DOCSLIB.ORG

Petrochemicals Manufacturing

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Petrochemicals Manufacturing Multilateral Investment Guarantee Agency Environmental Guidelines for Petrochemicals Manufacturing Industry Description and Practices are available to manufacture the desired products. (Further details of typical processes Natural gas and crude distillates such as and products are provided in the annex.) naphtha (from petroleum refining) are used as feedstocks to manufacture a wide variety of Waste Characteristics petrochemicals which are in turn used for the manufacture of a variety of consumer goods. Fugitive air emissions from pumps, valves, The description of petrochemical processes and flanges, storage tanks, loading and unloading products presented here is for illustrative operations, and wastewater treatment are of purposes only. The basic petrochemicals greatest concern. Some of the compounds manufactured by cracking, reforming, and released to air are carcinogenic or toxic. other processes include olefins (including Ethylene and propylene emissions are of ethylene, propylene, butylenes, and butadiene) concern because of their fate processes which and aromatics (including benzene, toluene, and lead to the formation of oxides which are xylenes). The capacity of naphtha crackers is extremely toxic. Compounds considered generally of the order of 250,000 to 750,000 carcinogenic that may be present in air metric tons per year (tpy) of ethylene emissions include benzene, butadiene, 1,2- production. Some petrochemical plants also dichloroethane, and vinyl chloride. A typical have alcohol and oxo-compounds naphtha cracker at a petrochemical complex manufacturing units on-site. The base may annually release about 2,500 emetric tons petrochemicals or products derived from them of alkenes (such as propylenes and ethylene), along with other raw materials are converted when producing 500,000 metric tons of to a wide range of products including resins ethylene. Boilers, process heaters, flares, and and plastics (such as low density polyethylene other process equipment (in some cases may (LDPE), high density polyethylene (HDPE), include catalyst regenerators)are responsible linear low density polyethylene (LLDPE), for the emission of particulates, carbon polypropylene, polystyrene, and polyvinyl monoxide, nitrogen oxides (200 metric tons per chloride (PVC)); synthetic fibers (such as year), and sulfur oxides (SOx) (600 metric tons polyester and acrylic); engineering polymers per year based on a 500,000 metric tons per (such as acrylonitrile butadiene styrene (ABS)); year of ethylene capacity). rubbers (including styrene butadiene rubber The release of volatile organic compounds (SBR) and polybutadiene (PBR)); solvents; (VOCs) to air depends on the products handled industrial chemicals (including those used for at the plant and may include acetaldehyde, the manufacture of detergents such as linear acetone, benzene, toluene, trichloroethylene, alkyl benzene (LAB), coatings, dyestuff, trichlorotoluene, and xylene. VOC emissions agrochemicals, pharmaceuticals, and are mostly fugitive and depend upon the explosives). A number of alternative methods production processes, material handling and 461 Petrochemicals Manufacturing 462 effluent treatment procedures, equipment environmental hazard releasing large maintenance, and climatic conditions. VOC quantities of pollutants and products into the emissions from a naphtha cracker range from environment. Plant safety and fire prevention and 0.6 to 10 kilograms (kg) (75% are alkanes, 20% control procedures should be in place. unsaturated hydrocarbons about half of these is ethylene, and remaining 5% are aromatics) Pollution Prevention and Control per metric ton of ethylene; 0.02 to 2.5 kg (45% of these being ethylene dichloride, 20% being Petrochemical plants are typically large and vinyl chloride, and 15% being chlorinated complex, where the combination and sequence organics) per metric ton of product in a vinyl of processes is usually very specific to the chloride plant; 3-10 kg per metric ton of characteristics of the products manufactured. product in a SBR plant; 0.1-2 kg per metric ton Specific pollution prevention or source of product in ethyl benzene plant; 1.4-27 kg per reduction measures are best determined by metric ton of product in ABS plant; 0.25-18 kg technical staff. However, there are a number of per metric ton of product in a styrene plant; broad areas where improvements are