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The Arctic As a Food Producing Region
FINAL REPORT -- THE ARCTIC AS A FOOD PRODUCING REGION The Arctic as a Food Producing Region Final Project Report Prepared for the Arctic Council’s Sustainable Development Working Group February 2019 Contributors to this Report: David Natcher, Yang Yang, Jill Hobbs (University of Saskatchewan), Kristin Hansen, Florent Govaerts, Silje Elde, Ingrid Kvalvik, Bjørg Helen Nøstvold, Rune Rødbotten (Nofima), Sigridur Dalmannsdottir, Hilde Halland, Eivind Uleberg (Nibio), Ólafur Reykdal, Jón Árnason, Páll Gunnar Pálsson, Rakel Halldórsdóttir, Óli Þór Hilmarsson, Gunnar Þórðarson, Þóra Valsdóttir (Matis). Iceland • Marine bioresources play a key role in the bioeconomy of Iceland. Import of food, feed and fertilizers to the region indicates opportunities to increase self-sufficiency, especially with cross sectoral utilisation of side products. • Export of fish and fish products are by far the most important food export items from Iceland. In 2016 about 596 thousand tons fish products were exported for revenue of about 246,000 million ISK. • There are about 3,000 small family-owned sheep farms in Iceland. The challenges for sheep farmers are low income and the need for off-farm employment. Innovation, product development and added value products are very much needed in the sheep value chain. • Geothermal energy makes the production of various vegetables possible in Iceland. This sector can be developed considerably. • The production of the old Icelandic dairy product skyr has increased greatly in Iceland and abroad. A total volume of about 1,300 tons are exported annually for a value of about 500 million ISK. Norway • There is a potential for increased value adding of food produced in the Norwegian Arctic, in both local and national markets. -
Pilgrims to Thule
MARBURG JOURNAL OF RELIGION, Vol. 22, No. 1 (2020) 1 Pilgrims to Thule: Religion and the Supernatural in Travel Literature about Iceland Matthias Egeler Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München Abstract The depiction of religion, spirituality, and/or the ‘supernatural’ in travel writing, and more generally interconnections between religion and tourism, form a broad and growing field of research in the study of religions. This contribution presents the first study in this field that tackles tourism in and travel writing about Iceland. Using three contrasting pairs of German and English travelogues from the 1890s, the 1930s, and the 2010s, it illustrates a number of shared trends in the treatment of religion, religious history, and the supernatural in German and English travel writing about Iceland, as well as a shift that happened in recent decades, where the interests of travel writers seem to have undergone a marked change and Iceland appears to have turned from a land of ancient Northern mythology into a country ‘where people still believe in elves’. The article tentatively correlates this shift with a change in the Icelandic self-representation, highlights a number of questions arising from both this shift and its seeming correlation with Icelandic strategies of tourism marketing, and notes a number of perspectives in which Iceland can be a highly relevant topic for the research field of religion and tourism. Introduction England and Germany have long shared a deep fascination with Iceland. In spite of Iceland’s location far out in the North Atlantic and the comparative inaccessibility that this entailed, travellers wealthy enough to afford the long overseas passage started flocking to the country even in the first half of the nineteenth century. -
Overtourism in Iceland: Fantasy Or Reality?
sustainability Article Overtourism in Iceland: Fantasy or Reality? Anna Dóra Sæþórsdóttir 1,* , C. Michael Hall 2,3,4 and Margrét Wendt 1 1 Department of Geography & Tourism, Faculty of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Iceland, 101 Reykjavík, Iceland; [email protected] 2 Department of Management, Marketing and Entrepreneurship, University of Canterbury, Christchurch 8140, New Zealand; [email protected] 3 Department of Service Management and Service Studies, Lund University, Campus Helsingborg, 25108 Helsingborg, Sweden 4 Geography Research Unit, University of Oulu, 90014 Oulu, Finland * Correspondence: [email protected]; Tel.: +354-5254287 Received: 8 July 2020; Accepted: 5 September 2020; Published: 8 September 2020 Abstract: Iceland has been one of the main destinations that have been incorporated into the discourse of overtourism. However, Iceland is different to many other supposed overtourism destinations in that its tourism is based on natural areas. Nevertheless, destination discourses can play an important part in influencing tourist decision-making and government and industry policy making. A media analysis was conducted of 507 online media articles on overtourism in Iceland that were published in 2018, with the main themes being identified via content analysis. The results indicated that the media discourse represented only a partial picture of overtourism and the crowding phenomenon in Iceland, with mechanisms to respond to crowding, the satisfaction level of tourists with their Icelandic nature experience, and local people’s support for tourism being underreported. Some of the findings reflect that of other media analyses. However, there are considerable discontinuities between media representations and discourses of overtourism in Iceland, which highlight the importance of national- or destination-level media analysis. -
