Afterword: Social Justice in : Further Research

This book offers possibly the first collection dedicated to social justice studies in Iran. It is hoped that the multi- and interdisciplinary contribu- tions in this book, written by scholars and activists from wide-ranging aca- demic and nonacademic backgrounds, set the stage for the much-needed, future research on the subject. Understandably, this volume cannot possi- bly address the complexities of the multiple issues pertaining to social jus- tice, including gender justice, justice for workers, vulnerable, the socially and economically disenfranchised, ethnic, religious, and sexual minorities, as well as ecological justice. This project therefore invites further research on the topic of the Iranians’ struggles for social justice since Iran’s entry into political modernity around the turn of the nineteenth to the twen- tieth century. As such, future research can be accommodated within four tentative and nonexclusive thematic–conceptual categories.

Political Economy and Economic Justice Understanding the economic, policy, and legal factors that enable or deny social and economic justice is key to understanding this phenomenon. It is through the implementation of state policies that ideology and power are exercised, negotiated, or forced, causing measurable impact on the peo- ple’s lives. Iran’s reliance on oil revenue is of particular interest in that such a national resource tends to yield an unresponsive state and ties a country to the world market. The resource revenue can either be monopolized by the ruling class or be distributed in the form of social programs among the

© The Author(s) 2017 307 P. Vahabzadeh (ed.), Iran’s Struggles for Social Justice, DOI 10.1007/978-3-319-44227-3 308 AFTERWORD: SOCIAL JUSTICE IN IRAN: FURTHER RESEARCH population, just as it can be utilized for either the ­developmental projects that benefit a capitalist class or a development that increases the human development index and collective growth of a nation.

History and Politics Struggles for social justice have been constant in modern Iranian history, despite serious, often belligerent, setbacks and repressions imposed on Iranians. For over a century, social justice and social democracy have been integral components of political modernity and the process of democ- ratization. Notwithstanding its errors, failures, and dogmas, the Iranian Left—in its diverse shades, tendencies, organizational shapes, and ideolog- ical inclinations (Marxist-oriented, social democratic, or Shi‘i)—has cham- pioned the cause of the working class, the poor, the vulnerable, and ethnic minorities. Both history and politics of social justice and social democracy constitute key research areas, in particular because such research reveals the present and anticipates the future tendencies in the people’s struggles for a better future. The connection between democratic struggles and social justice rests with these unfolding tendencies and in relation to the repressive policies of the Iranian state.

Subjectivity, Agency, Justice The construction of subjectivity lies at the heart of any struggle. In our context, subjectivity is always split between hegemonic and counter-­ hegemonic constructs. Social justice agency arises from subjectivity and stands between the culturally, socially, and politically constructed sub- jectivities, on the one hand, and the issues, exigencies, and movements that challenge the status quo and thus contest such constructed subjec- tivities, on the other. The multiplicity of subject positions allows for the emergence of new agents: women, workers, students, religious, ethnic, sexual, or linguistic minorities, as well as the advocates for the poor, dis- abled, ecology, and animals. These movements are deployed by shared, and changing, concept(s) of justice. Individual and collective initiatives and creative responses bring together subjectivity, agency, and justice. It is the shared and growing concept of justice—advocated by agents and propagated through collective action and advocacy literature—that turns commonly shared and received social, cultural, or political practices into sites of antagonism and contestation. AFTERWORD: SOCIAL JUSTICE IN IRAN: FURTHER RESEARCH 309

Social Movements and Collective Action The arch manifestation of struggles for social justice and participatory democracy is collective actions of those who emerge in the public sphere as agents of change and justice. Collective action represents the embodied notions of justice posed against the perceived injustices as these are articu- lated by agents of a cause and social movement activists. The study of social movements is therefore important in that social movements reveal the sites of present and future antagonisms, changing values and sensibili- ties, and common conception of the good. These four categories are by no means exclusive. They are meant to provide guidelines for future study. As Iran rapidly moves toward neolib- eral economic policies that impede socialized human growth for the pur- pose of privatized production of goods and capital; as the country imperils its working people, abandons its vulnerable, and pushes its ecology into irrecoverable destruction; and as state policies undermine the dignity of women, workers, minorities, and defenders of social justice and human rights, attending to the issues of social justice and opening a new scholarly and public discourse to study it prove to be imperative. Index