often and 0.2-5 kg per metric ton of product in a possible and site specific emission reduction polystyrene plant. measures in these areas should be designed Petrochemical units generate wastewaters into the plant and targeted by plant from process operations (such as vapor management. condensation), cooling tower blow down, and Areas where effort should be concentrated storm water run off. Process wastewaters are include: generated at a rate of about 15 cubic meters per 3 hour (m /hr) (based on a 500,000 metric tons Reduction of Air Emissions per year ethylene production) and may contain biochemical oxygen demand (BOD ) (100 5 • Minimize the leakages of volatile organics mg/L), COD (1,500-6,000 mg/L), suspended (including benzene, vinyl chloride, and solids (100-400 mg/L), and oil and grease (30- ethylene oxide) from valves, pump glands (use 600 mg/L). Phenol levels of up to 200 mg/L mechanical seals), flanges, and other process and benzene levels of up to 100 mg/L may also equipment by following good design practices be present. and equipment maintenance procedures. Petrochemical plants also generate solid • Use mechanical seals, where appropriate. wastes and sludges, some of which may be • Minimize losses from storage tanks, considered hazardous because of the presence product transfer areas, and other process areas of toxic organics and heavy metals. Spent by adopting methods such as vapor recovery caustic and other hazardous wastes such as systems and double seals (for floating roof distillation residues associated with units tanks). handling acetaldehyde, acetonitrile, benzyl • Recover catalysts and reduce particulate chloride, carbon tetrachloride, cumene, emissions. phthallic anhydride, nitrobenzene, methyl • Use low NO burners to reduce NO ethyl pyridine, toluene diisocyanate, x x emissions. trichloroethane, trichloroethylene, • Optimize fuel usage. perchloroethylene, aniline, chlorobenzenes, • In some case, organics that cannot be dimethyl hydrazine, ethylene dibromide, recovered, are effectively destroyed by routing toluenediamine, epichlorohydrin, ethyl them to flares and other combustion devices. chloride, ethylene dichloride, and vinyl chloride may be generated in significant Elimination/Reduction of Pollutants quantities. Accidental discharges as a result of • Use non-chrome based additives in abnormal operation especially from cooling water. polyethylene and ethylene-oxide-glycol plants • Use long life catalysts and regeneration to in a petrochemical complex can be a major extend the cycle. 463 Petrochemicals Manufacturing Recycling/Reuse Treatment Technologies • Recycle cooling water and treated Air Emissions wastewater to the extent feasible. • Recover and re-use spent solvents and Control of air emissions normally includes the other chemicals to the extent feasible. capturing and recycling or combustion of emissions from vents, product transfer points, Improved Operating Procedures storage tanks, and other handling equipment. Catalytic cracking units should be provided • Segregate process wastewaters from with particulate removal devices. Particulate stormwater systems. removal technologies include fabric filters, • Optimize tank and equipment cleaning ceramic filters, wet scrubbers, and electrostatic frequency. precipitators. Gaseous releases are minimized • Prevent solids and oily wastes from by condensation, absorption, adsorption entering the drainage system. (activated carbon, silica gel, activated alumina, • Establish and maintain an Emergency and zeolites), and in some cases using Preparedness and Response Plan. biofiltration and bioscrubbing (using peat/heather, bark, composts, and bioflora for Target Pollution Loads treating biodegradable organics), and thermal decomposition. Implementation of cleaner production processes and pollution prevention measures Liquid Effluents can provide both economic and environmental benefits. The following production-related Petrochemical wastewaters often require a targets can be achieved by measures such as combination of treatment methods to remove those detailed in the previous section. The oil and other contaminants before discharge. figures relate to the production processes Separation of different streams (such as before the addition of pollution control stormwater) is essential to minimize treatment measures. requirements. Oil is recovered using separation A good practice target for petrochemical techniques. For heavy metals, a combination of complex is that the total organic emissions oxidation/reduction, precipitation, and (including VOCs) from the process units be filtration is used. For organics, a combination reduced to 0.6% of the throughput. Target of air or steam stripping, granular activated maximum levels for air releases of ethylene, carbon, wet oxidation, ion exchange, reverse ethylene oxide, vinyl chloride, and 1,2- osmosis, and electrodialysis is used. A typical dichloroethane are 0.06 kg, 0.02 kg, 0.2 kg, and system may include neutralization, 0.4 kg per ton of product. Methods of coagulation/flocculation, estimating these figures include ambient and flotation/sedimentation/filtration, emissions monitoring, emission
