywords: France, Antiquity, Cremation grave, Funeral ritual, Holstein served as an important link for trading over land and Pc Arrhenatherum elatius var. bulbosum, Poaceae, Tubers by water between the southern areas and Scandinavia as well ao st ti 51 oe nr s A B S T R as the North Sea and the Baltic Sea. The diversity of crop Exploring variations in crop storage and discard practices A plants in the Late Bronze Age, which is comparable to the across Neolithic sites in Serbia C southern regions, displays the increased trade and therefore Explorer la variabilite´ des pratiques de stockage des recoltes´ T stronger influence from beyond the Northern European Bronze et de gestion des dechets´ dans les sites neolithiques´ de Serbie S Age, which resulted in an accelerated assimilation of innova- tions and new technologies. 1 2 LP Dragana Filipovic´ , Djurdja Obradovic´ Keywords: Economy, Northern european Bronze Age OE 1 CS Institute for Balkan Studies, Serbian Academy of Sciences and Arts, Belgrade T – Serbia Chasing Chinese Millet using Replica-SEM Method 2 UE Institute of Archaeology in Belgrade – Serbia R Recherche du millet chinois par le recours a` la methode´ ES Replica-SEM A number of Late Neolithic Vincaˇ culture settlements (c. S 5400-4650/4550 cal BC) has been registered and investigated Eiko Endo1 in the territory of Serbia. Plant remains (seed/fruit/chaff) have been collected only at a fraction of them and just a handful of sites included some form of archaeobotanical sampling (as 1 MEIJI University, Center for Obsidian and Lithic Studies – Japan opposed to hand-collection of visible charred remains). The differences in field- and laboratory methods inevitably limit Many macrobotanical remains of Chinese millet from pre- the potential for comparisons between the sampled and non- 5000 BC Neolithic sites in Europe were younger than the con- sampled sites. By comparing the like-with-like, however, it is texts with recent direct radiocarbon dating. Hence, the timing still possible to draw some valid inferences and conclusions of appearance of Chinese millet around Eurasia, and the se- about certain aspects of plant use at these sites. Here we fo- quence of the Trans-Eurasian exchange are still unclear. Also, cus on three specific types of archaeological contexts present there are huge brank of macrobotanical dataset between North at the majority of the analysed sites: in situ burnt crop stor- China, presumed a place of origin and West Europe. Because age deposits; deposits from, or directly associated with, fire of the limitation of macrobotanical evidence, impressions on installations; and crop-rich deposits in rubbish pits. Our aim pottery are still the basis of archaeobotanical research in many is to explore the nature of crop storage and discard of crop areas of Eurasia, but the identification of those impressions are processing by-products over the period and across a wider re- skeptical, and difficult to evaluate equally with macrobatani- gion. The paper presents and cross-compares the botanical cal remains using strategic flotation, and rigorously scientific content of these deposits and uses the observations to discuss identification of seeds are requested. differences and similarities between the sites in the choice of To resolve the subject, the author would like to propose stored/consumed crops and in the disposal of crop processing Replica-SEM Method as an effective and complemental pro- by-products. Implications for, and relevance to, other known cedure to recover seeds, especially for small grains like Chines aspects of life at the sites are briefly discussed. millet. From impressions on potsherd, positive replicas are copied with silicone rubber resin, and those replicas are ob- Keywords: Neolithic, Vincaˇ culture, Crop storage, Rubbish pits served using scanning electron microscopy (SEM). Those replicas are able to observe ca. 500 or more than 500 mag- nifications because of the high transcription of clay for pot- Multidisciplinary analysis of wild cereals from the tery making. Therefore, the way of identification is possible Holocene archaeological site of Takarkori (Central on both of the seed size and shape, and the surface texture of Sahara) seed that has much reliable entities. Charred seeds are some- Analyses interdisciplinaires de cer´ eales´ sauvages du site times deformed by carbonization, but impressions are keeping archeologique´ holocene` de Takarkori (Sahara central) fresh condition, observable for the taxonomically detailed sur- face texture, morphologically identifiable, before carboniza- Rita Fornaciari1, Laura Arru2, Anna Maria Mercuri1, tion. The small voids as casts are informative unexpectedly. 2,3 From our dataset of Chinese millet during Jomon-Yayoi transi- Savino Di Lernia R tion period in Japan, most of all seeds identified from replicas 1 Dipartimento di Scienze della Vita, Universita` di Modena e Reggio Emilia – e´ are observed as floret with lemma and palea, same to replicas Italy s from South Korea and Primorye district in Russia, therefore, 2 Dipartimento di Scienze dell’Antichita,` Sapienza Universita` di Roma – Italy u the identification criteria is not only general shape and size of 3 School of Geography, Archaeology, and Environmental Studies, University of m grain and the embryo pit, but also the morphological compar- the Witwatersrand – South Africa e´ ison of lemma and palea to modern species. s Unfortunately, for the discussion of quantitative analysis, the R studies concerning the formation process of impression must The long-time exploitation of wild cereals by hunter- Ce´ be improved, but the presence of seed impression on pottery gatherers is confirmed by the study of pollen and macrore- os with certain identification is a significant evidence to under- mains recovered from archaeological sites of central Sahara. mu stand the timing of appearance of domesticated cereals. To fill These plants were prevalent among those selected and trans- m gaps in the record of Chinese millet, particularly over large ported to shelters and caves. Spikelets, florets and grains of ue´ areas of central Eurasia, Replica-SEM Method must be an ef- Panicoideae are the most abundant plant remains found in the ns fective and practical procedure. Takarkori rock shelter, and were analysed by means of mor- i phological and molecular (ancient DNA) approaches. The ar- Pc Keywords: Replica, SEM Method, Impression, Panicum miliaceum, chaeological excavation by the Italian-Libyan Archaeological oa Setaria italica, Trans-Eurasian exchange Mission in the Acacus and Messak (Sapienza University of st ti 52 oe nr s A B S T Rome – directed by S. di Lernia) exposed a surface of ca. tural techniques did they employ? What brought about the R 140 m2. The 1.6 m thick deposit includes stone structures, eventual collapse of the system and how could it have been A fireplaces, plant accumulations, dung layers and a burial area. prevented? C Layers were deposited first during hunter-gatherers’ occupa- In this lecture, we will discuss the project aims and provide T tion and later by pastoral groups. Chronology ranged from first impressions from the excavation of the first two sites – S ca. 10,200 to 4,600 cal yr BP and was based on stratigraphy, Halutza (Elusa) and Shivta (Soboda). We will describe their radiocarbon dates, and archaeological materials. Systematic plant assemblages and our preliminary reconstruction of the LP morphobiometrical analysis was carried out on 1,450 spikelets local and imported food plants. OE selected as representative of different cultural contexts. The CS Keywords: Byzantine period, Negev records of Panicum, Echinochloa and Sorghum showed ho- T mogeneous typology and uniform size in each genus. This UE could be associated with the action of collection of those ce- The CUISINE project: an innovative approach for the R reals by the humans who lived at Takarkori. aDNA was ex- study of culinary practices in past societies ES tracted testing different protocols and then it was studied by S the DNA barcoding technique. For plants did not exists still a Le projet CUISINE : une approche innovante pour l’etude´ universal DNA barcode, however the Consortium for the Bar- des pratiques culinaires des societ´ es´ anciennes coding of Life identifies a major core-barcode consisting of portions of plastid regions (rbcL, matK, trnH-psbA and trnL), Juan Jose´ Garc´ıa-Granero1, Amy Bogaard2, to be used together in a multilocus approach. A primer set Dushanka-Christina Urem-Kotsou3, Eleni Hatzaki4 for each barcode was created and Polymerase Chain Reaction was run. The amplified regions were sequenced and using both 1 CaSEs Research Group, Department of Archaeology and Anthropology, IMF- these new results and the previous obtained on the same ma- CSIC – Spain terial by Olmi and colleagues (2011: Morphological and Ge- 2 School of Archaeology, University of Oxford – United Kingdom netic Analyses of Early Mid-Holocene Wild Cereals from the 3 Department of History and Ethnology, Democritus University of Thrace, Ko- Takarkori Rockshelter (Central Sahara, Libya): First Results motini –Greece and Prospects. Windows on the African Past: Contemporary 4 Department of Classics, University of Cincinnati– United States Approaches to African Archaeobotany, Reports in African Ar- chaeology), a preliminary sequence analysis was run looking for taxonomic identification and phylogenetic relationship of This poster will present the theoretical and methodological the studied species. background of the CUISINE project, which aims at develop- ing an innovative methodology for the study of culinary prac- Keywords: Wild cereals, Archaeobotany, DNA, Barcoding, Takarkori tices (cuisine) in past societies. By analysing a society’s diet rock shelter and cuisine we can explore, for instance, cultural develop- ment expressed through growing complexity in parallel with the development of more complex social and technological Reconstructing the Agricultural System of the Byzantine structures. This project will explore culinary practices in past Negev societies through the integrated analysis of phytoliths, starch grains and lipids from cooking pottery. In order to interpret Restituer le systeme` agricole du Negev byzantin the archaeological record, extensive plant reference collec- tions and several experiments will be developed as part of the 1 1 2 Daniel Fuks , Ehud Weiss , Guy Bar-Oz project. At the same time, the methods developed during the experimentation phase will be tested and validated on two ar- 1 Laboratory of Archaeobotany, Martin (Szusz) Department of Land of Israel chaeological case studies in the Aegean, an area that has his- Studies and Archaeology, Bar-Ilan University – Israel torically been (and still is) a crossroad for people and food- 2 Laboratory of Archaeozoology, Zinman Institute of Archaeology, University stuffs: the Neolithic site of Stavroupoli (Greek Macedonia, of Haifa – Israel ca. 5600-5000 cal. BC) and the Bronze Age site of Knossos- Gypsades (Minoan Crete, ca. 3650-1100 cal. BC). The devel- In the long human history of the Negev desert, agricul- opment of these integrated analyses on Neolithic and Bronze Age settlements will allow for the study of the emergence of tural settlement during the Byzantine period (4th-6th centuries R new social practices and cultural identities linked to the origins C.E.) was of unprecedented scope and intensity. However, at e´ of food production and the development of complex, urban so- the end of this period and in the ensuing Islamic era, this sys- s cieties. tem declined and collapsed. Although the Byzantine Negev u has been previously studied and excavated, the economic re- Keywords: Archaeology, Microbotanical remains, Lipid analysis, m lationship between its agricultural and settlement systems has Pottery, Cuisine e´ not yet been properly researched. s Our archaeobotanical analysis of several relevant archaeologi- R cal sites seeks to reconstruct the natural and agricultural land- The plant macroremains from PPNB Tell Labwe Ce´ scape of the ancient Byzantine Negev. This will make it pos- (Lebanon) os sible to answer several important research questions related to mu the agriculture and economics of this settlement system: To Macrorestes veg´ etaux´ du site PPNB de Tell Labwe (Liban) m what extent did runoff agriculture meet the needs of Negev ue´ 1 1 residents? To what degree do historical accounts, such as the Dobrina Gyuroba , Amaia Arranz-Otaegui , Tobias ns 1 2 3 Nitzana papyri, reflect local subsistence agriculture versus a Richter , Maya Haidar-Boustani¨ , Juan Ibanez˜ i trade economy? How did the Byzantines support an estimated Pc population of 30,000 in the northwest Negev? What agricul- 1 Department of Cross-Cultural studies and Regional studies, University of ao st ti 53 oe nr s A B S T R Copenhagen – Denmark Keywords: Urban archaeobotany, Europe, Middle Ages, Landscapes, 2 A Musee´ de Prehistoire´ libanaise, Faculte´ des Lettres et des Sciences Humaines, Food/Diet C Universite´ Saint-Joseph, Beyrouth – Lebanon 3 T Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Cient´ıficas, Instituto Mila´ y Fontanals, Barcelona – Spain The late republican military camp located on the S Petrisberg (Trier, Rhineland-Palatinate, Southwest Germany) from an archaeobotanical point of view LP Tell Labwe constitutes the oldest Neolithic settlement in the (macroremains) OE Beqaa Valley (Lebanon). This sitewas excavated by D. Kirk- CS bride in 1966 and revealed a sequence dated from the Late Le camp militaire du Bas-Empire a` Petrisberg (Trier, T PPNB to the Pottery Neolithic. In 2011, a Lebanese-Spanish Rhenanie-Palatinat,´ Allemagne du sud-ouest) du point de vue UE team carried out a fieldwork season in order to complete the archeobotanique´ (macrorestes) R data obtained previously by D. Kirkbride. The work focused ES on a 47 m length and 4 m high section of the tell, and ex- Nadja Hasslinger1 S cavations focused on the western sector. The C14 analyses showed that the foundation of the Neolithic village dates back 1 Goethe-Universitat¨ Frankfurt am Main. Institut fur¨ archaologische¨ Wis- to 8100 +/- 40 BP, whilst the last occupation phase was dated senschaften, Frankfurt am Main – Germany to 7640 +/- 40 BP. In this paper, we present the final results of wood charcoal and non-woody plant macroremain analy- ses. The results highlight the presence of oak-woodland and The described archaeobotany studies are part of studies per- woodland-steppe trees in the immediate vicinity of the site, al- formed on roman find spotslocated in Rhineland-Palatinate though mountain resources were also exploited as suggested and Saarland in Southwest Germany.The roman camp on the by the presence of cedar. The analyses also suggest the culti- Petrisberg was constructed in the late republic and was lo- vation of different crops, from which lentils seem to have been cated an important passage between Rhone and Rhine. Be- regularly consumed. Tell Labwe represents so far one of the ing the first camp from the 30 before Christ, it represents the few archaeological sites that have provided data in order to historical important time frame between Caesar and Emperor understand past vegetation and plant-based subsistence during Augustus with the earliest military establishments along the the Neolithic in Lebanon. Rhine. Covering this time interval the Petrisberg represents a key finding spot for the field of archaeobotany.Following ques- Keywords: Neolithic, Founder crops, Wood charcoal, Cultivation tions arise: What happened archaeobotanically while the ro- man troops was stationed on the Petrisberg around 30 before Christ? What was the main source for nutrition and are there The influence of landscape and climate on the food differences to the late Iron Age distinguishable? Did this oc- economy of medieval towns: case studies from southwest cupation time have a remaining influence? This poster presen- Germany tation summarizes the available results and outlines answers to these questions. Influence des paysages et du climat sur l’economie´ alimentaire de villes medi´ evales´ : etudes´ de cas en Allemagne Keywords: Roman periode, Late republican military camp, Food sup- du sud-ouest ply, Southwest Germany

1 1 1 Stephan Hahn , Manfred Rosch¨ , Tanja Markle¨ Not gone with the fire - Charred cereal food remains from Billendorf Culture burials at Niederkaina (Lkr. Bautzen, 1 Landesamt fur¨ Denkmalpflege im Regierungsprasidium¨ Stuttgart – Germany Saxony) (750-500 cal BC)

