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Brycheiniog Vol 42:44036 Brycheiniog 2005 28/2/11 10:18 Page 1
68531_Brycheiniog_Vol_42:44036_Brycheiniog_2005 28/2/11 10:18 Page 1 BRYCHEINIOG Cyfnodolyn Cymdeithas Brycheiniog The Journal of the Brecknock Society CYFROL/VOLUME XLII 2011 Golygydd/Editor BRYNACH PARRI Cyhoeddwyr/Publishers CYMDEITHAS BRYCHEINIOG A CHYFEILLION YR AMGUEDDFA THE BRECKNOCK SOCIETY AND MUSEUM FRIENDS 68531_Brycheiniog_Vol_42:44036_Brycheiniog_2005 28/2/11 10:18 Page 2 CYMDEITHAS BRYCHEINIOG a CHYFEILLION YR AMGUEDDFA THE BRECKNOCK SOCIETY and MUSEUM FRIENDS SWYDDOGION/OFFICERS Llywydd/President Mr K. Jones Cadeirydd/Chairman Mr J. Gibbs Ysgrifennydd Anrhydeddus/Honorary Secretary Miss H. Gichard Aelodaeth/Membership Mrs S. Fawcett-Gandy Trysorydd/Treasurer Mr A. J. Bell Archwilydd/Auditor Mrs W. Camp Golygydd/Editor Mr Brynach Parri Golygydd Cynorthwyol/Assistant Editor Mr P. W. Jenkins Curadur Amgueddfa Brycheiniog/Curator of the Brecknock Museum Mr N. Blackamoor Pob Gohebiaeth: All Correspondence: Cymdeithas Brycheiniog, Brecknock Society, Amgueddfa Brycheiniog, Brecknock Museum, Rhodfa’r Capten, Captain’s Walk, Aberhonddu, Brecon, Powys LD3 7DS Powys LD3 7DS Ôl-rifynnau/Back numbers Mr Peter Jenkins Erthyglau a llyfrau am olygiaeth/Articles and books for review Mr Brynach Parri © Oni nodir fel arall, Cymdeithas Brycheiniog a Chyfeillion yr Amgueddfa piau hawlfraint yr erthyglau yn y rhifyn hwn © Except where otherwise noted, copyright of material published in this issue is vested in the Brecknock Society & Museum Friends 68531_Brycheiniog_Vol_42:44036_Brycheiniog_2005 28/2/11 10:18 Page 3 CYNNWYS/CONTENTS Swyddogion/Officers -
Why Did Britain Become a Republic? > New Government
Civil War > Why did Britain become a republic? > New government Why did Britain become a republic? Case study 2: New government Even today many people are not aware that Britain was ever a republic. After Charles I was put to death in 1649, a monarch no longer led the country. Instead people dreamed up ideas and made plans for a different form of government. Find out more from these documents about what happened next. Report on the An account of the Poem on the arrest of setting up of the new situation in Levellers, 1649 Commonwealth England, 1649 Portrait & symbols of Cromwell at the The setting up of Cromwell & the Battle of the Instrument Commonwealth Worcester, 1651 of Government http://www.nationalarchives.gov.uk/education/ Page 1 Civil War > Why did Britain become a republic? > New government Case study 2: New government - Source 1 A report on the arrest of some Levellers, 29 March 1649 (Catalogue ref: SP 25/62, pp.134-5) What is this source? This is a report from a committee of MPs to Parliament. It explains their actions against the leaders of the Levellers. One of the men they arrested was John Lilburne, a key figure in the Leveller movement. What’s the background to this source? Before the war of the 1640s it was difficult and dangerous to come up with new ideas and try to publish them. However, during the Civil War censorship was not strongly enforced. Many political groups emerged with new ideas at this time. One of the most radical (extreme) groups was the Levellers. -
Cromwelliana 2012
CROMWELLIANA 2012 Series III No 1 Editor: Dr Maxine Forshaw CONTENTS Editor’s Note 2 Cromwell Day 2011: Oliver Cromwell – A Scottish Perspective 3 By Dr Laura A M Stewart Farmer Oliver? The Cultivation of Cromwell’s Image During 18 the Protectorate By Dr Patrick Little Oliver Cromwell and the Underground Opposition to Bishop 32 Wren of Ely By Dr Andrew Barclay From Civilian to Soldier: Recalling Cromwell in Cambridge, 44 1642 By Dr Sue L Sadler ‘Dear Robin’: The Correspondence of Oliver Cromwell and 61 Robert Hammond By Dr Miranda Malins Mrs S C Lomas: Cromwellian Editor 79 By Dr David L Smith Cromwellian Britain XXIV : Frome, Somerset 95 By Jane A Mills Book Reviews 104 By Dr Patrick Little and Prof Ivan Roots Bibliography of Books 110 By Dr