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Cross-Cultural Exchange and the Circulation of Knowledge in the First Global Age

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Cross-Cultural Exchange and the Circulation of Knowledge in the First Global Age www.edicoesafrontamento.pt AMÉLIA POLÓNIA Amélia Polónia is a Professor at the Department of History, in the first global age global first the in knowledge of circulation the exchange and cross-cultural Political and International Studies of the Faculty of Arts of the University of Porto and scientific coordinator of the CITCEM Research Centre. Her scientific interests include agent-based analysis applied to historical dynamics, social and economic networks and seaport communities . These topics are applied to her direct interests on the Portuguese Overseas Expansion and the European Colonization in the Early Modern Age. Seaports history, migrations, transfers and flows between different continents and oceans as well as the environmental impacts of the European colonization overseas are key-subjects of Amélia Polónia's recent research. FABIANO BRACHT PhD in History at the University of Porto, Postdoctoral Researcher at the University of São Paulo (USP), and researcher of the CITCEM, University of Porto. His recent publications are related with the thematics of the Social His- tory of Health, History of Science, Medicine, Pharmacy and Natural Sciences, and Environmental History. Bracht’s cur- CROSS-CULTURAL EXCHANGE CROSS-CULTURAL EXCHANGE CROSS-CULTURAL EXCHANGE rent research field is the History of Medicine and Natural AND THE CIRCULATION OF Sciences in the eighteenth century South Asia and the pro- KNOWLEDGE IN THE FIRST AND THE CIRCULATION OF AND THE CIRCULATION OF duction and circulation of knowledge within the Colonial GLOBAL AGE KNOWLEDGE IN THE FIRST KNOWLEDGE IN THE FIRST Empires. GLOBAL AGE GISELE C. CONCEIÇÃO EDITORS PhD in History at the University of Porto, Portugal. Post- AMÉLIA POLÓNIA FABIANO BRACHT EDITORS GLOBAL AGE doctoral researcher at Faculty of Arts and Humanities at GISELE C. CONCEIÇÃO AMÉLIA POLÓNIA University of São Paulo (USP), Brazil. Researcher of CITCEM. MONIQUE PALMA FABIANO BRACHT Gisele Conceição has been working on the History of Sci- GISELE C. CONCEIÇÃO MONIQUE PALMA ence, especially History of Natural Philosophy and Medicine in the Early Modern Portuguese Empire. Her research focus MONIQUE PALMA MONIQUE GISELE C. CONCEIÇÃO BRACHT FABIANO AMÉLIA POLÓNIA EDITORS is on the processes of knowledge production, emphasizing EDITORS the entanglement and dynamics of knowledge forms in their AMÉLIA POLÓNIA historical making. Some of her specific interests include FABIANO BRACHT History of Natural Philosophy, History of Medicine, Envi- GISELE C. CONCEIÇÃO ronmental History, Philosophical Travels, and Scientific MONIQUE PALMA Expeditions throughout the Portuguese Empire in the Early Modern Period. MONIQUE PALMA Monique Palma is PhD student in History at the University of Porto in Portugal. She holds a fellowship from Capes (Coor- dination for the Improvement of Higher Education Person- nel – Coordinating efforts to improve the quality of Brazil’s faculty and staff in higher education through grant programs). She is a member of CITCEM (Transdisciplinary Research Centre). She currently researches the circulations of med- CITCEM ical surgical knowledge between Portugal and Brazil in the y y eighteenth century, as part of the history of science. Cross-cultural Exchange and the Circulation oF Knowledge in the First Global Age Editors Amélia Polónia Fabiano Bracht Gisele C. Conceição Monique Palma Scientific Committee Ana Isabel Queirós Cristina Joanaz Cristiana Bastos João Carlos Garcia JosÉ Pardo-Tomás Onésimo Almeida Timothy Walker ThomÁs Haddad Título: Cross-cultural Exchange and the Circulation of Knowledge in the First Global Age Editores: Amélia Polónia, Fabiano Bracht, Gisele C. Conceição e Monique Palma Comissão científica: Ana Isabel Queirós, Cristina Joanaz, Cristiana Bastos, João Carlos Garcia, José Pardo-Tomás Onésimo Almeida, Timothy Walker e Thomás Haddad Design gráfico: Helena Lobo Design | www.hldesign.pt Imagem da capa: POPPLE, Henry – Atlas Map of the British Empire in America (sheet 17). London: Willm. Henry Toms & R.W. Seale, 1733. Copyright of the David Rumsey Historical Map Collection (www.davidrumsey.com) Revisão editorial: Marta Sofia Costa Co­‑edição: CITCEM – Centro de Investigação Transdisciplinar Cultura, Espaço e Memória Via Panorâmica, s/n | 4150­‑564 Porto | www.citcem.org | [email protected] Edições Afrontamento, Lda. | Rua Costa Cabral, 859 | 4200­‑225 Porto www.edicoesafrontamento.pt | [email protected] N.