Load more

Recommended publications
  • 1 Refinery and Petrochemical Processes
    3 1 Refinery and Petrochemical Processes 1.1 Introduction The combination of high demand for electric cars and higher automobile engine effi- ciency in the future will mean less conversion of petroleum into fuels. However, the demand for petrochemicals is forecast to rise due to the increase in world popula- tion. With this, it is expected that modern and more innovative technologies will be developed to serve the growth of the petrochemical market. In a refinery process, petroleum is converted into petroleum intermediate prod- ucts, including gases, light/heavy naphtha, kerosene, diesel, light gas oil, heavy gas oil, and residue. From these intermediate refinery product streams, several fuels such as fuel gas, liquefied petroleum gas, gasoline, jet fuel, kerosene, auto diesel, and other heavy products such as lubricants, bunker oil, asphalt, and coke are obtained. In addition, these petroleum intermediates can be further processed and separated into products for petrochemical applications. In this chapter, petroleum will be introduced first. Petrochemicals will be intro- duced in the second part of the chapter. Petrochemicals – the main subject of this book – will address three major areas, (i) the production of the seven cornerstone petrochemicals: methane and synthesis gas, ethylene, propylene, butene, benzene, toluene, and xylenes; (ii) the uses of the seven cornerstone petrochemicals, and (iii) the technology to separate petrochemicals into individual components. 1.2 Petroleum Petroleum is derived from the Latin words “petra” and “oleum,” which means “rock” and “oil,” respectively. Petroleum also is known as crude oil or fossil fuel. It is a thick, flammable, yellow-to-black mixture of gaseous, liquid, and solid hydrocarbons formed from the remains of plants and animals.
    [Show full text]
  • Secure Fuels from Domestic Resources ______Profiles of Companies Engaged in Domestic Oil Shale and Tar Sands Resource and Technology Development
    5th Edition Secure Fuels from Domestic Resources ______________________________________________________________________________ Profiles of Companies Engaged in Domestic Oil Shale and Tar Sands Resource and Technology Development Prepared by INTEK, Inc. For the U.S. Department of Energy • Office of Petroleum Reserves Naval Petroleum and Oil Shale Reserves Fifth Edition: September 2011 Note to Readers Regarding the Revised Edition (September 2011) This report was originally prepared for the U.S. Department of Energy in June 2007. The report and its contents have since been revised and updated to reflect changes and progress that have occurred in the domestic oil shale and tar sands industries since the first release and to include profiles of additional companies engaged in oil shale and tar sands resource and technology development. Each of the companies profiled in the original report has been extended the opportunity to update its profile to reflect progress, current activities and future plans. Acknowledgements This report was prepared by INTEK, Inc. for the U.S. Department of Energy, Office of Petroleum Reserves, Naval Petroleum and Oil Shale Reserves (DOE/NPOSR) as a part of the AOC Petroleum Support Services, LLC (AOC- PSS) Contract Number DE-FE0000175 (Task 30). Mr. Khosrow Biglarbigi of INTEK, Inc. served as the Project Manager. AOC-PSS and INTEK, Inc. wish to acknowledge the efforts of representatives of the companies that provided information, drafted revised or reviewed company profiles, or addressed technical issues associated with their companies, technologies, and project efforts. Special recognition is also due to those who directly performed the work on this report. Mr. Peter M. Crawford, Director at INTEK, Inc., served as the principal author of the report.
