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Hydrogeology of Northwestern Nassau and Northeastern Queens Gourdes Long Island, New York

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Hydrogeology of Northwestern Nassau and Northeastern Queens Gourdes Long Island, New York Hydrogeology of Northwestern Nassau and Northeastern Queens Gourdes Long Island, New York By WOLFGANG V. SWARZENSKI GEOLOGICAL SURVEY WATER-SUPPLY PAPER 1657 Prepared in cooperation with the Nassau County Department of Public Works and the New York State Water Resources Commission With special reference to water in Cretaceous and Pleistocene aquifers UNITED STATES GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE, WASHINGTON : 1963 UNITED STATES DEPARTMENT OF THE INTERIOR STEWART L. UDALL, Secretary GEOLOGICAL SURVEY Thomas B. Nolan, Director The U.S. Geological Survey Library has cataloged this publication as follows: Swarzenski, Wolfgang Victor, 1917- Hydrogeology of northwestern Nassau and northeastern Queens Counties, Long Island, New York. Washington, U.S. Govt. Print. Off., 1963. 88 p., maps, diagrs., tables, and portfolio (maps, diagrs., profile) 24 cm. (U.S. Geological Survey. Water-supply paper 1657) Prepared in cooperation with the Nassau County Department of Public Works-and the New York State Water Resources Commission. Bibliography: p. 62-63. (Continued on next card) Swarzenski, Wolfgang Victor, 1917- Hydrogeology of northwestern Nassau and northeastern Queens Counties, Long Island, New York. 1963. (Card 2) 1. Geology Long Island. 2. Water, Underground Long Island. 3. Water-supply Long Island. 4. Borings Long Island. I. Title. (Series). For sale by the Superintendent of Documents, U.S. Government Printing Office Washington, D.C. 20402 CONTENTS Pag* Abstract________________________ __ ___________ ____ _____ 1 Introduction._____________________________________________________ 2 Purpose and scope of investigation_______________ _____ __ 2 Location and extent of area________________ _______________ 3 Previous investigations.._______ ________ ____ __ _____ 3 Acknowledgments- ________________________ ______ __________ 4 Well-numbering system and map coordinates.. _________________ 5 Geography___-___-____--. ___-_-_---___ _________ _____ 5 Topography and drainage__________------__ ________________ 5 Climate._______________________ ________ ________________ 6 Soils and vegetation___________________________________________ 8 Natural resources._____________________________________________ 9 Population and development____________________________________ 9 Geology._____-_---_-------_-___-_---_-_---_-_---_-_-__ _________ 10 Summary of stratigraphy______________-_--_-____________..______ 10 Geologic formations and their water-bearing properties.____________ 10 Precambrian bedrock______________________________._______ 10 Upper Cretaceous series______________________-_____________ 14 Raritan formation_________________-___________-_____-_ 15 Lloyd sand member_______________________________ 15 Clay member-______-___-------_-_-___-___---__-._ 15 Magothy(?) formation.._______________________ ____ 16 Pleistocene series---__--_-__-___--_--__-----_-_-___-_------ 17 Jameco gravel and undifferentiated deposits of Pleistocene age.____-__-___-_-__--_-___-_-_-__-__-_--__---_-_-_ 18 Gardiners clay________________________________--___-__ 19 Upper Pleistocene deposits____________________________ 22 Ronkonkoma drift_______________________________ 23 Harbor Hill drift-______________.._____._ 24 Age of the upper Pleistocene deposits ________________ 24 Recent series____________________________________________ 25 Summary of the geologic history.. ___-_-__-__--_---_-_________ 26 Hydrology_______-__---__----__-__--_------_-_-_-_---_--____ 28 Ground water________________________________________ _______ 28 General features_________________________________________ 28 Water-bearing units______________________________________ 29 Bodies of perched water________________ ______________ 29 Shallow unconfined aquifer____--_-_---_________________ 30 Principal aquifer_--_-_____-___-----_-___-__------_____ 31 Deep confined aquifer_________--_________---___________ 32 The water table and piezometric surfaces-____________________ 32 Recharge-.----_---------------------------------------_-- 35 in IV CONTENTS Hydrology Continued Ground water Continued Movement____________________ 37 Discharge._____________________ 39 Water-level fluctuations __________ 40 Pumpage__ ______________ _______ 46 Temperature. ___ ________________ 49 Chemical quality______-________- 49 Contamination. _________________ 51 Surface water_______________________ 54 Streamflow characteristics_._____. 54 Chemical quality and temperature. 55 Utilization of surface water_______ 59 Summary and conclusions ________________ 59 References cited_________________________ 62 Basic data-______-__---_--_---_-______- 65 Index_________ _________________________ ILLUSTEATIONS [Plates are in separate volume] PLATE 1. Well location map. 2. Bedrock contour map. 3. Contour map of Cretaceous surface. 