Pas partis en fumee´ - Restes alimentaires de cer´ eales´ The influence of climate and environmental conditions on all carbonisees´ dans des inhumations de la culture de Billendorf aspects of life is unequivocal. To what extend these factors a` Niederkaina (Lkr. Bautzen, Saxe) (750-500 cal av. J.-C.) affected the food producing economy of medieval towns and how the people coped with them remains questioned. It can Christoph Herbig1, Jasmin Kaiser2, Gabriela Manschus2 R be assumed that environmental factors as well as climate di- e´ rectly affected the food production and the availability of cer- 1 Institut fur¨ Archaologische¨ Wissenschaften, Frankfurt – Germany s tain goods. At the same time shortages or crop failures could 2 Landesamt fur¨ Archaologie,¨ Dresden – Germany u be compensated to a certain extend through trading activities- m These questions will be addressed in an interdisciplinary case e´ study form Southwest Germany. The main focus will be the The Niederkaina Schafberg near Bautzen (Saxony) consists s analysis of botanical macroremains from medieval Constance, of more than 2000 graves dating from the Neolithic to early R Esslingen and Isny to gather first hand evidence for food Iron Age, and is therefore one of the biggest burial grounds in Ce´ production and consumption. Off-site pollen analysis from central Europe. During excavations in 1948-1971, conducted os archives in the vicinity of Isny and Constance should evidence by the Landesamt fur¨ Archaologie¨ Sachsen, several thousand mu environmental changes in the wider surroundings. Comple- samples of charred food remains were recovered in graves of m mentary archaeobotanical sources as well as other published the Billendorf Culture (750-500 calBC). Some were still in ue´ data on geology and soil and historical sources will be taken pottery vessels, others were scattered between the packing of ns into consideration. The aim of this study is to gain new in- pottery in the grave.Macrobotanical investigations combined i sights into the handling of environmental or climatic circum- with scanning electron microscopy revealed different kinds of Pc stances in the Medieval of Southwest Germany. The poster foods, all made of processed cereals. Frequently found are oa will present first results of an ongoing dissertation project. leavened (buns) and unleavened bread (flat bread) made from st ti 54 oe nr s A B S T mostly emmer wheat (Triticum dicoccon). Emmer wheat was ported by the analysis of archaeobotanical material, which is R also detected as main ingredient of elongated cylindrical ob- described in detail. Besides larger amount of Triticum mono- A jects we called ”noodles”. Cooking experiments showed that coccum grains and chaff, during taxonomic identification of C these noodles were rolled between the palms of the hands and finds, we were able to identify also several grains and chaff T been cooked immediately in boiling water. Different kinds of the ”new glume wheat”. This contribution represents a part S of cereal gruel were also found. On the one hand, emmer of the project VEGA 1/0787/16 ”Bratislava in the middle of gruel was prepared and wrapped up in leaves for consump- the 4th millennium calBC. Settlements in the Baden culture. LP tion. On the other hand, millet gruel (Panicum miliaceum), (Bratislava v polovici 4. tis´ıcrociaˇ calBC. Obraz os´ıdlenia v OE mostly made from still hulled millet, was also very common obdob´ı badenskej kultury)”.´ CS in the graves. Opium poppy (Papaver somniferum) was used T Keywords: Central Europe, Eneolithic, Kostolac culture, as a flavour and could have also been an important plant in UE Kosihy/Cakaˇ (Mako)´ culture, New glume wheat the burial ritual. As the flour used for bread, noodles and gruel R was of good quality, and therefore contained neither weeds nor ES chaff remains, cereal processing was intensive and included Archaeobotanical material from Komjatice in the context S threshing, dehusking, winnowing and sieving. The investi- of the middle La Tene` lowland settlements from gations gave us insight into the elaborate food preparation of South-West Slovakia a variety of foods during the Lusatian Culture with cooking, baking, addition of leaven or ingredients like opium poppy Materiel´ archeobotanique´ de Komjatice (Slovaquie du to improve the flavour, as well as the modeling of different sud-ouest) dans le contexte des etablissements´ de plaine de shaped cereal food (different kinds of bread, buns, ”noodle”, La Tene` moyenne stuffed leaves). The high quality of the cereal products found in Niederkaina showed that these food offerings most proba- Peter Horvath´ 1, Michaela Latkov´ a´2 bly corresponded with daily food. But as equivalent material is missing from settlement sites we are not able to determine 1 The Institute of Archaeology in Nitra. – Slovakia if some food offerings, e.g. the ”noodles”, were exclusively 2 The Institute of Archaeology in Brno. – Slovakia made for the burial ritual. At the same time, food and the as- sociated set of pottery were important for indicating the social status of the dead within the ancient society. This was shown The village Komjatice is situated in the SW Slovakia in the in Niederkaina as not all dead adults and only some children district of Nove´ Zamky,´ in the territory of the Nitra Region, ˇ were cremated with a large set of pottery containing food on between the cities of Nitra and Surany. During several rescue the funeral pyre. excavations (between 1977 - 1979 excavations by the lead of A. Tocˇ´ık) a part of the La Tene` settlement was explored in the Keywords: Early Iron Age, Food, Noodles and bread, Ritual site Kazova jama. From this period there have been found at archaeobotany, Saxony all six semi-grounded huts and one cultural pit. Material from this site has been completely analysed and published as a cat- alogue only recently. The dating of the settlement to the LTC1 Archaeobotanical analysis of finds from the Kostolac and has been also corrected through the recent processing. Except Kosihy/Cakaˇ (Mako)´ culture site in Komarno,´ the archaeological material (pottery, stone artefacts, metal and SW-SLovakia: another record of the “new glume wheat” glass finds) there has been preserved only one smaller sample of soil, which was taken from the hut XI. The sample has been Analyses archeobotaniques´ de vestiges de la culture Kostolac hand-floated in water in order to obtain the botanical material. ˇ et Kosihy/Caka (Mak) du site de Komarno´ (SO-Slovaquie) : It contained relatively a high amount of cereals. Despite of the une nouvelle decouverte´ de “new glume wheat” quite high material fragmentation, we were able to classified 175 cereal grains and 57 cereal weeds. From the cereal types 1 2 Jana Hlavata´ , Viktoria´ Dvorska´ Plhakov´ a´ ,Maria´ there were species such as wheats (Triticum monococum and 1 2 Hajnalova´ , Jana Mellnerova´ Sutekovˇ a´ Triticum spelta), rye (Secale cereale), millet (Panicum mil- iaceum), oats (Avena sativa) and barley (Hordeum vulgare- 1 Department of Archaeology, Faculty of Arts, Constantine the Philosopher vulgare). The results of the botanical analyse of mentioned University in Nitra – Slovakia sample along with anlyse of the botanical macro-remains im- R 2 Department of Archaeology, Faculty of Arts, Comenius University in prints on the clay daubs have certainly a great importance in e´ Bratislava – Slovakia the field of archeobotany. Primarily in the comparison with s other excavated lowland settlement from same period from u SW Slovakia. Poster presentation represents an overview of results from au- m thor’s (V. Dvorska´ Plhakov´ a)´ diploma thesis, focused on the Keywords: Archaeobotany, La Tene,` Settlements, SW Slovakia e´ Kostolac culture occupancy of Slovak Republic territory. The s most important part of work was processing various archaeo- R logical, especially ceramic and archaeobotanical finds, com- The agricultural economy of Tell Mohammed Arab` in Ce´ ing from site in Komarno-Old´ Fortress (dist. Komarno,´ SW- northern Iraq os Slovakia). The site was archaeologically excavated in 2009 mu ` by Slovak Archaeological and Historical Institute in Bratislava Economie agricole de Tell Mohammed Arab en Irak du nord m and it is the second settlement site of Kostolac culture known ue´ 1 1 from territory of Slovakia. Moreover, processing of ceramic Kim Hyunyoung , Charles Michael ns finds led to detection of material set that came from archaeo- i logical sections, and it can be dated back to the Kosihy/Cakaˇ 1 University of Oxford – United Kingdom Pc (Mako)´ culture. The divergence of assemblages set is also sup- ao st ti 55 oe nr s A B S T R The archaeological site of Tell Mohammed Arab was situated Food or fodder – Plant macroremains from Lipnik site 5 A on the western bank of the Tigris river in Northern Iraq be- C fore being flooded by the waters of the Eski-Mosul dam. The T site was occupied intermittingly for over 2000 years from the Alimentation ou fourrage – Restes veg´ etaux´ du site 5 de S Late Chalcolithic-Late Bronze Age, and during this period the Lipnik region saw considerable changes in terms of socio-economic complexity with a shift from small-scale village rural settle- LP Magda Kapcia1, Aldona Mueller-Bieniek1, Magdalena ments through to large city-scale urban centres. Accompany- OE Moskal-Del Hoyo1, Marcin Przybya2 CS ing these changes in settlement pattern are shifts in the eco- T nomic basis of the economy from a relatively egalitarian sys- UE tem based on self-sustaining subsistence farming to a large- R scale state-controlled system capable of producing sufficient ES surpluses to maintain a large population not directly involved S in food production. This study investigates charred plant remains, of crops and wild plants from Tell Mohamme Arab, from the Late Uruk 1 W.Szafer Institute of Botany, Polish Academy of Sciences, Cracovie – Poland – Ninevite V and Middle Assyrian periods. The earlier oc- 2 Institute of Archaeology, Jagiellonian University, Cracovie – Poland cupation covers the transition to urbanisation while the latter occurs during a period of centralised state economy. As such Lipnik is located within a loess plateau called the Rzeszow´ the archaeobotanical remains allow us to explore changes in Upland (Podgorze´ Rzeszowskie), close to a border with the agricultural economy and practices carried out in the rain-fed higher elevated, hilly area, which belongs already to the region of Iraq in relation to the ecological indicators of crop Carpathian Foothills (Dynow´ Foothill). The archaeological growing conditions revealed by functional analysis of the crop site number 5 in Lipnik occupies a vast promontory, sur- weed floras through time. rounded from S, E and N by deep stream valleys. Total es- timated area of the Bronze Age settlement complex in Lipnik Keywords: Archaeobotany, Agriculture, Northern Mesopotamia, is as large as 3.4 square kilometers. Excavations carried out Bronze Age in 1998-2005 encompassed an area of almost 0.4 hectare and resulted in the discovery of more than 500 structures originat- ing from the long time span between the Middle Bronze Age (MBA, ca 1600 BC) and Early Iron Age (EIA, ca 400 BC). Feature number 302 located in the NE part of excavated area Drilling wood for fire: discoveries and studies of the fire belongs to the group of the smallest trapeze-shaped pits at the making apparatuses in the Yanghai cemeteries of ancient site in question. The pit had a quite simple structure of the fill. Turpan of China Flat bottom (130 cm under the modern ground surface) was covered partially with a thin clay layer, which in turn was cov- Forer le bois pour le feu : decouvertes´ et etudes´ des ered with a layer of dark soil, up to 20 cm thick and saturated structures de chauffe des cimetieres` Yanghai de l’antique cite´ by numerous small daub pieces and charcoal. The last one oc- de Tourfan en Chine curred in some larger concentrations, containing macroscopi- cally visible plant remains, including acorns. A few of them Hongen Jiang1 provided radiocarbon date (3015±35, 2σ 1390-1120 BC). The pit belongs to the Trzciniec culture of the MBA. The plant material from pit 302 was charred and generally pre- served in a very good condition. Among plant remains about 1 University of Chinese, Academy of Sciences – China 70 taxa were documented and fragmented acorn kernels pre- dominated in volume. The rest of plant remnants included ce- A fire drilling tool was an article of daily use by our ances- reals, dominated by common millet Panicum miliaceum, as tor. Under theprinciple of using local material, they selected well as weeds and ruderals. A unique character of this as- many natural resources, especially plants growing in or around semblages is the presence of about 20 plants typical of grass- R their habitation. If efficiency was a priority, our forefather lands and pastures (small seeded Poaceae including Phleum e´ should have chosen specific wood for making a fire drilling pretense, Plantago lanceolata, Medicago lupulina, Prunella s tool. Due to poor environmental conditions, fire drilling tools vulgaris, Coronilla varia, Trifolium sp. and others). Among u have rarely been preserved in sites on Mainland China, and woody plants, 16 taxa were found. Interestingly, they were m none of these have been investigated xylotomically. The Tur- mainly represented by twigs (Carpinus betulus, Corylus avel- e´ pan District in Xinjiang, China, however, is characterized by lana, Fraxinus excelsior), bast (Tilia sp.) and tree buds. s year-round drought, which provides us with well-preserved Acorns were probably used as a source of food as they were R plant remains for studying our ancestors’ awareness and us- found in a storage pit together with other edible plants. How- Ce´ age of local plants. This paper aims to identify the fragments ever, the abundance of grassland taxa as well as remains of os of fire drilling tools unearthed in the Yanghai Tombs, Turpan young twigs and several vegetative parts could suggest the use mu Area. The fire drilling apparatuses were identified to be of of the pit as a storage for fodder as well. Also, those remains m Picea, Salix, Populus, etc. These are then compared with fire could be part of a pit construction, or some other kind of insu- ue´ drilling devices discovered overseas and those of contempo- lation. We could also conclude some mixed economic strategy ns rary indigenous peoples at home and abroad, investigating the of the pit owner in the past. i intrinsic differences and similarities. Pc Keywords: Acorns, Fodder, Crop remains, MBA settlement, oa Keywords: Fire drill, Wood anatomy, Subeixi culture Trzciniec culture, SE Poland st ti 56 oe nr s A B S T Exploring intra-settlement use of space in Late Bronze gence and establishment of loose hierarchical networks in the R Age Greece: preliminary observations on the North. A archaeobotanical visibility of storage and disposal C Keywords: Storage, Disposal, Taphonomic factors, Late Bronze Age, strategies during the late 2nd millenium BC in the Aegean T Aegean S Comprendre l’usage de l’espace intra-site en Grece` a` l’ageˆ du Bronze final : premires observations sur les temoins´ LP archobotaniques des strategies´ de stockage et de rejet la fin Evidence of pollen and plant macro-remains from the OE du second millenaire´ avant notre ere` en zone eg´ eenne.´ sediments of suburban area of medieval Tartu (Estonia) CS Vestiges de pollens et de macrorestes veg´ etaux´ dans le T Angeliki Karathanou1, Sultana Maria Valamoti1 sediment´ de la zone suburbaine medi´ evale´ de Tartu (Estonie) UE R 1School of History and Archaeology, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki – 1,2 1,3 ES Greece Kersti Kihno , Sirje Hiie S

1 Here we use archaeobotanical data from the Late Bronze Age Institute of Ecology and Earth Sciences, University of Tartu – Estonia 2 (1700-1050 BC) layers of four settlements located across the Estonian University of Life Sciences – Estonia 3 north-south axis of mainland Greece, in order to explore intra- Institute of Agricultural and Environmental Sciences, Tartu– Estonia settlement use of space as regards to crop storage and refuse disposal. Preservation and recovery methods are well known During the last 20 years, several rescue excavations took have in the literature as being amongst the crucial taphonomic fac- taken place in the suburban area of medieval Tartu (Estonia). tors forming archaeobotanical assemblages that need to be Although the exact data concerning the formation of south- taken into account before data synthesis in broad level discus- ern settlement outside the town wall is not available, it is sions and generalized statements. This presentation examines rather likely that the suburban settlement was developing by two factors affecting the composition, quantity and quality of the fourth quarter of the 13th century at the latest.The first the archaeobotanical assemblages considered in our investiga- pollen and plant macrofossil analyses from the area were car- tion: destruction by fire and sampling strategy. ried out in connection with archaeological rescue excavations Preliminary results are based on the ongoing study of ca. 2170 in 1990 – 1994. The year 2014 gave us an opportunity to samples collected either systematically (Thessaloniki Toumba, get new material from remote southern settlement area of the Mitrou and Ayios Vassileios) or based on judgment sampling town. Several soil samples were taken both times from natural (Kynos), and in certain cases from in situ preserved fire de- and archaeological layers (13th - 17th centuries) to reconstruct struction layers (Kynos, Mitrou, Ayios Vassileios). The sam- the local environment before and during medieval and early ples represent a variety of indoor and outdoor contexts such modern habitation of the area to compare two sites.Long-term as floors, pits, postholes, clay- and stone-made constructions, landscape changes are documented by pollen diagram indi- pithoi and other vessels, hearths and burnt lenses, rubbish cating a transformation of the landscape type from natural to pits, fill and street deposits. Our preliminary analysis shows urban one. A list comparing and summarizing the pollen and that both factors greatly affect, among others, sample com- macrofossil taxa is given to see how the plant communities are position and therefore the degree to which storage patterns recorded in the results of different methods. and refuse disposal can be seen and reconstructed archaeob- otanically. Sites where preservation is by burnt destruction Keywords: Medieval suburban area, Archaeobotany, Early modern episodes reveal direct storage evidence and allow for a dis- time cussion on storage organization, as is the case for Kynos, Mitrou and Ayios Vasileios where crops were found either Wet rice/dry rice. Identifying rice cultivation systems in still contained in storage vessels or spilled over the floor sur- South Asia face. Refuse deposits are very well represented at sites sam- pled systematically, allowing a thorough study of their spatial Riziculture irriguee/riziculture´ seche.` Identifier les systemes` distribution and management practices. For example at Thes- de mise en culture du riz en Asie du Sud saloniki Toumba waste was not related to any specifically de- fined intra-settlement area, being accumulated both in outdoor Eleanor Kingwell-Banham1 R areas as well as in contexts within the buildings. Where sam- e´ pling is systematic, archaeobotanical composition and contex- s 1 UCL, Institute of Archaeology, London – United Kingdom tual analysis also provide direct or indirect evidence for stor- u age along with the preliminary insights on refuse management m within the settlement space. At Toumba storage, though not Domestic rice agriculture spread across the Indian Subconti- e´ seen as in situ preserved concentrations, is suggested by small nent into South India and Sri Lanka c.500BC. The spread of s more or less pure grain concentrations in secondary deposits rice into these dry regions is largely supposed to have relied R such as hearth contents. on irrigation, as suggested by early historical data. However, Ce´ Completion of analysis of each data-set will allow for a re- new archaeobotanical evidence from Kodumanal, Perur (Tamil os construction of storage and/or refuse disposal strategies at Nadu) and Mantai (Sri Lanka), dated to c.400 BC-800 AD, mu the settlements under study, thus providing a methodologi- suggests otherwise. Macrobotanical and phytolith evidence m cally sound basis for a comparative diachronic investigation from six sites across India and Sri Lanka have been analysed ue´ of intra-settlement use of space during the late 2nd millenium in order to examine the type of rice cultivation system em- ns BC, when major sociopolitical changes occur in the Aegean ployed at each site. This suggests that early rice agriculture i encompassing both the rise and fall of palatial centres in the in South India and Sri Lanka was not supported by irrigated Pc Mycenaean southern and central Greece, as well as the emer- paddy fields but may instead have relied upon seasonal rain- ao st ti 57 oe nr s A B S T 1 R fall. This poster also presents new data from Tokwa (c.1600- Ephorate of Antiquities of Kozani, General Secretariat of Culture – Greece 2 A 931 BC) (Uttar Pradesh), Golbai Sasan and Gopalpur (c.1500- Archaeological Museum of Aiani – Greece C 910 BC) (Odisha), which provide a framework from which to T understand the broad history of the evolution of rice cultiva- This poster presents the final results of analysis of charred S tion systems within the subcontinent. plant remains from the Late Neolithic and Bronze Age river- side settlement of Longas Elatis in western Macedonia, north- Keywords: South Asia, Phytoliths, Irrigation, Rice LP ern Greece. The site is located in the low right bank of Aliak- OE mon, the longest river entirely within Greek boarders (297 km CS Archaeobotanical evidence from Dikili Tash, French up to the point where it flows into the Thermaic Gulf) and par- T sector ticularly in the lower sloping terraces of adjacent hills. In the UE valleys and plains of the Aliakmon a number of important set- R Temoins´ archeobotaniques´ a` Dikili Tash, secteur franc¸ais tlements, such as Longas, grew up as long ago as prehistoric ES times and went on to develop into important cities by the be- S ginning of the historical era. A large amount of archaeobotan- Martha Kokkidou1,Veronique´ Zech-Matterne2, Soultana ical remains has been revealed during the rescue excavations Maria Valamoti3 2009-2012 at the site dated to Late Neolithic and Bronze Age, adding significantly to the few known material from investi- 1 Aristotle University of Thessaloniki – Greece gated sites in western Macedonia. The samples derive from 2 AASPE – CNRS : UMR7209, MNHN, Sorbonne-Universites´ – France various archaeological contexts such as pits, stone structures, 3 School of History and Archaeology, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki – ditches and burning areas. Plant remains are mainly repre- Greece sented by a variety of cereal and pulse species such as einkorn (Triticum monococcum), emmer (Triticum dicoccum), spelta Dikili Tash is a multiperiod tell site situated in the south- (Triticum spelta), barley (Hordeum vulgare), grass pea (Lath- east part of the Drama plain in eastern Macedonia, northern yrus sativus), lentils (Lens sp.) and bitter vetch (Vicia ervilia). Greece, near the ancient city of Philippi. Systematic research Among fruits, grape pips are the most common find along with carried out in the last fifty years has brought into light, among the presence of a few pressed grapes. Seeds of weed species others, extensive habitational remains of the Late Neolithic are represented in lower proportions. The archaeobotanical period (ca. 55004200 B.C.). This presentation concerns the remains of Longas Elatis contributed to our knowledge about charred plant remains from sector V, on the southern slope of the various aspects of human activity in relation to plants, giv- the tell, excavated by the French team during the 19862001 ing wealth information about the aspects of the socioeconomic Dikili Tash Research Programme, which were retrieved by sphere of everyday life, such as use of space, agricultural prac- flotation of soil samples. At least four main successive levels tice, storage of plants and food habits in Late Neolithic and representing the early stages of the period (Dikili Tash phase I Bronze Age western Macedonia. ca. 55004800 B.C.) have been unearthed in this sector and also two partially preserved levels of the early parts of the Keywords: Northern Greece, Western Macedonia, Neolithic, Bronze following phase (II) have been found in the same area. The Age, Food habits archaeobotanical material derives from these habitation areas, which represent interior of houses and also an outdoor space ArboDat – a time saving working tool for the archiving and contained food-storing and foodprocessing facilities, such and the scientific evaluation of archaeobotanical data as ovens, platforms, hearths, clay bins, ceramic vessels. A va- riety of species were identified, with emphasis to cereal and ArboDat – un outil ”gain de temps” pour l’archivage et pulses. Glume wheats, dominant in the Neolithic and Bronze l’evaluation´ scientifique des donnees´ archeobotaniques´ Age, are represented mostly by grains. Barley is also encoun- tered in the samples. Among glume wheats, emmer holds Angela Kreuz1, Eva Schafer¨ 1 a dominant position and einkorn is also present. Pulses are strongly represented by lentils, while bitter vetch and grass 1 State Office for Cultural Heritage Preservation/Landesamt fur¨ Denkmalpflege pea are also present but in lower proportions. Grapes and figs Hessen, hessenARCHAOLOGIE,¨ Archaobotanik¨ – Germany are also found, but not in great quantities. The study of the ar- R chaeobotanical material from the French sector of Dikili Tash e´ provides the opportunity to investigate everyday life activities Over the 14 years of its history the database program Arbo- s in relation to plants (dietary habits, storage, agricultural activ- Dat© has proven as a reliable and constantly improved tool u ities). for the archiving and the scientific evaluation of archaeobotan- m ical data. ArboDat 2013 Update 2015 - German and English e´ Keywords: Neolithic version - is based on Microsoft Access. One of the key fea- s tures of ArboDat are the preprogrammed interactive evalua- R tion tools, which offer the possibility to quantify, group and Ce´ Final report on the analysis of charred plant remains sort archaeobotanical results for any combination of parame- os from the Late Neolithic and Bronze Age riverside site of ters involved. To facilitate work additional tools are provided. mu Longas Elatis in western Macedonia, northern Greece Two examples: TaxaMerge offers the possibility of merging m two taxa lists of different length by appending the columns ue´ Rapport final de l’analyse des restes veg´ etaux´ carbonises´ du while merging the taxa into one row. TaxaTransfer facilitates ns site riverain de Longas Elatis (Macedonie´ occidentale, Grece` the data import of archaeobotanical results from Excel taxa i du nord), au Neolitique´ final et a` l’ageˆ du Bronze lists into the data tables of ArboDat. Recently, the creation Pc of an English version has substantially promoted the spread 1,2 oa Dimitra Kotsachristou of ArboDat amongst European archaeobotanists. All details st ti 58 oe nr s A B S T of the program and its use are provided by the English and the nature of the extracted natural resources (fields, meadows R the German manuals. Modern archaeobotanical investigations and forest). Comparison of ecological claims, early-medieval A are aimed to answer biological and historical questions within wild species with the current botanical taxa that can be found C the whole distribution area of the archaeological cultures, be- on the hill-fort, demonstrates that situating the fields, forests T yond political borders. As a consequence, a supraregional data and meadows in the Morava river floodplain. This presented S exchange is required, comparing in detail and with high reso- study provides the evidence from a different perspective, than lution standardised data from different archaeobotanical lab- the traditional archeologically focused studies. LP oratories. A central basis for such a project are the primary OE Keywords: Archaeobotany, Mikulcice Kopcany,ˇ Taphonomy, Paleo- data being recorded with comparable determinations, calcula- CS economy, Ecology tion methods and terms. Therefore, one important benefit of T a database program is the standardised data archiving. Com- UE pared with centralised projects ArboDat combines both, the R flexible data management within each single working and the ES possibility to integrate and exchange the data within a national S or centralised system as well. Demonstration of and support Use of plants during the Middle and Late Neolithic in on all ArboDat features and the additional tools will be offered Polgar´ area (north-eastern Hungary) during the IWGP conference.