NUMBERS & SYMBOLS Abrandi, Mohammad-Ali, 229, 232 16 Azar (Iranian National Student Achaemenidan , 111, 114 Day), 246, 250 activists, 2, 3, 5, 6, 10, 20–2, 24, 25, 18 Tir (student uprising), 248 40, 41, 56, 67, 76, 93, 147, 154, 1953 coup d’état, 240 160, 166, 167, 177, 178n5, 1980s, 5, 10, 19, 30, 36, 60, 65, 72, 181–6, 191–3, 200, 219, 220, 75, 76, 77n1, 92, 111, 146, 147, 222–30, 232, 242, 247, 251, 152–5, 159, 165–167, 169, 256, 276, 292, 296, 297, 299, 178n4, 204, 246, 256, 265, 296, 300, 307, 309. See also social 297 movements 1988, 4, 9, 20, 48, 86, 97n2, 147–55, victims, 5, 230, 232 159, 165, 167, 169, 171, 172, adalat-e ejtema’i (social justice), 257 215, 295. See also Iran- war; ‘adl (justice), 14, 128 political prisoners agency, 3, 5, 6, 16, 18, 22, 35, 37, 68, 117, 152, 153, 155–7, 187–9, 199–216, 243, 308 A women, 200–2, 210, 213, 215, 216 Abadan, 6, 52, 56, 57, 219–34, 242 Ahmadinejad, Mahmoud, 15, 32, 73, Abadan Oil Refinery Company, 52, 56 74, 233, 250–2, 290 Abbasid Caliphate, 109 Ahmadzadeh, Massoud, 243 Abi and Rabi (film), viii Alamolhoda, Seyed Hossein, 245, 246 Abkashak, Mustafa, 226, 228, 229, 232 Alexander the Great, 117 Abrahamian, Ervand, 70, 71, 128, Alinejad, Masih, 183, 186–91 151, 178n5, 178n6, 222–4, Amuzegar, Jahangir, 13–15, 36, 73 226, 227, 239, 240, 243, 262, Anglo-Iranian Oil Company (AIOC), 263, 292 222, 223, 227

© The Author(s) 2017 311 P. Vahabzadeh (ed.), Iran’s Struggles for Social Justice, DOI 10.1007/978-3-319-44227-3 312 INDEX

Angus, Ian, 10, 17, 20 Baku, 220, 259 anjomans (grassroots councils), Ballantyne, Tony, 115 292–4, 302 Banisadr, Abolhassan, 244 anti-hegemonic, 100, 122 barbarism, 101, 116 anti-imperialism, 5, 99–122, 267, 279 Bayat, Asef, 71, 72, 89, 225, 272, 274 Anzali, 221, 222, 293 Bazargan, Mehdi, 239, 240, 242 Arab, 20, 30, 106–12, 116–21, 229, Behdad, Sohrab, 13–15, 18, 54, 72, 230, 232 73, 134, 137, 140, 141 Arendt, Hannah, 146, 147, 160, 161, Beheshti, Seyyed Mohammad, 71, 90 292, 301 believer/non-believer (ba-iman/ Armenians, 259, 294 bi-iman), 101 Article 44 of Iranian Constitution, 13, Beyramvand, Akram, 158 14, 36 blue-collar workers, 49, 50 articulation, 24, 145, 148, 166, 167, body politic, 24, 212, 292, 295 178n4, 182, 190, 299, 300 (foundations), 14, 38, 72, 76 articulatory practices, 298–300 Bozorgnia, Mostafa, 341 Burke, Edmund, 122 Aryan migration, 101, 105, 106, business, 67, 82–5, 93, 206 116, 119 Aryan thesis, 105, 111, 113, 115 Aryo Barzan, 111, 117 C ‘ashayir (nomadic tribes), 101 Carter, Jimmy, 224 Asia, 113–15, 118, 121, 220, 258, 293 Caruth, Cathy, 173, 178n7 Asians, 113, 115 Center for Cooperation of Seminaries Aspirations of the Oppressed and Universities, 245 (Arman-e Mostaz’afin), 70–1 Central Cooperative Organization Atabaki, Touraj, 220 (CCO), 88 authoritarian, 2–4, 13, 24, 29–33, 35, Central Council of Federated Unions of 37, 38, 42, 43, 76, 120, 128, Iranian Workers and Toilers, 263 131, 133, 142, 220, 260–2, 272, Central Council of United Trade 282, 284, 297 Unions (CCUTU; Showra-ye authoritarianism, 2, 13, 24, 29–33, Mottahedeh-ye Markazi-ye 42, 43, 76, 282 Ettehadieh-ye Kargaran authoritative, 41, 127, 142, 156 Zahmatkeshan-e Iran), 223 auto/biographical, 166, 168, 178n4 Central Council of Workers Unions of Azali Babis, 294 Iran (CCWUI; Showra-ye , 20, 223, 263, 266, 278 Markazi-ye Ettehadieh-ye Kargaran-e Iran), 223 Central Intelligence Agency (CIA), B 224, 227 Babis. See Azali Babis Central Rural Cooperative Badi’zadegan, Ali-Asqar, 243 Organization (CRCO), 88 Baha’i, 109, 116, 120, 294 Chahar-Mahali, Ali, 232 INDEX 313

