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La Civitas Romana En Livio Druso Y Caracalla: Aspectos De Sus Proyectos Y Realizaciones*

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La Civitas Romana En Livio Druso Y Caracalla: Aspectos De Sus Proyectos Y Realizaciones* TIEMPO Y ESPACIO /7-8/ 1997-8 Depto. Historia, Geografía y Cs. Sociales Universidad del Bío-Bío Chillan - Chile La civitas romana en Livio Druso y Caracalla: aspectos de sus proyectos y realizaciones* Alejandro Bancalari Molina** INTRODUCCION Los aliados o socii populi romani a partir de mediados del siglo II a. de C. expresan un activo interés y deseo por alcanzar la ciudadanía romana. Así, para los latinos y particularmente, para los itálicos, su mayor preocupación era pertenecer al nuevo orden romano que se estaba creando, no en calidad de súbditos, sino más bien, como miembros del cuerpo jurídico de los cives romanos. Esto significaba una equiparación e igualdad de oportunidades y cargos y, de la vida misma, en el interior del accionar político-jurídico y socio-económico de la república tardía. En virtud de esta problemática, emerge la figura del tribuno del 91 a. de C., Marco Livio Druso con una propuesta legislativa de conceder la civitas a los aliados de Roma. Por otra parte, a inicios del siglo III d. de C. se configura una situación clave en las relaciones de Roma con los provinciales. Gradualmente, los emperadores concedían la ciudadanía colectiva o individual a ciertos territorios, convirtiéndolos en municip ios. El gran momento se produce con la Constitutio Antoniniana de Civitate del emperador Caracalla en el 212 d. de C., cuando se otorga la civitas romana, prácticamente, a todos los súbditos del imperio. En el fondo, lo que perseguía la constitución era la unificación *Este artículo forma parte del proyecto de investigación patrocinado por DIPRODE (Dirección de investigación de la Universidad del Bío-Bío, N° 962219-1), que lleva por título: Estudio comparativo de la Rogatio de Sociis de Druso (91 A. de C.) y de la constitutio Antoniniana de Caracalla (212 D. de C.) ** Profesor de Historia Antigua del Departamento de Historia, Geografía y Ciencias Sociales de la Universidad del Bío-Bío y del Depto. de Cs. Históricas y Sociales de la Universidad de Concepción. 77 La civitas... Alejandro Bancalari Molina política de todos los habitantes del mundo romano, como lo expresa Ulpiano: “in orbe Romano qui sunt, ex Constitutione Imperatoris Antonini cives Romani effecti sunt"1. A través de la presente investigación, pretendemos indagar en torno a estas figuras claves dentro de la historia política-social y jurídica-institucional de Roma y del imperio en el desarrollo del proceso de extensión de la civitas romana. Analizaremos las respectivas carreras políticas de Druso y Caracalla, con el objeto de explanar el verdadero y real interés de los dos personajes en el otorgamiento de la ciudadanía. A su vez, como ayuda vertical y horizontalmente al proceso de romanización, de una simbi osis y unidad entre vencedores y vencidos, la concesión de la ciudadanía romana. Igualmente, intentaremos determinar por qué los dediticii fueron excluidos del otorgamiento de la civitas por Caracalla y cuáles fueron las razones por las que el edicto político y jurídico de mayor alcance del estado romano no fue lo suficientemente historiado y registrado por las fuentes contemporáneas del hecho. En síntesis, nos interesa precisar el verdadero sentido de la rogatio de sociis de Druso y de la Constitutio de civitate de Caracalla, a través de un esfuerzo teórico y comparativo de dos propuestas legislativas medulares en la historia republicana e imperial de Roma. I - El Tribunado de Livio Druso. Marco Livio Druso2 nació en el 124 a. de C. en Roma. Era hijo de Livio Druso (tribuno del 122 y adversario de Cayo Graco) y de Cornelia, por tanto era nieto por línea materna de Escipión Emiliano. Ocupó diversas funciones 3 para llegar finalmente a los 33 años, después de una brillante carrera política al tribunado de la plebe, cargo que asumió el 10 de diciembre del 91 a. de C. 4 1 DIGESTO, I, 5, 77. 2 En torno a la figura de Livio Druso, destacamos: POLIDORI, T., Il tribunato di Livio Druso, en “Historia”, I (1927), pp. 140-145; BERNARDI, A., La guerra sociale e le lotte dei partiti a Roma, en “Nuova rivista storica”, XXVIII (1944-45), pp. 60-99; GABBA, E., Le origini della guerra sociale e la vita politica romana dopo l'89 a. C., en “Athenaeum”, XXXII (1954), pp. 41-114 y 295-345 (= en Esercito e Società della tarda repubblica romana. Firenze 1973, pp. 193-345); ID, M. Livio Druso e le riforme di Siila, en “Annali Scuola Normale Superiore di Pisa”, XXXIII (1964), pp. 1-15 (=Ese. e Soc., pp. 383-406); SALMON, E. T., The cause of the social war, en “Phoenix”, XVI (1962), pp. 107-119; BRUNT, P., Italian Aims at the time of the social war, en “Jour. Rom. Stud. ”, LV (1965), pp. 90-109; BADIAN, E., Roman politics and the italians (133-91 a. C. ), en “Dialoghi di Archeologia”, IV-V (1970-1971), pp. 373-409; SHERWIN WHITE, A. N„ The roman citizenship, Oxford 19732 pp. 134-149; DE SANCTIS, G. , La guerra sociale, obra postuma edit, por L. Polverini, Firenze 1976; KEAVENEY, A.; Rome and the unification of Italy, New Jersey 1987, pp. 115-193; WULFF, F., Romanos e Itálicos en la baja república. Estudios sobre sus relaciones entre la segunda Guerra Púnica y la Guerra Social (201 -91 a. C.), Latomus, Bruxelles 1991, pp. 307-344. 