Keywords: Archaeobotanical database program, ArboDat 2013 Up- Utilisation des plantes durant le Neolithique´ moyen et final date 2015, Microsoft Access, Data evaluation dans la region´ de Polgar´ (Hongrie du nord-est)

Maria Litynska-Zajac´ 1, Magdalena Moskal-Del Hoyo2,Pal´ The subsistence strategies of the early medieval hillfort in Raczky3, Alexandra Anders3, Anna Rauba-Bukowska1 Mikulciceˇ

Strategies´ de subsistance a` la motte altomedi´ evale´ fortifiee´ de Mikulciceˇ 1 Institute of Archaeology and Ethnology, Polish Academy of Sciences, Cra- covie – Poland 1 Michaela Latkov´ a´ 2 W. Szafer Institute of Botany, Polish Academy of Sciences, Cracovie – Poland 3 Eotv¨ os¨ Lorand´ Tudomanyegyetem´ (ELTE), Budapest – Hungary 1 Institute of Archaeology of the Academy of Sciences, Brno – Czech Republic The area of Polgar´ located near the Tisza River was an im- This paper is designed to evaluate plant’s macro-remains ac- portant occupational centre during the Neolithic period. The quired from the archaeological deposits from the Mikulciceˇ first agrarian communities came to this north-eastern region and Kopcany.ˇ The results of the evaluation of plant’s mate- of the Great Hungarian Plain in the second part of the VIth rial will contribute to the debate concerning the organization millennium cal BC with the appearance of the Eastern Lin- of agriculture, the subsistence of the Early Middle Age soci- ear Pottery Culture (Alfold¨ Linearbandkeramik), which in the ety and economic relations of the central settlements with the Hungarian relative chronology corresponds to the Middle Ne- villages in the hinterland. The plant seeds from 9th to 11th olithic. However, the highest density of the occupation is as- century AD, extracted from 16 different locations of the set- sociated with the Late Neolithic Tisza-Herpaly-Cs´ oszhalom¨ tlement complex (acropolis, ward, extramural settlement and complex developed during the first half of the Vth millen- background) were here analyzed. From 2005 until 2013 the ar- nium cal BC. The current study is based on new archaeob- chaeobotanical research managed to collect 946 samples, out otanical materials found in three archaeological sites dated to of which 26,995 macro-remains with the help of extracting the Middle Neolithic (Polgar-Pi´ oc´ asi-dl´ o)¨ and Late Neolithic techniques. In addition to the coke plant seeds there are nu- (Polgar-Cs´ oszhalom¨ and Polgar-Bosnyak-domb)´ from which merous macro-oddments documented as mineralized, but also charred plant macro-remains were recovered. Also, plant im- water-preserved. The plant material was tested by series of prints in daub and pottery were analyzed. Among the culti- different multidimensional statistical analysis, Taphonomic, vated plants, emmer wheat Triticum dicoccon was the most economic and ecological methods. Multidimensional statis- represented cereal species, while einkorn T. monococcum and R tical analysis indicates the relationship of the samples of plant barley Hordeum vulgare were not frequently found. Emmer e´ species in the context of sites, conservation, dating and their wheat was also added to clay used for constructions, as doc- s own contexts. The results of these analysis were used in the umented i.e. by an imprint of its spike. Interestingly, it was u consecutive evaluations. Taphonomic analysis were primar- observed that the way in which plants were used as tem- m ily aimed at determining the origin of the samples in terms of per in clay changed during the Late Neolithic since in the e´ post-harvest processing of crops. Based on these analysis it is youngest phases of this period their amounts decreased. The s clear that the sample is only representative, and the final waste same tendency, but starting from the Middle Neolithic, was R products from a crop processing. From the economic point also observed in the pottery indicating a significant techno- Ce´ of view, by using two approaches, the subsistence strategy in logical change. Wild herbaceous plants were represented by os the Mikulcice-Kopˇ canyˇ residential complex can be character- field, ruderal, and meadow taxa of which different species mu ized as commercial. In the second approach, which evaluates of Chenopodium, Polygonum and Setaria were predominant. m the society from the political and socio-cultural point of view, Charcoal assemblages evidenced gathering of wood from oak- ue´ we can assume a strongly centralized managed society. Con- dominated forests, especially from wooded steppe and flood- ns frontation of these arguments in trans-regional context demon- plain areas. i strates the legitimacy of this hypothesis. Through the analysis Pc of ecological factors, it was possible to predict the location and Keywords: Neolithic, Crop husbandry, Daub, Anthracology, Hungary ao st ti 59 oe nr s A B S T Over 100 years of archaeobotanical analysis at a Late Anal´ıa Mart´ınez1,Veronica´ Lema2, Aylen Capparelli3, R 1 4 A Iron Age and Roman town: methodologies, results and Carlos Bartoli´ , Fernando Lopez´ Anido C future prospects at Silchester T 1 Infive, Universidad Nacional de La Plata. Consejo Nacional de Investiga- S Plus de 100 ans d’analyses archeobotaniques´ dans une ville ciones Cient´ıficas y Tecnicas.´ – Argentina de la fin de l’ageˆ du Fer et de la periode´ romaine : 2 Laboratorio de Etnobotanica´ y Botanica´ Aplicada, Facultad de Ciencias LP methodologies,´ resultats´ et perspectives a` Silchester Naturales y Museo, Universidad Nacional de La Plata. Consejo Nacional de OE Investigaciones Cient´ıficas y Tecnicas.´ – Argentina 1 CS Lisa Lodwick 3 Division´ Arqueolog´ıa, Facultad de Ciencias Naturales y Museo, Universi- T dad Nacional de La Plata. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Cient´ıficas y UE Tecnicas.´ – Argentina 1 Department of Archaeology, University of Reading – United Kingdom R 4 Divisin Antropolog´ıa, Facultad de Ciencias Naturales y Museo, Universi- ES dad Nacional de La Plata. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Cient´ıficas y S Silchester is the site of a Late Iron Age oppidum and Roman Tecnicas.´ – Argentina civitas capital in central-southern Britain and is highly signifi- cant for several reasons. First, its modern location as a green- field site means the archaeological layers are well preserved Plant domestication is a complex process in which natural and accessible. Second, its complex history as a royal op- and cultural factors play important roles delimiting evolution- pidum, client king capital and centre of Roman administration ary pathways of plants under cultivation. In order to deal and makes it a significant site for understanding social and eco- understand the changes generated during this process multi- nomic changes in the Late Iron Age and Roman period. Third, disciplinary research groups are required providing different the high intensity of research at Silchester over the last cen- approaches, mostly when a full picture of a taxa domestica- tury includes significant archaeobotanical investigation. This tion history is to be assessed. In this presentation we expose poster will explore the methodologies used, the key results for advances in the study of C. maxima domestication through ar- food, farming and the environment, and future prospects for chaeobotanical, physiological and statistical analysis. An ex- investigating the agricultural basis of the settlement.The ear- perimental plant field was established and crosses conducted liest archaeobotanical study of Silchester was undertaken by between domesticated (C. maxima ssp. maxima) and the spon- Clement Reid and Arthur Lyell, as part of the large-scale ex- taneous/wild form (C. maxima ssp. andreana), advancing F1 cavations within the walled Roman town, 1899-1909. This and F2 generations. All the genotypes obtained were subjected study was the benchmark for Roman archaeobotanical studies to analysis. Physiological studies allowed us to characterize for much of the twentieth century, but the accuracy of the finds dormancy in all these genotypes setting the crucial role of the has previously not been known. The archive of plant remains testa for the restoration of seed growth. Morphological and analysed in this early study has recently been re-examined, anatomical analyses of seeds, pericarps, peduncles and testas verifying many of the significant introduced plant foods and were conducted in order to reconstruct size and shape evo- wild plants published at the beginning of the twentieth century. lution under domestication and its linkage with physiological Much more detailed archaeobotanical work has been ongoing changes. All these analysis were then applied to archaeobotan- as part of the recently completed Insula IX Town Life’ project ical remains recovered from Southern Peru and North West excavations, in one small area of the town. Charred, miner- Argentina archaeological sites ranging from 3000 BP up to alised and waterlogged plant remains have been studied from the Spanish Conquest. Results suggest the presence of hybrid the earliest Late Iron Age occupation (c. 40 BC) through to the forms, mainly in the earlier sites, but also present in the latter latest Roman occupation (c. AD 400/450). These have shed ones. As it was expected, despite some trends, a linear evolu- light on the arable farming practices undertaken in the earliest tionary pathway was not found, diversity and multiple crossing phases of the town, the import of new plants in the Late Iron seems to have been a constant through squash cultivation over Age, the broadening of diet through the first century AD and time. changes in settlement vegetation throughout the town. Despite Keywords: Domestication, Cucurbita maxima, Cultivation, South the intensive bulk sampling undertaken within the town, iden- America tifying the location and farming regimes under which cereals, pulses and oil crops were cultivated in the surrounding area R requires intensive study of the surrounding landscape. This Tracking the spread of oat in Atlantic Europe e´ poster will introduce the Silchester Environs project, which is s undertaking small-scale excavation of Iron Age sites within Sur la piste de l’avoine en Europe atlantique u the hinterland of Silchester. The preliminary archaeobotanical results will be summarised, and the future direction of estab- m Meriel McClatchie1 e´ lishing the agricultural basis of Silchester explored. s Keywords: 1 Institute of Archaeology, University College London – United Kingdom R Oppida, Roman towns, Silchester, Agriculture Ce´ os Oat (Avena spp.) is a crop that can be grown in relatively mu Multidisciplinary studies in squash (C. maxima) challenging environmental conditions across Atlantic Europe. m domestication through experimental, physiological and The popularity of oat has risen significantly in recent years ue´ archaeobotanical approaches because of new insights into its health benefits. What can ar- ns chaeology tell us about early oat cultivation? When did oat i Etudes´ multidisciplinaires de la domestication de la courge start to be grown in Atlantic Europe, what foods were cre- Pc (C. maxima) : approches experimentale,´ physiologique et ated, and did oat play a role in the creation of social identity? oa archeobotanique´ This paper will address these questions through examination st ti 60 oe nr s A B S T 2 of archaeobotanical and related evidence for the cultivation University of Khartoum – Sudan R and consumption of oat. A This paper tries to provide review of archaeobotanical re- C Keywords: Oat, Atlantic, Europe, Domestication, Food searches in Sudan focusing on the works which have been T carried out in prehistoric and historical sites in different re- S Some morphological changes in seeds and fruit before gions of Sudan. Different methods were adopted by different preservation missions including the morphological identified of macro car- LP bonized plants remains using microscopes, carpology, pollen OE Changements morphologiques dans les semences et les fruits grain analysis, positive casts and ancient plant drawings iden- CS avant conservation tifications ...etc. The obtained results of all these studies im- T prove our knowledge to reconstruct the palaeoenvironmental, UE Yoel Melamed1, Michal David2 to know the plants cultivation and production history, palaeoe- R conomy and subsistence patterns in ancient Sudanese civiliza- ES 1 The Mina and Everard Goodman Faculty of Life Sciences, Bar-Ilan University tion. On other hand the review will reveal the archaeobotanical S – Israel fields which not yet have been covered. 2 The Martin (Szusz) Department of Land of Israel Studies and Archaeology, Institute of Archaeology, Bar-Ilan University – Israel Keywords: Archaeobotanical, Methods, Africa, Sudan, Positive cast