Chaqueri, Cosroe, 292–4, 296 Council of Guardians, 73 charity, 5, 14, 16, 65–77 Council of Muslim Socialists children (Showra-ye Mosalmanan-e in education, 141 Sosiyalist), 71 of political prisoners, 166, 167, Council of Nationalist-Religious 177n3 Activists (Showra-ye Fa’alan-e Children of the Jacaranda Tree (novel), Melli Mazhabi), 76 5, 165–79 councils, 20, 39, 51, 52, 54, 57–60, Christianity, 11, 113–15, 258 65, 71–3, 76, 77, 128, 134–6, Cinema Rex (Abadan), 227, 231 138, 141–3, 150, 159, 221, 223, civilization, 101, 102, 105, 106, 109, 226, 228, 233, 263, 292, 302 111, 114, 116, 209, 261 crisis of subjectivity, 202, 209–15 civil rights, 39, 42, 282, 291, 299 critical consciousness, 122 civil society, 4, 21, 29–43, 74, 190, Cubilié, Ann, 166, 167 191, 232–4, 272–5, 284, 291, cultural capital, 106–8, 112, 114 295, 302 Cultural Revolution in Iran, 5, 20, clearance, 10, 19–22, 25 128, 135–43, 238, 244–5, collective bargaining power, 48, 57–60 248–50, 252 colonialism, 70, 101, 115, 116, curriculum, 95, 107, 119, 122, 136, 121, 301 138, 140, 142, 237, 240, 245, 250 colour of Skin, 103, 104, 107, 113, 115 Confederation of Iranian Students-­ National Union (CISNU), D 133, 238 DAB (Freedom and Equality Seeking Constitutional Revolution of Iran Students), 250 (1906–1911), 3, 24, 220, 221, Davar, Ali-Akbar, 129, 262 258, 289, 290 Delijani, Sahar, 5, 165, 167–77 Constitution of Islamic Republic of democracy Iran, 34, 90, 155, 159, 233 parallel with social justice, 251, 256 contract firms, 52–6 participatory, 1, 10, 15, 19, 21, cooperatives 296, 302, 303, 309 economy, 82–5, 88, 90–2, 94, 96 as socialized process, 24 endogenous development, 5, 87, and social justice, 1, 4, 6, 10, 13, 89, 91, 93 15, 21, 25, 140, 234, 295 exogenous development, 86 Democratic National Front, 266 in Iran, 81–97 democratization, 18, 29, 30, 33, 41, Law of, 90, 91 265, 267, 272, 289, 303, 308 Ministry of, 92, 95 (Hezb-e Demokrat), movement, 5, 81–97 259 organization, 84, 86–9, 91, 92, 95, 96 desire to mother, 208 Council for the Coordination of development (modernization), 101–4 University (Showra-ye repressive, 133 Hamahangi-ye Daneshgah), diasporic, 166, 167, 171, 172, 174, 135, 142 177n1, 179n8 314 INDEX digarandishan, 140 internal, 121 digital activism, 6, 183, 184, 187, outsider, 122 189, 191, 193 English language, 255 dignity, 22, 24, 25, 39, 66, 199, 279, ensaf (fairness), 14 282, 298, 302, 303, 309 epistemic disobedience, 276, 284, 285 discourse ‘erfan, 281, 283 discursive formations, 100, 101, erotic capital, 207 104, 122 estehaleh (transformation), 148, 149. human rights, 5, 21, 22, 25, 155, See also Saming 156, 158 E’temad (newspaper), 297 kargar-karafarin, 17, 18 ethnicity, 25, 99, 103, 257, 267 neoliberal, 3, 16, 25, 271 ethnicism, 100, 122 social justice, 3, 17, 25, 61, Eurocentric, 111, 113, 122, 257 199–216, 252, 298 Evin Prison, 165, 167–9, 232 discursive shift, 15, 76 exilic, exile, 10, 20, 150, 152, 154, 166, disunity, 109 167, 173–4, 206, 232, 247, 249 Djilas, Milovan, 12 downsizing government, 50 downtrodden. See mostaz’afin F (downtrodden) Fa‘alan-e Melli Mazhabi. See Council Dravidian, 113–15 of Nationalist-Religious Activists Facebook, 6, 176, 182, 185–92 Iranian women’s use of, 185 E facial characteristics, 103 Ebrahimnejad, Ezatollah, 67 faith-based initiatives (FBIs), 67 ecology, 2, 25, 308, 309 faith-based organizations (FBOs), 67 economic justice. See social justice Family Law, 201 economic (neo)liberalization, 2, 4, 11, Farjadi, Gholamali, 16 15, 17, 18, 36, 65, 66, 72–6, father’s law, 208 233, 290. See also privatization feminine attraction, 206 education, 3, 20, 23, 67, 77n1, 85, feminine tricks (makr-e zananeh), 206 87, 88, 93, 95, 107, 127, 129, feminist activism 130, 132, 134, 135, 137–41, Iranian feminism(s), 6, 184, 192, 143, 191, 204, 205, 209, 211, 199, 200, 211, 212 220, 237–9, 245–7, 252, 259, popular feminism, 200–2, 210–12 261, 262, 294 Ferdowsi, Hakim Abolqasem, 107, Eftekhari, Yusof, 222, 230 119, 245 elite, 4, 11–15, 18, 29–43, 60, 61, 74, floating signifier, 22–4, 137 100, 107, 120, 139, 238, 247, Foran, John, 221–5 253, 260, 261, 263, 266, 290–2 Forouhar, Dariush, 229 enemy Forughi, Mohammad-Ali, 129, 131, external, 103, 109, 120–2 258, 260 insider, 107 Fourth Truman Principle, 88 INDEX 315