    [Show full text]
  • Specifications Guide Americas Petrochemicals Latest Update: July 2020
    Specifications Guide Americas Petrochemicals Latest update: July 2020 Definitions of the trading locations for which Platts publishes daily indexes or assessments 2 Olefins 3 US aromatics 6 Latin American aromatics 8 US polymers 10 Latin American polymers 13 US intermediates 16 US hydrocarbon solvents 17 US chlor alkali 18 US oxygenated solvents 19 Liquid and gas chemical freight 21 Global petrochemical indices 22 Revision history 23 www.spglobal.com/platts Specifications Guide Americas Petrochemicals: July 2020 DEFINITIONS OF THE TRADING LOCATIONS FOR WHICH PLATTS PUBLISHES DAILY INDEXES OR ASSESSMENTS The following specifications guide contains the primary specifications for S&P Global Platts petrochemical assessments in the Americas. All the assessments listed here employ Platts Assessments Methodology, as published at https://www.spglobal.com/platts/plattscontent/_assets/_files/en/our-methodology/methodology-specifications/platts-assessments-methodology-guide.pdf. These guides are designed to give Platts subscribers as much information as possible about a wide range of methodology and specification questions. This guide is current at the time of publication. Platts may issue further updates and enhancements to this methodology and will announce these to subscribers through its usual publications of record. Such updates will be included in the next version of this guide. Platts editorial staff and managers are available to provide guidance when assessment issues require clarification. OLEFINS Assessment CURRENCY CODE Mavg Wavg TYPE
    [Show full text]
  • ABS Plant Migrates from CENTUM XL to Integrated CENTUM CS 3000 Solution
    SUCCESS STORY ABS Plant Migrates from CENTUM XL to Integrated CENTUM CS 3000 Solution Location: Rayong, Thailand Order Date: December 2007 Completion: November 2008 Industry: Petrochemical Executive Summary The Integrated Refinery and Petrochemical Complex Public Co., Ltd. (IRPC) in Rayong, Thailand has a refinery (215,000 b/d) as well as several petrochemical plants that produce chemicals such as olefins (360,000 t/y) and aromatics that are used as feedstock at various types of plastics plants. One of these petrochemical plants produces 140,000 t/y of acrylonitrile butadiene styrene (ABS). Although this plant had experienced no major problems with its CENTUM XL process control system during the 19 years that it was in use, IRPC decided to upgrade to the latest technology when Yokogawa announced the end of service for CENTUM XL. To control complex production operations in a total of 17 batch reactors at this ABS plant, Yokogawa Thailand installed the CENTUM CS 3000 Integrated Production Control System together with CCTV equipment, a plant information management system (PIMS), the Exaplog Event Analysis Package, and the CS Batch 3000 package. Customer Satisfaction Wichian Art-ong, Instrument Supervisor, said, “We are very happy that we have been able to operate the ABS plant without any major problems. We have no complains with the Yokogawa systems.” He went on to say, “The entire integrated production system is functioning well. We are able to view video from the CCTV cameras as well as other production data on large screens positioned near the CENTUM human machine interface (HMI) stations. Plant information can also be viewed from any location using a standard web browser.
    [Show full text]
  • Chemical Sector Profile
    Chemical Sector Profile The U.S. Chemical Sector converts raw materials into more than 70,000 diverse products essential to modern life and distributes those products to more than 750,000 end users throughout the Nation. Several hundred thousand U.S. chemical facilities—ranging from petrochemical manufacturers to chemical distributors—use, manufacture, store, transport, or deliver chemicals along a complex, global supply chain. End users include critical infrastructure sectors, making the uninterrupted production and transportation of chemicals essential for national and economic security. Impact on U.S. Economy The U.S. chemical industry is responsible for more than a quarter of the U.S. GDP, supports the production of almost all commercial and household goods, and is essential to economic growth. Generation of U.S. Employment From research and development to manufacturing, the U.S. chemical industry employs nearly 800,000 people, while creating jobs in the many other industries it touches. Contribution to U.S. Exports The business of chemistry is America’s largest exporting sector, supplying an eighth of the world’s chemical needs. Components of the Chemical Sector The U.S. Chemical Sector is made up of five distinct components: agricultural chemicals, basic chemicals, specialty chemicals, consumer products, and pharmaceuticals. Each component supports a specific and integral part of America’s chemical needs. The Chemical Sector: Integral to Everyday Life Nearly all goods in use every day in the U.S. are manufactured using Chemical Sector products. These goods are found in homes, offices, drug stores, and farms across the Nation. Page 1: American Chemistry Council (ACC), Elements of the Business of Chemistry, 2017; DHS, Chemical SSP, 2015; National Association of Chemical Distributors (NACD), 2019, NACD Responsible Distribution.