Plant remains are a significant source for reconstructing hu- The archaeobotanical remains of the ermita de Santa man activities and environments in archaeological sites. Usu- Potenciana site (Jaen, Spain). First results ally, a higher number of plants identified to species level im- proves the chances for accurate reconstructions. Therefore, Les vestiges archeobotaniques´ du site de l’ermitage de Santa seeds and fruits are the most valuable remains since they pro- Potenciana (Jaen, Espagne). Premiers resultats.´ vide the most detailed plant assemblage. When identifying a taxon, one has first to determine that the fossil is similar to 1 2 3 its extant specimens. In addition, the finding has to be com- Juan Nicas´ Perales , M. Lopez´ , Antonia Gonzalez´ pared with all closely related taxa having similar seeds that might be expected to appear in the site on the basis of their 1 Departamento de Antropolog´ıa, Geograf´ıa e Historia, Universidad de Jaen–´ current habitat and distribution area. As preservation of the Spain remnant is higher, the ability to identify to the species level 2 CONICET-Division´ Arqueolog´ıa, Facultad de Ciencias Naturales y Museo, is greater. Waterlogging and desiccation are two antithetical Universidad Nacional de La Plata – Argentina ways of seed preservation. While waterlogged plant remains 3 Arqlantis S.L. – Spain usually suffer degradation of soft tissues and compression, desiccated plant remains are generally well preserved. Desic- Ermita de Santa Potenciana is an archaeological site situ- cation is considered as the best state of preservation as desic- ated in Villanueva de la Reina in thecountryside of northern cated plant remains show only minor morphological changes. Guadalquivir River, Jaen province (Andaluc´ıa, Spain). Exca- However, some seeds or fruits contain dry soft tissues that vations directed by Antonia Gonzalez´ and Juan Nicas´ Perales can erode without leaving traces. As a result, remnants that have reveled well preserved occupation layers from Roman appear to be complete may be somewhat or totally different to Medieval Periods (I-XVII AD). Archaeobotanical analy- from their original plant elements. They therefore will not be ses in this site are part of an Argentinian-Spanish interna- identified to the species level or will be designated as uniden- tional research project entitled ”The research of traditional tified. Examples of these metamorphoses are the desiccated crops in the Guadalquivir River and its application to restore Erodium hirtum Plantago ovata remains of and , as well as the of historical sites ”. The objective is to reconstruct of the an- Lycopus europaeus Foeniculum waterlogged remains of and cient local landscape as well as to investigate the economy, vulgare . In order to achieve reliable and meaningful identifica- especially agricultural activities, of this settlement. The ar- tion, archaeobotanists should be aware of the metamorphoses chaeobotanical assemblages analysed only referred to Roman of seeds and fruits and take them into consideration when iden- Period and their first results are presented here. Carbonized tifying remnants. Consequently, when modern computerised seeds and fruits from hearth structures, storage and refuse R 2- as well as 3-dimensional seed atlases are constructed, the contexts were recovered using fine-sieving methods and were e´ metamorphosed remnants should be included in these atlases. scanned under microscope at 20-400x in laboratory. Taxa in- s cluded fruit-trees, cereals and pulses. The fruit-trees recov- Keywords: Seeds identification, Metamorphosis, Desiccation, Water- u ered are Olea europea (olive), Vitis vinifera (grape), Prunus logged m dulcis (almond) and Prunus domestica (plum). The cere- e´ als are mainly Triticum aestivum/durum (bead/hard wheat) s A review of archaeobotanical research in Sudan with and Hordeum vulgare (hulled barley). Pulses are represented R reference to palaeoenvironment and palaeoeconomy by Lathyrus sativum (almorta), Lens culinaris (lentil), Pisum Ce´ sativum (peas) and Vicia spp. Different types of consumption os Synthese` des recherches archeobotaniques´ au Soudan en lien of these plants were identified, such as for food or fuel. Ar- mu avec le paleoenvironnement´ et la paleo´ economie´ chaeobotanical data for this period show, at Ermita de Santa m Potenciana, a landscape strongly influenced by human action, ue´ 1 2 Hamad Mohamed Hamdeen , Yahia Fadl Tahir , Ikram El most of it in relation to agricultural and/or husbandry prac- ns 2 Madani tices. i Pc 1 University of El Neelain – Sudan Keywords: Macroremains, Roman period, Agriculture, Jaen´ ao st ti 61 oe nr s A B S T R The origin of B´ıle Karpaty meadows from the contained recognisable cereal remains were sampled. Previ- A pedoanthracological perspective ous archeobotanical analysis of one of the storage samples was C carried out by Maria Hopf (1974) while other samples were T L’origine des prairies de B´ıle Karpaty a` partir de l’analyse stored in the local museum (in Smederevska Palanka).These S pedoanthracologique´ samples recently became available for the analysis. In this pa- per, results of the detailed analysis of three storage containers 1 2 2 LP Jan Novak´ , Michal Hajek´ , Jan Rolecekˇ from Selevac are presented, with the reference to the original OE field documentation which has not been fully published. The results are used to discuss: (1) crop cultivation and storage CS 1 LAPE, Faculty of Science, University of South Bohemia, Ceskˇ e´ Budejovice.ˇ practices in the Late Neolithic of the Central Balkans; (2) pre- T – Czech Republic viously offered interpretations of the Selevac storage context, UE 2 Department of Botany and Zoology, Faculty of Science, Masaryk University, which differ in terms of storage construction (above ground R Brno. – Czech Republic ES granaries/pits) and purpose (storage containers/ovens for ce- S real grain parching); (3) possible problems with pests and crop Vegetation is an inherently dynamic system of more or less losses, for at least one of the storages was infested with wheat intensively interacting plant populations. The recent vegeta- weevil. tion of Central Europe is a heterogeneous mixture of plant communities of different age, depending not only on site con- Keywords: Neolithic, Vincaˇ culture, Storage, Einkorn, Wheat weevil ditions, but also on the history of vegetation development. The mesic meadows vegetation is usually interpreted as cultural relicts, i.e. vegetation types shaped by human management The development of agricultural resources in the practices that used to be more common in the past and that Southern Levant from the Bronze to the Iron Ages have been abandoned. In this study we focus on the origin of the species rich meadows on mesic sites in the B´ıle´ Karpaty Le developpement´ des ressources agricoles dans le sud du Mts. The herb-rich meadows of B´ıle´ Karpaty are among the Levant de l’ageˆ du Bronze a` l’ageˆ du Fer most valuable territories, with the highest species diversity in the Europe. The meadows communities include mostly exten- Andrea´ Orendi1, Simone Riehl2,3, Jens Kamlahl4 sively managed species-rich mesic, dry-mesic and wet-mesic grasslands on base-rich to moderately rich but nutrient-poor to 1 Collaborative Research Centre 1070 Resource Cultures, University of Tubin-¨ moderately rich soils (Cirsio-Brachypodion, and mesotrophic gen – Germany variants of Arrhenatherion). We have tried to reveal an ori- 2 Senckenberg Center for Human Evolution and Paleoenvironment at Tubingen¨ gin of the meadows using the pedoanthracological approach. – Germany Seven soil profiles have been exposed along the altitude gra- 3 Institute for Archaeological Sciences, University of Tubingen¨ – Germany dient (280-970m asl).The pedoanthracological analysis of the 4 Institute of Biblical Archaeology, University of Tubingen¨ – Germany charcoal assemblage has provided an impression of the com- position of the arboreal vegetation at the time of a meadows The agricultural developments in the Bronze and Iron Age creation and has been supplemented by radiocarbon dating. Levant (3600 – 332 BC) have so far not been comprehensively The result of anthracological analysis and radiocarbon dat- investigated. A new project – ”The land flowing with milk and ing has been correlated with the altitude gradient. Our results honey”. Development and significance of agrarian resources show the presence of the human impact during the mesolithic, in Bronze and Iron Age Palestine – which is part of the Collab- neolithic and early medieval period in relation to the altitude orative Research Centre ”Resource Cultures” at the University position of meadows. The charcoal records reconstructed the of T’ubingen´ will try to fill this gap. The focus of this project vegetation with a high abundance of Quercus sp. in the up- lies on the development of the cultivation of crop through time. lands and Fraxinus excelsior, Acer sp. in the highland terri- It is characterized by the combination of different scientific ap- tory. proaches namely the archaeobotanical, the archaeological, the Keywords: Charcoal, Origin of meadows, Long term human impact, iconographical and the philological method. Altitude gratient, Pedoanthracology Since the Southern Levant is situated in a semiarid region cli- matic changes could have had dramatic effects on agriculture. R For the Bronze Age variations in climatic conditions are still e´ Crop storage and problems with pests at Late Neolithic discussed intensively. Furthermore the Southern Levant ex- s settlement of Selevac, Serbia perienced many cultural processes, such as the phenomenon u of Urbanization and De-Urbanization or the suzerainty of the m Stockage des recoltes´ et problemes` de ravageurs sur le site Egyptians over Canaan just to name a few. Available sources e´ neolithique´ final de Selevac, Serbie from climatology and ethnography will be investigated to re- s veal possible environmental and cultural impacts on changes R Djurdja Obradovic´1 observed in the archaeobotanical record. Ce´ The main aim of this contribution is to analyze all relevant ar- os chaeobotanical data that have been published until now, com- 1 Institute of Archaeology in Belgrade – Serbia mu piled in an archaeobotanical database (ADEMNES). Further- m more the project will include unpublished material from recent ue´ Selevac is a Late Neolithic settlement (Vincaˇ culture, c. 5400- archaeological excavations (Tel Burna, Jaffa, Tel Farah, Qubur ns 4650/4550 cal BC) located in the LowerMorava Valley, Cen- Walaydah, and Tell Burak). Statistical analyses will be used to i tral Serbia. During test excavations of the site in the 1970s, illustrate developments and changes in the crop assemblages. Pc burnt crop storage deposits were discovered; remains of five oa possible storage containers were found, but only three that Keywords: Southern Levant, Bronze Age, Iron Age, Archaeobotani- st ti 62 oe nr s A B S T cal database, Statistical analyses Un cas d’etude´ du premier ageˆ du Fer (EIA – culture de R Hallstatt) dans le bassin des Carpates A C Earliest evidence of grape domestication in the western 1,2 1 3 Akos´ Peto˝ , Arp´ ad´ Kenez´ , Zsuzsa Lisztes-Szabo´ ,Denes´ T mediterranean basin 2 2 2 Salata´ ,Daniel´ Molnar´ , Julianna Skutai S La plus ancienne preuve de domestication de la vigne dans le 1 Hungarian National Museum, National Heritage Protection Centre, Labora- LP Bassin mediterran´ een´ occidental tory for Applied Research, Budapest – Hungary OE 2 Szent Istvan´ University, Institute of Nature Conservation and Landscape Man- 1 1 1 CS Martino Orru` , Mariano Ucchesu , Oscar Grillo , agement, God¨ oll¨ o˝ – Hungary 2 3 1 T Alessandro Usai , Gianfranco Venora , Gianluigi Bacchetta 3 University of Debrecen, Department of Agricultural Botany and Crop Physi- UE ology – Hungary R 1 Centro Conservazione Biodiversita` (CCB), Dipartimento di Scienze della Vita ES e dell’Ambiente (DISVA), Universita` degli Studi di Cagliari – Italy The everyday life of past human societies are assessed not S 2 Soprintendenza per i Beni Archeologici per le province di Cagliari e Oristano only through the diverse material heritage they leave behind, – Italy but also through the more ephemeral but critical evidence pro- 3 Stazione Consorziale Sperimentale di Granicoltura per la Sicilia – Italy vided by anthropogenic sediments. Such sediments are formed at activity surfaces, places where sediment formation occurs A recent discovery of waterlogged grape pips, recovered into due to the impact of human activity. In this sense activity area three wells dating from the Middle and Late Bronze Age (ca. is defined as a specific part of human occupation within set- 1350–1150 BC) in the archaeological site of Sa Osa (Cabras- tlements and features where a well-defined activity was per- Oristano, Sardinia), allowed to investigate the domestication formed in the past (e.g. places of food preparation, crop pro- process of V. vinifera and verify the possibility that primitive cessing or metallurgy). The cultural differences in domestic cultivars might have existed in Sardinia, during the Bronze space use, and the development of household activities, are Age.A morphological comparison of archaeological seeds and encoded both in the material remains and in the anthropogenic modern wild and cultivated Sardinian grapes pips was per- sediments. However, since anthropogenic sediments are the formed to determine the similarities among them. Modern most abundant finds’ at archaeological sites, they provide a seed materials were collected from 13 wild populations (V. vast array of possibilities for integrated multi-proxy studies. sylvestris) and 37 traditional cultivars (V. vinifera) grown in Research projects in the past that addressed questions related Central-West and South Sardinia. In addition, two Italian and to activity area analysis applied the tools of various disciplines French cultivars and 25 wild plants, grown by the Agricultural (e.g. ethnography, geoarchaeology, archaeobotany). These Research Agency of Sardinia (AGRIS) for five years through gave important insights in their own right. The separate use propagation by cuttings, were also sampled. Digital images of different scientific components within activity area analy- were acquired using a flatbed scanner and then processed and sis support the archaeological interpretation of these features, analysed with the image analysis software KS-400 (Carl Zeiss but the combined analysis of the data significantly increase Vision, Germany), applying a macro specially developed for our knowledge in this field. To achieve this aim our method- the wild seeds characterization. A total of 98 morphometric ology links the tools of archaeology, soil science, geochem- features were measured on 98,338 grape pips. The recorded istry and archaeobotany into an inter- and multidisciplinary data were statistically analysed, applying the stepwise Linear approach by integrating sampling methods suitable to carry Discriminant Analysis method (LDA), to compare the mod- out activity area analysis, and by bringing together the analyt- ern cultivars with the archaeological seeds, which were con- ical results of geoarchaeological and micro-archaeobotanical sidered as unidentified specimens. The results showed that methods supported by GIS technology based models. In this the archaeological seeds from the Middle Bronze Age have sense the present contribution deals with the scientific results intermediate morphological traits between modern wild and of each applied discipline, but also undertakes an attempt to cultivated grape pips of Sardinia. In contrast, the analyses per- demonstrate the use of GIS technology in the data integration formed on the archaeological seeds from the Late Bronze Age and data assessment of activity area studies. showed a high degree of similarity with the modern cultivars. These results provide the first evidence of primitive cultivated Keywords: Phytoliths, Integrated archaeobotany, Geochemistry, V. vinifera in Sardinia during the Late Bronze Age (1286– Geoarchaeology, Early Iron Age R 1115 cal BC, 2σ). This evidence may support the hypothesis e´ that Sardinia could have been a secondary domestication cen- s The first archaeobotanical evidence of Lagenaria siceraria tre of the grapevine, due to the presence of ancient cultivars u from the territory of Hungary that still exhibit the phenotypic characteristics of wild grapes. m e´ Premiere` decouverte´ archeobotanique´ de Lagenaria siceraria Keywords: Archaeological seeds, Domestication process, Image s en Hongrie Analysis, Nuragic society, Seed morphology, Sardinia R Ce´ ´ 1 ´ 1 3 Akos Peto˝ , Arpad´ Kenez´ , Zsuzsa Lisztes-Szabo´ ,Gabor´ os 4,5 4 2 Integrating macro- and micro-archaeobotanical proxies to Sramko´ , Laczko´ Levente , Marianna Molnar´ , Gergely mu 6 activity area analysis of semi-subterranean buildings. An Boka´ m Early Iron Age (EIA – Hallstatt culture) case study from ue´ the Carpathian Basin 1 Hungarian National Museum, National Heritage Protection Centre, Labora- ns tory for Applied Research, Budapest – Hungary i Integrer´ les macros et micro-restes archeobotaniques´ aux 2 Szent Istvan´ University, Institute of Nature Conservation and Landscape Man- Pc analyses des aires d’activites´ de batimentsˆ semi-souterrains. agement, God¨ ol¨ o˝ – Hungary ao st ti 63 oe nr s A B S T 3 R University of Debrecen, Department of Agricultural Botany and Crop Physi- 4 A ology – Hungary Direccin Nacional de Patrimonio y Museos. Ministerio de Cultura de la 4 C University of Debrecen, Department of Botany – Hungary Nacion.´ – Argentina 5 T MTA-ELTE-MTM Ecology Research Group, Budapest – Hungary 6 S Forster Gyula National Centre for Cultural Heritage Management, Budapest In this presentation we bring together knowledge concerning – Hungary crop production and food consumption in the Santa Mar´ıa Val- LP ley, Argentinean Northwest, in a time span ranging from the OE Bottle gourd (Lagenaria siceraria (Molina) Standl.) is ac- first Millennium of the Era up to the first centuries after the CS cepted as typical New World’ cultivated economic plant. Cur- Spanish Conquest. Plant production is evaluated together with T rently, two subspecies are known: L. siceraria ((Molina) the postharvest system through the analysis of plant macror- UE Standl.) subsp. siceraria has an African origin, whilst subsp. remains obtained in four archaeological sites (Rincon Chico R asiatica is recognized to be originating from Asian territories. 1, Rincon Chico 15, Soria 2, El Colorado). As a result of ES It only seldom appears in European archaeological context, our research we suggest changes through time considering the S however finds from the Roman period sporadically appear.A predominance of weeds in the earliest of the archaeological Late Middle Age (14th-15th cent.) settlement part was exca- sites, maize in those corresponding to the Late Period (1000- vated near the town of Pocspetri´ (SE Hungary) and one of the 500 BP) and wheat in the latter one. Bringing together ar- refuse pits contained waterlogged remains of several dozen di- chaeobotanical analysis with other archaeological studies de- cot leaves and small sized branches (e.g. Populus sp.). In ad- veloped in these archaeological sites, we reflect on the possi- dition an entire dog skeleton and an app. 10 cm by 7 cm bottle bility of evaluate changes in crop assemblages, processing and gourd pericarp fragment was found in a well-preserved pot. food consumption from a diachronic perspective considering This fortunate recovery accounts for the first evidence of bot- the continuities, breaks and overlaps in the valley ’s history. tle gourd in the archaeobotanical record of Hungary. Due to its favourable preservation not only its precise histological analy- Keywords: Argentinean Northwest, Weeds, Wheat, Production sis could have been undertaken, but ancient DNA (aDNA) ex- traction, PCR amplification and sequencing was used to more La Monedi´ ere` (Bessan, France) : archaeological fruit and closely identify its possible origin and taxonomic relations. seed remains Different diagnostic phytolith morphotypes of the archaeob- otanical rind find were matched to modern reference phytolith La Monedi´ ere` (Bessan, France) : vestiges archeologiques´ de assemblages. The diversification of plant exploitation in the fruits et de semences Late Middle Ages is supposed to be in correlation with migra- tions through the Carpathian Basin. Moreover, trading and the Rachel¨ Pinaud-Querrac’h1,Nuria´ Rovira1, Alexandre import of agricultural and agro-technical knowledge led to the Beylier1, Luke Howarth1, Eric Gailledrat2 step-by-step intensification of crop production and of horti- and viticulture. This latter is extremely important if we would 1ASM– Universite´ Paul Valery´ - Montpellier III, CNRS : UMR5140, Lattes – like to place bottle gourd in the Carpathian Basin in an eco- France nomical context, since the species is a regular additional plant of smaller wine yards. Since bottle gourd was not detected in this geographical region so far, it is hard to find any parallels, The oppidum of La Monedi´ ere` (Bessan) is a major site of however it fits well to the vegetable production of introduced coastal Languedoc (southern France), situated near Agde. It species of the Late Middle Ages. Though the aDNA analysis was founded during the first half of the 6th century BC and linked the find to the Asian subspecies it cannot be adjudged abandoned at the end of the 5th century BC. Recent rescue whether it was grown locally, imported through trading from excavations conducted by Chronoterre Archeology´ in 2014 the east or from the west. has allowed identifying new occupation levels dated to the 2nd-1st centuries BC and 1st century AD. Abundant Mediter- Keywords: Bottle gourd, Phytolith analysis, Integrated archaeob- ranean elements (for instance, Greeks, Etruscan, Punic and otany, DNA, Late Middle Age (14th, 15th cent.) Iberian) are attested. It seems that the inhabitants of La Monedi´ ere` have left the site when the Adge’s colony was founded. La Monedi´ ere` is an important site for understand- From weed to wheat: a diachronic approximation to crop R ing the exchanges between a Greek colony and the indige- production and food consumption in the Santa Maria e´ nous hinterland.The work presented here concerns the first valley (Argentinean Northwest) s Iron Age levels. At this moment, La Monedi´ ere` was forti- u fied and the inner habitat consisted of large rectangular houses De la mauvaise herbe au ble´ : approche diachronique des m (made of stone and adobe) for the older phase and of curvilin- productions agraires et des pratiques alimentaires dans la e´ ear houses for the 5th century phase. Several domestic struc- vallee´ de la Santa Mar´ıa (nord-ouest de l’Argentine) s tures (hearths, pits...), as well as an unusual and massive pit (a cistern?) containing abundant ceramics and bones (remains R 1,2 2,3 Natalia Petrucci , Verlonica´ Lema , Marl´ıa of a symposium?), have been attested and sampled.The analy- Ce´ 2,3 1,3 1,4 Pochettino , Valeria Palamarczuk , Romina Spano , sis of the seed and fruit remains of La Monedi´ ere,` all charred os 1,3 mu Myriam Tarraglo´ provides new data about plant consumption and crop produc- m tions. Cereals (mainly barley, emmer and naked wheat) and ue´ 1 Museo Etnografico´ Juan B. Ambrosetti. Facultad de Filosofa y Letras, Uni- pulses are the most abundant taxa, but we can also find some ns versidad Nacional de Buenos Aeres – Argentina fruits such as grapes. We will discuss the economic role of i 2 Laboratorio de Etnobotlanica´ y Botanica´ Aplicada, Facultad de Ciencias Nat- these species in the regional and chronological context of the Pc urales y Museo, Universidad Nacional de La Plata – Argentina site and we will try to characterise the agricultural practices oa 3 Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Cient´ıficas y Tecnicas.´ – Argentina through the wild taxa. st ti 64 oe nr s A B S T Keywords: First Iron age, Southern France, Seed and fruit remains, subject of ritual practices in Labranda sanctuary. The study R Plant consumption, Exchanges also will discus similarities and differences between different A plant remains in the archaeological context and will identify C which plants were use as a ritual food. The study is based on Archaeobotany at Khirsara (2600-2000 BC), a Harappan T a comparative archaeobotanical analysis of several sanctuaries S site in Kachchh, Gujarat, India in the territory of Bulgaria as well as in Turkey and gives a clear indication of certain similarities and differences between Archeobotanique´ a` Khirsara (2600-2000 av. J.-C.), un site LP those regions, which will be discussed as well. harappen a` Kachchh dans le Gujarat (Inde) OE CS Keywords: Sanctuary, Ritual food, Labranda Anil K. Pokharia1, Shalini Sharma1, Jitendra Nath2 T UE Archaeobotanical resaerch in Classe (Ravenna, Italy) R 1 Birbal Sahni Institute of Palaeobotany, Lucknow – India ES 2 Archaeological Survey of India, Excavation Branch, Vadodara – India Recherche archeobotanique´ a` Classe (Ravenne, Italie) S

We present archaeobotanical data obtained from excavations Rossella Rinaldi1, Giovanna Bosi1, C. Triolo1, Marta at Khirsara, a Mature Harappan (2600-2000 BC) outpost in Bandini Mazzanti2, Marco Marchesini2,3 Kachchh, Gujarat. The incidentally carbonized grains and Hordeum vulgare Triticum seeds of (barley), sp. (wheat), 1 Laboratorio di Palinologia e Paleobotanica, Dipartimento di Scienze della Eleusine coracana Pennisetum glaucum (ragi millet), (pearl Vita, Universita` di Modena e Reggio Emilia – Italy Sorghum bicolor Panicum miliaceum millet), (bajra millet), 2Centro Agricoltura Ambiente. – San Giovanni in Persiceto (BO)– Italy Setaria italica , Pisum arvense (proso millet), (Italian millet) 3 Soprintendenza Archeologia Emilia Romagna – Italy (field pea), Lathyrus sativus (grass pea), Cicer arietinum (chick pea), Vigna radiata (green gram), Macrotyloma uniflo- rum (horse gram), Sesamum indicum (sesame), Linum usitatis- The archaeobotanical research carried out in ancient ports can simum (linseed) and Gossypium sp. (cotton) indicates agricul- provide key information on the plant landscape of the area, and ture based on double-cropping, although barley is dominant also on climate, the food customs and the commercial traffic. in the assemblage. In addition, there is evidence for gathered In Italy, in the last fifteen years, archaeobotanical studies were grains/fruits of Setaria sp. and Ziziphus. Further, a number of conducted in some of the most important ports of the Roman weeds and other wild taxa have turned up as an admixture in period, located along the Tyrrhenian coast such as Rome, Pisa, the crop assemblage, which throws considerable light on the Naples. The site of Classe is the most important port of the vegetation cover around the settlement area. Some species oc- Adriatic between the 1st and 7th century AD. It represents the curring in the cultivated fields, may be taken as dependable first study of port contexts in this part of the Mediterranean evidence of crop and weed association. sea.The archaeological surveys discovered a well connected to a horizontal duct containing a large quantity of archaeolog- Keywords: Archaebotany, Macroremains, Indus civilization, Gujarat, ical material dating from the 2nd to 7th century AD. There India is a significant amount of organic remains preserved by wa- terlogging in the sediments of the duct. The research on this water structure has revealed a rather rich carpological list (176 Plants offerings from the antique sanctuary of Labranda taxa), considering the exceptionality of the site of Classe. The site shows a high plant biodiversity, perhaps evidence of the Offrandes veg´ etales´ du sanctuaire antique de Labranda simultaneous presence of different habitats. The more data obtained are those related to the relationships between plants 1 Tzvetana Popova and man. There are several evidences of fruit trees/shrubs, es- pecially olives, and peach, melon, mulberry and the earliest 1 Institute of archaeology, Sofia – Bulgaria remains of the jujube tree for the Northern Italy. Moreover, condiments and vegetables are represented by, e.g., coriander, The ancient city Labranda, is a holy area of Zeus Labraun- rue and bottle gourd. Among crops useful for the craft, there are madder, hemp and flax, although for the latter plant the dos, is in ancient Karia (South-western Anatolia), 14 km to R possible use as food may be also hypothesised. Of interest the north-east of Mylasa city to which it is affiliated. The most e´ are the records of cypress, that are known to have been proba- ancient findings belong to the year 600 BC.The area that was s bly introduced in the Etruscan period, and then spread by the used as holy area in the 6th and the 5th centuries and then as u Romans. Concerning wooden elements, about 300 records be- temple terrace consisted of a single, small, artificial terrace. A m longing to 27 taxa represent almost all manufactured goods. war took place in the holy area in 497 BC and Karia army has e´ They prevalently were made by elm (e.g. for tools), boxwood been defeated by the Persian army with its alliances. The 4th s (e.g. for spindle whorls), oak and fir (e.g. for tabulae ceratae). century BC is the most important period for the temple. The R botanical remains were collected from different context. The Keywords: Port, Roman Age, Seeds/fruits, Wooden objects, Northern Ce´ main species recorded are: Pinus pinea, Vitis vinifera, Juglans Italy os regia, Ficus carica, Prunus sp., Lens culinaris, Triticum aes- mu tivo/durum, Hordeum vulgare , fragments of charred bread. m The use of plants in variety of rituals is common practice in the Archaeobotanical remains and funerary rituals from the ue´ Antiquity. Numerous archaeobotanical remains from different Agro Mutinense necropolis (1st-4th century AD) ns archeological sites presented evidences that some plants were i particularly introduced to the religious rituals. The goal of the Vestiges archeobotaniques´ et rituels funeraires´ de la Pc present study is to identify specific plants and food that was necropole´ d’ Agro Mutinense (Ier-IVe s. ap. J.-C.) ao st ti 65 oe nr s A B S T Federica Maria Riso1, Giovanna Bosi1, Rossella Rinaldi1, strategic objective, leading to the siege and the systematic de- R 2 3 A Donato Labate , Stefano Vanin struction of the city in the mid- 12th century. Covering a total C area of more than 1000 m2, the excavation has revealed vari- 1 T Laboratorio di Palinologia e Paleobotanica, Dipartimento di Scienze della ous types of contexts organized along streets: domestic spaces S Vita, Universita` degli studi di Modena e Reggio Emilia – Italy (kitchens, ovens, storage and patios), craft spaces (forge), as 2 Soprintendenza Archeologia dell’Emilia Romagna – Italy well as a hammam¯ installed at the foot of the wall of the city. 3 LP School of Applied Science, Huddersfield University, Department of Chemical Archaeobotanical material, extracted from about 150 sam- OE & Biological Sciences – United Kingdom ples, comprises charred and mineralized seeds/fruits as well CS as charcoals in varying degrees of abundance. From the anal- T The research aims to study the archaeological and archaeob- ysis of the carpological samples, 19 cultivated/gathered taxa UE otanical remains from the agro mutinense necropolis of were found: 7 cereals, 1 pulse, 1 technical/oil plants and 10 R Mutina, dated from the 1st to the 4th century AD. The pur- fruits, and approximately an additional 20 weeds/wild plants. ES pose is to make a wider and complete framework of the deepen Triticum aestivum/turgidum, Hordeum vulgare, Secale cereale S aspects concerning the after-death rituals, as inferred from and Panicum miliaceum were the principal crops, produced graves contexts. The research focuses on the foodstuffs and in local fields. The numerous cereal chaff and straw remains offers that were common during the Roman Age, the way of discovered suggest their use as fodder or litter in the biggest thinking they represent and the symbolism related to death in houses of the city. The pulses, less common than cereals, are juxtaposition with life. How did they change in relation to in- mainly represented by Vicia cf. sativa. The most frequent dividual, social and economic aspects? During Roman times, fruits are Ficus carica and Quercus spec., although a large ritual offerings were widespread in graves, especially in three diversity of cultivated/gathered species was used (Castanea principal ceremonies: the libation, the funeral meal and the sativa, Morus alba/nigra, Olea europea, Malus/Pyrus, Prunus gift to the dead. Indeed, in these sites, the records of raw, avium/cerasus, Prunus persica, Prunus dulcis, Vitis vinifera,), cooked or burnt food in funerary contexts depends on human taxa also present for some of them among the charred wood practices: different kind of objects and products can poten- of the deposits. Linum usitatissimum is also commonly found. tially provide more information about the deads, their beliefs The exploitation of dry, rich soils is suggested by the discovery and customs. of several nitrophilous taxa (Lolium temulentum, Agrostemma The Novi Sad Park (urban site) and Marzaglia (rural site) githago, Solanum nigrum). In the meantime, charcoals tes- are two sites providing hundreds graves, both of the crema- tify of the exploitation of various habitats for timber and fire- tion and inhumations type. The analysis of this necropolis wood, such as the oak forest (Quercus ilex/coccifera/), the ri- shows that fruit records are the most common (grapes, dates, parian woods (Alnus sp., Fraxinus sp., Ulmus sp.) and or- figs, peaches, walnuts, pinenuts, hazelnuts). Also cereals and chards (different types of Rosaceae -Prunus and Pomoideae-, pulses, among which is the fava bean, are important. In addi- Vitis vinifera, Olea). The preferential use of Pine wood in sev- tion to traditional methods, such as sieving and flotation, new eral contexts must also be discussed. This study allows for the advanced technologies helped to study offerings presence. For first time to shed light on the plant species exploited and on this reason, in order to visualize the internal structure of the their uses by the Islamic populations of this area, at the edge burned archaeological samples using a non invasive technique, of al-Andalus. a CT-scan has been used in 3D reconstructions obtained from Keywords: Archaeobotany, Islamic Spain, al Andalus, Middle Ages, the archaeological samples. Archaeobotanical records have Extremadura been compared with modern samples burned in anoxic con- ditions at 500 ◦C for 2 hours. In order to investigate the tem- perature of burning adepte in ancient practices, archaeological The agriculture in Northern Italy during the Iron Age: a samples were analysed using a SAXS approach (200-900 ◦C). review

