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INTERNATIONAL COURT OF JUSTICE CASE CONCERNING AERIAL HERBICIDE SPRAYING ECUADOR v. COLOMBIA REPLY OF ECUADOR VOLUME II ANNEXES 31 JANUARY 2011 VOLUME II ANNEXES TABLE OF CONTENTS EXPERT REPORTS Annex 1 R. John Hansman, Ph.D. & Carlos F. Mena, Ph.D., Analysis of Aerial Eradication Spray Events in the Vicinity of the Border Between Colombia and Ecuador from 2000 to 2008 (Jan. 2011) Annex 2 Durham K. Giles, Ph.D., Spray Drift Modeling of Conditions of Application for Coca Crops in Colombia (Jan. 2011) Annex 3 Stephen C. Weller, Ph.D., Glyphosate-Based Herbicides and Potential for Damage to Non-Target Plants Under Conditions of Application in Colombia (Jan. 2011) Annex 4 Henrik Balslev, Ph.D., The Vulnerability of the Ecuador-Colombia Border Region to Ecological Harm (Jan. 2011) Annex 5 Norman E. Whitten, Jr., Ph.D., Dr. William T. Vickers, Ph.D. & Michael Cepek, Ph.D., Tropical Forest Cultural Ecology and Social Adaptation in the Ecuadorian Border Region with Colombia (Jan. 2011) Annex 6 Charles A. Menzie, Ph.D. & Pieter N. Booth, M.S., Response to: “Critique of Evaluation of Chemicals Used in Colombia’s Aerial Spraying Program, and Hazards Presented to People, Plants, Animals and the Environment in Ecuador,” As Presented in: Counter-Memorial of the Republic of Colombia, Appendix (Jan. 2011) Annex 7 Reinhard Joas, Ph.D., The Development of the 2009 European Union Pesticides Directive With Particular Focus on Aerial Spraying (Jan. 2011) Annex 8 Claudia Rojas Quiñonez, Esq., The Aerial Spray Program and Violations of Colombia’s Domestic Laws Regarding the Environment and the Rights of Indigenous Peoples (Jan. 2011) Annex 1 R. John Hansman, Ph.D. & Carlos F. Mena, Ph.D., Analysis of Aerial Eradication Spray Events in the Vicinity of the Border Between Colombia and Ecuador from 2000 to 2008 (Jan. 2011) Annex 1 Analysis of Aerial Eradication Spray Events in the Vicinity of the Border Between Colombia and Ecuador from 2000 to 2008 January 2011 R. John Hansman Carlos F. 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Numerous, and in some cases pervasive, exceedances of territorial and operational criteria were observed in the data. There were 114,525 documented spray events within 10 km of the Ecuadorian border which sprayed an estimated 326,658 gallons (1,236,535 liters) of herbicide. A minimum of 25,050 spray events were observed within 2.7 km of Ecuadorian territory. During periods in which Colombia voluntarily suspended eradication within 10 km of the Ecuadorian border, 6,046 spray events were recorded. There were 1,078 spray events documented within 2 km of Ecuador’s National Parks or Indigenous Reserves and numerous spray events were observed within 2 km of communities in both Colombia and Ecuador. The operational parameters established by Colombia to control spray drift were routinely violated. Of the spray events for which data was recorded 96% (89,124 of 92,643 spray events) were flown higher than the 25 meter maximum ceiling referred to in Colombia’s submission to the Inter-American Commission on Human Rights. In addition, 17% (16,143) were higher than the 50 ft meter altitude ceiling referred to in the Counter-Memorial. These are conservative figures for the 2000 to 2008 period because the altitude data for two years (2001 and 2004) was not included as it could not be accurately analyzed due to lack of identification of altitude units (feet vs. meters) in the data set. Of the spray events for which data was recorded 69% (75,841 of 110,418 spray events) were flown faster than the 165 mph (265 km/hr) “maximum operational speed” and 10% (11,113) exceeded the 333 km/hr “worst case scenario” referenced in the Counter-Memorial. The 140 mph (225 km/hr) maximum speed reported by Colombia to the Inter-American Commission on Human Rights was exceeded in 98% (108,563) of the spray events. With respect to application rate, at least 27,429 documented spray events exceeded the 23.65 liters per hectare maximum application rate established by Colombia’s Environmental Management Plan. With respect to the time of day, a total of 24,540 spray events were recorded within 10 km of the Ecuador border during night time hours (8 pm to 4 am) when temperature inversions are most likely to occur. The data indicate that the AT-802 aircraft referenced in the Counter- Memorial was only used in 35% (38,142 of 110,418) of the spray events and 2 other aircraft types, the T-65 and OV-10 were used for a majority of the spray events. The OV-10 was designed as a military observation aircraft and it is unusual for it to be used in for aerial application of herbicides. Complete analysis of the spray events database was not possible because some information, such of the calendar day of the flight, was missing, and in other cases, other information,
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    Acta Soc. Zool. Bohem. 80: 317–341, 2016 ISSN 1211-376X Amphibians and reptiles recorded in the Conservation Area Imiría in the Ucayali region in Peru Jiří Moravec1,4), Illich Arista Tuanama2), Giussepe Gagliardi Urrutia3) & Václav Gvoždík1) 1) National Museum Prague, Department of Zoology, Cirkusová 1740, CZ–193 00 Praha 9, Czech Republic 2) Urb. El Trébol, Mz. Ñ, Lote 23, Distrito Los Olivos, Lima, Peru 3) Laboratório de Sistemática de Vertebrados, Pontifícia Universidade Católica do Rio Grande do Sul, Av. Ipiranga 6681, 90619-900 Porto Alegre, Brasil 4) corresponding author: [email protected] Received 20 September 2016; accepted 14 December 2016 Published 28 December 2016 Abstract. This study summarizes the faunistic and natural history information for 38 amphibians and 17 species of reptiles recorded in and in the vicinity of the northern part of the Regional Conservation Area Imiría (Region Ucayali, Peru). Considerable extensions in ranges of Pristimantis delius Duellman et Mendelson, 1995 (Craugastoridae) and Osteocephalus yasuni Ron et Pramuk, 1999 (Hylidae) are documented. Current knowledge of the local herpetofauna is discussed and the importance of the conservation area for the protection of the regional flora and fauna is highlighted. Key words. Biogeography, species diversity, habitat conservation, Amphibia, Reptilia, Amazonia. INTRODUCTION The Regional Conservation Area Imiría (Área de Conservación Regional Imiría) managed by the Regional government of Ucayali, is located on the right bank of the Ucayali River within the watersheds of the rivers Tamaya and Inamapuya (District Masisea, Province Coronel Portillo, Region Ucayali, Peru). This conservation area was founded in June 2010 in order to protect the ecosystem of humid and seasonally flooded lowland forests, local natural resources and the esthe- tical value of the landscape.
  • Seed Geometry in the Arecaceae