    [Show full text]
  • Air Quality Impacts of Petroleum Refining and Petrochemical Industries
    environments Review Air Quality Impacts of Petroleum Refining and Petrochemical Industries Aiswarya Ragothaman * and William A. Anderson ID Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, ON N2L3G3, Canada; [email protected] * Correspondence: [email protected] Received: 29 June 2017; Accepted: 13 September 2017; Published: 19 September 2017 Abstract: Though refineries and petrochemical industries meet society’s energy demands and produce a range of useful chemicals, they can also affect air quality. The World Health Organization (WHO) has identified polluted air as the single largest environmental risk, and hence it is necessary to strive for and maintain good air quality. To manage potential health impacts, it is important to implement proper air quality management by understanding the link between specific pollutant sources and resulting population exposures. These industries release pollutants such as Volatile Organic Compounds, greenhouse gases and particulate matter, from various parts of their operations. Air quality should be monitored and controlled more meticulously in developing nations where increased energy demands, industrialization and overpopulation has led to more emissions and lower air quality. This paper presents a review of findings and highlights from various studies on air quality impacts of petroleum refining and petrochemical plants in many regions in the world. Keywords: air pollution; Air Quality Index; air quality management; refinery; petrochemical; emissions; exposure; particulate matter; Volatile Organic Compounds; greenhouse gases; ozone; carcinogenic; toxicity; Persistent Organic Pollutants; polychlorinated biphenyls; heavy metals; cancer; Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease; lung cancer; air sampling; atmospheric lifetime; heat integration; emission control 1. Introduction Air pollution and air quality impacts have been studied for many years now, and there are significant concerns around the world to varying degrees.
    [Show full text]
  • Bnl-73106-2004-Ir
    BNL-73106-2004-IR QUANTIFICATION OF FUGITIVE REACTIVE ALKENE EMISSIONS FROM PETROCHEMICAL PLANTS WITH PERFLUOROCARBON TRACERS Gunnar I. Senum and Russell N. Dietz Environmental Science Department Atmospheric Science Division Brookhaven National Laboratory Upton NY 11973-5000 Final Report to Houston Advanced Research Center (HARC) June 2004 Research by BNL investigators was performed under the auspices of the U.S. Department of Energy under Contract No. DE-AC02-98CH10886. DISCLAIMER This report was prepared as an account of work sponsored by the United States Government. Neither the United States Government nor any agency thereof, nor any of their employees, nor any of their contractors, subcontractors or their employees, makes any warranty, express or implied, or assumes any legal liability or responsibility for the accuracy, completeness, or any third party's use or the results of such use of any information, apparatus, product, or process disclosed, or represents that its use would not infringe privately owned rights. Reference herein to any specific commercial product, process, or service by trade name, trademark, manufacturer, or otherwise, does not necessarily constitute or imply its endorsement, recommendation, or favoring by the United States Government or any agency thereof or its contractors or subcontractors. The views and opinions of authors expressed herein do not necessarily state or reflect those of the United States Government or any agency thereof. Introduction Recent studies demonstrate the impact of fugitive emissions of reactive alkenes on the atmospheric chemistry of the Houston Texas metropolitan area (1). Petrochemical plants located in and around the Houston area emit atmospheric alkenes, such as ethene, propene and 1,3- butadiene.