Keywords: Funerary banquet, Mutina, Roman Age, CT, scan/SAXS, L’agriculture en Italie du nord durant l’ageˆ du Fer : une Burned samples synthese`

1 1 2 Agriculture and wood management in Islamic Mauro Rottoli , Delia Fanetti , Giovanna Bosi , Elisabetta 2 Extremadura (Spain) Castiglioni R e´ Agriculture et gestion du bois en Estremadure´ islamique 1 Laboratorio di Archeobiologia, Musei Civici di Como – Italy s (Espagne) 2 Laboratorio di Palinologia e Paleoboanica-Dipartimento di Scienze della Vita- u Universita` di Modena e Reggio Emilia – Italy m Jerome´ Ros1, Monica Ruiz-Alonso2, Sophie Gilotte3 e´ s In this review we analyse published archaebotanical data, 1 AASPE – CNRS : UMR7209, MNHN, Sorbonne-Universites´ – France R with particular regard to the analysis of plant macro-remains, 2 CCHS-CSIC – Spain Ce´ in more than 30 settlements, sanctuaries and cemeteries in 3 CIHAM – UMR5648 – France os Northern Italy, carefully evaluating the archaeological con- mu texts, the quality of the sampling and the analytical proce- m Started in 2009, the multidisciplinary project in the archae- dures employed.In order to better understand the botanical ue´ ological settlement of Albalat (Extremadura, Spain) aims to data, detailed consideration of the archaeological contexts of ns document the small fortified Islamic establishment, mentioned their discovery is necessary. The analysis of excavation data i by the textual sources from the second half of the 10th cen- is necessary not only to date the finds, but also in order to Pc tury. Located on a terrace dominating one of the fords that precisely understand the origin and temporal dynamics of the oa cross the Tagus river, the site became for the Christian troops a spread and cultivation of each different species. In fact differ- st ti 66 oe nr s A B S T ent archaeological cultures are present in different territories in Markers of agriculture at archaeological sites of the R Northen Italy during the Iron Age (Veneti, Golasecca culture, russian far east: coherence of the results of carpological, A Reti, Camuni). Then there are the Etruscan colonisation from pollen and phytolith analyses C south, the Celtic colonisation from north and lastly the Roman T Marqueurs agricoles des sites archeologiques´ du grand Est ”colonisation” of the territory. Compared to the Bronze Age, S in Northern Italy we see the introduction of new species (es- russe : coherence´ des resultats´ des analyses carpologiques, palynologiques et de phytolithes pecially of fruit), the increased production of legumes and the LP development of new agricultural techniques, such as crop ro- OE tation and the use of more effective tools. These changes are Natalia Ryabogina1, Elena Sergusheva2, Maria 3 4 CS reflected in a surplus of production and in the use of more com- Lyaschevskaya , Alexandra Golyeva T plex storage systems. This process seems to be the prelude to UE the development of agriculture in Roman times, which cannot 1 Institute of problems of development of the North SB RAS – Russia 2 Institute of History, Archeology and Ethnography of the Far East Branch RAS R therefore be described as the simple agricultural colonization. – Russia ES 3 Pacific ocean Institute of Geography of the Far East Branch RAS – Russia S Keywords: Iron Age, Northern Italy, Agriculture, Fruit Farming 4 Institute Geography RAS – Russia

We unveil new materials of carpological, pollen and phytolith analyses of cultural layers in archaeological sites of Priamurye and Primorye (south of the Russian Far East) where popula- Wet preservation in a semi-arid environment – well tion practiced agriculture since the Neolithic age. We have features from the Bronze Age Sintashta settlement applied various methods to conduct a joint research of the Kamennyi Ambar (Russia) as multidisciplinary archives samples from the Neolithic and medieval settlements at the Osinovoe Lake and multilayered site of Risovaya-4. The re- Conservation humide en environnement semi-aride – vestiges search is focused on evaluating the feasibility and efficiency de puits du site de l’ageˆ du Bronze de Sintashta (Kamennyi of three paleobotanical approaches in search for the proofs Ambar, Russia) comme archives multidisciplinaires of ancient farming in cultural layers. We have also empha- sized the problems of identifying the pollen and phytoliths of Lisa Ruhl¨ 1, Astrid Stobbe1 millet species, which lay in the basis of the ancient agricul- ture in this region. It has been established that under these conditions a carpological method has become the most effi- cient in searching for the remains of cultivated plants: it re- 1 Laboratory for Archaeobotany of Europe and Eurasia, Institute of Archaeo- vealed a representative set of seeds of cultivated plants in the logical Sciences, Dept. III Pre- and Protohistory, Goethe University Frankfurt – Germany deposits of two out of the three sites researched. The method has brought new data confirming the composition of cultivated Water is one of the key factors for people when choosing a plants in the Medieval Western Priamurye. A cultural layer of place to stay – this issue becomes still more important for the Middle Neolithic Period (Risovaya-4) contained the seeds herdsmen who are responsible to supply their stock. That of two species of cultivated millet and the pollen similar to Se- is why the Transural peneplain with its gently rolling land- taria italica. The assumption about existing middle-Neolithic scape intersected by perennial streams with fertile meadows agriculture in Primorye needs a more reliable confirmation. was so attractive for the Sintashta people. Additionally, they The sediments of all three sites contained occasional micro- and other Bronze Age cultures in the Eurasian steppe belt built remains, which are morphologically similar to the phytoliths wells within their settlements – many of them – one ore even of cultivated plants; however, they were not sufficient for iden- more for each living unit. These features are multidisciplinary tifying a plant species. Simultaneous sampling for pollen and archives and thus important elements in understanding the way phytolith analysis has proven low-efficient; the preservation of people were organizing their subsistence and day-to-day live. grasses pollen in soil deposits has turned out critically unfavor- Drilling cores taken before excavation conserve the otherwise able thus explaining the inconsistency of test results. However, lost stratigraphy which enhances our knowledge about the oc- pollen and phytolithic data have supplemented to the carpolog- cupation in the settlement by analysis of the (very diversified) ical results and confirmed the assumption about incorrectly- identified age of the carbonized grains at the Neolithic settle- filling history, about the craft standard concerning digging and R ment of Osinovoye Lake. Abundance of forests around the construction technology and maybe its development through e´ sites in that period, lack of extensive deforestation, as well as time. The cores are a source of stratified short-lived plant ma- s lack of segetal weeds prove that the fields either did not occupy terial to build up a detailed chronology. The wet preservation u major areas or were localized away from the settlements. of waterlogged organic material allows to study wooden arte- m facts in general and to get information about the choice and Keywords: Millet agriculture, Russian Far East e´ availability of construction wood. In the well features plant s remains are preserved which otherwise would be lost in steppe R sediments. Therefore, at Kamennyi Ambar we have the possi- Middle Ages Cucumis melo L.: molecular and Ce´ bility to compare both wet and charred plant remains one site morphological characterization os which results in a more detailed knowledge about the vegeta- mu ˆ tion composition and about plant choice and use by the Sin- Cucumis melo L. au Moyen Age : caracterisation´ moleculaire´ m tashta pastoralists. As also pollen and spores are preserved et morphologique ue´ archaeobotanical analyses can be brought together. ns 1 2 3,4 Diego Sabato , Belen´ Pico´ , Oscar Grillo , Cristina i 2 1,5 6 Keywords: Archaeobotany, Multidisciplinary archives, Wells, Esteras , Leonor Pena-Chocarro˜ , Giovanna Bosi , Carmen Pc 7 3 Steppe, Sintashta culture, Bronze Age Leida ,Gianluigi Bacchetta ao st ti 67 oe nr s A B S T 1 5 R GI Arqueobiolog`ıa, Instituto de Historia, CCHS-CSIC, Madrid – Spain Charles University in Prague, Faculty of Arts, Institute of Prehistory and Early 2 A Instituto de Conservacion´ y Mejora de la Agrodiversidad Valenciana (CO- History, Prague – Czech Republic C MAV), Universitat Politecnica` de Valencia` – Spain 3 T Centro Conservazione Biodiversita` (CCB), Dipartimento di Scienze della Vita The aim of our contribution is to notify of current macrore- S e dell’Ambiente, Universita` degli Studi di Cagliari – Italy mains analysis of the Bronze Age cultural sediments in the 4 Stazione Consorziale Sperimentale di Granicoltura per la Sicilia (SSGS), region of South Bohemia (Czech Republic). Macroremains LP Caltagirone – Italy analysis represents in our research another source of interpre- 5 OE Escuela Espanola˜ de Historia y Arqueolog`ıa en Roma-CSIC, Rome – Italy tation of archaeological features infill and cultural layers and 6 CS Laboratorio di Palinologia e Paleobotanica, Dip. di Scienze della Vita, Uni- it makes possible to reconstruct palaeoeconomy of settlement T versita` di Modena e Reggio Emilia, Modena – Italy areas (e.g. housing, economy, burial rite, etc.). Sampling for 7 UE Centro Ricerca e Innovazione, Fondazione Edmundo Mach (FEM), San macro-remains analyses has been systematically applied since R Michele all’Adige (TN), Italy 2005. Recently we have several hundreds of analyzed samples ES and tens of thousands of individual determinations. Samples S In 2007, during an archaeological excavation in the city were dated based on artefact typology or by AMS radiocar- centre of Sassari (Italy), a well dated to between 1330 to bon dating within the interval of 1800 – 800 BC. The main 1360 AD was discovered. The fill of this context yielded a topic of this contribution is the first conclusion of the utility huge assemblage of ceramics, zoological and plant remains. plants structure in the region of South Bohemia and method- Among the 117 plant taxa identified, a consistent presence ology of sampling of prehistorical features and layers. It can of Cucumis melo L. seeds was recorded. Their exceptional be concluded that the number of species of utility plants was state of preservation allowed the application of specific anal- constantly rinsing during the Bronze Age. The structure of yses for molecular and morphological characterization.Sets of utility plants is connected with the cultural contacts among the 179 accessions of melon landraces from Europe, Asia and European societies. Africa, included Sardinian traditional cultivars, were selected for molecular and morphological comparison to the archaeo- Keywords: Plant macroremains, South Bohemia, Bronze Age logical seeds. Genotyping was performed using 211 polymor- phic SNPs and the genotyping technology iPLEX Gold Mas- Economic and social insights from C- and N- isotopes of sARRAY Sequenom. A total of 96 morphometric parameters, rich cereal finds acquired by an automatic image analysis system, were specif- ically designed to evaluate seeds size and shape.Results from Eclairage´ economique´ et social a` partir des isotopes C- et N- the molecular and morphological analyses showed some affin- de riches assemblages cer´ ealiers´ ity between the archaeological seeds and domesticated mel- ons. The closest accessions to the archaeological seeds were Frank Schlutz¨ 1, Felix Bittmann1 both sweet types, as Cantaloupe and Winter melon, and non- sweet ones, as snake melon and Chate, coming from Central 1 Lower Saxony Institute for Historical Coastal Research, Wilhelmshaven – Asia, Near East, North Africa and Europe. Data also showed a Germany high variability in seed shape as well as in genetic admixture, probably due to the coexistence of various melon types, which might suggest that in Sardinia, during Middle Ages, pheno- Isotope analyses on cereal caryopses evolve over the last few types were still not fixed and different types of melons were years to a powerful tool in reconstructing hydrological grow- already cultivated. These typologies likely included sweet and ing conditions and identification of possible manuring prac- non-sweet forms, making these fruits still distant to the current tices. Comparing the results from different areas and time pe- ones. This is in agreement to the previous idea that the spread riods we identified further profits of N- and C-isotope analyses of sugary melons may occurred only later as a consequence in archaeological contexts as well as possible pitfalls in their of independent introductions between the late Medieval and interpretation. Very rich cereal finds in the Early Bronze Age Renaissance periods. tell settlement Fidvar´ near Vrable´ at the northern margin of the Carpathian Basin (SW-Slovakia) offered the opportunity Keywords: Melon, Ancient DNA, Morphological analysis, to compare yields from separate fields ripened under differ- Archaeobotany ent humidity conditions and manure intensity. Comparisons R between households of the central and the peripheral part of e´ the settlement may here allow identifying social differences Archaeobotany of the Bronze Age in the region of South s expressed in field qualities. The latter might be also con- Bohemia (Czech Republic) u nected with the absolute duration of field cultivation as well m as field distances from the settlement. In northern Germany, Archeobotanique´ de l’ageˆ du Bronze dans la region´ de la e´ we compared isotope values of different cereal species along Boheme` du sud (Republique´ tcheque)` s a profile from the dwelling mounds (Wurten) at the North Sea coast into the river marshes of the hinterland, representing a R 1 3 2,4 Tereza Sˇalkov´ a´ , Daniel Hlasek´ , Ondrejˇ Chvojka , steep gradient in salt concentration in soils from high salin- Ce´ 3,5 2 2,5 os Jaroslav Jirˇ´ık , Jan John , Martin Ptak´ ity stress to freshwater conditions. Along the salinity gradi- mu ent, the C-isotope values vary accordingly from apparent high m 1 University of South Bohemia, Faculty of Science, Laboratory of Archaeob- at the coast to normal low values in the hinterland. Regard- ue´ otany and Palaeoecology, Ceskˇ e´ Budejoviceˇ – Czech Republic ing the reduction of yields under salty conditions expressed in ns 2 University of South Bohemia, Faculty of Philosophy, Institute of Archaeology, high δ13C values, the yields per m2 at the coast must have i Ceskˇ e´ Budejoviceˇ – Czech Republic been about 25% less than in fields with fresh water condi- Pc 3 Prache´ nˇ Museum, P´ısek – Czech Republic tions.All measured cereal samples (barley, wheat, rye) from oa 4 South Bohemian Museum, Ceskˇ e´ Budejoviceˇ – Czech Republic Germany and Slovakia show mean δ15N-values between 3,5 st ti 68 oe nr s A B S T - 8,5, except one. With about 10,5 a rye sample from one Just as on the basis of modern floristic data, also archaeb- R of the dwelling mounds exhibit an extraordinary high con- otanical ones could be a source of knowledge about biodiver- A tent of the 15N-isotope. This high value may point to the sity. Biodiversity studies of anthropogenic flora of the present C use of well decade farmyard manure. Thick layers of such human settlements shows a direct link between the number T dung were found during the archaeological excavations in the of plant species with the number of human population. It is S barns on top of the dwelling mounds and in the mound sed- proved that the larger human population is connected with iments as well. But to better understand the values, analyses greater diversity of flora of examined settlement. The aim LP of rye cultivated under different manure practices have been of this poster is to present the results of biodiversity studies OE started.The gradient study from Northern Germany suggests a which were made on the basis of macroremains analysis. The CS significant positive auto-correlation between C- and N-isotope processed data were gained from large medieval urban sites T values. This needs further investigations and has to be taken from Poland, for which it is possible to connect archaeob- UE into consideration when using these isotopes as palaeoecolog- otanical data with demographic ones (known from historic R ical proxies. sources). These studies will provide a reference point for in- ES terpreting data from smaller medieval sites located in Central- S Keywords: Tells, Carpathian Basin, Dwelling mounds (Wurten), Eastern Europe. Thanks to this comparison it will be possible North Sea coast, Harvest yield to determine the hypothetical number of people which proba- bly lived in e.g. medieval small town or village, on the basis Medieval cultural plants in the Russian Far East – results of plant macroremains analysis. If it is impossible to compare of the seed analysis at Bohai State sites (698-926 AD) gained archaebotanical results with data from reference sites (e.g. in case of lack of historic data), it is possible to analyze Plantes medi´ evales´ culturelles dans le grand Est Russe – the biological diversity of archaeophytes and apophytes. A rel- resultats´ des analyses carpologiques des sites de l’tat de atively large number of first ones describes the level of com- Bohai (698-926 ap. J.-C.) munity development – the higher it is, the more archaeophytes should be in the fossil flora. With a relatively large number of Elena Sergusheva1 apophytes conclusions should be different – the settlement was small or/and underdeveloped. Methods presented above cer- tainly do not exhaust the possibilities offered by biodiversity 1 Institute of History, Archaeology and Ethnology of Far Eastern Branch of analysis. They represent only the basis for the development of Russian Academy of Sciences – Vladivostok, Russia a new tool in the interpretation of the archaeobotanical data.

