The path to : Cellular -to-Everything (C-V2X) Our vision for the autonomous vehicle of the future A safer, more efficient, and more enjoyable experience

Efficiently Increasingly shared electric

Intelligently Increasingly connected autonomous

Safer Greener Efficient Towards zero Reduce air pollution More predictable and accidents and emissions productive travel

2 5G will be a key enabler for our automotive vision Providing a unifying connectivity fabric for the autonomous vehicle of the future

Enhanced mobile Mission-critical Massive Internet broadband services of Things

Unifying connectivity platform for future innovation Convergence of spectrum types/bands, diverse services, and deployments, with new to enable a robust, future-proof 5G platform;

Starting today with Gigabit LTE, C-V2X Rel-14, and massive IoT deeper coverage 3 Paving the road to tomorrow’s autonomous Leveraging essential innovations in and compute

• Providing always-available, /5G Unified secure cloud access for vehicles connectivity • Vehicle-to-Everything (V2X) communications

3D mapping • Active ranging and positioning • Embedded GNSS with DR1 and precise • VIO2 / lane-level accuracy positioning • Cloud Based Assistance for 3D mapping Autonomous car

• Heterogeneous computing Power optimized processing • On-board machine learning On-board for the vehicle • Computer vision intelligence Fusion of information from • Sensor fusion multiple sensors/sources • Intuitive security

1. Dead Reckoning, 2 Visual-Inertial Odometry 4 V2X is a critical component for safer autonomous driving Communicating intent and sensor data even in challenging real world conditions

Non line-of-sight sensing Conveying intent Situational awareness Provides 360˚ NLOS awareness Communicates intent and Offers increased electronic horizon share sensor data to provide to enable soft safety alerts E.g. intersections/on-ramps, higher level of predictability and reliable graduated warning environmental conditions (rain/fog/snow) Road hazard Reduced speed ahead

Blind intersection/vulnerable Sudden lane change Queue warning/shockwave damping road user (VRU) alerts

Vehicle-to-vehicle (V2V) Vehicle-to-pedestrian (V2P) Vehicle-to-infrastructure (V2I) Vehicle-to-network (V2N) e.g. collision avoidance e.g. safety alerts e.g. traffic light optimal e.g. real-time traffic / routing, safety systems to pedestrians, bicyclists speed advisory cloud services 5 V2X provides higher level of predictability and autonomy Complementing other sensor technologies

Radar ADAS Bad weather conditions Advanced Driver V2X wireless sensor Long range See through, 360◦ Low light situations Assistance Systems non-line of sight sensing, extended range sensing Camera Interprets objects/signs 3D HD maps Practical cost and FOV HD live map update Sub-meter level accuracy of landmarks Lidar Depth perception Brain of the car to help automate Medium range Precise positioning the driving process by using: GNSS positioning Immense compute resources Dead reckoning Ultrasonic Sensor fusion VIO Low cost Machine learning Short range Path planning

6 Continuous V2X evolution required

Advanced safety Continuous technology evolution to 5G C-V2X R15+ (building upon R14) while maintaining backward compatibility

Higher throughput Wideband carrier Enhanced safety Up to 1Gbps for sensor support C-V2X R14 sharing For accurate ranging and positioning Higher reliability Basic safety Enhanced communication’s 802.11p or C-V2X R14 Up to 99.999% for Lower latency range and reliability automated driving ~1ms for automated Supports higher speeds and additional driving Established foundation safety needs, e.g., in NLOS and for V2X challenging road conditions

7 Supporting rapidly evolving safety requirements and use cases

Advanced safety Continuous technology evolution to 5G C-V2X R15+ (building upon R14) while maintaining backward compatibility

For autonomous driving in real world conditions Enhanced safety C-V2X R14

Basic safety Extending electronic horizon, 802.11p or C-V2X R14 providing more reliability and NLOS performance High throughput communications Partially to highly E.g. day 1 use cases for sensor sharing automated driving Non-line-of-sight 0mph Icy road

Forward collision warning Cooperative driving and basic platooning Blind curve hazard warning

8 C-V2X enhances range and reliability for safer driving

Paving the path to the autonomous vehicle of the future The path to 5G will enable safer, autonomous driving Starting with C-V2X release 14 - specification completion and global trials in 2017

Synergistic with existing automotive cellular connectivity platform1 Cellular already delivering key services today, e.g. telematics, eCall, connected infotainment

Delivers enhanced range and reliability for V2X direct communications Improvements over 802.11p, ~2x range2, or more reliable performance at the same range

Leverages existing cellular infrastructure for network communications Offering new business models and economic benefits (e.g. combined RSUs and eNBs)

Rich roadmap towards 5G with strong ecosystem (infra, MNO, smartphone) Technology evolution to address expanding capabilities/use cases

1. 60% Cellular penetration in new light vehicles sales by 2021; 2. Based on Qualcomm Research simulations 10 C-V2X defines two complementary transmission modes