    [Show full text]
  • Historical Analysis of the Early Stage of the Iran-Japan Petrochemical Project
    Historical analysis of the early stage of the Iran-Japan petrochemical project Naotoshi Umeno (University of Hyogo, Japan) Abstract This paper aims at clarifying the launching process of the Iran-Japan petrochemical project (IJPC) focusing on the time period from the late 1960s through the early 1970s. The IJPC is well-known in Japan for its tragic and unfortunate destiny ending with the collapse of the whole project mainly due to adverse external occurrences such as the oil shock in 1973, the Iranian Revolution in 1979, and the Iran-Iraqi War, which lasted for eight years from 1980. The project was finally forced into liquidation in 1989 leaving a huge amount of loss among the companies concerned. In this sense the IJPC is often regarded as the biggest and the worst country risk case in which Japanese companies were involved after the Second World War. In this paper the author draws attention to two important fact findings which seemed to influence the subsequent development of the IJPC. One was the distinct negotiation skill on the Iranian side, which resulted in the gradual receding position on the Japanese side from the beginning of the project. Iran almost always took the initiative in the negotiation and kept the Japanese side at bay. The other was that there was a complicated conflict of interests not only between Iran and Japan but also among the Japanese companies themselves. They couldn’t manage the conflict of interests and this brought about the delay of the project even at an early stage. As a result, the IJPC was trapped with organizational problems.
    [Show full text]
  • Oil Shale Development in the United States: Prospects and Policy Issues
    INFRASTRUCTURE, SAFETY, AND ENVIRONMENT THE ARTS This PDF document was made available from www.rand.org as CHILD POLICY a public service of the RAND Corporation. CIVIL JUSTICE EDUCATION Jump down to document ENERGY AND ENVIRONMENT 6 HEALTH AND HEALTH CARE INTERNATIONAL AFFAIRS The RAND Corporation is a nonprofit research NATIONAL SECURITY organization providing objective analysis and POPULATION AND AGING PUBLIC SAFETY effective solutions that address the challenges facing SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY the public and private sectors around the world. SUBSTANCE ABUSE TERRORISM AND HOMELAND SECURITY TRANSPORTATION AND Support RAND INFRASTRUCTURE Purchase this document WORKFORCE AND WORKPLACE Browse Books & Publications Make a charitable contribution For More Information Visit RAND at www.rand.org Explore RAND Infrastructure, Safety, and Environment View document details Limited Electronic Distribution Rights This document and trademark(s) contained herein are protected by law as indicated in a notice appearing later in this work. This electronic representation of RAND intellectual property is provided for non-commercial use only. Permission is required from RAND to reproduce, or reuse in another form, any of our research documents. This product is part of the RAND Corporation monograph series. RAND monographs present major research findings that address the challenges facing the public and private sectors. All RAND monographs undergo rigorous peer review to ensure high standards for research quality and objectivity. Oil Shale Development in the United States Prospects and Policy Issues James T. Bartis, Tom LaTourrette, Lloyd Dixon, D.J. Peterson, Gary Cecchine Prepared for the National Energy Technology Laboratory of the U.S. Department of Energy The research described in this report was conducted within RAND Infrastructure, Safety, and Environment (ISE), a division of the RAND Corporation, for the National Energy Technology Laboratory of the U.S.
    [Show full text]
  • Impact of US Shale Gas on the Vertical and Horizontal Dynamics of Ethylene Price
    energies Article Impact of US Shale Gas on the Vertical and Horizontal Dynamics of Ethylene Price Soohyeon Kim 1 and Surim Oh 2,* 1 Overseas Energy Information Analysis Team, Korea Energy Economics Institute, Ulsan 44543, Korea; [email protected] 2 Department of Energy Systems Engineering, College of Engineering, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Korea * Correspondence: [email protected]; Tel.: +82-2-880-8284 Received: 12 July 2020; Accepted: 28 August 2020; Published: 31 August 2020 Abstract: The rise of shale resources in the United States is changing the petrochemical industries. Ethylene, the first building block of petrochemical products, is becoming the first target to be hit by the shale boom, and its shifting price dynamics needs to be explored. This study analyzes the transition of ethylene prices from crude oil to natural gas (vertical price dynamics) and investigates widening gaps among regional ethylene prices (horizontal price dynamics). To do this, we detect structural changes in cointegrating relationships and derive time-varying cointegration equations. In addition, for the long- and short-run dynamics, this study established and estimated an error correction model (ECM), with controlling, time-varying cointegrations. This study develops econometric studies by applying time-varying cointegration to nonenergy uses of fossil fuels. Thereby, our results discover that the feedstock structure of US ethylene is moving from crude oil to natural gas and that the comovement of US and Japanese prices is getting intensified. Keywords: time-varying cointegration; ethylene market; shale gas; error correction model 1. Introduction The United States shale boom is widening the ethylene price gap between the US and other regions.