The results obtained by the quantitative analysis of seeds Keywords: Biodiversity from sites occupied during the Bohai State (698-926 AD) and post-Bohai periods (10th century AD) in the Primorye region of the Russian Far East allows us to reconstruct the Berries from Belgium: archaeobotanical finds of archaeobotanical spectra and identify the main agricultural redcurrant, blackcurrant and gooseberry plants. Three fortified towns and two other settlements dated to the 8th-10th centuries are concerned by our study. The seeds Baies de Belgique : decouvertes´ archeobotaniques´ de of cultivated plants are largely predominant in all contexts. groseilles, cassis et groseilles a` maquereau Between 8 and 12 crop species are recognised according to 1 1 the sites: Abutilon theophrasti, Cannabis sativa, Echinochloa Lien Speleers , Sidonie Preiss utilis, Fagopyrum esculentum, Glycine max, Hordeum vul- gare, H. vulgare var. nudum, Panicum miliaceum, Perilla sp., 1 Royal Belgian Institute of Natural Sciences – Belgium Pisum sativum, Setaria italica, Triticum aestivum and Vigna angularis . Among these, foxtail and barnyard (Japanese) mil- Recently medieval and post-medieval carpological data from lets largely predominate, attaining at least 50-60 % on all sites. Belgium were collected in an ArboDat© database. The dataset The archaeobotanical spectra from the different sites show obtained shows a diversification of fruit species during the late many similarities but also minor variations. The town settle- medieval period, which can be related to the development of ment of Koksharovka-1 stands out in particular with nearly 90 horticulture. Blackcurrant (Ribes nigrum), redcurrant (Ribes % of the seed assemblages represented by foxtail millet. This rubrum) and gooseberry (Ribes uva-crispa) belong to this new R particular situation may be the result of food preferences or fruit species group occurrence. In the Low Countries Ribes e´ other cultural specificities of this urban population. sp. pollen and macrobotanical remains dating to the Atlantic s period were recently recorded, suggesting that at least some Keywords: Primorye, Middle Ages, Seed analysis, Archaeobotanical u species are autochthonous. However, it is striking that the ear- spectra m liest records after prehistoric times date to the medieval pe- e´ riod. In Northwestern Europe archaeobotanical finds become s The study of biodiversity as a new method of more frequent from the end of the medieval period and the be- R interpretation of an archaeobotanical data ginning of the early modern period onwards. Likewise, the Ce´ oldest historical sources date to the 15th and 16th centuries. os L’etude´ de la biodiversite´ comme nouvelle methode´ pour This poster gives an overview of the Belgian archaeobotani- mu interpreter´ les donnees´ archeobotaniques´ cal records of Ribes species. We will discuss the species sta- m tus and use during the late medieval and post medieval period ue´ 1 Grzegorz Skrzynski´ in Belgium based on archaeobotanical finds and information ns from iconographical and written sources. i 1 The Museum of the Earth, Polish Academy of Sciences – Poland Pc Keywords: Europe, Middle Ages, Horticulture, Diffusion, Trade ao st ti 69 oe nr s A B S

T 1 1 R Methodological studies in waterlogged sediments Angela Stellati , Girolamo Fiorentino A ´ 1 C Etudes methodologiques´ de sediments´ en contextes imbibes´ Laboratory of Archaeobotany and Palaeoecology, Department of Cultural T Heritage, University of Salento, Lecce – Italy 1 1 2 S Bigna Steiner , Ferran Antol´ın ,Werner Vach , Stefanie 1 Jacomet In this work we try to assess the possibility of using car- LP bon and nitrogen stable isotopes as markers of crop prove- OE 1 IPAS, Department of Environmental Sciences, University of Basel – Switzer- nience. Studies and long-term experiments carried out in CS land the last decades show significant relationships between the T 2 Clinical Epidemiology, Department of Medical Biometry and Medical Infor- growing-site conditions and the isotope signature in cereals: UE matics, University of Freiburg – Germany edaphic features and water availability influence N and C ratio R in plant remains. Based on this assumption, in order to recon- ES Despite excellent preservation conditions, the taphonomy of struct past trades, the incidence of foreign supply on local pro- S wetland settlement layers at lakes in Central Europe (”pile duction and verifying the presence of clusters of cereals refer- dwellings”, UNESCO world cultural heritage) is not well ring to different harvesting areas, samples of caryopses from understood. In order to improve this situation, an SNF- two archaeological sites were selected and subjected to quan- funded project was started by an interdisciplinary team at IPAS titative analysis of stable isotopes. The measure of carbon and (project nr. CR30I2 149679/1). Aim of this project is to iden- nitrogen ratio was also extended to charred wood remains of tify natural and anthropogenic factors influencing the deposi- wild local vegetation considered marker of local pattern. The tion and preservation of occupation layers, among them also first site is an insular Early-Bronze Age settlement, Filo Brac- post-excavational factors like methodology. Several factors cio, located in Filicudi in the Aeolian archipelago, where were which could influence the outcome of archaeobotanical anal- found some huts and a multifunctional open area which was yses were tested. In this poster, we will shortly present our probably assigned to the processing of cereals (threshing and research about the four factors sieving, subsampling, volume roasting). The Aeolian Islands represent a privileged point of measurement and the semi-quantitative recording of preserva- view for biological and human dynamics and trades in Central tion parameters.The consistency of the wash-over sieving pro- Mediterranean area.The other site considered is the site of Eg- cess done by different operators was looked at, revealing that nazia, in the Apulian region. This is a long life city, occupied there were some systematic differences present in the large from the Bronze age to the Middle Ages; our study focused on fraction of the tested samples due to the techniques of the the period between II cent. BC to XIII cent. AD. Egnazia is lo- sievers. However, with counting guidelines and detailed in- cated in a region particularly suitable for crop growing thanks structions, it is no disadvantage to have different sievers in one to its geomorphological features. Furthermore, its coastal lo- project.The subsampling process was also looked at in detail. cation also projected the city towards maritime trades. This Due to the clumpy distribution of remains in waterlogged sed- approach shows how the analysed kernels could refer to statis- iments, square subsampling (sampling of sediment from two tically distinct groups, then grown in different areas, some of grids of a sample) was less suitable than systematic grid sub- which are probably not of local production. sampling (sampling of a portion out of every grid of a sam- ple). We could also determine what amount of remains had Keywords: Stable isotopes, Food-Stuff provenience, Early Bronze to be counted in order to have a good representation of a wa- Age, Roman Period, Southern Italy terlogged sample in terms of proportions and diversity. Dif- ferent volume measurement techniques (classical before and Plant exploitation at Agrigento (Sicily, Italy): first results after freezing and displacement) were compared and a system- from the Hellenistic-Roman quarter and the midden atic difference was found. However, with the use of a propor- layers over the temple of Isis tionality factor of 1.5, the different techniques can easily be compared. The description of preservation parameters in wet- Exploitation veg´ etale´ a` Agrigente (Sicile, Italie) : premiers land settlements was often done, but rarely evaluated in a sys- resultats´ du quartier hellenistique-romain´ et des niveaux de tematic way. Indicators for presence or absence of processes fumier pres` du temple d’Isis of erosion and corrosion were defined and a methodology for their efficient recording was developed and used for the recon- Angela Stellati1, Maria Rizzo2, Maria Parello2, Girolamo R struction of the taphonomic history of layers. Methodology Fiorentino1 e´ can have a large impact on archaeobotanical data and should s therefore always be disclosed at a detailed level. Our research 1 Laboratory of Archeobotany and Palaeoecology, Department of Cultural Her- u will help to standardise some common methods used in the itage, University of Salento–Italy m archaeobotanical analysis of waterlogged sediments, and thus 2 Parco Archeologico e Paesaggistico della Valle dei Templi di Agrigento, e´ hopefully eliminate a potential source of error. Agrigento – Italy s R Keywords: Methodology, Wash-over sieving, Subsampling, Volume Ce´ measurement, Preservation parameters The aim of this work is to investigate the relationships be- os tween humans and the environment over the Roman Pe- mu riod and the Late Antiquity at Agrigento (south-western m Food strategies and supplies: inferring crop provenience Sicily).During the last archeological excavation in the Valle ue´ from carbon and nitrogen stable isotopes analysis dei Templi’ digging was supported by sampling strategies of ns the sediment and systematic archaeobotanical analyses were i Strategies´ alimentaires et approvisionnement : determiner´ carried out. Sampling involved functional and chronological Pc l’origine des cultures par l’analyse des isotopes stables du distinct contexts of the Insulae I and IV of the Hellenistic- oa carbone et de l’azote Roman Quarter, for example some ash lenses from the cubicu- st ti 70 oe nr s A B S T lum (II-III cent. AD), a most recent burial (VI-VII cent. AD) Seed size and genetic variation was shifted with changing R and the filling of a pit with thermally altered walls (Late An- political and social conditions in Japan A tiquity). Other archaeobotanical analyses were also performed C Rapport entre l’evolution´ de la taille des graines, celle des in the area of the Temple of Isis where wide dumping layers, T variations gen´ etiques,´ et les changements politiques et dated to IV-V cent. A.D., have been recovered. Although pre- S liminary, data allow to advance some assumptions. Charcoals sociaux au Japon highlight the exploitation of distinct habitats (maquis, wood- 1 LP land) and the use of specific taxa as fuel, likely selected be- Katsunori Tanaka OE cause of their calorific value. Economy was mainly oriented CS 1 towards the cultivation of cereals and pulses but fruit trees Faculty of Humanities, Hirosaki University, Aomori – Japan T were also an important food source.At present archaeobotan- UE ical data allow to fill, partially, an information gap that char- To understand how agricultural crop variation was changed R acterizes Sicily in the period between the first century. B.C. during with transition of social and political condition, we ES and the tenth century. A.D., providing informations about the compared transitions of seed size and genetic variation be- S main catchment areas of plant resources and defining land use tween 77 populations of rice remains (5942 seeds) and 40 pop- and main crops. ulations of melon seed remains (3990 seeds) for 2000-years periods including modern period. The rice remains popula- Keywords: Urban archaeobotany, Plant exploitation, Roman period, tions showed wide variation in seed length and width, which Agrigento, Sicily showed correlation to one another and normal distribution within population (p> 0.05). The seed length variation de- rived from length differentiation in populations among and within sites and within population, with statistical significant Plant remains from the neolithic site of Kleitos, Northern analysis (p< 0.01). Seed length variation narrowed in pop- Greece ulations after 600 CE, and length slightly increased toward 1500 CE. Genetic variation of rice remains narrowed toward Restes veg´ etaux´ du site neolithique´ de Kleitos, Grece` du nord the Sengoku Periods based on the genotyping by chloroplast and nuclear genome markers. In melon seed remains, length Charoula Stylianakou1, Sultana Maria Valamoti2 variation decreased from 1 CE to 250 CE, though largeness of seed size recognized around the period. Then variation more decreased toward 1600 CE, around which genetic varia- tion also decreased in the populations of Okayama Prefecture. 1 Ephorate of Antiquities of Kozani – Greece The archaeological and historical facts indicated that the shift 2 School of History and Archaeology, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki– regarding scale and level in agricultural management seemed Greece to occur by powerful clans and occupational groups around 250 CE to 600 CE. They introduced culture and goods such as The aim of this presentation is the study of plant charred re- Buddhism, utilization of horse and iron wear to wide areas in mains, in an attempt to reconstruct past human activity and to Japan. Agricultural crops may be promoted to change through shed light on crop processing practices, production, consump- the introductions. After the Heian Periods, agricultural devel- tion and discarding strategies at the Neolithic site of Kleitos. opment and improvement of crop variety are promoted for tax Kleitos is situated near the city of Kozani, in Northern Greece. payment by local governance, especially for food security in During the excavation of the settlement which started in 2006 the Sengoku Period of warring provinces, causing to decrease and lasted until 2010 an attempt was made to collect soil sam- seed and genetic variation in rice and melon. ples from all the excavated units. The sampling strategy thus employed was close to total sampling, sampling of almost all Keywords: Agriculture, Archaeobotany, Archeology, Oryza sativa, excavated features. Samples studied here are dated to Late Selection and Final Neolithic age and correspond to various habitation phases excavated. The analysis of charred plant remains so far revealed that subsistence in the site was based on cereals, Archaeobotanical evidence of economic plants in Mediterranean France during Roman times pulses, plants growing in the wild and crop processing activ- R ities. Glume wheats, are represented by grains, glume bases Vestiges archeobotaniques´ de plantes economiques´ en France e´ and spikelet forks. The most common glume wheats are: ”new mediterran´ eenne´ durant la periode´ romaine s type” glume wheat, emmer and einkorn. Barley (Hordeum u vulgare) is also present in the samples represented by grain m Margaux Tillier1,2, Laurent Bouby2, Nuria Rovira1, Isabel corresponding to both the ’naked’ and ’hulled’ varieties. The e´ Figueiral2,3 most common pulses are lentil (Lens culinaris), bitter vetch s (Vicia ervilia) and grass pea (Lathyrus sativus). Weed species R 1 Universite´ Montpellier III Paul Valery,´ UMR 5140 ASM, Lattes– France are rarely represented as well as fruits and nuts. Some of the Ce´ 2 UMR 5554 ISEM, Institut de Botanique, Montpellier– France samples are mixed and represent the remains of household ac- os 3 Institut National de Recherches Archeologiques´ Preventives´ (INRAP) – tivities though there is an indication of cereal and pulse stor- mu France age in some cases. The study of samples derived from the site m allows a better insight into the Neolithic exploitation, dietary ue´ practices and agricultural economy at the site and the wider The Roman period is characterized by an intensification of ns area of western Macedonia. the trade of vegetal goods and the long-distance diffusion i of diverse food plants (as coriander, pine kernels, peach, Pc Keywords: Northern Greece, Kleitos, Neolithic, Plant remains melon). It is also during this period that archaeobotanical ao st ti 71 oe nr s A B S T R studies and archaeological data show an intensive cultivation plum so-called Sanguigna di Bosa actually cultivated in the A of grapevines, fig and olive trees in the Roman Empire. In village of Bosa (Oristano). In this case, the correct classi- C Mediterranean France, the chronology of these changes is still fication has been 81.8%. These results, as far as we know, T under scrutiny due to the uneven distribution of information, provide the first evidence of P. domestica in Sardinia during S most particularly concerning the Provence region. Archaeo- the Phoenician-Punic period. Moreover, these archaeological logical excavations suggest regional specializations; the pro- remains represents the early evidence of P. domestica in the LP duction of olive oil seems to be locally important in Provence Western Mediterranean Basin. OE while wine producing is repeatedly attested in the Languedoc. Keywords: Archaeological fruit stones, Archaeobotany, Endocarp CS This archaeobotanical synthesis assembles published data and image analysis, Prunus spinosa, Prunus domestica, Sardinia T new results. Recent and ongoing analysis of waterlogged con- UE texts (for example: harbour dumps and wells) allows us to reg- R ister a wider spectrum of economic plants (both cultivated and wild) and to draw a new appraisal on economical plants dur- Correct identification of archaeological grape seeds by ES computer vision: support for archaeobotanical study S ing this period. It provides new insights on consumption, plant processing and local cultivation, especially for condiments, fruits such as grapevine, olive, walnut, umbrella pine, and Identification exacte de pepins´ de raisins archeologiques´ par exotic goods acquired from trade. The diversity of contexts ordinateur : aide a` l’analyse archeobotanique´ studied (urban, rural, funerary, ritual etc.) makes it sometimes 1 1 1 possible to assess the social, cultural and symbolic status of Mariano Ucchesu , Martino Orru` , Oscar Grillo , 2 1 plants and their uses. We notice that the presence of imported Gianfranco Venora , Gianluigi Bacchetta exotic foods highlights particular uses (funeral symbolism and high social distinction) linked to the status of site. 1 Centro Conservazione Biodiversita` (CCB), Dipartimento di Scienze della Vita e dell’Ambiente (DISVA), Universita` degli Studi di Cagliari – Italy Keywords: Antiquity, Southern France, Diffusion, Trade, Economic 2 Stazione Consorziale Sperimentale di Granicoltura per la Sicilia, Caltagirone plants – Italy

Identification of Prunus domestica L. endocarps from a The identification of archaeological charred grape seeds is a Phoenician-Punic context (5th - 2nd century BC) by difficult task due to the alteration of the morphological seeds image analysis shape. In archaeobotanical studies, the correct discrimina- tion between Vitis vinifera subsp. sylvestris and Vitis vinifera Identification d’endocarpes de Prunus domestica L. en subsp. vinifera grape seeds is very important to understand contexte phenico-punique´ (Ve s.-IIe s. av. J.-C.) par l’analyse the history and origin of the domesticated grapevine. In this d’images work, different carbonisation experiments were carried out us- ing a hearth to reproduce the same burning conditions occur- Mariano Ucchesu1, Marco Sarigu1, Carla Del Vais2, Ignazio ring in archaeological contexts. In addition, several carboni- Sanna3, Oscar Grillo1, Gianluigi Bacchetta1 sation trials on modern wild and cultivated grape seeds were performed using a muffle furnace. In order to implement mor-

1 Centro Conservazione Biodiversita` (CCB), Dipartimento di Scienze della Vita phological comparison with archaeological materials, modern e dell’Ambiente (DISVA), Universita` degli Studi di Cagliari – Italy grape seed samples were treated applying seven different tem- 2 Dipartimento di Storia, Beni Culturali e Territorio, Cagliari – Italy peratures of carbonisation, ranging between 180 and 340 C 3 Soprintendenza per i Beni Archeologici per le province di Cagliari e Oristano, for 120 min. Analysing the grape seed size and shape by Cagliari – Italy computer vision techniques, and applying the stepwise Lin- ear Discriminant Analysis (LDA) method, it was possible to discriminate between the wild from and the cultivated charred During the archaeological excavation in the Phoenician- grape seeds. An overall correct classification of 93.3% was Punic settlement of Santa Giusta (Oristano, Sardinia), dated to achieved.Applying the same statistical procedure to compare the 5th - 2nd century BC, several Prunus spp. endocarps were modern charred with archaeological grape seeds, found in Sar- recovered. The exceptional state of preservation of the wa- dinia and dating back to the Early Bronze Age (2017–1751 2σ R terlogged remains allowed us to perform morphological and cal. BC), the 75.0% of the cases have been identified as wild e´ morphometric analysis by computer vision. Digital images, grape. The proposed method proved to be an useful and ef- s were acquired with a flatbed scanner and processed and anal- fective tool for the identification of charred grape seeds found u ysed using the open source image analysis software ImageJ v. in archaeological sites. Moreover, it may be considered valid m 1.49. The morphometric parameters were obtained through a support for advances in the knowledge and comprehension of e´ specific plugin able to measure 26 morphometric features and viticulture adoption and the grape domestication process. The s 80 Elliptic Fourier Descriptors (EFDs). Applying the stepwise same methodology may also be successful when applied to R Linear Discriminant Analysis (LDA), a morphological com- other plant remains, providing important information about Ce´ parison among the archaeological endocarps of Prunus and the the history of domesticated plants. os modern one collected in Sardinia was performed. These analy- mu ses allowed to identify 53 and 11 endocarps of Prunus spinosa Keywords: Carbonisation experiment, Grape seeds identification, m and Prunus domestica, respectively. The results showed that Image analysis, Seed remains, Vitis vinifera ue´ the archaeological endocarps of P. spinosa have morphomet- ns ric similarities in the 92.5% of the cases with P. spinosa that i at present grow near the Phoenician-Punic settlement of Santa Traditional wheat cultivation: the case of east Anatolia Pc Giusta. In addition, the archaeological endocarps identified oa as P. domestica showed similarity with the modern variety of Culture traditionnelle de ble´ : le cas de l’Anatolie orientale st ti 72 oe nr s A B S

1 2 T Burhan Ulas¸ , Girolamo Fiorentino with a wide temporal framework, offers exciting insights into R cereal consumption in Greece over a period of 7000 years. A 1 Alata Horticultural Research Institute, Mersin – Turkey This research has been the result of the project The Seeds of C 2 Laboratory of Archaeobotany and Palaeoecology Salento University – Italy Demetra, supported by Thrace Flour Mills. T S Keywords: Wheat, Barley, Ancient Greek texts, Cereal food, Medic- The study analyzes the activities of wheat cultivation cur- inal uses rently carried out by some rural communities in South-eastern LP Anatolia. The region is included in the northern part of the OE so-called Fertile Crescent, which played a crucial role in the Preserving Pyrus amygdaliformis for later consumption: CS domestication of wheat, Triticum monococcum and Triticum archaeobotanical and ethnographic observations T dicoccum in particular, about 11,000 years ago.The ethnob- approach UE otanical work was carried out between November 2013 and R July 2015 in the rural areas of the cities of Diyarbakir, Mardin, Conserver Pyrus amygdaliformis pour une consommation ES S¸irnak and Elazig.˘ In all these locations, the different phases differ´ ee´ : observations archeobotaniques´ et ethnographiques S of grain cultivation, except for soil preparation and sowing, were documented. Information about technical cultivation de- Soultana Maria Valamoti1, Ioanna Mimi1 tails and planting periods was collected through interviews carried out during the field work. A partial conservation of 1 School of History and Archaeology, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki – traditional harvesting and storing practices was observed in Greece the villagers ”modern” living, with elements similar to those found in the Neolithic communities, which would also explain Recent finds of Pyrus amygdaliformis from sites in South- the use of the same techniques. In the cultivation of wheat eastern Europe have stimulated a review of published ethno- there was no technical difference, in spite of the multi-ethnical graphic literature as well as ethnographic work conducted composition of the region. The existence of continuous ex- in October 2015 at the village of Kosmati, in Grevena, changes of different seed varieties even at a long distance was northern Greece. Our ethnographic observations have re- demonstrated, and this might have allowed the transmission vealed a wealth of information as regards alternative ways of cultivation techniques. The dynamics of this trade seems of preserving a nowadays ignored wild plant food resource. to involve specialized mobile farmers. Another interesting re- Besides drying ripe wild pears, we record in detail the sult of our studies is that the labour division between men and preparation of wild pear syrup similar to the preparation women is directly connected to how agriculture is done: with of epsema/sapa/petimezi/pekmez (wine syrup). Our ethno- modern or traditional techniques. graphic observations widen the range of potential foodstuffs prepared by wild plant food resources in prehistoric times. Keywords: Ethnobotany, Wheat, Anatolia, Agricultural techniques Keywords: Pyrus amygdaliformis Cereals as food and medicine in ancient Greece: integrating archaeobotanical and textual evidence The dynamics of olive cultivation in the context of Greek colonisation: an archaeobotanical investigation Les cer´ eales´ comme nourriture et medicament´ dans la Grece` integrating old and new archaeobotanical evidence ancienne : temoins´ archeobotaniques´ et textuels Les dynamiques de la culture de l’olivier dans le contexte de Sultana Maria Valamoti1, Vassilis Fyntikoglou2, Kostas la colonisation grecque : enqueteˆ integrant´ des donnees´ Symponis1 archeobotaniques´ anciennes et nouvelles