Patrick Little Bibliography of Journals 111 By Prof Peter Gaunt ISBN 0-905729-24-2 EDITOR’S NOTE 2011 was the 360th anniversary of the Battle of Worcester and was marked by Laura Stewart’s address to the Association on Cromwell Day with her paper on ‘Oliver Cromwell: a Scottish Perspective’. ‘Risen from Obscurity – Cromwell’s Early Life’ was the subject of the study day in Huntingdon in October 2011 and three papers connected with the day are included here. Reflecting this subject, the cover illustration is the picture ‘Cromwell on his Farm’ by Ford Madox Brown (1821–1893), painted in 1874, and reproduced here courtesy of National Museums Liverpool. The painting can be found in the Lady Lever Art Gallery in Port Sunlight Village, Wirral, Cheshire. In this edition of Cromwelliana, it should be noted that the bibliography of journal articles covers the period spring 2009 to spring 2012, addressing gaps in the past couple of years. -
A Handbook to the Coinage of Scotland
Gift of the for In ^ Nflmisutadcs Digitized by the Internet Archive in 2016 https://archive.org/details/handbooktocoinagOOrobe A HANDBOOK TO THE COINAGE OF SCOTLAND. Interior of a Mint. From a French engraving of the reign of Louis XII. A HANDBOOK TO THE COINAGE OF SCOTLAND, GIVING A DESCRIPTION OF EVERY VARIETY ISSUED BY THE SCOTTISH MINT IN GOLD, SILVER, BILLON, AND COPPER, FROM ALEXANDER I. TO ANNE, With an Introductory Chapter on the Implements and Processes Employed. BY J. D. ROBERTSON, MEMBER OF THE NUMISMATIC SOCIETY OF LONDON. LONDON: GEORGE BELL ANI) SONS, YORK STREET, COVENT GARDEN. 1878. CHISWICK PRESS C. WHITTINGHAM, TOOKS COURT, CHANCERY LANE. TO C. W. KING, M.A., SENIOR FELLOW OF TRINITY COLLEGE, CAMBRIDGE, THIS LITTLE BOOK IS GRATEFULLY INSCRIBED. CONTENTS. PAGE Preface vii Introductory Chapter xi Table of Sovereigns, with dates, showing the metals in which each coined xxix Gold Coins I Silver Coins 33 Billon Coins 107 Copper Coins 123 Appendix 133 Mottoes on Scottish Coins translated 135 List of Mint Towns, with their principal forms of spelling . 138 Index 141 PREFACE. The following pages were originally designed for my own use alone, but the consideration that there must be many collectors and owners of coins who would gladly give more attention to this very interesting but somewhat involved branch of numismatics—were they not deterred by having no easily accessible information on the subject—has in- duced me to offer them to the public. My aim has been to provide a description of every coin issued by the Scottish Mint, with particulars as to weight, fineness, rarity, mint-marks, &c., gathered from the best authorities, whom many collectors would probably not have the opportunity of consulting, except in our large public libraries ; at the same time I trust that the information thus brought together may prove sufficient to refresh the memory of the practised numismatist on points of detail. -
Chapter 4 English History Anglo Saxon: 450 – 1066 A.D. – Mixed With
Chapter 4 English History Anglo Saxon: 450 – 1066 A.D. – mixed with the natives of the island Native Brits + Germans = rule the Island of England 1066 A.D. – Norman Conquest: William of Normandy France conquers the Island of England (the Anglo Saxons) 1st Norman King – King William I Kings are technically Warlords - to become King you need to kill = own all the land Feudalism King = protection Kings Army (Dukes – Knights) = in charge of making money, make sure the serfs are doing their job Money = Scutage = Tax Serf = work the land Everyone under the King = King’s subjects 1189 – 1199 A.D. – King Richard (Lionheart) died in battle in France Lionheart was part of the 3rd Crusade 1199 – 1216 A.D. King John (Lackland) Tyrant King – abused his power Taxed his nobles relentlessly - 1215 A.D. Baronial Revolt – Nobles rebelled against the King and make him sign a document. They created the Magna Carta (Great Charter) – Gives rights to the Nobles. This lessens the kings power. At this time a middle class is being created, but HOW? This middle class becomes the downfall of feudalism. The middle class is called the Yeoman. (Human bowmen). Went and fought in the war, but got paid. They were smarter and had some money. 1216 – 1272 A.D. King Henry III He was 9 years old when he became King. 1258 – Henry’s cousin, a noble, Simon de Montforte, assembled many of the other Nobles, Knights, and Clergy to create what is now called the House of Lords. The House of Lords represents the nobles/wealthy people. -