4. Geologic section A-A'. 5. Geologic section B-B'. 6. Geologic section C-C". 7. Geologic section D-D'. 8. Map of surficial deposits. 9. Water-table contour map. 10. Piezometric contour map of principal aquifer. 11. Piezometric contour map of deep confined aquifer. 12. Hydraulic profile X-X''. 13. Distribution of public supply pumpage. Page FIGURE 1. Index map__________________________________________ 4 2. Annual precipitation_________-____________---_____--____ 7 3. Monthly precipitation and temperatures___________________ 8 4. Section of stratigraphic units____________________________ 11 5. Map showing areas of perched water______-______-________ 30 6. Pressure relationships in shallow and deep wells. ___________ 38 7. Hydrograph of four observation wells _____________________ 42 8. Hydrograph of wells N1119, N2635, and N1479._________ 43 9. Daily water-level record, N4266 and N5530______________ 44 10. Hydrograph of well Q470________________________ 45 11. Map showing distribution of major centers of industrial pumpage________________________--_--__---_-------__ 47 12. Quality-of-water diagram____________--____--____-_-___ 50 13. Pumpage plot, Port Washington Water District-___________ 54 14. Location of stream-gaging stations and surface-water sampling points-_____________-_-___-_---_-__-------_- 56 CONTENTS TABLES Page TABLE 1. Population data, Nassau County, N.Y., 1900-57___._.__ 9 2. Summary of stratigraphy and water-bearing properti3s of the deposits underlying northwestern Nassau and northeastern Queens Counties, N.Y________________________________ 12 3. Estimated permeabilities of materials in Lloyd sand member of Raritan formation___________________________________ 15 4. Estimated permeabilities of materials in Mas;othy(?) formation.___________________________________________ 17 5. Estimated permeabilities of Jameco gravel and urdifferen- tiated Pliestocene valley fill___________________________ 19 6. Geologic correlation of strata in some wells in northwestern Nassau County, N.Y-_-___-_--_-_-__-_____-___-_-_-_-_ 21 7. Ground-water pumpage for public water supply in north­ western Nassau County, N.Y. (1930, 1940, 1950, 1953, 1957) _ 48 8. Stream-discharge measurements in northwestern Nassau County, N.Y_________________________________________ 57 9. Chemical analyses of waters from Long Island Sound and Atlantic Ocean______________________________________ 58 10. Chloride analyses of surface water in northwesterr Nassau County, N.Y_______._____________________________ 58 11. Records of selected wells in northwestern Nassau ard north­ eastern Queens Counties, N.Y__________________________ 66 12. Logs of selected wells in northwestern Nassau ani north­ eastern Queens Counties, N.Y______________________-___ 72 13. Water-level measurements in selected wells in northwestern Nassau and northeastern Queens Counties, N.Y___________ 82 14. Chemical analyses of ground water in northwesterr Nassau and northeastern Queens Counties, N.Y________________ 85 15. Chloride analyses of water from selected wells in northwestern Nassau County, N.Y..___.__-----____.._________.. 87 HYDROGEOLOGY OF NORTHWESTERN NASSAU AND NORTHEASTERN QUEENS COUNTIES, LONG ISLAND, NEW YORK By WOLFGANG V. SWARZENSKI ABSTRACT A detailed investigation of the geology and ground-water occurrence in north­ western Nassau and northeastern Queens Counties, N.Y., has been completed by the U.S. Geological Survey, in cooperation with the Nassau County Depart­ ment of Public Works and the New York State Water Resources Commission. The area, about 63 square miles, includes the peninsulas of Gre'vb Neck and Manhasset Neck and the western part of Nassau County as far south as Garden City. Unconsolidated sediments of Pleistocene and Cretaceous ag?, 200 to 800 feet thick, constitute the ground-water reservoir of the area. The reservoir in­ cludes three discrete aquifers, not all found in the same locality, which transect geologic boundaries. The shallow unconfined aquifer consists of those permeable Pleistocene and Cretaceous deposits that lie within the upper part of the zone of saturation, which extends from slightly below sea level to more than 110 feet above sea level. It is an abundant source of water in much of the. area, partic­ ularly in the southern part, where the aquifer consists of coarse sand and gravel in a glacial-outwash plain. The intermediate or principal aquifer consists largely of that part of the Magothy(?) formation that occurs from about 50 feet below sea level downward to the top of the clay member of the Raritan formation. Locally, however, the aquifer includes Pleistocene deposits whicl blanket the Magothy(?) formation or lie in channels cut into it. Although the principal aquifer has limited extent to the north, it is the chief source of water in most of
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