Assessment of Tourism Development in Arctic Entities
E3S Web of Conferences 175, 10010 (2020) https://doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/202017510010 INTERAGROMASH 2020 Assessment of tourism development in Arctic entities Olga Lukina1, Anna Kurochkina2, and Anna Karmanova2,* 1International banking Institute of a name of Anatoly Sobchak, Nevsky prospect 60, 191011, Saint Petersburg, Russia 2Peter the Great St.Petersburg Polytechnic University, Polytechnic str. 29, 195251, Saint Petersburg, Russia Abstract. The article reflects the main aspects of the development of the tourist industry of the Arctic regions. The characteristics of the tourist environment of each of the eight states forming the Arctic are presented. Dynamics of tourist flows of regions is considered. Trends in the further development of Arctic tourism are reflected. The analysis of statistical data on the subject under study is presented, conclusions on the topic are drawn. 1 Introduction Arctic tourism, like any other tourist destination, is formed on the basis of a combination of objectively existing factors of attractiveness for tourists and based on them tourist products aimed at the end-user. The increased interest in the Arctic for centuries can be due to rich deposits of unique minerals, unique natural landscapes, unique diverse animal world, unique natural phenomena and processes. Arctic territories vary considerably in their historical and cultural resources. The tourism and recreational potential of the Arctic regions is an essential element towards the optimization and rationalization of tourism activities and tourism in general. Research by scientists has shown that, owing to a significant multiplier effect, tourism acts as a catalyst for the socio-economic development of the Territories, while contributing to improving the quality of life of the local population. -
Tourism in Iceland: Soft Landing Or a Belly Flop?
Tourism in Iceland: Soft landing or a belly flop? Arion Research October 2018 Table of contents • Key findings (p. 3) • From zero to hero (p. 4) • Airlines operating environment and impact on tourist arrivals (p. 11) • The downside risk is significant (p. 21) • Are we getting ahead of ourselves in hotel construction? (p. 28) – How do Icelandic hotels fare in international comparison? (p. 38) – Airbnb showing signs of growing pains (p. 49) • How quickly the tide turns (p. 54) Key findings • Increased capacity of the Icelandic airlines has played a large role in the sensational growth in tourist arrivals to Iceland. • Although oil prices have surged since 2016, airfares have not followed. According to estimates, the Icelandic airlines will pay around one thousand ISK with each passenger in 2018, a development that is unsustainable in the long run. Airfares are simply too cheap and they need to increase. Analysis of tourist’s price elasticity of demand indicate that rising airfares could lead to decrease in number of tourists, especially if the ISK remains strong. • We predict very little growth in tourism in the coming years. In our base case tourist arrivals will increase by 1.4% next year and 2.4% in 2020. There is quite a lot of uncertainty, but we consider the downward risk to be greater. For example, if growth in VIA passengers continues at the same rate in 2019 as it has done in 2018, number of inbound tourists could slightly decrease. Global trade tension could also slow growth in passenger transport, a development which would affect Iceland. -
Þingvellir National Park
World Heritage Scanned Nomination File Name: 1152.pdf UNESCO Region: EUROPE AND NORTH AMERICA __________________________________________________________________________________________________ SITE NAME: Þingvellir National Park DATE OF INSCRIPTION: 7th July 2004 STATE PARTY: ICELAND CRITERIA: C (iii) (vi) CL DECISION OF THE WORLD HERITAGE COMMITTEE: Excerpt from the Report of the 28th Session of the World Heritage Committee Criterion (iii): The Althing and its hinterland, the Þingvellir National Park, represent, through the remains of the assembly ground, the booths for those who attended, and through landscape evidence of settlement extending back possibly to the time the assembly was established, a unique reflection of mediaeval Norse/Germanic culture and one that persisted in essence from its foundation in 980 AD until the 18th century. Criterion (vi): Pride in the strong association of the Althing to mediaeval Germanic/Norse governance, known through the 12th century Icelandic sagas, and reinforced during the fight for independence in the 19th century, have, together with the powerful natural setting of the assembly grounds, given the site iconic status as a shrine for the national. BRIEF DESCRIPTIONS Þingvellir (Thingvellir) is the National Park where the Althing - an open-air assembly, which represented the whole of Iceland - was established in 930 and continued to meet until 1798. Over two weeks a year, the assembly set laws - seen as a covenant between free men - and settled disputes. The Althing has deep historical and symbolic associations for the people of Iceland. Located on an active volcanic site, the property includes the Þingvellir National Park and the remains of the Althing itself: fragments of around 50 booths built of turf and stone. -