History Term 4
History: Why were Kings back in Fashion by 1660? Year 7 Term 4 Timeline Key Terms Key Questions 1625 Charles I becomes King of England. Civil War A war between people of the same country. What Caused the English Civil War? The Divine Right of Kings — Charles I felt that God had given him Charles closes Parliament. The Eleven Years of This is a belief that the King or Queen is the most 1629 Divine Right of the power to rule and so Parliament should follow his leadership. Tyranny begin. powerful person on earth as God put them into Kings Parliament disagreed with the King over the Divine Right of Kings. power. Parliament believed it should have an important role in running the Charles reopens Parliament in order to raise 1640 country. money for war. Parliament tried to limit the King’s power. Charles responded by Eleven Years Charles I ruled England without Parliament for declaring war on Parliament in 1642. Tyranny eleven years. Charles I attempts to arrest 5 members of 1642 parliament. The English Civil War begins. Why did Parliament Win the War? A government where a King or Queen is the Head of Monarchy 1644 Parliamentarians win the Battle of Marston Moor. State. The New Model Army was created by Parliamentarians in 1645. These soldiers were paid for their services and trained well. 1645 Parliamentarians win the Battle of Naseby. A group in the UK elected by the people. They have Parliament had more money. They controlled the south of England Parliament which was much richer in resources. -
Abbreviations, 188 Accounts of the Society, 162-3 Aethelred II, Coins Of
INDEX Abbreviations, 188 COWELL, M.R. and E.M. BESLY, The metrology of the Accounts of the Society, 162-3 English Civil War coinages of Charles I, 57-75 Aethelred II, coins of, 124, 153 CUDDEFORD, M.J., Contributions to the Coin Register, 143, Alnage seals, 31-6 145, 149-50, 155 Aquitaine, coins of, 151-2, 155 Cunobelin, coins of, 144-6 ARCHIBALD, MARION M., Contributions to the Coin Regis- ter, 150-2, 154 DAVIES, J.A., Contributions to the Coin Register, 151-5 — Dating Stephen's first type, 9-22 DICKINSON, M., Contributions to paper by Greenall, 94-120 ATTWOOD, P., Robert Johnson and a railway centenary Dublin mint of Edward I, 23-30 medal, 139-40 DUNGER, G.T., Contributions to the Coin Register, 152,155 Austria, coins of, 88, 136 Eadwald of E. Anglia, coin of, 152 Edinburgh, mint, 126-9 Baldred, coin of, 153 Edward the Elder, coin of, 153 Bar, coin of, 155 Edward the Martyr, coin of, 153 BARBER, P., Review of Woolf's The medallic record of the Edward VI, coins of, 79, 86 Jacobite movement, 156-7 EGAN, G., Alnage seals and the national coinage - some BARCLAY, C.P., A Civil War hoard from Grewelthorpe, parallels in design, 31-6 North Yorkshire, 76-81 Elizabeth I, coins of, 79, 86, 134 — Review of Attwood's British Museum Occasional Paper Eppillus, coins of, 146 76, Acquisitions of Badges (1983-1987), 158 BATESON, J.D., The 1991 Kelso Treasure Trove, 82-9 EEARON, D., Review of Attwood's British Museum Occa- — A late seventeenth century hoard from Fauldhouse, West sional Paper 78, Acquisitions of Medals (1983-1987), Lothian, 133-6 157-8 Bellovaci, coin of, 143 Finds (for single finds, see the geographical index to the Beonna of E. -
Ancient Coins