    Seed Geometry in the Arecaceae

    horticulturae Review Seed Geometry in the Arecaceae Diego Gutiérrez del Pozo 1, José Javier Martín-Gómez 2 , Ángel Tocino 3 and Emilio Cervantes 2,* 1 Departamento de Conservación y Manejo de Vida Silvestre (CYMVIS), Universidad Estatal Amazónica (UEA), Carretera Tena a Puyo Km. 44, Napo EC-150950, Ecuador; [email protected] 2 IRNASA-CSIC, Cordel de Merinas 40, E-37008 Salamanca, Spain; [email protected] 3 Departamento de Matemáticas, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de Salamanca, Plaza de la Merced 1–4, 37008 Salamanca, Spain; [email protected] * Correspondence: [email protected]; Tel.: +34-923219606 Received: 31 August 2020; Accepted: 2 October 2020; Published: 7 October 2020 Abstract: Fruit and seed shape are important characteristics in taxonomy providing information on ecological, nutritional, and developmental aspects, but their application requires quantification. We propose a method for seed shape quantification based on the comparison of the bi-dimensional images of the seeds with geometric figures. J index is the percent of similarity of a seed image with a figure taken as a model. Models in shape quantification include geometrical figures (circle, ellipse, oval ::: ) and their derivatives, as well as other figures obtained as geometric representations of algebraic equations. The analysis is based on three sources: Published work, images available on the Internet, and seeds collected or stored in our collections. Some of the models here described are applied for the first time in seed morphology, like the superellipses, a group of bidimensional figures that represent well seed shape in species of the Calamoideae and Phoenix canariensis Hort. ex Chabaud.
  • Three New Records of Pristimantis (Amphibia: Anura: Craugastoridae) for Brazil and a Comment of the Advertisement Call of Pristimantis Orcus

    Three New Records of Pristimantis (Amphibia: Anura: Craugastoridae) for Brazil and a Comment of the Advertisement Call of Pristimantis Orcus

    Check List 9(6): 1548–1551, 2013 © 2013 Check List and Authors Chec List ISSN 1809-127X (available at www.checklist.org.br) Journal of species lists and distribution N Three new records of Pristimantis (Amphibia: Anura: Craugastoridae) for Brazil and a comment of the ISTRIBUTIO advertisement call of Pristimantis orcus D Jhon J. López-Rojas 1*, Werther Pereira Ramalho 1, Monik da Silveira Susçuarana 1 and Moisés RAPHIC G Barbosa de Souza 2 EO G N O 1 Universidade Federal do Acre, Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ecologia e Manejo de Recursos Naturais. BR346, Km04. CEP 69915-900. Rio Branco, AC, Brazil. 2 Universidade Federal do Acre, Centro de Ciências Biológicas e da Natureza, Laboratório de Herpetologia (HerPet). BR346, Km04. CEP 69915-900. OTES Rio Branco, AC, Brazil. N * Corresponding author. E-mail: [email protected] Abstract: We report Pristimantis achuar, Pristimantis delius, and Pristimantis orcus as three new records from Brazil, extending their known geographic distributions from Ecuador, Colombia, and Perú. Additionally we comment on the vocalizations of Pristimantis orcus. There are 6200 species of anuran amphibians described The three species of Pristimantis were found during world-wide (Frost 2013). In Brazil, 946 species have been the Field Ecology–2012 course at the Federal University recorded, with 32 from the Pristimantis genus (Segalla et al. of Acre in a white sand area with Campinarana Vegetation 2012). The family Craugastoridae has a broad distribution, (Daly and Silveira 2008) and dense forest with abundant ranging from Southern Arizona to central Texas (USA) and Lepidocaryum tenue (caranaí) (Daly and Silveira 2008), in Mexico south through tropical and subtropical habitats Cruzeiro do Sul, Acre Brazil.