1School of History and Archaeology, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki – Soultana Maria Valamoti1, Eugenia Gkatzogia1, Maria Greece Ntinou2 2 School of Philology, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki–Greece 1 School of History and Archaeology, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki – Greece Cereals have had a long tradition of use in Greece since pre- R 2 The American School of Classical Studies at Athens – Greece historic times, after the onset of agriculture in the region in the e´ 7th millennium B.C. During the course of time the archaeob- s otanical record reveals regional preferences in certain cereal Olive and olive oil constitute important elements of pre- u species as well as temporal changes occurring through evolv- historic communities of the EasternMediterranean and the m ing contact networks and changing socioeconomic organisa- Aegean as, together with cereals and wine, they form the e´ tion. This poster examines this ’longue duree’´ of cereal con- ’Mediterranean triad’. An essential element of the Mediter- s sumption in Greece, from prehistoric times to the present, in- ranean polyculture, olive cultivation is considered as a decisive R tegrating for the historical periods the available written texts. factor towards the emergence of Bronze Age elites either by a Ce´ Problems concerning interpretation of terms used in ancient need for redistribution due to its ability to thrive in less fer- os texts are highlighted as well as changing perceptions of the tile soils or by labour demands and ties to the cultivated land mu properties and ways of transforming cereals into food depend- due to its late return in produce. Although adequate archaeob- m ing on time period, context of consumption and region. The otanical evidence is available from the south of Greece, sug- ue´ insights gained from the investigation of ancient texts provide gesting the exploitation of the plant since the 4th millennium ns a unique opportunity to inspire our approaches of prehistoric B.C., little attention has been given to its absence from the i plant remains for which no textual evidence is available. Our archaeobotanical record of the north of the country. This pa- Pc integrated approach, attempted for the first time, combined per brings together new evidence from a large number of sites ao st ti 73 oe nr s A B S T R from the north Aegean that contribute towards an understand- moved along the Adriatic coast whilst Starcevo-Kˇ or¨ os-Cris¸¨ A ing of the processes that led to the introduction of oleiculture (SKC) communities advanced inland up to the Carpathian C in the north. Olive oil, an important product already, circu- Basin. Despite the fact that the western Balkans is a major T lating in the Aegean in the Bronze Age, is a rare, imported corridor into Europe, the Neolithic economy of the region re- S commodity for northern Greek communities. In our presenta- mains poorly understood. Previous studies have highlighted tion we explore old and new archaeobotanical evidence from the significant reduction in crop species between Bulgaria and LP the Aegean, combining olive stones, pollen and charcoal. We Greece (13 and 11 crops respectively) and those cultivated OE argue that Greek colonisation is responsible for the introduc- in the Former Yugoslavia (seven crops). However, the rea- CS tion of the olive in the north and we explore its uses and the sons for the selection of certain crops over others, and associ- T socioeconomic processes that introduced a new tree species ated cultivation techniques, remain elusive due to limited ev- UE leading to its subsequent establishment in the northern Greek idence. This poster presents initial results from the analyses R coastal landscape. of newly gathered archaeobotanical data from Early Neolithic ES sites (6000-5500 BC) in the western Balkans. This dataset Keywords: Olea europea, Greek colonisation, North Aegean, Olive S illustrates how the crop package was not as reduced as pre- oil, Olive cultivation viously thought and how various selective pressures, such as cultural choice and ecology, may have influenced the selec- tion of crops. The coastal and inland routes of Neolithisation The significance of vegetable offerings in Roman are compared, showing that cultural differences between the cremation burials in Switzerland: an introduction two strands are not only evident in their ceramic traditions but also in their agricultural practices. Placing these results into La signification des offrandes veg´ etales´ dans les tombes a` the comparative framework of contemporaneous surrounding incineration´ en Suisse : une introduction sites in Italy, Bulgaria, Greece, Macedonia, Romania and Hun- gary highlights larger scale patterns and trends. The latter il- Patricia Vandorpe1 lustrates how agricultural practices along the two main routes of Neolithisation influenced those in both central Europe and 1 IPAS, Department of Environmental Sciences, University of Basel – Switzer- along the Mediterranean. Adjustments and modifications to land crop packages and farming practices, whose origins lie in the Near East, are explored, nesting the western Balkans into its The archaeobotanical record of Roman cremation burials in broader geographical context. The newly gathered data there- Switzerland has grown considerably in recent years. The ma- fore enables a more robust understanding of how crop agricul- jority of these studies have been undertaken on behalf of the ture developed and grew, ultimately propelling the spread of Cantonal archaeological services, and were mainly to comple- the Neolithic. ment the evaluation of individual excavations with archaeob- otanical results. These studies are generally carried out on a Keywords: Western Balkans, Early Neolithic, Crop agriculture, very tight budget and do not permit wider comparison, con- Routes of Neolithisation textualization, or further research. Within the scope of this project, it is our aim to 1) collect all available archaeobotanical Woodland use in past environments. A methodological data from Roman cremation burials in Switzerland using the approach on wood management internationally-used database ArboDat; 2) include the analysis of new burial sites and 3) evaluate the collected data using ex- Exploitation des boisements dans les environnements anciens. ploratory statistical methods assessing whether chronological Une approche methodologique´ de la gestion du bois and/or geographical trends exist, and if a connection between the proven range of plants and the age, gender and the status Caroline Vermeeren1, Kirsti Hanninen¨ 1, Jannie Larsen2, of the deceased exists. It is thereby aimed to contribute to a Welmoed Out2 deeper understanding of the Roman period burial rites north of the Alps and to develop an indispensable basis for the project- 1 related research. BIAX Consult – Netherlands 2 Moesgaard Museum – Netherlands R Keywords: Roman, Cremation, Vegetable offerings, Switzerland, e´ Plant macro remains It is beyond doubt that people used woodlands in the past. In s Northwest European archaeology it isoften presumed that peo- ple did not only exploit woodland but also actively managed u The development and spread of Early Neolithic crop it, perhaps already from the Mesolithic onwards, to improve m agriculture in the western Balkans e´ the availability and quality of resources including wood. Such s Le developpement´ et la diffusion de l’agriculture au assumptions are also raised when archaeological assemblages R Neolithique´ ancien dans l’ouest des Balkans yield large quantities of long branches with a uniform diame- Ce´ ter or branches of the same age. Since woodland management has a large impact on the landscape, requires cultural organi- os Anne de Vareilles Sommieres` 1 mu zation and has implications for ownership, the question rose m whether the assumptions are correct and whether it is possible 1 Institute of Archaeology, University College London – United Kingdom ue´ to recognize woodland management in assemblages of archae- ns ological waterlogged wood. i At the start of the 6th millennium BC farmers began to spread A model was developed that describes the relationship be- Pc throughout the western Balkans (Montenegro, Croatia, Bosnia tween the age and diameter of both managed and unmanaged oa and Herzegovina and Serbia). Impressed Ware (IW) groups trees, characteristics that are relatively easy to investigate. It st ti 74 oe nr s A B S T assumes that managed trees tend to produce long, straight The long occupation of the site is an added value because the R branches (managed spurts) in a short time and that branches interpretation of all the proxies can be done between coeval A of unmanaged trees grow slower and thus are older when they structures or along more than 2000 years. Wood and seed/fruit C reach the same diameter. Woodland management and diameter remains strongly reveal human selection and transportation of T selection are explicitly separated from each other.The model plant sources into the site. Pollen grains show the presence of S was tested with data of managed and unmanaged modern-day wild and cultivated species around the settlement, although the trees of Salix, Fraxinus, and Alnus, the dominant branch wood main factor for pollen accumulation is represented by human LP at archaeological sites in the Netherlands. Examples of clearly activities. Stable carbon isotope content from plant tissues OE managed and unmanaged modern-day trees support the model. provides information on water availability during plant’s life CS New research, focusing on variation in growth conditions, and independent information on the vegetation history and lo- T larger diameters and also including Corylus, an important cal palaeoclimatic features. The isotopic trend evidences some UE taxon in archaeological assemblages from Denmark, revealed changes in water availability along the time and the compari- R some anomalies in the model. The fast growth of long, straight son with modern values shows present day higher aridity. The ES branches also occurs naturally in Corylus and Salix bushes, multiproxy approach will be soon enriched by the nitrogen iso- S and in trees that have fallen over in a storm (natural spurts). In tope analyses that will supply data on the nutrient status of addition, fast growth may occur in unmanaged trees growing ancient soil and reveal manuring practices. under extremely favorable circumstances. Moreover, the good growing conditions of newly managed trees diminish through Keywords: Eastern Anatolia, Palynology, Wood, Seeds/fruits, Stable time, which results in similarity with the unmanaged diame- carbon isotope analysis ter/age ratio. These factors lead to an adjustment of the model. The results have been compared with data from archaeological A model for the collection and harvesting of wild and wood assemblages to investigate the evidence for woodland domesticated crops in the Borada Highlands of management in the past. This comparison shows that the inter- southwestern Ethiopia pretation of archaeological wood assemblages by age/diameter analysis is possible, provided that a sound methodology and Un modele` pour la collecte et la recolte´ des denrees´ veg´ etales´ careful interpretation are applied. There is a need for fur- sauvages et domestiques sur les hauts plateaux Borada du ther research on modern-day trees and for larger systemati- sud-ouest de l’Ethiopie cally collected archaeological datasets.

1 Keywords: Archaeobotanical methods, Woodland management, Michele Wollstonecroft Landscape, Models, Experimental archaeobotany 1 UCL, Institute of Archaeology – United Kingdom

Four proxies reconstruct the human-environment This poster reports on ethnobotanical research with Gamo en- relationships and climate at Arslantepe (Turkey) between set farmers in the Borada highlands of southwestern Ethiopia, the Chalcolithic and the Bronze Age highlighting observations on the ecology of indigenous and Quatre proxis restituent la relation Homme-Environnement et adopted crops, particularly the vertical zonation of fields that characterises Gamo traditional agronomic systems. The Gamo le climat a` Arslantepe (Turquie) entre le Chalcolithique et are known as ”enset (Ensete ventricosum (Welw.) Cheesman) l’ageˆ du Bronze farmers” but they also grow arange of other vegecrops such as ”koltso” (Arisaema schimperianum Schott) and cereals of Cristiano Vignola1,2, Marco Giardini1, Alessia Masi1, African and Near Eastern Origins. A model is presented that Laura Sadori1 has potential archaeobotanical applications.

1 Dipartimento di Biologia Ambientale, Sapienza University of Rome – Italy Keywords: Gamo, Borada highlands, Arisaema schimperianum, En- 2 Dipartimento di Scienze della Terra, Sapienza University of Rome – Italy sete ventricosum

This study deals with past and current archaeobotanical re- Crop processing and storage of surpluses – The search on plant micro- and macroremainsrecovered at the site importance of cereals in Bronze Age and Iron Age R of Arslantepe, Malatya (Turkey). The settlement mound of settlements in the Lower Rhine Basin (North Rhine e´ Arslantepe can be considered an outstanding case-study for Westphalia, Germany) s palaeoenvironmental and palaeoclimatic reconstruction in the u Near East. A large amount of charred plant material (seeds, Traitement des recoltes´ et stockage des surplus – m fruits and wood) has been collected from building contexts L’importance des cer´ eales´ dans les sites des agesˆ du Bronze e´ dated from the Late Chalcolithic 1-2 (4250-3900 BC) to the et du Fer en basse plaine du Rhin (Westphalie Rhin nord, s Early Bronze Age III (2500-2000 BC). Detailed studies are Allemagne) R already available on these remains, allowing insights on agri- Ce´ cultural practise, wood choice and technology of the different Tanja Zerl1 os populations along this long period of time. Moreover, the sta- mu ble carbon isotope analysis has been successfully used in out- m 1 Institute of Prehistory, University of Cologne – Germany lining the past climate changes. Unpublished pollen data are ue´ now available and used to improve past landscape and land use ns reconstructions obtained through macroremain analyses. The Lower Rhine Basin (North Rhine Westphalia, Germany) i This integration of data on seeds/fruits, charcoals, isotopes and belongs to the most fertile landscapes in Western Europe and Pc pollen was carried out on the same archaeological contexts. was therefore used for agriculture since the early Neolithic. ao st ti 75 oe nr s A B S T R Because of the lignite mining and the resulting extensive ex- various crops. The results added new aspects to the debate A cavations, the Lower Rhine Basin is also one of the best ar- on agricultural development in the study area. The analy- C chaeologically studied regions in central Europe. In numerous sis for crop processing suggests that the four earlier periods T sites soil samples were collected for archaeobotanical investi- (older Bronze Age to middle Iron Age [2000–250 B.C.]) dif- S gations regularly from the Rhineland Regional Office for the fer considerably from the late Iron Age: In the early stages Preservation and Care of Field Monuments (Rheinisches Amt by-products are most frequent, the late Iron Age, however, LP fur¨ Bodendenkmalpflege). As part of a PhD (Title ”Archaob-¨ is dominated by cleaned products. This can be explained OE otanische Untersuchungen zur Landwirtschaft und Ernahrung¨ by an intensification of cereal cultivation along with an in- CS wahrend¨ der Bronze- und Eisenzeit in der Niederrheinischen creased storage of cleaned products in the late Iron Age. Ob- T Bucht”) carbonized plant remains from 66 Bronze Age and viously, this shift is related to the settlement development. For UE Iron Age settlements were analyzed. This period, which lasted the early Bronze Age to the middle Iron Age only individual R from 2000 to 50 B.C., can be subdivided into five chronolog- self-sufficient farmsteads (with a very wide range of different ES ical groups. Within the study various aspects were examined: crops) are documented. In the late Iron Age than a settlement S The changes in the crop spectra over the last two millennia differentiation (with increased cereal production) has taken B.C., the soil conditions of the agricultural areas, the determi- place, where in addition to the individual farmsteads larger, nation of weed assemblages, the intensity of tillage and har- village-like settlements exited, which apparently played an im- vesting methods as well as the investigation of crop process- portant role in the storage of harvest surpluses. ing.One focus was based on multivariate statistics. In this way it was possible to differentiate sample types (crop processing Keywords: Lower Rhine Basin, Bronze Age, Iron Age, Crop process- by-products vs. products) of mixed samples with remains of ing

R e´ s u m e´ s R Ce´ os mu m ue´ ns i Pc oa st ti 76 oe nr s List of participants

ADAMS Stacey BADAL GARCÍA Ernestina BENES Jaromír University of Nottingham University of Valencia Laboratory of Archaeobotany United Kingdom Spain and Palaeoecology, Faculty of [email protected] [email protected] Science, University of South Bohemia, Česke Budějovice AHLQVIST Sara Jenny Sofia BADURA Monika Czech Republic Museum of Archaeology, Lab. Palaeoecology and [email protected] University of Stavanger Archaeobotany, Dept. Plant Norway Ecology, University of Gdansk BERIHUETE AZORÍN Marian [email protected] Poland Institute of Botany, Universität [email protected] Hohenheim AKASHI Chie Germany The University Museum, The BÄHR Vanessa [email protected] University of Tokyo Institut für Archäologische Japan Wissenschaften, Goethe- BISHOP Rosie [email protected] Universität, Frankfurt am Main Department of Archaeology, Germany University of Durham AKERET Örni [email protected] United Kingdom Institut fur Prähistorische und [email protected] Naturwissenschaftliche BAKELS Corrie Archäologie, University of Basel Leiden University, Faculty of BITTMANN Felix Switzerland Archaeology Lower Saxony Institute for [email protected] the Netherlands Historical Coastal Research [email protected] Germany ALONSO Natalia [email protected] University of Lleida BARBIER-PAIN Delphine Spain Institut National de Recherches BODE Leslie [email protected] Archéologiques Préventives Department of Archaeology, France University of Nottingham ANDREASEN Marianne H. [email protected] United Kingdom Moesgaard Museum, Dept. of [email protected] Archaeological Science and BARKHUIS Roelf Conservation Barkhuis Publishing BOENKE Nicole Denmark the Netherlands Institut für Archäologische [email protected] [email protected] Wissenschaften, Ruhr-Universität Bochum ANTOLIN Ferran BEHRE Karl-Ernst Germany Institut fur Prähistorische und Niedersächs. Institut für [email protected] Naturwissenschaftliche historische Küstenforschung, Archäologie, University of Basel Wilhelmshaven BOGAARD Amy Switzerland Germany School of Archaeology, [email protected] [email protected] University of Oxford United Kingdom APRILE Giorgia BELLINI Cristina [email protected] Laboratory of Archaeobotany Dipartimento di Biologia, and Palaeoecology, Department Università di Firenze BOKERIA Marine of Cultural Heritage, University Italy Department of the Natural of Salento [email protected] History, Georgian National Italy Museum BENATTI Alessandra [email protected] Georgia Geolab, Department of [email protected] ARRANZ-OTAEGUI Amaia Geography, University of University of Copenhagen Limoges Spain France [email protected] [email protected]

BONNAIRE Emmanuelle CAGNATO Clarissa COLLEDGE Sue Pôle d'Archéologie Department of Anthropology, Institute of Archaeology, Interdépartemental Rhénan Washington University in Saint- University College London France Louis United Kingdom emmanuelle.bonnaire@pair- United States of A. [email protected] archeologie.fr [email protected] CORBINEAU Rémi BOSI Giovanna CAPPARELLI Aylen CReAAH - UMR 6566, Nantes Dip. Scienze Vita, Università degli Scientific Department of France Studi di Modena e Reggio Emilia Archaeology, Faculty of Natural [email protected] Italy Sciences and Museum, University COUBRAY Sylvie [email protected] of La Plata Institut National de Recherches Argentina BOUBY Laurent Archéologiques Préventives, [email protected] CNRS, Institut des Sciences de UMR 7209 AASPE, MNHN, CNRS, l'Evolution de Montpellier-ISEM, CARACUTA Valentina Sorbonne-Universités, Paris UMR 5554 Laboratory of Archaeobotany France France and Palaeoecology, Department [email protected] [email protected] of Cultural Heritage, University CROWTHER Alison of Salento BOUCHAUD Charlène School of Social Science, Italy Centre national de la Recherche University of Queensland [email protected] scientifique, UMR 7209 AASPE, Australia MNHN, CNRS, Sorbonne- CASTILLO Cristina [email protected] Universités, Paris University College London, CYWA Katarzyna France Institute of Archaeology W. Szafer Institute of Botany [email protected] United Kingdom Polish Academy of Sciences [email protected] BRINKKEMPER Otto Poland Cultural Heritage Agency CHAMPION Louis [email protected] the Netherlands University College London, CZAJKOWSKA Beata [email protected] Institute of Archaeology University of Manchester United Kingdom BROWN Terry United Kingdom [email protected] University of Manchester [email protected] United Kingdom CHARLEUX Michel k [email protected] Université Paris 1 Panthéon D'ORONZO Cosimo Sorbonne/UMR 7041 ArScan, BRUN Cécile Laboratory of Archaeobotany Paris Laboratoire POLEN, Université de and Palaeoecology, Department France Nantes, CReAAH - UMR 6566 of Cultural Heritage, University CHEVALIER Alexandre France of Salento Royal Belgian Institute of Natural [email protected] Italy Sciences, Bruxelles [email protected] BUXO Ramon Belgium Museu d'Arqueologia de alexandre.chevalier@naturalsciences DAANJE Roelof Catalunya, Girona .be Groningen Institute of Spain Archaeology (GIA) CIZER Özgür CABANIS Manon The Netherlands Institute for Archaeological Institut National de Recherches [email protected] Sciences, University of Tuebingen Archéologiques Préventives Germany France [email protected] [email protected]

DABROWSKI Vladimir DIVISOVA Michaela FIGUEIRAL Isabel UMR 7209 AASPE, MNHN, CNRS, Laboratory of Archaeobotany Institut National de Recherches Sorbonne-Universités, Paris and Palaeoecology, Faculty of Archéologiques Préventives France Science, University of South France [email protected] Bohemia, Česke Budějovice [email protected] Czech Republic DAL MARTELLO Rita FILIPOVIC Dragana [email protected] University College London, Institute for Balkan Studies, Institute of Archaeology DOTTE-SAROUT Emilie Serbian Academy of Sciences and United Kingdom The Australian National Arts [email protected] University Serbia Australia [email protected] DAOULAS Geneviève [email protected] Institut National de Recherches FIORENTINO Girolamo Archéologiques Préventives DOUCHE Carolyne Laboratory of Archaeobotany France Université Paris 1 Panthéon and Palaeoecology, Department [email protected] Sorbonne/UMR 7209 AASPE, of Cultural Heritage, University MNHN, CNRS, Sorbonne- of Salento DAVID Michal Universités, Paris Italy Institute of Archaeology, Bar-Ilan France [email protected] University [email protected] Israel FISCHER Anja [email protected] DURAND Frédérique University of Amsterdam Institut National de Recherches The Netherlands DECAIX Alexia Archéologiques Préventives [email protected] UMR 7209 AASPE, MNHN, CNRS, France Sorbonne-Universités, Paris FORNACIARI Rita [email protected] France Dip. Scienze Vita, Università di [email protected] EFFENBERGER Henrike Modena e Reggio Emilia Akademy of Science and Italy DEMICOLI Marvin Literature, Mainz [email protected] University College London, Germany Institute of Archaeology FORST Jannine [email protected] United Kingdom University of Manchester [email protected] ENDO Eiko United Kingdom Meiji University, Center for [email protected] DERREUMAUX Marie Obsidian and Lithic Studies Centre de Recherche FRUMIN Suembikya Japan Archéologique de la Vallée de Institute of Archaeology, Martin [email protected] l'Oise, UMR 7209 AASPE, MNHN, (Szusz) Department of Land of CNRS, Sorbonne-Universités, ERGUN Müge Israel Studies and Archaeology, Paris University of Istanbul / UMR Bar-Ilan University France 7209 AASPE, MNHN, CNRS, Israel [email protected] Sorbonne-Universités, Paris [email protected] Turkey/France DIFFEY Charlotte FUKS Daniel [email protected] Institute of Archaeology, Archaeobotany Lab, Institute of University of Oxford FERNANDES Ricardo Archaeology, Bar-Ilan University United Kingdom University of Kiel (Germany); Israel [email protected] University of Cambridge (UK) [email protected] Germany/United K. DILKES-HALL India Ella [email protected] University of Western Australia Australia [email protected]

