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Mid-Holocene Vegetation History, Climate Change and Neolithic Landscape Transformation

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Mid-Holocene Vegetation History, Climate Change and Neolithic Landscape Transformation ADVERTIMENT. Lʼaccés als continguts dʼaquesta tesi doctoral i la seva utilització ha de respectar els drets de la persona autora. Pot ser utilitzada per a consulta o estudi personal, així com en activitats o materials dʼinvestigació i docència en els termes establerts a lʼart. 32 del Text Refós de la Llei de Propietat Intel·lectual (RDL 1/1996). Per altres utilitzacions es requereix lʼautorització prèvia i expressa de la persona autora. En qualsevol cas, en la utilització dels seus continguts caldrà indicar de forma clara el nom i cognoms de la persona autora i el títol de la tesi doctoral. No sʼautoritza la seva reproducció o altres formes dʼexplotació efectuades amb finalitats de lucre ni la seva comunicació pública des dʼun lloc aliè al servei TDX. Tampoc sʼautoritza la presentació del seu contingut en una finestra o marc aliè a TDX (framing). Aquesta reserva de drets afecta tant als continguts de la tesi com als seus resums i índexs. ADVERTENCIA. El acceso a los contenidos de esta tesis doctoral y su utilización debe respetar los derechos de la persona autora. Puede ser utilizada para consulta o estudio personal, así como en actividades o materiales de investigación y docencia en los términos establecidos en el art. 32 del Texto Refundido de la Ley de Propiedad Intelectual (RDL 1/1996). Para otros usos se requiere la autorización previa y expresa de la persona autora. En cualquier caso, en la utilización de sus contenidos se deberá indicar de forma clara el nombre y apellidos de la persona autora y el título de la tesis doctoral. No se autoriza su reproducción u otras formas de explotación efectuadas con fines lucrativos ni su comunicación pública desde un sitio ajeno al servicio TDR. Tampoco se autoriza la presentación de su contenido en una ventana o marco ajeno a TDR (framing). Esta reserva de derechos afecta tanto al contenido de la tesis como a sus resúmenes e índices. WARNING. The access to the contents of this doctoral thesis and its use must respect the rights of the author. It can be used for reference or private study, as well as research and learning activities or materials in the terms established by the 32nd article of the Spanish Consolidated Copyright Act (RDL 1/1996). Express and previous authorization of the author is required for any other uses. In any case, when using its content, full name of the author and title of the thesis must be clearly indicated. Reproduction or other forms of for profit use or public communication from outside TDX service is not allowed. Presentation of its content in a window or frame external to TDX (framing) is not authorized either. These rights affect both the content of the thesis and its abstracts and indexes. PhD Thesis Mid-Holocene vegetation history, climate change and Neolithic landscape transformation. Archaeopalynology in La Draga and Lake Banyoles (NE Iberian Peninsula) Jordi Revelles López Supervisors: Raquel Piqué Huerta (Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona) Francesc Burjachs Casas (ICREA/ IPHES/ URV) Doctorat en Arqueologia Prehistòrica Departament de Prehistòria, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona 2017 2 This PhD thesis was possible thanks to the funding by the FPU fellowship of the Ministerio de Educación, Cultura y Deporte (Spain), within the research group AGREST (2009 SGR 734 and 2014 SGR 1169). The international stays carried out in the frame of this thesis were possible thanks to the following fellowships: ‘AIRE-CTP 2012’ by Generalitat de Catalunya (Catalonia) and ‘Ayudas del Programa de Formación del ProfesoradoUniversitario (FPU). Estancias Breves, Convocatorias 2013 y 2014’ by Ministerio de Educación, Cultura y Deporte (Spain). This research was carried out in the frame of the following projects: - La Draga i les ocupacions lacustres prehistòriques de l’Estany de Banyoles dins del context de la l’Europa Occidental. Anys 2008-2013, funded by Generalitat de Catalunya. - AGRIWESTMED: origins and spread of agriculture in the southwestern Mediterranean region, project of the European Research Council (ERC-2008- AdG 230561). - Organización social de las primeras comunidades agrícola-ganaderas a partir del espacio doméstico: Elementos estructurales y áreas de producción y consumo de bienes (HAR2012-38838-C02-01)/Arquitectura en madera y áreas de procesado y consumo de alimentos (HAR2012-38838-C02-02), funded by Ministerio de Economía y Competitividad- Subdirección General de Proyectos de Investigación (Spain). - La Draga en el procés de neolitització del nord est peninsular (2014/100822), funded by Generalitat de Catalunya. - The digital reconstruction of the prehistoric past: virtual reality and artificial intelligence for understanding social life in the Neolithic (2015ACUP00191), funded by La Caixa. TABLE