Freedom and Equality Seeking Hashemi-Rafsanjani, Ali-Akbar, 11, Students. See DAB 36, 39, 49, 73, 137, 233, 244, Freedom Movement of Iran, 242 246, 248 Friedle, Erica, 201 Hayek, Friedrich, 16, 245–7 friendly HDP. See People’s Democratic Party insider, 100, 116, 117 (Turkey) outsider, 100, 116, 117 hegemony hegemonic, 100, 103, 104, 106–8, 114, 122, 135, 137, 143, 154, G 189, 190, 211, 244, 271, 281, Galtung, Johan, 23 284, 300, 302, 308 gender, 6, 7, 10, 22, 25, 85, 104, hegemonic front, 300, 302 181–5, 187–93, 199, 201, 202, Hekmat, Mansour, 249 204, 205, 210–12, 216, 233, 250, Hemmat (group), 220, 294 257, 259, 267, 294, 299, 307 Higgins, Patricia, 201 gender justice, 7, 22, 184, 192, High Labour Council, 52 210–212, 216. See also social Hodgkin, Katharine, 173 justice hooks, bell, 122 Genealogy of Morals, The (book), 11 human resources contract firms, 53 Ghandchi, Ahmad, 241 human rights paradigm Ghaninezhad, Moussa, 16 criminal-victimizing subjectivity, 157 Gharbzadegi. See Westoxication praxis, 146, 156 (gharbzadegi) subjectivity, 146, 154–6 Gharibzadeh, Ebrahim, 232 victim-subject, 146, 157 Giroux, Henry, 120, 122 God-worshipping Socialists, 264. See also Socialist Theists, the I (Khodaparastan-e Sosiyalist) ideal citizen, 99–122 Gramsci, Antonio, 122, 154, 281, ideal type, 202, 203, 255, 281, 283 299, 300 ideological code, 100–5, 107–9, 111, Green Movement of Iran, the, 20, 112, 114, 117, 118 22, 30, 138, 167, 183, 251, Imam Ali Popular Students Relief 290–2, 297 Society (Jam’iyyat-e Emdad-e grounded theory, 202 Daneshju`i-Mardomi-ye Emam Group of Fifty-Three, 239 Ali), 75 guild society, 57, 59 imperialism, 100, 104, 106, 109, 115, 118, 121, 127, 202, 247, 249, 279, 292 H in-depth interviews, 203 Hafez, 107 India, 86, 94, 113, 114 hailing, 204 Indians, 113–15, 227 Hanifnejad, Mohammad, 243 individual bargaining power, 48–57, 59 316 INDEX