FULLER Dorian HAJNALOVA Maria HERVEUX Linda University College London, Dept. Archaeology, Constantine UMR 8167, Orient et Institute of Archaeology the Philosopher University in Méditerranée, CNRS United Kingdom Nitra France [email protected] Slovakia [email protected] [email protected] GARCIA-GRANERO Juan José HIIE Sirje Spanish National Research HALLAVANT Charlotte University of Tartu Council, IMF HADES-University of Toulouse 2 Estonia Spain France [email protected] [email protected] [email protected] HLAVATA Jana GONZALEZ CARRETERO Lara HAMMERS Neeke Dept. Archaeology, Constantine University College London, Aarhus University the Philosopher University in Institute of Archaeology Denmark Nitra United Kingdom [email protected] Slovaquia [email protected] [email protected] HÄNNINEN Kirsti GRABOWSKI Radoslaw BIAX Consult HONDELINK Merit Environmental Archaeology The Netherlands Archeodienst Noord BV Laboratory, Umeå University [email protected] The Netherlands the Netherlands [email protected] HASZLINGER Nadja [email protected] Goethe-Universität Frankfurt am HORVATH Peter GREEN Laura Main Dept. Archaeology, Constantine University of Oxford Allemagne the Philosopher University in United Kingdom [email protected] Nitra [email protected] Slovaquia HECKER dominique [email protected] GRILLO Oscar Institut fur Prähistorische und Centro Conservazione Naturwissenschaftliche HOSOYA Leo Aoi Biodiversità, DISVA, Università Archäologie, University of Basel Ochanomizu University degli Studi di Cagliari Switzerland Japan Italy [email protected] [email protected] [email protected] HEIN Kendra HUNT Harriet GYULAI Ferenc Northern Kentucky University University of Cambridge Szent István University United States of A. United Kingdom Hungary [email protected] [email protected] [email protected] HELLMUND Monika HYUNYOUNG Kim GYUROBA Dobrina Landesamt für Denkmalpflege University of Oxford Department of Cross-Cultural und Archäologie Sachsen-Anhalt United Kingdom and Regional Studies, Faculty of Germany [email protected] Humanities, University of [email protected] JACOMET Stefanie Copenhagen anhalt.de Institut fur Prähistorische und Denmark HERBIG Christoph Naturwissenschaftliche [email protected] Goethe Universität Frankfurt am Archäologie, University of Basel HAHN Stephan Main Switzerland Landesamt für Denkmalpflege im Germany [email protected] Regierungspräsidium Stuttgart [email protected] Germany [email protected]

JAHNS Susanne KIRLEIS Wiebke KOTSACHRISTOU Dimitra Brandenburgisches Landesamt CAU Kiel, Institute for Prehistoric Ephorate of Antiquities of für Denkmalpflege und and Protohistoric Archaeology Kozani, General Secretariat of Archäologisches Landesmuseum Germany Culture Germany [email protected] Greece susanne.jahns@bldam- [email protected] brandenburg.de KISLEV Mordechai Archaeobotany Lab, Institute of KOTYNIA Krzysztof JIANG Hongen Archaeology, Bar-Ilan University Institute of Archaeology, Department of Scientific History Israel Jagiellonian University and Archaeometry, Chinese [email protected] Poland Academy of Sciences, Beijing [email protected] KLEE Marlies China [email protected] Labor für Archaeobotanik, KREUZ Angela Freiburg Landesamt für Denkmalpflege JIRIK Jaroslav Germany Hessen Prácheňské muzeum v Písku [email protected] Germany Czech Republic [email protected] [email protected] KOCAR Petr Institute of Archaeology of the KROLL Helmut KAPCIA Magda Academy of Sciences of the Institute for Pre- and W. Szafer Institute of Botany, Czech Republic, Brno Protohistory, University of Kiel Polish Academy of Sciences, Czech Republic Germany Kraków [email protected] [email protected] Poland [email protected] KOCAROVA Romana KUBIAK-MARTENS Lucy Faculty of Arts, Department of BIAX Consult KARAKAYA Doga Archaeology, Masaryk University the Netherlands University of Tübingen Czech Republic [email protected] Germany [email protected] [email protected] KÜHN Marlu tuebingen.de KODYDKOVA Katerina Institut fur Prähistorische und Laboratory of Archaeobotany Naturwissenschaftliche KARATHANOU Angeliki and Palaeoecology (LAPE), Archäologie, University of Basel Aristotle University of University of South Bohemia Switzerland Thessaloniki Czech Republic [email protected] Greece [email protected] [email protected] LATKOVA Michaela KOENIG Margarethe Institute of Archaeology of the KIM Hyunyoung Johannes Gutenberg-Universität Academy of Sciences of the Oxford University Mainz Czech Republic, Brno United Kingdom Germany Czech Republic [email protected] [email protected] [email protected]

KIHNO Kersti KOKKIDOU Martha LEMA Verónica Soledad Institute of Ecology and Earth Aristotle University of Facultad de Ciencias Naturales y Sciences, University of Tartu Thessaloniki Museo-Laboratory of Estonia Greece Ethnobotany [email protected] [email protected] Argentina KINGWELL-BANHAM Eleanor [email protected] University College London, Institute of Archaeology United Kingdom [email protected]

LISTER Diane MARIOTTI LIPPI Marta MIMI Ioanna McDonald Institute for Dipartimento di Biologia, Aristotle University of Archaeological Research University of Firenze Thessaloniki/ University of United Kingdom Italy Groningen [email protected] [email protected] The Netherlands [email protected] LITYNSKA-ZAJAC Maria MARTIN Lucie Institute of Archaeology and Laboratoire d'archéologie MINKEVICIUS Karolis Ethnology PAS préhistorique et anthropologie, Department of Archaeology, Poland University of Geneva/University Vilnius University [email protected] of Savoie Mont-Blanc Lithuania Switzerland [email protected] LIU Xinyi [email protected] Washington University in St. MOHAMED HAMDEEN Hamad Louis MARTÍNEZ VAREA Carmen Department of Archaeology, United States of A. María University of Khartoum [email protected] Departament de Prehistòria i Arqueologia, University of Soudan LODWICK Lisa Valencia [email protected] University of Reading Spain United Kingdom MONTES MOYA Eva Maria [email protected] [email protected] Instituto Universitario de MCCLATCHIE Meriel Investigación en Arqueología, LONGFORD Catherine University College Dublin University of Jaen University of Sheffield Ireland Spain United Kingdom [email protected] [email protected] [email protected] MELAMED Yoel MOOLHUIZEN Cornelie LÓPEZ Maria Laura The Mina and Everard Goodman ADC ArcheoProjecten CONICET-División Arqueología, Faculty of Life Sciences, Bar-Ilan The Netherlands Facultad de Ciencias Natural University [email protected] Argentina Israel [email protected] MORA-GONZALEZ Adrian [email protected] Departamento de Prehistoria y MADELLA Marco MERCURI Anna Maria Arqueología, University of Universitat Pompeu Fabra and Dip. Scienze Vita, Università degli Granada IMF-CSIC Barcelona Studi di Modena e Reggio Emilia Spain Spain Italy [email protected] [email protected] [email protected] MORALES Jacob MARCONETTO Bernarda MIKKELSEN Peter Hambro University of the Basque Country Instituto de Antropología de Moesgaard Museum, Dept. of Spain Córdoba – CONICET – Archaeological Science and [email protected] Universidad Nacional de Córdoba Conservation Argentina MOSE JENSEN Peter Denmark [email protected]> Moesgaard Museum, Dept. of [email protected] Archaeological Science and MARGARITIS Evi MILLER Naomi Conservation Science and Technology for University of Pennsylvania Denmark Archaeology, Cyprus Institute, Museum [email protected] Nicosia United States of A. Cyprus [email protected] [email protected]

MOSKAL-DEL HOYO Magdalena NICAS PERALES Juan OUT Welmoed W. Szafer Institute of Botany, Departamento de Antropología, Moesgaard Museum, Dept. of Polish Academy of Sciences Geografía e Historia, University Archaeological Science and Poland of Jaén Conservation [email protected] Spain Denmark [email protected] [email protected] MOTTA Laura University of Michigan PAGNOUX Clémence United States of A. UMR 7041 ArScAn, Nanterre NIELSEN Kirstine Krath [email protected] France Aarhus University [email protected] MUELLER-BIENIEK Aldona Denmark W. Szafer Institute of Botany, [email protected] PARES Andréa Polish Academy of Sciences UMR 7209 AASPE, MNHN, CNRS, NOVÁK Jan Poland Sorbonne-Universités, Paris Laboratory of Archaeobotany [email protected] France and Palaeoecology, Faculty of [email protected] MURPHY Charlene Science, University of South University College London, Bohemia, Česke Budějovice PELLING Ruth Institute of Archaeology Czech Republic Historic England, Winchester United Kingdom [email protected] United Kingdom [email protected] PEÑA CHOCARRO Leonor NOWAK Marek Escuela Española de Historia y NASU Hiroo Institute of Archaeology, Arqueología (CSIC), Madrid The Graduate University for Jagiellonian University Spain Advanced Studies, Sokendai Poland [email protected] Japan [email protected] [email protected] PEREGO Renata OBRADOVIC Djurdja IPNA / IPAS - Integrative NATHAN Smiti Archaeological Institute Belgrade Prehistory and Archaeological Dept. of Anthropology, New York Serbia Sciences, University of Basel University [email protected] Italy Germany OEGGL Klaus [email protected] [email protected] Institut für Botanik, University of PEREZ-JORDA Guillem NEEF Reinder Innsbruck Escuela Española de Historia y Deutsches Archäologisches Austria Arqueología (CSIC), Madrid Institut [email protected] Spain Germany OLIVEIRA Hugo [email protected] [email protected] Faculty of Life Sciences, PETO Akos NESBITT Mark Manchester Institute of Szent István University Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew Biotechnology, The University of Hungary United Kingdom Manchester [email protected] [email protected] United Kingdom [email protected] PETRUCCI Natalia NEVEU Elsa Museo Etnográfico Juan B. Laboratoire POLEN, CReAAH - ORENDI Andrea Ambrosetti. Facultad de Filosofía UMR 6566 University of Tübingen y Letras. Universidad Nacional de France Germany Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires [email protected] [email protected] Argentina ORRU Martino [email protected]; Università degli Studi di Cagliari Italy [email protected]

PICORNELL-GELABERT Llorenç PRIMAVERA Milena RÖSSNER Corinna UMR 7209 AASPE, MNHN, CNRS, Laboratory of Archaeobotany University of Tübingen Sorbonne-Universités, Paris and Palaeoecology, Department Germany France of Cultural Heritage, University [email protected] [email protected] of Salento tuebingen.de Italy PINAUD-QUERRAC'H Rachel ROTTOLI Mauro [email protected] ASM - Archéologie des Sociétés Laboratorio di Archeobiologia- Méditerranéennes, UMR5140, REUTER Anna Elena Musei Civici di Como Univ. Paul-Valéry Montpellier 3 Institute of Pre-and Protohistory, Italy France University of Kiel [email protected] [email protected] Germany ROVIRA Nuria [email protected] PLHAKOVA Viktoria Université Paul Valéry- Dept. Archaeology, Comenius RINALDI Rossella Montpellier 3 (ASM-UMR 5140) University in Bratislava Dip. Scienze Vita, Università degli France Slovaquia Studi di Modena e Reggio Emilia nuria.rovira-buendia@univ- [email protected] Italy montp3.fr [email protected] POKHARIA Anil ROWAN Erica Birbal Sahni Institute of RISO Federica Maria University of Exeter Palaeobotany, Lucknow Dip. Scienze Vita, Università degli United Kingdom India Studi di Modena e Reggio Emilia [email protected] [email protected] Italy RUAS Marie-Pierre [email protected] POKORNA Adela Centre national de la Recherche Institute of Archaeology in ROJAS Manuel J. scientifique, UMR 7209 AASPE, Prague Universidad de Tarapacá (UTA) - MNHN, CNRS, Sorbonne- Czech Republic Center for Climate and Resiliance Universités, Paris [email protected] Chile France [email protected] [email protected] POPOVA Tzvetana Institute of Archaeology and RÖPKE Astrid RUEHL Lisa Museum, Sofia Labor für Archäobotanik, Ur- und Goethe Universität, Institut für Bulgaria Frühgeschichte, Universität zu Archäologische Wissenschaften, [email protected] Köln Frankfurt Germany Germany PÓSA Patrícia [email protected] [email protected] Szent István University Hungary ROS Jerome RYABOGINA Natalia [email protected] UMR 7209 AASPE, MNHN, CNRS, Institute of the North Siberian Sorbonne-Universités, Paris Branch, Russian Academy of PRADAT Bénédicte France Sciences Institut National de Recherches [email protected] Russia Archéologiques Préventives [email protected] France RÖSCH Manfred [email protected] Landesamt für Denkmalpflege RYAN Philippa Baden-Württemberg, Stuttgart The British Museum PREISS Sidonie Germany United Kingdom Royal Belgian Institute of Natural [email protected] [email protected] Sciences, Bruxelles Belgium [email protected]

SABATO Diego SCHLÜTZ Frank SPELEERS Lien Instituto de Historia - Consejo Niedersächsisches Institut für Royal Belgian Institute of Natural Superior de Investigaciones historische Küstenforschung, Sciences, Bruxelles Spain Wilhelmshaven Belgium [email protected] Germany [email protected] [email protected] SADORI Laura SPENGLER III Robert Dept. of Earth Sciences, Sapienza SERGUSHEVA Elena Washington University in St University of Rome Institute of History, Archaeology Louis, Anthropology Department Italy and Ethnology of Far Eastern United States of A. [email protected] Branch, Russian Academy of [email protected] Sciences, Vladivostok SALAVERT Aurélie SRIVASTAVA Chanchala Russia Muséum national d'Histoire Birbal Sahni Institute of [email protected] naturelle, UMR 7209 AASPE, Palaeobotany, Lucknow MNHN, CNRS, Sorbonne- SHARMA shalini India Universités Birbal Sahni Institute of [email protected] France Palaeobotany, Lucknow STEINER Bigna [email protected] India IPNA/IPAS (Integrative Prehistory [email protected] SALKOVA Tereza and Archaeological Sciences), University of South Bohemia, SHIBUTANI Ayako University of Basel Faculty of Science, Laboratory of National Museum of Japanese Switzerland Archaeobotany and History [email protected] Palaeoecology, České Japan STELLATI Angela Budějovice, [email protected] Laboratory of Archaeobotany Czech Republic SHUMILOVSKIKH Lyudmila and Palaeoecology, Department [email protected] Georg-August University of of Cultural Heritage, University SATO Yo-Ichiro Göttingen / UMR CNRS 7263/IRD of Salento The National Institutes for 237/Aix-Marseille Université / Italy Humanities (NIHU) Avignon Université /National [email protected] Japan Research Tomsk State University STEVENS Chris [email protected] Germany University College London, [email protected] SCARRY Margaret Institute of Archaeology University of North Carolina SIEVERS Christine United Kingdom United States of A. University of the Witwatersrand, [email protected] [email protected] Johannesburg STIKA Hans-Peter South Africa SCHAAL Caroline Institute of Botany, University of [email protected] GéoArchÉon SARL, Université de Hohenheim Franche-Comté UMR6249 SKRZYNSKI Grzegorz Germany Chrono-Environnement Museum of The Earth in Warsaw, [email protected] France Polish Academy of Sciences STOBBE Astrid [email protected] Poland Institut f. Archäologische [email protected] SCHEPERS Mans Wissenschaften, Labor f. Groningen Institute of SPECIALE Claudia Archäologie Archaeology / Terp Research Laboratory of Archaeobotany Germany Group, Groningen University and Palaeoecology, Department [email protected] the Netherlands of Cultural Heritage, University [email protected] of Salento Italy [email protected]

STROUD Elizabeth TOULEMONDE Françoise VANDORPE Patricia Institute of Archaeology, UMR 7209 AASPE, MNHN, CNRS, Institut fur Prähistorische und University of Oxford Sorbonne-Universités, Paris Naturwissenschaftliche United Kingdom France Archäologie, University of Basel [email protected] [email protected] Schweiz [email protected] STYLIANAKOU Charoula TRAVASSOS ALVES Daiana Ephorate of Antiquities of Kozani University of Exeter VANHANEN Santeri Greece United Kingdom University of Helsinki [email protected] [email protected] Finland [email protected] STYRING Amy UCCHESU Mariano University of Oxford Centro Conservazione VAREILLES SOMMIERES (de) United Kingdom Biodiversità (CCB), Dipartimento Anne [email protected] di Scienze della Vita e University College London, dell’Ambiente (DISVA), Institute of Archaeology TAN Ning Università degli Studi di Cagliari United Kingdom University College London, Italy [email protected] Institute of Archaeology [email protected] United Kingdom VERMEEREN Caroline [email protected] ULAS Burhan BIAX Consult Laboratory of Archaeobotany the Netherlands TANAKA Katsunori and Palaeoecology, Department [email protected] Faculty of Humanities, Hirosaki of Cultural Heritage, University University, Aomori VIGNOLA Cristiano of Salento Japan Dept. of Earth Sciences, Sapienza Turkey [email protected] University of Rome [email protected] Italy TANNO Ken-ichi VALAMOTI Soultana Maria [email protected] Faculty of Agriculture, Yamaguchi Aristotle University of University WALES Nathan Thessaloniki Japan Centre for GeoGenetics, Greece [email protected] University of Copenhagen [email protected] Denmark TENGBERG Margareta VAN AMERONGEN Yvonne [email protected] Muséum national d'Histoire Leiden University/EARTH naturelle, UMR 7209 AASPE, WALLACE Michael Integrated Archaeology MNHN, CNRS, Sorbonne- University of Sheffield the Netherlands Universités, Paris United Kingdom [email protected] France [email protected] [email protected] VAN DEUN Yotti WEIDE Alexander University of Groningen THASTRUP Mads Bakken Institute for Archaeological the Netherlands Moesgaard Museum, Dept. of Sciences, University of Tübingen [email protected] Archaeological Science and Germany Conservation VAN POPTA Yftinus [email protected] Denmark University of Groningen WEISS Ehud [email protected] the Netherlands Archaeobotany Lab, Institute of [email protected] TILLIER Margaux Archaeology, Bar-Ilan University ASM - Archéologie des Sociétés VAN RIJN Morvenna Israel Méditerranéennes (UMR 5140) University of Groningen [email protected] France the Netherlands [email protected] [email protected]

WEISSKOPF Alison ZERL Tanja University College London, Institute Prehistoric Archaeology, Institute of Archaeology University of Cologne United Kingdom Germany [email protected] [email protected]

WESTLING Sara ZHAO Zhijun Museum of Archaeology, Institute of Archaeology, Chinese University of Stavanger Academy of Social Sciences Norway China [email protected] [email protected]

WHITLAM Jade University of Reading United Kingdom [email protected]

WIERZGON Anna Institute of Pre- and Protohistoric Archaeology, Kiel University Germany [email protected]

WIETHOLD Julian Institut National de Recherches Archéologiques Préventives France [email protected]

WILLCOX George Archéorient CNRS France [email protected]

WOLLSTONECROFT Michele University College London, Institute of Archaeology United Kingdom [email protected]

ZACH Barbara Archaeobotanik Labor Zach Germany [email protected]

ZECH-MATTERNE Véronique Centre national de la Recherche scientifique, UMR 7209 AASPE, MNHN, CNRS, Sorbonne- Universités, Paris France [email protected]