Það Er Kominn Gestur

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Það Er Kominn Gestur Helga Guðrún Johnson Jónsdóttir Sigurveig Sigurveig Jónsdóttir ÞAÐ ER KOMINN GESTUR Helga Guðrún Johnson Saga ferðaþjónustu á Íslandi Saga skipulegrar ferðaþjónustu á Íslandi er ekki löng í sögulegu samhengi, en hún er þeim mun ævintýralegri. Frásagnir ferðalanga og landkönnuða sem sóttu landið heim á fyrri öldum eru merkar heimildir, og vitna jafnt um fordóma og fáfræði sem forvitni og aðdáun. Slíkar heimsóknir voru svo fáar að þær rötuðu í annála hér heima og ófá rit voru gefin út erlendis um upplifun og rannsóknir ferðlanganna, gjarnan prýdd ómetanlegum myndum. Íslenskir fræðimenn fóru svo smám saman að kanna landið sitt og skrifa um það, meðal annars í þeim tilgangi að ryðja úr vegi ýmsum ÞAÐ ER KOMINN GESTUR bábiljum í ritum útlendinganna. Skipulegar skemmtiferðir og lystireisur hingað til lands hófust þó ekki fyrr en seint á 19. öldinni, þegar skipakomum fjölgaði. Þá skapaðist grundvöllur fyrir ferðaþjónustu og fyrstu útibú erlendra ferðaskrifstofa voru opnuð hér á landi. Þar með hófst magnað ferli, þar sem sjálfsögð gestrisni við fáeina ferðamenn þróaðist í að verða stærsta atvinnugrein þjóðarinnar, og sér ekki fyrir endann á því ævintýri. Framfarir í sam- göngumálum gera það að verkum að Ísland er ekki lengur úr leið, auk þess sem Íslendingar ferðast nú mun meira um eigið land en áður var, og leita þá gjarnan á vit friðsemdarinnar fjarri mannabyggðum. Höfundar verksins, Helga Guðrún Johnson og Sigurveig Jónsdóttir, hafa unnið mikið við að skrá sögu atvinnulífsins. Í þessu verki hafa þær kapp- kostað að gera frumkvöðlum í ferðaþjónustu skil, og rekja þessa miklu sögu með frásögnum þeirra sem riðu á vaðið og stóðu fyrir nýbreytni. Það er léttur blær yfir frásögninni og bókin er búin fjölmörgum ljós- ÞAÐ ER KOMINN myndum sem glæða þessa einstöku sögu mögnuðu lífi. Saga ferðaþjónustu á Íslandi GESTUR Samtök ferðaþjónustunnar það er kominn gestur Sigurveig Jónsdóttir Helga Guðrún Johnson það er kominn gestur Saga ferðaþjónustu á Íslandi Samtök ferðaþjónustunnar Þad er kominn gestur © texti: Sigurveig Jónsdóttir og Helga Guðrún Johnson © myndir: Sjá myndaskrá Umsjón útgáfu: Bókaútgáfan Opna ehf. Forlagsritstjórn: Sigurður Svavarsson Hönnun og umbrot: Anna Cynthia Leplar Prentvinnsla: ? Öll réttindi áskilin. Bók þessa má ekki afrita með neinum hætti, svo sem ljósmyndun, prentun, hljóðritun eða á annan sambærilega hátt, að hluta eða í heild, án skriflegs leyfis útgefanda. Samtök ferðaþjónustunnar, Reykjavík 2014 ISBN: EFNISYFIRLIT Formáli 7 utan alfaraleiða 8 ekki bara kóngar og sérvitringar 38 vegir, vertar og veitingar 72 uppgrip í stríði 102 af himnum ofan 122 um veg og vegleysur 142 hótelvæðing í bæ og sveit 168 ferðaþjónusta í fámenni 192 tækifærin gripin 212 vaxtarsprotinn tekur kipp 244 ferðaþjónustan í fararbroddi 274 horft til framtíðar 306 Gamall draumur orðinn að veruleika 317 Frá höfundum 318 Tilvísanir 319 Heimildir 323 Nafnaskrá 327 Myndaskrá 331 FERÐAÞJÓNUSTA | 5 6 | FERÐAÞJÓNUSTA Formáli Um nokkurt skeið hefur verið rætt um nauðsyn þess að halda til haga helstu áföngum í tiltölulega stuttri en umfangsmikilli sögu ferðaþjónustu á Íslandi. Á aðalfundi Samtaka ferðaþjónustunnar, sem haldinn var á Akureyri vorið 2011, var samþykkt að samtökin skyldu leggja drög að ritun á sögu greinarinnar. Þar sem ljóst var að um