OF CONTENTS 4 Acknowledgements 8 Abstract / Resum / Resumen 12 1. Introduction 18 1.1. Archaeoecology: an interdisciplinar approach for assessing human-environment interaction 20 1.2. Middle Holocene: vegetation history, climate change and human impact 23 1.3. Neolithic: the adoption of the farming mode of production 27 1.4.Wetlands and lakeside settlements 31 1.5. Objectives 33 2. Study area 36 2.1. Geography 38 2.2. Climate 38 2.3. Vegetation 39 2.4. Lake Banyoles 40 2.5. La Draga 42 3. Material and methods 46 3.1. Sampling 48 3.1.1. The SB2 core 48 3.1.2. La Draga: archaeological profiles in Sector D 50 3.1.3. La Draga: horizontal sampling in Sector D 51 3.2. Pollen and NPP analysis 51 3.3. Sedimentary charcoal analysis 52 3.4. Macrofossil analysis 52 3.5. Loss on Ignition (LOI) 53 3.6. Numerical analysis 53 3.7. Other methods and techniques 54 4. Scientific papers 56 4. 1. Vegetation history, climate change and human impact during Middle Holocene in the Lake Banyoles area. 60 4.1.1. Mid-Holocene vegetation history and Neolithic land-use in the Lake Banyoles area (Girona, Spain). 62 6 4.1.2. Human impact and ecological changes in lakeshore environments. The contribution of non-pollen palynomorphs in Lake Banyoles (NE Iberia). 100 4. 2. Socio-ecological consequences of Neolithisation in the NE Iberian Peninsula. 136 4.2.1. Landscape transformation and economic practices among the first farming societies in Lake Banyoles (Girona, Spain). 138 4.2.2. Archaeoecology of Neolithisation. Human-environment interactions in the NE Iberian Peninsula during the Early Neolithic. 164 4. 3. Potential and contributions of archaeopalynology in lakeside settlements research. 190 4.3.1. Pollen and non-pollen palynomorphs from the Early Neolithic settlement of La Draga (Girona, Spain). 192 4.3.2. Use of space and site formation processes in a Neolithic lakeside settlement. Pollen and non-pollen palynomorphs spatial analysis in La Draga (Banyoles, NE Iberia). 234 5. Discussion 268 5. 1. Vegetation history, climate change and human impact during Middle Holocene in the Lake Banyoles area. 270 5. 2. Socio-ecological consequences of Neolithisation in the NE Iberian Peninsula. 276 5. 3. Potential and contributions of archaeopalynology in lakeside settlements research. 278 6. Conclusions 284 7. Annex 292 7.1. Annex 1. Minimum count sums in archaeopalynology. Pollen and NPP quantification from the lake dwelling archaeological site of La Draga (Girona, Spain). 294 7.2. Annex 2. Original papers 314 References 318 List of figures and tables (thesis) 348 List of figures and tables (scientific papers and Annex 7.1.) 350 ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS 8 Arriba el moment de fer la vista enrere després de quatre anys intensos de feina, de molts bons moments, encara que també de dolents, però sobretot, quatre anys d’aprenentatge. I no només ha estat una experiència estrictament professional. La realització d’aquest treball m’ha permès conèixer molts llocs i molta gent que, sens dubte, han deixat una empremta en mi. A moltes d’aquestes persones els hi he d’agrair que m’hagin acompanyat en aquest camí. En primer lloc, he d’agrair als directors d’aquesta tesi. A Raquel Piqué, per haver dipositat en mi una confiança infinita i pels consells que m’han permès crèixer com a investigador, però també com a persona. També per obrir-me les portes de La Draga, on em vaig sentir un més des del primer dia. A Quico Burjachs, per tot el què he après de tu i per estar sempre disponible per revisar, comentar, discutir, resoldre dubtes… Ha estat un plaer poder treballar tots aquests anys junts, ha estat una experiència molt enriquidora i, espero, pugui continuar molt de temps. I wish to thank the hosts in my three stays in international laboratories during my PhD. Firstly, Didier Galop for hosting me in GEODE Laboratoire (Université Toulouse Le Mirail- CNRS) in 2013. To Bas van Geel, who allowed me to experience the most inspiring and profitable 2 months of this thesis in the IBED, University of Amsterdam, in 2014. For your dedication and the ilimited attention that gave to me, and for the immense knowledge I gained under your training. To Walter Finsinger, for hosting me in CBAE (Université Montpellier II- CNRS) in 2015, and for being always available to help me since our first meet in Toulouse in 2013. For the training in charcoal analysis and for his infinite patience when teaching me statistics in ‘R’. A l’equip de La Draga. A Toni Palomo i Xavi Terradas per la confiança depositada i per tot el què he après treballant juntament amb vosaltres. A en Rafa Rosillo, per tot el què he après al camp al teu costat i per totes les vivències compartides els estius d’aquests darrers anys. Als companys de laboratori i del pis de Banyoles (Igor, Irene, Oriol, Anna), on hem viscut durant les campanyes d’excavació com una verdadera familia. A diferents col·legues que m’han ajudat durant el meu procés de formació en les diferents disciplines i anàlisis aplicades en aquesta tesi.
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