Indo-European, 113–15 Islamic Students’ Associations (ISA), informant-recanter. See tavvab 246, 250 intellectuals Islamism, Islamists, 18, 40, 68–73, historical, 21, 70, 296 76, 128, 132–5, 224, 238, 243, organic, 299 255, 265 intergenerational memory, 165–79 Israel, 67, 113, 118–20 internal enemies, 121 Ithna ‘Ashari ( Shi’ism), 136 International Monetary Fund (IMF), 13, 67, 92 interpolation, 215 J Iran dusti. See loving Iran Jazani, Bijan, 243, 276 Iran-e no, 259 Jewish Iranians, 119, 294 Iranian Left. See Left, Iranian Jihad-e Sazandagi. See development job security, 48, 49, 54, 77, 262 ideals of, 1, 15, 136 Jodat, Hossein, 239 “slave revolt”, 12 Jonbesh Edalatkhahi (justice-seeking Iranian Revolutionary Guards Corps movement). See justice (IRGC), 14, 15 justice Iranian Women’s Party, 263 diaspora, 154–5 Iran-Iraq war, 52, 73, 92, 102, 111, Iran Tribunal, 146, 153, 155–9, 118, 119, 121, 141, 226, 232, 178n5 238, 245–6, 248, 252 justice-seeking movement (jonbesh Iran-Japan Petrochemical Company, 227 edalatkhahi), 146, 147, 151, 154 Iran’s Cooperative Movement, 81–97. as a response, 155 See also cooperatives social justice, 1, 9–25, 29, 61, 68, Iran Tribunal, 146, 153, 155–9, 178n5 81, 99–122, 127, 145–61, 166, Islamic 181, 199–216, 224, 237–53, economics, 69, 70 255–67, 271, 289–303 liberalism, 68 Justice Shares, 15, 74, 96 populism, 72, 73 Islamic jurisprudence and qest, 70 K and taslit, 68, 69 karafarin (job-creator), 17, 18. See and zarar, 68, 69 also discourse Islamic Labour Council (ILC), 57–60, kargar (worker), 17, 18. See also 77, 226 discourse Islamic Labour Council and Islamic Kasravi, Ahmad, 258, 260 Associations, 226 Kaveh (journal), 260, 261 Islamic Republic of Iran, 34, 36, 51, Khamenei, Seyyed Ali, 14, 36, 138, 247 52, 149, 155, 159, 233 Khaqani, Ayatollah Sheikh Islamic Revolution (1979). See Iranian Mohammad Taher al-Shobeyr, Revolution 229–31 INDEX 317

Khatam al-Anbia (IRGC liberal paradigm, 7, 271–5, 284 reconstruction base), 14 liberation, 5, 10, 11, 68–72, 74–7, Khatami, Mohammad, 29, 32, 35, 119, 132, 188, 202, 229, 240, 38–42, 73, 233, 247, 248, 290, 244, 246, 261, 262 291, 297 liberation theology Khavaran Cemetery, 151, 154 black, 68 Mothers of Khavaran, 154 Catholic, 68, 75 Khomeini, Ayatollah Ruhollah Shi‘i, 5, 68–72, 74–7 and Iran-Iraq war, 141 Losurdo, Domenico, 301 and massacre of political loving Iran, 101–7, 111–13, 118–21 prisoners, 147 Lur, 114 Khomeinism/Khomeinist(s), 128, 134–6, 142, 143 Khuzestani, Bijan 13, 229 M Khuzestan Province, 227, 232 Macpherson, C. B., 66 Kristeva, Julia, 208 Mahmoudi, Jalil, 22 Kurd, 114 Mahshahr Port, 227, 233 Kurdistan Province, 20, 121, 138, Malekian, Mostafa, 76 141, 223, 266 Maleki, Khalil, 7, 264, 271–2, 276, civil war, 20 278–80, 285 Maleki, Mohammad, 134, 142, 245 Maljoo, Mohammad, 4, 18, 47–61, L 73, 74, 233, 297 labour casualization, 4, 48–52, 58 Mardani, Issa, 228 Labour Code (Law) of 1990, 48, 52 mardom (people), 71, 106, 107, 249 labour market, 47–9, 54–6 Martin, Vanessa, 75, 291 labour movement. See workers, martyrdom, 11, 101, 102, 111, 112, movement 116–21, 148 La Capra, Dominick, 174 Marxism, 134, 243, 248, 252, 264, Ladjvardi, Habib, 225 271, 276, 277, 279, 280, 296 Lahouti, Abolqasem, 230 Marx, Karl, 66, 279 language, 11, 20, 102, 104, 107–13, massacre of political prisoners. See 115, 122, 146, 148, 152, 154, political prisoners 155, 157, 159, 207–9, 255–7, 274 mass mobilization, 5, 65–77, 191, 294 Law of Cooperation, 90, 91 maternal model, 6, 202, 203, 206–10, Left, Iranian, 24, 248, 257, 265, 212, 214 296, 308 Matin, Kamran, 257, 258 legal rights, 104 Medes, 105, 114 personal, 104 Meftahi, Abbas, 243 Lesbian, Gay, Bisexual, Transgender, Memarpour, Mehdi, 158–60 Queer (LGBTQ), 22 memory, 1, 11, 156, 165–79, 241, Levinas, Emmanuel, 146, 160 244, 293 318 INDEX