umfangsmikið verk yrði að ræða var leitað til ráðuneytis ferða- mála um fjárstuðning og tók Katrín Júlíusdóttir, þáverandi ráðherra, erindinu vel og í framhaldi af því var sett á laggirnar ritnefnd til að halda utan um vinnuna. Í ritnefndinni sátu þau Hildur Jónsdóttir formaður, Helga Haraldsdóttir, Áslaug Alfreðsdóttir, Magnús Oddsson og Guðjón Arngrímsson auk þess sem Erna Hauksdóttir, framkvæmdastjóri SAF, starfaði með nefndinni. Mikill fengur var að fá slíkt einvalalið í þessa vinnu og eru nefndarmönnum færðar alúðarþakkir fyrir að leggja verkefninu til tíma sinn og þekkingu. Til þess að skrifa sjálft verkið voru fengnir miklir reynsluboltar í skráningu sögu atvinnu- lífsins, þær Helga Guðrún Johnson og Sigurveig Jónsdóttir. Það er skemmtileg tilviljun að á sama tíma og saga ferðaþjónustunnar kemur út á bók eru einmitt þau tímamót að íslensk ferðaþjónusta er sú atvinnugrein sem skapar þjóðar- búinu mestar gjaldeyristekjur. Umfang greinarinnar hefur vaxið gríðarlega á stuttum tíma og því eru margir af frumkvöðlum íslenskrar ferðaþjónustu enn starfandi. Við sem störf- um í greininni erum stolt af árangrinum þegar litið er yfir farinn veg og eigum frumkvöðl- unum mikið að þakka. Án hugmyndaflugs þeirra og trúar á Ísland sem ferðamannaland hefði ævintýrið aldrei orðið að veruleika. Þrátt fyrir að taka á mörgum helstu þáttum í sögu ferðaþjónustunnar er ljóst að verkið er ekki tæmandi heimild um söguna enda af svo mörgu að taka. Ekki var lögð áhersla á að gefa viðburðum næst okkur í tíma mikið rými, saga þeirra mun verða rakin síðar með ítarlegri hætti. Ég vil þakka öllum sem komu að þessu verki. Þetta er glæsilegt verk sem ég veit að margir munu hafa gagn og ekki síður gaman að, enda var lagt upp með að hafa ritið læsilegt og búa það ríkulega út með myndefni. Árni Gunnarsson formaður SAF 2008-2014 FERÐAÞJÓNUSTA | 7 Konungur sæKir landið heim í fyrsta sinn Kristján IX. fagnar þúsund ára afmæli byggðar í landinu með Íslendingum. Valdimar prins með í för lóur, p Stærsta Skáldið mýrisnípur ferðaskrifstofa William og silungar á heims á Íslandi borðum morris Árið 1872 fékk Geir Zoëga umboð dásamar Breskir stangveiðimenn sækja fyrir bresku ferðaskrifstofuna landið heim í auknum mæli Thomas Cook. og gæða sér á ýmsu lostæti ísland sem landsmönnum þykir „... hið dýrðlega látleysi framandlegt. • hins voðalega og tragíska FyrSta en fagra lands, með sínar ógleymanlegu sögur hótelið Í af hugrökkum reykjavÍk mönnum, eyddu öllum Skandinavia er fyrsta hótel efasemdartilfinningum bæjarins. Í Þjóðólfi segir að það sé 130 „... gistihús fyrir almenning, bæði í huga mér,” sagði æðri menn og lægri.” breska skáldið. heSta hótel í höfuðstað Norðurlands Ameríski viðskiptajöfurinn Georg Schrader hefur reist stórt og vandað hesthús í 8 | FERÐAÞJÓNUSTA Grófargili á Akureyri. utan alfaraleiða Ferðaþjónusta var lengi að taka á sig mynd á Íslandi. Um aldir urðu ferðalangar nánast eingöngu að treysta á gestrisni og leiðsögn bændafólks. Það var ekki fyrr en um miðja nítj- ándu öld sem önnur gisting stóð til boða. Ef til vill má reyndar segja að fyrir þann tíma hafi ekki verið mikil þörf fyrir slíka þjónustu. Fáir erlendir ferðamenn lögðu leið sína til landsins og nánast enginn án þess að eiga brýnt erindi. Þeir sem þó komu í leit að nýjum slóðum og torsóttum þurftu að treysta á þjónustulund landsmanna. Það grær aldrei gatan til þeirra Gestrisni hefur allt