3 Druso desempeñó una serie de funciones y magistraturas: fue pontífice, tribuno militar y decembir stlitibus iudicantis. En el año 97 a. de C. se hizo cargo de la cuestura en la provincia de Asia y en el 94 fue edil. 4 DIODORO, XXXVII, 10; CICERON, pro arch. 2, 6; VELEYO, II, 13; PLINEO, n. h., XXXIII, 141. 78 La civitas... Alejandro Bancalari Molina De familia aristocrática, culto e inteligente ejerció el cargo de tribuno apoyado - prácticamente- por todos los sectores políticos del período. Un fuerte grupo senatorial le otorgó el sostén encabezado por M. Escauro y Licinio Craso para combatir a los equites. El pueblo en conjunto, lo respaldaba por las diversas reformas en favor de éstos, distribuyendo grano, fundando colonias y retomando la ley agraria de los Gracos. Por último, fue apoyado por los socii itálicos con la esperanza de obtener la ansiada y escurridiza civitas romana5. De esta forma, Druso llega a su alta dignidad al comenzar su período con un relativo consenso, lo que le permite conciliar a los actores en campo, en un momento crítico de presiones y rivalidades en las facciones políticas; al asumir presenta inmediatamente un conjunto orgánico y coherente de propuestas legislativas, en tre otras, sus reformas son: una ley judiciaria que restituye nuevamente los tribunales al Senado y con esto permitía terminar la rivalidad entre senadores y caballeros, aumentando el número del Consejo a 600 (300 del grupo senatorial y 300 del orden equestre más calificado)6, una segunda ley frumentaria en favor de la plebe urbana para la distribución de grano a precio irrisorio, una tercera disposición agraria, similar a la de los Gracos, con el objeto de recuperar el ager publicus (sobre todo de Campania, Etruria) y con la intención de distribuir las tierras a ciudadanos pobres 7 y finalmente, una ley colonial que estipulaba la instalación de colonias en Italia y Sicilia. Un punto central lo focaliza, sin duda, la propuesta más importante: la rogatio liviana de sociis de Druso. Donde afronta el problema de los aliados itálicos; problema viejo y delicado que era urgente zanjar. La mayor parte de los estudiosos sostienen que éste fue el objetivo central del programa del tribuno: resolver definitivamente la llamada “cuestión itálica”8. La civitas, se constituye, como sinónimo de salvo conducto, como solución de los problemas y significa la igualdad de oportunidades y participación en la 5 Las fuentes antiguas son concordantes en expresar que la propuesta más relevante del tribuno era la solución definitiva del problema itálico, entregándoles a éstos la ciudadanía romana. Para ello propuso la rogatio liviana de sociis; cfr. LIVIO, per. LXXI; FLORO, II, 5, 6-9; VELEYO, II, 14, 1; PUNIO, n. h. XXV, 52; De vir ill., II; OROSIO, V, 18, 1. 6 WEINRIB, E.; The judiciary law of M. Livius Drusus (ts. pl. 91 B. C.), en “Historia”, XIX (1970), pp. 414- 443; NICOLET, C.; L’ordre équestre a l’epoque républicaine (312-43 dv. J. C.), Paris 1966-74, esp. pp. 559- 572. 7 La ley agraria retoma en algunas medidas las ideas de lo s Gracos, para la recuperación del ager publicus principalmente en Campania, Etruria y Umbría, con el propósito de repartir las tierras a los ciudadanos pobres; y establecía, además, la deducción de una serie de colonias en Italia y Sicilia. Cfr. APIANO, b . c., I, 35, 156; 36, 162; DE VIR ILL, LXVI, 5; FLORO II, 5, 6. Las colonias debieron ser las mismas propuestas por el padre de Druso en el 122 a. C.: Véase THOMSEN, R., Das Jahr 91 r. Chr. und seine Voraussetzungen, en “Clas. et. Med. ”, V (1942), pp. 13-47. Es necesario mencionar que en el año 91 a. C. un colega de Druso, de nombre Saufeio habría propuesto otra ley agraria (C. I. L., 12, p. 199, XXX); BERNARDI, A.; Guerra soc., pp. 89-91. 8 BERNARDI, A., Guerra soc., pp. 60-99; GABBA, E., Origini guerra, pp. 193-345; SALMON, E. T., Cause, pp 107-119; BRUNT, P., Italian Aims, pp. 90-109; BADIAN, E., Roman pol., pp. 373-409; DE SANCTIS, Guerra, pp. 3-33; KEAVENEY, A., Rome unification, pp. 76- 113; WULFF, F., Romanos itálicos, pp. 354-361. 79 La civitas... Alejandro Bancalari Molina vida de Roma, de Italia y del imperio. Era un deseo latente y, sobre todo, actual. Apiano, es el historiador que afronta la cuestión detenidamente, señalando que los itálicos “no son más copartícipes del imperio, sino simples súbditos”9; en una postura filoitálica explicando la injusticia y el no compromiso de Roma hacia los socii.
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