ANCIENT COINS GREEK COINS 1. Satraps of Caria, Pixodorus (340-334 BC), gold hekte or stater, head of Apollo to r., rev. Zeus Labraundos standing to r. holding double axe and lotus-tipped sceptre, wt. 1.35gms. (Sear 4963; F.440), very fine and rare ⅙ $1000-1200 2. Kings of Lydia, temp. Alyattes-Kroisos, circa 610-546 BC, electrum ⅓ stater or trite, Sardes mint, head of roaring lion to r., rev. two incuse square punches, wt. 4.70gms. (GCV.3398; F.448), very fine $500-700 3. Bactria, Eucratides I (170-145 BC), tetradrachm, dr., cuir. bust r., wearing crested helmet adorned with bull’s horn and ear, rev. BAΣIΛEΩΣ MEΓAΛOY, Dioskouroi holding palm fronds and lances, on horses rearing r., monogram to lower r., in ex. ΕΥΚΡΑΤΙΔΟΥ, wt. 16.94gms. (Sear 7570), certified and graded by NGC as Choice About Uncirculated, Strike 5/5, Surface 4/5 $3200-3500 ANCIENT COINS 4. Kyrene, Kyrenaika (322-313 BC), gold stater, Magistrate Polianthes, KYPANAION, Nike driving quadriga r., sun above r., rev. Zeus stg. l. by thymiaterion, holding patera and sceptre, wt. 8.70gms. (BMC.117), flan a little irregular, extremely fine $4000-4500 5. Kingdom of Thrace, Koson, King of Scythians (died 29 BC), gold stater, c. 40-29 BC, consul between lictors, all togate, walking l., rev. eagle standing l., holding wreath in one claw, wt. 8.33gms. (GCV.1733), obverse struck off-centre, otherwise extremely fine $650-850 ANCIENT COINS ROMAN COINS 6. Roman Republic, C. Servilius (136 B.C.), silver denarius, helmeted head of Roma facing r., wearing a necklace, a wreath and mark of value (XVI monogram) behind, ROMA below, rev. -
MEDALS and MILITARIA COINS, BANKNOTES, TOKENS And
COIN S, BANKNOTES, TOKENS and COMMEMORATIVE MEDALS Christopher Webb Director 020 7016 1801 [email protected] Peter Preston-Morley 020 7016 1802 [email protected] Jim Brown 020 7016 1803 [email protected] CONSULTANTS Nigel Mills Artefacts and Antiquities [email protected] Peter Mitchell British Hammered Coins [email protected] Michael O’Grady Paper Money [email protected] Douglas Saville Numismatic Literature [email protected] Italo Vecchi Greek and Roman Coins [email protected] Tim Wilkes Medieval, Indian and Islamic Coins [email protected] MEDALS and MILITARIA Nimrod Dix Dire ctor 020 7016 1820 [email protected] David Erskine-Hill 020 7016 1817 [email protected] Pierce Noonan Director 020 7016 1818 [email protected] Brian Simpkin 020 7016 1816 [email protected] CONSULTANTS Dixon Pickup Militaria [email protected] Brian Turner Arms and Armour [email protected] CLIENT LIAISON Christopher Hill 020 7016 1771 [email protected] UK REPRESENTATIVES Rich ard Gladdle East Midlands [email protected] Gary Charman West Midlands [email protected] Michael Trenerry West Country [email protected] Jim Stewart Scotland [email protected] OVERSEAS REPRESENTATIVES John Burridge Australia WA (61) 89 384 1218 [email protected] Tanya Ursual Canada Ontario (1) 613 258 5999 [email protected] Eiichi Ishii Japan Tokyo (81) 3 5777 0351 [email protected] Alex Kilman Russia [email protected] Natalie Jaffe South Africa Cape Town (27) 21 425 2639 [email protected] Dr Andy Singer USA Maryland (1) 301 805 7085 [email protected] -
The Making of Englishmen Studies in the History of Political Thought
The Making of Englishmen Studies in the History of Political Thought Edited by Terence Ball, Arizona State University JÖrn Leonhard, Albert-Ludwigs-Universität Freiburg Wyger Velema, University of Amsterdam Advisory Board Janet Coleman, London School of Economics and Political Science, UK Vittor Ivo Comparato, University of Perugia, Italy Jacques Guilhaumou, CNRS, France John Marshall, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, USA Markku Peltonen, University of Helsinki, Finland VOLUME 8 The titles published in this series are listed at brill.com/ship The Making of Englishmen Debates on National Identity 1550–1650 By Hilary Larkin LEIDEN • BOSTON 2014 This is an open access title distributed under the terms of the CC BY-NC 4.0 license, which permits any non-commercial use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author(s) and source are credited. Further information and the complete license text can be found at https://creativecommons.org/licenses/ by-nc/4.0/ The terms of the CC license apply only to the original material. The use of material from other sources (indicated by a reference) such as diagrams, illustrations, photos and text samples may require further permission from the respective copyright holder. An electronic version of this book is freely available, thanks to the support of libraries working with Knowledge Unlatched. More information about the initiative can be found at www. knowledgeunlatched.org. Cover illustration: Titian (c1545) Portrait of a Young Man (The Young Englishman). Galleria Palatina (Palazzo Pitti), Florence, Italy. Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Larkin, Hilary. The making of Englishmen : debates on national identity, 1550-1650 / by Hilary Larkin. -
The Castlecary Hoard and the Civil War Currency Of
THE CASTLECARY HOARD AND THE CIVIL WAR CURRENCY OF SCOTLAND DONAL BATESON THIS publication of an unrecorded hoard from Castlecary, ending with coins of the 1640s, presents an opportunity to examine the Civil War coin hoards from Scotland and the Scottish currency of the period. The hoard This is an enigmatic hoard in so far as it was recently re-discovered, in the National Museums of Scotland merely with a note saying, 'Castlecary Hoard 1926'. Nothing more is known of the circumstances of its finding or indeed whether it was brought to the then National Museum of Antiquities of Scotland in 1926 or subsequently. In any event it appears to have been put to one side and not returned to.1 Castlecary is a small village in Stirlingshire situated to the west of Falkirk.2 The find contains 134 coins, all of silver. The majority are English, issues of the Tower Mint, of Elizabeth I, James I and Charles I. In addition there are three Scottish coins of James VI as well as four of his Irish shillings. It includes no foreign coin. A summary shows: 8 shillings and 36 sixpences of Elizabeth I (1558-1603) 1 half-crown, 10 shillings and 8 sixpences of James I (1603-25) 26 half-crowns, 31 shillings and 7 sixpences of Charles I (1625-49) 2 thistle merks and 1 thirty shillings (Scots) of James VI (1567-1625) 4 Irish shillings of James I The face value of the English, and Irish, coins in the mid-seventeenth century was £7 6 s Od. -
A Legal Geography of the Right to Fish in English Coastal Waters: the Contribution of the Public Trust
A LEGAL GEOGRAPHY OF THE RIGHT TO FISH IN ENGLISH COASTAL WATERS: THE CONTRIBUTION OF THE PUBLIC TRUST EMMA JANE BEAN A thesis submitted in partial fulfilment of the requirements of the University of the West of England, Bristol for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy Faculty of Environment and Technology, University of the West of England, Bristol January 2021 1 ABSTRACT The health of oceanic fish stocks is a cause for concern. In UK waters, just under half of monitored stocks are being harvested at or beyond sustainable levels. This thesis seeks to identify the potential role for the legal doctrine of the public right to fish in targeting sustainable fishing. This right exists in English tidal waters, yet is relatively poorly understood even in legal scholarship, with technical issues such as the ownership of the right remaining unclear. Nonetheless, government has often stressed the importance of the public interest in fisheries management. It is therefore important to understand more deeply the exact legal nature of this interest, especially with respect to the implications for the powers and duties appertaining to those managing the interest. This thesis uses a legal geography methodology to identify both how the public fishery is owned and what duties (if any) are attendant upon such ownership. Part of this challenge is squarely within the remit of black letter legal analysis, though this by itself is insufficient to address the research question. Empirically this research explores how the public fishery is understood and experienced in practice by key institutions and actors within the Devon & Severn Inshore Fisheries and Conservation Authority.