    [Show full text]
  • Global Petrochemical Trends H1 2020
    www.spglobal.com/platts Global petrochemical trends H1 2020 Petrochemicals special report Contents Introduction 2 Aromatics and polyester chain 2 January 2020 Mixed global outlook for MX amid PX expansions 2 New capacity to pressure paraxylene margins 3 PTA under pressure amid rising supply despite expansion downstream 4 Europe, Asia tackle PET supply length, US to remain short 5 Surging MEG supply shifts global trade flows 7 Authors: Weaker demand to hit Asia OX H1 2020, but tighter supply may counter 8 Gustav Holmvik, Benjamin Brooks, Kevin Allen, Global benzene trading seen picking up with new supplies from Asia 10 Regina Sher, Miranda Zhang, Kristen Hays, Styrene faces the challenge of new supply, sluggish demand 11 Miguel Cambeiro, Samar Niazi, Tess Tseng, Simon Price, Olu Shaw, Sophia Yao, Lara Berton, Gasoline to be a key driver in global aromatics markets 12 Stergios Zacharakis, Michelle Kim, Hui Heng, Toluene conversion margins seen under continued pressure in H1 2020 13 Juan Carlos Manzano, Fumiko Dobashi, Esther Ng, Will MTBE’s unexpected bull market continue in H1 2020? 14 Shermaine Ang, Melvin Yeo, Callum Colford, Supply overhang to weigh on global methanol market 15 MK Bower, Harry Morton, Ora Lazic, Luke Milner, Chemical freight rates set to rise on IMO 2020 as tonnage glut caps gains 17 Editorial Leads: Olefins 18 Samar Niazi, Fumiko Dobashi, Eric Su, Phil Reeder, New capacities, weaker downstream markets to weigh on ethylene in 2020 18 Luke Milner, Kristen Hays, Tess Tseng, Lara Berton, Asian propylene eyes support in
    [Show full text]
  • 5.1 Petroleum Refining1
    5.1 Petroleum Refining1 5.1.1 General Description The petroleum refining industry converts crude oil into more than 2500 refined products, including liquefied petroleum gas, gasoline, kerosene, aviation fuel, diesel fuel, fuel oils, lubricating oils, and feedstocks for the petrochemical industry. Petroleum refinery activities start with receipt of crude for storage at the refinery, include all petroleum handling and refining operations, and they terminate with storage preparatory to shipping the refined products from the refinery. The petroleum refining industry employs a wide variety of processes. A refinery’s processing flow scheme is largely determined by the composition of the crude oil feedstock and the chosen slate of petroleum products. The example refinery flow scheme presented in Figure 5.1-1 shows the general processing arrangement used by refineries in the United States for major refinery processes. The arrangement of these processes will vary among refineries, and few, if any, employ all of these processes. Petroleum refining processes having direct emission sources are presented on the figure in bold-line boxes. Listed below are 5 categories of general refinery processes and associated operations: 1. Separation processes a. Atmospheric distillation b. Vacuum distillation c. Light ends recovery (gas processing) 2. Petroleum conversion processes a. Cracking (thermal and catalytic) b. Reforming c. Alkylation d. Polymerization e. Isomerization f. Coking g. Visbreaking 3. Petroleum treating processes a. Hydrodesulfurization b. Hydrotreating c. Chemical sweetening d. Acid gas removal e. Deasphalting 4. Feedstock and product handling a. Storage b. Blending c. Loading d. Unloading 5. Auxiliary facilities a. Boilers b. Waste water treatment c. Hydrogen production d.
    [Show full text]