Early Religious Practice in Norse Greenland
Hugvísindasvið Early Religious Practice in Norse Greenland: th From the Period of Settlement to the 12 Century Ritgerð til M.A.-prófs Andrew Umbrich September 2012 U m b r i c h | 2 Háskóli Íslands Hugvísindasvið Medieval Icelandic Studies Early Religious Practice in Norse Greenland: th From the Period of Settlement to the 12 Century Ritgerð til M.A.-prófs Andrew Umbrich Kt.: 130388-4269 Leiðbeinandi: Gísli Sigurðsson September 2012 U m b r i c h | 3 Table of Contents 1.0 Introduction ........................................................................................................................ 5 1.1 Scholarly Works and Sources Used in This Study ...................................................... 8 1.2 Inherent Problems with This Study: Written Sources and Archaeology .................... 9 1.3 Origin of Greenland Settlers and Greenlandic Law .................................................. 10 2.0 Historiography ................................................................................................................. 12 2.1 Lesley Abrams’ Early Religious Practice in the Greenland Settlement.................... 12 2.2 Jonathan Grove’s The Place of Greenland in Medieval Icelandic Saga Narratives.. 14 2.3 Gísli Sigurðsson’s Greenland in the Sagas of Icelanders: What Did the Writers Know - And How Did They Know It? and The Medieval Icelandic Saga and Oral Tradition: A Discourse on Method....................................................................................... 15 2.4 Conclusion ................................................................................................................ -
Social-Ecological Resilience in the Viking-Age to Early-Medieval Faroe Islands
City University of New York (CUNY) CUNY Academic Works All Dissertations, Theses, and Capstone Projects Dissertations, Theses, and Capstone Projects 9-2015 Social-Ecological Resilience in the Viking-Age to Early-Medieval Faroe Islands Seth Brewington Graduate Center, City University of New York How does access to this work benefit ou?y Let us know! More information about this work at: https://academicworks.cuny.edu/gc_etds/870 Discover additional works at: https://academicworks.cuny.edu This work is made publicly available by the City University of New York (CUNY). Contact: [email protected] SOCIAL-ECOLOGICAL RESILIENCE IN THE VIKING-AGE TO EARLY-MEDIEVAL FAROE ISLANDS by SETH D. BREWINGTON A dissertation submitted to the Graduate Faculty in Anthropology in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy, The City University of New York 2015 © 2015 SETH D. BREWINGTON All Rights Reserved ii This manuscript has been read and accepted for the Graduate Faculty in Anthropology to satisfy the dissertation requirement for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy. _Thomas H. McGovern__________________________________ ____________________ _____________________________________________________ Date Chair of Examining Committee _Gerald Creed_________________________________________ ____________________ _____________________________________________________ Date Executive Officer _Andrew J. Dugmore____________________________________ _Sophia Perdikaris______________________________________ _George Hambrecht_____________________________________ -
An Icelandic Odyssey: Sagas, Legends and Vikings
An Icelandic Odyssey: Sagas, Legends and Vikings 8 DAYS/7 NIGHTS | GROUP TRAVEL SUGGESTED ITINERARY | CAN BE CUSTOMIZED INCLUSIONS This weeklong itinerary to Iceland was crafted to showcase the best of this Nordic pearl’s Accommodations: cultural heritage. Your group will tour ancient Norse settlements, learn about Icelandic Reykjavík 3 nights, medieval Sagas, and visit amazing natural sites that have served as dazzling backdrops in Borgarnes area 1 night, many Icelandic folktales. If you are seeking a true Icelandic cultural journey; black sandy Varmahlíð area 2 beaches, spectacular fjords, geothermal pools, rich farmlands and remote Highlands are nights, Flúðir area 1 expecting you. night Meals: Continental DAY 1 • ARRIVAL IN Visiting these cultural attractions in breakfast daily, lunch REYKJAVIK Reykjavík will signal the start of your exciting and dinner as noted in quest to learn about the history of Iceland! Welcome to Iceland! Upon itinerary During the tour you will see Bessastaðir; the arrival to Keflavík Air-conditioned, official residence of the president of Iceland; International Airport, an assistant will meet private coaching the Icelandic Parliament, City Hall, the your group in the arrivals hall and Lutheran Cathedral (Dómkirkjan), the English-speaking accompany more it to the hotel in Catholic Cathedral of Christ the King, and assistants and guides Reykjavík by private coach. After checking Reykjavík’s colorful Old Harbor. in, you can begin exploring the world’s Admission tickets as most northern capital city. Please note that During the city tour of Reykjavík you will also outlined in the should you arrive before the hotel’s official visit the futuristic Perlan to take advantage itinerary check-in time (generally 3:00 pm), you are of the amazing, panoramic views it offers of HIGHLIGHTS than welcome to store baggage with the the city. -