Mesukb, Shahrokh, 263 N Middle East, the, 30, 31, 37, 40, 75, Nahj ul-Balagheh, 107 185, 187 Nakhshab, Mohammad, 7, 66, 68–71, militarization, 101, 102, 118–21 271, 276–8, 285 Ministry of Cooperative, Labour, and Nasr, Seyyed Hussein, 131, 132, 245 Social Welfare, 48, 95. See also National Iranian Drilling Company, 51 cooperatives National Iranian Oil Company, 51 Ministry of Labour and Social Affairs, nationality, 103, 109, 115, 294 49, 58 neo-liberalism, 16, 25, 77, 92, 238, modernity, 3, 7, 114, 127, 130, 131, 246–9, 252, 273. See also 188, 190, 202, 258, 275, 284, discourse 286, 289–91, 293, 295, 303, New Left of Iran. See DAB 307, 308 nezam (system), 148, 149 political, 3, 7, 289–91, 293, 295, NGOization 303, 307, 308 of development, 67 modernization, 12, 40, 101–4, 120, of social services, 74 121, 129–33, 142, 222, 261, 281 NGOs. See nongovernmental Mohammad Ali Qajar, 293 organizations (NGOs) mohareb (armed rebels), 150 Nili, Massoud, 16, 17, 295 Mohsen, Saeed, 70, 243 nomadic tribes. See ‘Ashayir Mojahedin-e Khalq, 66, 121, 135, 150 Nomani, Farhad, 13, 14, 18, 54 Mojtahed Shabestari, Mohammad, nomenklatura, 12 76, 139 nongovernmental organizations Mollazahdeh, Khosrow, 228 (NGOs), 67, 68, 74, 75, 153, mortad (apostate), 150 155, 250 Mosaddeq, Mohammad, 132, 223, non-human, 120 224, 240, 244, 279 non-Persian, 102, 104, 106, 108, 110, mostaz’afin (downtrodden), 5, 10, 113 69–70 non-present discourse, 99, 105, 113, Mousavi, Mir-Hossein, 73, 138, 251 115, 122 Movement of Combatant Muslims non-presently, 103, 108–17, 119, 120 (Jonbesh-e Mosalmanan-e Nussbaum, Martha, 66 Mobarez), 71 Movement of God-Worshiping Socialists (Nehzat-e O Khodaparastan-e Sosiyalist), 71 Office of Housing for the Muslim Student Followers of Imam’s Downtrodden (Daftar-e Khanesazi Line, 245 Baray-e Mostaz’afin), 72 My Stealthy Freedom, 6, 182, oil, 4, 29–43, 49–52, 55, 56, 58, 132, 186–91 220, 222–4, 226–31, 240–2, 263, myth, 18, 104, 113–16, 190, 273 278, 279, 297, 307 INDEX 319 oil nationalization movement, 240–2 Petroleum Collage of Abadan, 228 Organization of the Iranian People’s Peyman, Habibollah, 71 Fadai Guerrillas (OIPFG), 243 pluralism, 30, 76 Organization of the Iranian People’s Podemos (Spain), 267 Mojahedin (OIPM). See political prisoners. See also tavvab Mojahedin-e Khalq clearance of, 10 Orientalism, 113 family members, 146, 151, 154 Osanloo, Arzoo, 201, 202, 297 massacre of, 147, 151 Other, 31, 38, 67, 100, 107–20, 122, resistance, 214 147–55, 205, 225, 285 politicized pedagogies, 122 otherness, 100, 107, 112–15, poor, the, 2, 5, 13, 14, 18, 21, 22, 24, 121, 122 67, 69–72, 74–7, 106, 116, 243, overdetermination, 297 273, 296, 299, 300, 308 ownership, 14–16, 68, 70, 82, 83, religious, 5, 21, 22, 67, 70 277, 301 popular feminism, 200–2, 210–12 post-presidential protests (2009), 165, 167, 176, 251. See also Green P Movement of Iran, the pagan, 116 praxis paganism, 101, 116 human rights, 156 Pahlavi, Mohammad-Reza (Shah), social justice, 145–61 131–5, 142, 143 private enterprise, 82, 84, 95 Pahlavi, Reza (Shah), 72, 127–30, privatization, 2, 4, 5, 11, 13–18, 36, 262, 265 37, 73, 93, 94, 233, 246 paksazi, 132, 148, 149, 245. See also progress, 89, 94, 99, 103, 104, 109, Purging Committees; totalizing 110, 120, 171, 204, 207, 209, state 252, 256, 261, 277 Palestine, 118, 119 project Palestinian, 118–20, 227 ethical-political, 161 Pars-Aryan, 101 political, 57, 146, 161 participant observation, 203 Project-Seasonal Workers Union of Partido Revolucionario Institucional Abadan (PSWUA), 6, 219–34 (Mexico), 15 Prophet Mohammad, 40, 104, paternal model, 202–7, 209–13 117, 264 patriarchy, 99, 190 public religion, 65–77 People’s Democratic Party public sphere, 40, 41, 146, 156, 185, (Turkey), 267 211, 214, 215, 273, 274, 282, People’s Mojahedin. See Mojahedin-e 283, 285, 309 Khalq Purging Committees (Komitehha-ye performative agency, 6, 199–216 Paksazi), 245. See also Supreme Persian-centric, 99–122 Council for Cultural Revolution (Farsi), 102, 108, (SCCR) 109, 111, 257 Puyan, Amir-Parviz, 243 320 INDEX