º edição: 1913 ISBN: 978-972-36-1635-4 (Edições Afrontamento) ISBN: 978 -989 -8351 -88 -3 (CITCEM) Depósito legal: 437100/18 DOI: https://doi.org/10.21747/9789898351883Cross Porto, novembro de 2018 Impressão e acabamento: Rainho & Neves Lda. | Santa Maria da Feira [email protected] Distribuição: Companhia das Artes – Livros e Distribuição, Lda. [email protected] Trabalho cofinanciado pelo Fundo Europeu de Desenvolvimento Regional (FEDER) através do COMPETE 2020 – Programa Operacional Competitividade e Internacionalização (POCI) e por fundos nacionais através da FCT, no âmbito do projeto POCI-01-0145-FEDER-007460. TABLE OF CONTENTS INTRODUCTION 5 PART I – SCIENCE AS POWER AND THE POWER OF SCIENCE 13 Science and power relations: Circulation of agents and natural philosophical knowledge between Portugal and Brazil in the 18th century – The case of António Nunes Ribeiro Sanches 15 Gisele Cristina da Conceição The Luso-Brazilian medical students at Montpellier and the establishment of an intellectual elite between two Atlantic empires 37 Rafael Dias da Silva Campos From the garden of Mr. Lindo to the Philosophical Transactions. Scientific exchanges and knowledge legitimation in the mid-18th century Royal Society 53 Carla Vieira PART II – PERCEPTIONS AND INTERACTIONS WITHIN COLONIAL NATURAL WORLDS 73 Towards a scientific approach of nature: Looking at Southern Africa biodiversity throughout the 16th century Portuguese records on marine fauna 75 Ana Cristina Roque Connected margins and disconnected knowledge: Exotic marine mammals in the making of early modern European natural history 103 Cristina Brito A comparative approach to historical whaling techniques: Transfer of knowledge in the 17th century from the Biscay to Brazil 125 Nina Vieira From the New World to Barcelona: American flora in the Salvador’s Cabinet 145 Julianna Morcelli Oliveros PART III – COLONIAL MEDICAL PRACTICES AND THE TRANSFERENCE OF KNOWLEDGE 165 The Eastern Portuguese Empire: Frontiers and contact zones in knowledge production contexts 167 Fabiano Bracht Circulation of knowledge between Portugal and Brazil in the 18th century. The case study of thermal bathing 193 Monique Palma Medicinal plants of Brazil in the pharmacopoeias of the friar João de Jesus Maria 207 Wellington Bernardelli Silva Filho Introduction Introduction Cross-cultural Exchange and the Circulation of Knowledge in the First Global Age contributes to the understanding of mechanisms and processes of production and circulation of knowledge in the Early Modern Age. Seeing that the Early Modern colonial empires connected a wide variety of peoples and cul- tural complexes all over the world, this will also be a contribution to colonial history. The focus of the pres- ent collection is on the relation between the development of local knowledge production and its connec- tion with wider contexts, at local and global levels. In this setting, knowledge production would, therefore, also be influenced by how knowledge circulated among the various producers, associated with local factors, processes of exchange, negotiation, and reconfiguration, often involving asymmetric power relations. From that viewpoint, knowledge production would no longer be related only with the so-called scientific knowledge, as upheld by traditional works on the history of science, but would also involve wide-ranging practical knowledge and its global circulation, allowing knowledge production mechanisms to be under- stood as a more complex system, crossing different local and polycentric systems. During the last decades, different strands of analysis have been running in the same direction. In colonial studies, there has been an increase in studies analyzing the role of local populations within the pro- cesses of empire building1. Another discussion that has become increasingly relevant concerns the impor- tance of extra-official circuits and mechanisms, as well as self-organized networks connecting diverse worlds in contact, assumed both as trans-imperial and cross-cultural2. This question is intrinsically related to the circulation of artefacts of knowledge – material or cultural – through these connected structures3. In this context, it became crucial to look at the activities of various intermediaries, brokers, go-betweens and translators, without whom the colonial institutions or the religious orders could have successfully inter- acted with the local communities, nor gained access to their set of practices and knowledge. The origins of these individuals varied greatly, and they constituted an extremely diverse cosmos, with varied cultural, reli- gious and linguistic backgrounds, building many dimensions of sociability, sharing knowledge and other cultural features. Foreigners, local inhabitants or those of mixed descent, these individuals represented the most diverse roles within or in the margins of the colonial structures. Whether merchants or ship-owners, whether surgeons, physicians, herbalists or missionaries, to say nothing of the village healers and midwives or just the curiosity collectors, such agents and their products and
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