View Travel Planning Guide
YOUR O.A.T. ADVENTURE TRAVEL PLANNING GUIDE® New! Arctic Expedition: Untamed Norway & Svalbard 2021 Small Groups: 20-25 travelers—guaranteed! (average of 22) Overseas Adventure Travel ® The Leader in Personalized Small Group Adventures on the Road Less Traveled 1 Dear Traveler, At last, the world is opening up again for curious travel lovers like you and me. And the O.A.T. New! Arctic Expedition: Untamed Norway & Svalbard itinerary you’ve expressed interest in will be a wonderful way to resume the discoveries that bring us so much joy. You might soon be enjoying standout moments like these: Throughout your cruise, you’ll gain in-depth insights into the mysteries of the Arctic alongside an experienced Expedition Team who will share their expertise with you. They’ll provide vital information about your voyage, lead insightful discussions about the Arctic, and join you on every Zodiac excursion. You’ll also meet with two local experts at the Bellona Foundation—an independent non-profit organization working to identify and implement sustainable environmental solutions—to discuss whether the country is acting heroically, or hypocritically, when it comes to the issue of climate change. Although the country boasts some of the most progressive environmentally-friendly practices around the globe, Norway dredges up more oil per capita than most other countries in the world. Some experts say the country is making a grave misstep on the fight to protect the climate, while others believe there are many benefits to Norway’s oil production. We’ll get a firsthand account from both sides of this controversy with a representative of the Bellona Foundation and a local offshore oil worker. -
The First Settlers of Iceland: an Isotopic Approach to Colonisation
The first settlers of Iceland: an isotopic approach to colonisation T. Douglas Price1 & Hildur Gestsdottir´ 2 The colonisation of the North Atlantic from the eighth century AD was the earliest expansion of European populations to the west. Norse and Celtic voyagers are recorded as reaching and settling in Iceland, Greenland and easternmost North America between c. AD 750 and 1000, but the date of these events and the homeland of the colonists are subjects of some debate. In this project, the birthplaces of 90 early burials from Iceland were sought using strontium isotope analysis. At least nine, and probably thirteen, of these individuals can be distinguished as migrants to Iceland from other places. In addition, there are clear differences to be seen in the diets of the local Icelandic peoples, ranging from largely terrestrial to largely marine consumption. Keywords: Iceland, colonisation, settlement, isotopes, strontium, human migration, enamel Introduction An extraordinary series of events began in the North Sea and North Atlantic region around the eighth century AD. Norse raiders and settlers from Scandinavia, better known as the Vikings, began expanding to the west, settling in the British Isles and Ireland, including the smaller groups of islands, the Orkneys, Shetlands, Hebrides and the Isle of Man. Stepping across the North Atlantic, Norse colonists reached the Faeroe Islands by around AD 825, Iceland by around AD 875 and Greenland by around AD 895 (Figure 1). Both Iceland and the Faeroe Islands were uninhabited at the time of the Norse colonisation. The Norse also settled briefly in North America at L’Anse aux Meadows, Newfoundland, around AD 1000 (Jones 1986; Wallace 1991). -
ITINERARY Icelandic Getaway November 4—10, 2021
icelandic GETAWAY A Nordic Adventure November 4—10, 2021 Icelandic Getaway November 4—10, 2021 THE STUNNING HARPA CONCERT HALL IN REYKJAVÍK’S HARBOR When it comes to Iceland, the scenery is just the tip of the iceberg... Iceland is one of Onward Travel’s favorite places on the planet and we have been there many times to explore this dynamic and exciting destination Imagine yourself… with our travel groups. Over the years we’ve established a robust network of travel partners and friends and an understanding of and appreciation for Soaking away your Icelandic culture. jetlag in the Blue Lagoon Iceland is like nowhere else on earth and during this tour we’ll immerse ourselves in Reykjavík and its surrounds. Our small group will learn about the history of the country from the vikings through the present day; taste Looking up in delight classic dishes, modern Icelandic cuisine, and greenhouse grown tomatoes; as the Northern Lights gain an understanding of geothermal energy and how it enables Icelandic dance above you society to flourish; soak in multiple geothermal pools (the best!); and so (fingers crossed!) much more. Reykjavík is a tiny capital city, perfect for strolling and full of great Eating hot lobster soup restaurants and fabulous shopping. Our fun group of travelers is sure to in Reykjavík’s harbor have a real blast laughing, learning and experiencing Iceland together! OnwardTravel.co Based in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania and the Hudson Valley, New York DAILY ITINERARY Icelandic Getaway November 4—10, 2021 Welcome to Iceland! Reykjavík