Q Rouhani, Hassan, 13, 16, 18, 66, 76, Qavam, Ahmad, 223 94, 233, 295 qest (share), 14, 128 Rudaki, 111 Qorb (IRGC reconstruction base), 14 Russian Social Democratic Labour Quran, The, 69, 70, 107, 277 Party, 220

R S race Sa‘di, 107 racialization, 100 Sa‘ei, Karim, 232 racism, 109, 122 Salam (newspaper), 248 Radmanesh, Reza, 239 Salim, Gholam-Hossein 18, 232 Radstone, Susanna, 173 Sāmāniyān Dynasty, 110 Rahnema, Saeed, 225, 226 Sami, Kazem, 71 Rasht, 222, 293 Saming, 147, 149, 150, 155, 158, 161 Rasulzadeh, Mohammad Amin, 259 estehaleh, 149, 158 Rawls, John, 255, 256 sandika. See workers, unions reconstruction sarmayehdar (capitalist, base(s) (qarargah-e sazandegi), 14 entrepreneur), 17 commander, 11 Sassanid Empire, 116 period (dowran-e sazandegi)/effort, 9 , 294 Reform Movement in Iran, 21, 39, SAVAK (Sazman-e Ettela’at va 184, 290, 297 Aminyyat-e Keshvar; National religious entities (REs), 67, 77n1 Intelligence and Security Agency rentier economy, 9, 42, 72 of Iran), 243 rentierism, 30–3, 41–3 Sayyed Mohammad, 228 rentier state, 4, 13–15, 24, 29–35, 37, Sazman-e Melli-ye Daneshgahiyan-e 38, 41, 42, 224, 291 Iran (National Organization for repressive development, 238, 293, 295 University Professors), 135 respons-ability, 5, 157–9, 161. See also School curricula. See curriculum subjectivity scientific progress, 109, 110 ressentiment, 11–13 sedentarization, 121 Revolutionary Monotheists self, 5, 10, 100, 103, 107, 110–22, (Movaheddin-e Enqelabi), 71 156, 160, 174, 203, 279, 281, 282 Revolutionary Movement of the semiotic discourse, 208 Muslim People of Iran (Jonbesh-e semiotic language, 208, 209 Enqelabi-ye Mardom-e Mosalman-e Sen, Amartya, 66 Iran; JAMA), 71 Shah. See Pahlavi, Mohammad-Reza Revolution of 1979. See Iranian (Shah) Revolution Shahnameh, 107, 108, 111, 112 Reza Khan. See Pahlavi, Reza Shajari, Fakher, 228 right of organization, 57–9 Shari’a, 291 INDEX 321