frá landnámi verið talin mikil dyggð á Íslandi. Þótt stundum væri talað um gestanauð á býlum sem voru við fjölfarnar leiðir, var hitt algengara að menn tækju gestum fagnandi og teldu það sér til ágætis að vera álitnir góðir heim að sækja. Á mið- öldum hvíldi biskupsgisting sem skylda á einstökum kirkjustöðum en gistigreiðinn var þó yfirleitt veittur á bændabýlunum – og oft án þess að nokkur greiðsla kæmi fyrir.1 Það var mikið hrós þegar sagt var um greiðvikið fólk: Það grær aldrei gatan til þeirra. „Hvort sem við komum inn í hús verkamanns eða ríks borgara, rétti Íslendingurinn okkur vinsamlega hönd sína og bauð til stofu, en húsfreyjan flýtti sér að bjóða okkur allt það besta er hún átti,“ ritaði Xavier Marmier, einn vísindamannanna í Paul Gaimard-leið- angri Frakka til Íslands árið 1836.2 Undir þetta taka margir þeirra sem færðu ferðasögu sína frá Íslandi í letur. Nánast alls staðar var gestum tekið fagnandi, boðið til gestastofu og ekki stóð á veitingunum. „… kaffiketillinn hlýtur að „standa á eldinum“ alla tíma dags- FERÐAÞJÓNUSTA | 9 ins á íslensku bæjunum,“ segir Carl Wilhelm Paijkull, sænskur nátt- úruvísindamaður sem ferðaðist um landið sumarið 1865, í bók sinni En sommer på Island. Þó sá hann margt sem betur mætti fara2 Opnar bæjardyr voru vísbend- ing um að gestir væru velkomnir, en eflaust hefur stundum þurft að breyta út af því. Það getur verið kalsamt að skilja eftir opnar dyr á Íslandi. Ólafur Helgi Jónsson sem síðar varð bóndi á Eystri-Sól- heimum í Mýrdal lýsti gestagangi á Eystri-Skógum á æskuárum sínum. Hann hefur verið mikill, jafnvel að vetri til. Ólafur Helgi mundi eftir því að einn þorrann hafi til dæmis Oft var erfitt að greina íslensku bæina frá landslaginu. verið þar einn eða fleiri næturgestir hverja nótt. Margir þurftu auk þess að fá fylgd yfir Jökulsá. Aldrei var tekin greiðsla fyrir þessa þjónustu. Hindurvitni og dómharka Ferðaþjónusta á Íslandi byrjaði reyndar heldur óbjörgulega. Gamlar heimildir benda síður en svo til þess að af landinu færi þannig orð að það vekti mikinn áhuga á Íslandsferðum. Í byrjun sextándu aldar var haft eftir Englendingum sem sóttu sjávarfang til Íslands að þar byggi villt þjóð, „… ómenntuð og hálfnakin og býr hún í mjög lágum húsum neðanjarðar. Um sjóinn þar er ekki hægt að sigla í 6 mánuði af því hann er frosinn.“4 Þetta kemur fram á korti sem gefið var út á þessum tíma og ekki bætir eftirfarandi úr skák: „Þar er sagt að lengstir dagar séu 22 stundir eða meir og mjög stuttar nætur, af því eyjan er svo langt frá miðjarðarlínu, og er mælt að hún sé lengst þaðan af öllum löndum. Sakir hins kalda og óstöðuga loftslags fæst þar enginn annar matur en fiskur þurrkaður við kulda.“ Þessi lýsing er ekki beint spennandi eða til þess fallin að fólk legði unnvörpum í langt og kostnaðarsamt ferðalag til að skoða þetta eyríki nánar. Sagan sem hér verður sögð byrj- aði því satt best að segja við brekkurætur. Skítugt fólk og vondur matur Nokkrum áratugum síðar birtist á prenti lýsing á Íslandi sem mun hafa farið víða. Höfund- urinn var þýskur kaupmaður, Gories Peerse, sem líklega hefur komið nokkrum sinnum 10 | FERÐAÞJÓNUSTA til landsins. Lýsingar hans eru ófagrar. Hann segir landið furðulegt vegna vinds, bleytu, kulda og sérstaklega hárra fjalla. Nefnir hann til sögunnar Snæfellsjökul og Heklu sem bændurnir telji vera helvíti.
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