Shari‘ati, Ali, 66, 69, 70, 229, 264, social movements 272, 276, 277, 280–5 cooperative, 81–97 Shar’iat-Razavi, Mehdi, 241 reform, 262 Shatti, 229 student, 4 Shatzadeh, Hamid, 232 women’s, 2, 20, 187, 250, 291, Shi‘i 294, 296, 299 Shi‘i-centric, 99–122 workers/labour, 219–34 Shi‘i Imams, 106, 109, 117 social networking sites (SNS), 181–5, Siyahatnameh Ibrahim Beig 191, 192 (book), viii societal empowerment, 271–3, 275, 284 Smith, Dorothy, 206 Society for National Heritage social biography, 99–122 (Anjoman-e Asar-e Melli; social democracy SNH), 129 in Constitutional Revolution, 271 socioeconomic development, 31, 81, in Europe, 256, 279, 293 85, 94, 298, 303 grassroots social democracy, 271–86 Soroush, Abdolkarim, 76, 138, 245, in Iran, 289–303 275, 290 social imaginary, 3, 300 spiritual social democracy, 280–5 socialism, 21, 22, 68, 70, 94, 134, Stalinism, 21, 279, 296 220, 249, 257, 264, 276–80, structural adjustment programs, 67 282, 293 student movement. See also social indigenous socialism, 278–80 movements Socialist Students of Iranian 16 Azar, 240–2, 246, 250 Universities, 251 18 Tir, 248 Socialist Theists, the (Khodaparastan-e subaltern, 21, 100, 115, 122, 146, Sosiyalist), 276 152, 154, 155, 184, 215, 216, social justice 261, 265, 272, 295 activists of, 5, 25, 147, 166 excluded-other, 152 concept of, 4, 16, 255, 256, 289 subject and Constitutional Revolution, 24, objectivization (reification), 157, 158 260, 271 resistant, 145–61 and cooperatives, 85, 90 subjective-objective experience, 146 definition of, 255–7 victim-subject, 146, 153, 157, 159 and dignity, 22, 24 subjectivity economic justice, 220 respons-ability, 5, 157–9, 161 education of, 3, 5 social-ethical, 159 as floating signifier, 22–4 sociality, 146, 156–8, 160, 161 gender justice, 7, 210 subsidies, 15, 38, 72–4 and Iranian Left, 24, 248, 249, 265 Sunni, 101, 106, 108, 109 parallel with democracy, 6, 251, 256 Supreme Council for Cultural research, 307–9 Revolution (SCCR), 138–41. See rights, 2, 22–4, 104, 297, 302 also Purging Committees and violence, 23, 117 (Komitehha-ye Paksazi) social media, 6, 181–93 survivalist, 148, 158, 160 322 INDEX symbolic discourse, 207, 208 University of , 127–37, 139, symbolic language, 207–9 140, 142, 237 SYRIZA (Greece), 267 Urbanization, 121

T V Tabibiyan, Mohammad, 16, 295 Vaziri, Mostafa, 114 , 221, 222, 231, 241, 242, 244, veil (mandatory veiling), 186 294 Velayat-e Faqih (Guardianship of Taleqani, Seyyed Mahmood, 66, 70, Supreme Jurist), 128, 148, 71, 277 231, 266 Taqizadeh, Hasan, 137, 259, 260 victim-victimizer dichotomy, 156, 160 tavvab (informant-recanter), 169, 178n6 violence, 23, 101, 103, 105, Tehran, 6, 40, 75, 127–36, 140, 142, 108, 117–21, 153, 158, 159, 151, 153, 154, 171, 172, 201–3, 170, 175, 179n7, 190, 191, 221, 222, 229, 231, 232, 237, 225, 296, 301 239, 241, 242, 250, 261, 293, 294 and social justice, 23, 117 Tehran Bus Drivers Union, 250 temporary contract, 19, 48, 49, 52, 54–6, 77 W textbooks (Iranian schools), 5, 99–122 war of position (Gramsci), 300 , the (Niru-ye Sevvom), 279 welfare state (dowlat-e refah), 16 totalizing state Western feminism, 200, 202, 211 estehaleh, 148, 149 Westoxication (gharbzadegi), 138 inclusion/exclusion, 149 West, the, 15, 23, 128, 132, 137, 143, nezam, 148, 149 244, 275, 278, 286 paksazi, 148, 149 white-collar employees, 50 Survivalist response, 148 whiteness, 113–15 trace. See non-present discourse witnessing, 156–60, 166, 173, 177, 214 trauma, 170, 173, 174, 178n7 women Tudeh Party of Iran (Hezb Tudeh agency, 200–2, 210, 213, 215, 216 Iran), 239 and feminism, 6, 200–2 Turkmen, Plains of, 20 movement, 2, 20, 187, 250, 291, 294, 296, 299 online networking, 182, 192 U organization of, 263 Umayyad Caliphate, 69, 109, 117 subjectivity of, 6, 200, 215 (see also Ummat-e Islami (Islamic Nation/ crisis of subjectivity) Community), 101 workers United Nation International Forum of Abadan, 227 for Social Development, 256 minimum wage, 18, 19, 227, 233 unity, 37, 69, 120, 193, 203, 266, 282 movement, 219 university, 5, 75, 95, 127–43, 204, unions, 19, 222, 223, 234, 302 220, 237, 263 women, 25, 223, 233, 308, 309 INDEX 323

working people, 2, 7, 11, 22, 82, Y 84, 94, 96, 232, 290, 294, Yaghoubian, David, 122 296, 309 (see also discourse; Yaghubi, Yaddollah, 228, 229 kargar) Workers and Employees Councils (Showra-ye Kargaran va Z Karmandan), 226 Zebardast, Akbar, 228, 229 workforce insecurity, 77 Ziazarifi, Hassan, 243 working condition, 3, 4, 48, 53, 61, Zibakalam, Sadeq, 21 222, 223, 227, 233, 299 Zionism, 109, 120, 121 World Bank (WB), 67, 68, 92 Zoroastrians, 294