Direct communications Network communications V2V, V2I, and V2P on “PC5” Interface, V2N on “Uu” interface operates in traditional operating in ITS bands (e.g. ITS 5.9 GHz) mobile broadband licensed spectrum independent of cellular network

PC5 interface Uu interface e.g. location, speed e.g. accident 2 kilometer ahead

V2I V2I (PC5) (PC5)

RSU V2N V2N (Uu) (Uu) V2V (PC5) V2P V2P eNodeB (PC5) (PC5/)

PC5 operates on 5.9GHz; whereas, Uu operates on commercial cellular licensed spectrum 11 C-V2X is designed to work without network assistance1 V2V/V2I/V2P direct communications enables low latency applications

USIM-less C-V2X direct communications operation doesn’t require USIM

Autonomous Distributed scheduling, where the resource car selects resources from resource Common pools without network assistance ITS selection frequency

Besides positioning2, C-V2X also GNSS time uses GNSS for time synchronization synchronization without relying on cellular networks Direct communications (via PC5 interface on 5.9GHz)

1; 3GPP also defines a mode, where eNodeB helps coordinate C-V2X Direct Communication; 2 GNSS is required for V2X technologies, including 802.11p, for positioning. Timing is calculated as part of the position calculations and it requires smaller number of satellites than those needed for positioning 12 C-V2X is designed to work in ITS 5.9 GHz spectrum For vehicles to talk to each other on harmonized, dedicated spectrum

C-V2X support in ITS 3GPP support of band was added in 3GPP C-V2X direct ITS 5.9 GHz band Release 141 communications

Harmonized C-V2X uses harmonized/common, spectrum for dedicated spectrum for vehicles to Common talk to each other ITS safety frequency

C-V2X and 802.11p can co-exist by Coexistence being placed on different channels in with 802.11p the ITS band

1 5GHz support began in release 13 with LAA, and expanded with release 14 for ITS 13 C-V2X reuses upper layers defined by automotive industry

Reuse established Applications Safety and non-safety service and app layers • Already defined by automotive and standards communities, e.g. ETSI, SAE Message / Facilities layer • Developing abstraction layer to interface with IEEE / ETSI / ISO 3GPP lower layers (in conjunction with 5GAA) UDP / TCP Security IEEE / ETSI / ISO Services IPv6 Transport/Network Reuse and adapt adapt and Reuse otherstandards Reuse existing security and transport layers Non-IP • Defined by ISO, ETSI, and IEEE 1609 family ProSe PDCP Signaling RLC Continuous enhancements MAC to the radio/lower layers PHY

3GPP scope 3GPP • Supports the ever-evolving V2X use cases

Note: Also enhancements to the LTE Direct network architecture / system design to support V2X 14 C-V2X Rel-14 has significantly better link budget than 802.11p1

Leading to longer range (~2X range)—or more reliable performance at the same range

Transmission time Energy per bit is Longer transmit time leads accumulated over a longer to better energy per bit period of time for C-V2X + Waveform SC-DFM allows for more SC-FDM has better transmit power than OFDM transmission efficiency for the same power amplifier ~2X + Longer range Channel coding Coding gain from turbo codes Gains from turbo coding and HARQ retransmission and retransmission lead to longer range

1 Link budget of C-V2X is around 8 dB better than 802.11p 15 Providing better support for enhanced safety use cases By extending electronic horizon, providing more reliability, and better NLOS performance

0mph

Do not pass Blind curve/local Road works warning (DNPW) hazard warning warning

Intersection movement assist Vulnerable road user (VRU) Left turn (IMA) at a blind intersection alerts at a blind intersection assist (LTA)

16 More reliability at higher speeds and varying road conditions Disabled vehicle after blind curve use case example Icy road condition Stopping distance estimation1

0mph (Driver reaction time + braking distance)

500 C-V2X 802.11p 38mph 28mph 63 mph Ice 400

46 mph 300 38 mph Normal road condition 28 mph 200 0mph Normal StoppingDistance (m) C-V2X 100 C-V2X 802.11p (107m) 63mph 46mph DSRC (60m) 0 0 20 40 60 80

Velocity (mph)

1 “Consistent with CAMP Deceleration Model and AASHTO “green book; 17 More reliability at higher speeds and longer ranges Do not pass warning (DNPW) use case example C-V2X Required passing alert distance (m) vs. speed (mph)1

43mph 1000 43mph

800

443m 43 mph 600

802.11p C-V2X 400 28 mph (443m)

28mph DSRC 200 (240m) 28mph

0 240m 0 20 40 60 80 Passing Alert Distance (m) DSRC range (m) C-V2X Range (m)

1. Calculations based on AASHTO “green book” 18 Gaining momentum and broad ecosystem support C-V2X is gaining momentum Trials starting in 2017 with commercial solutions planned soon thereafter

Trials starting in 2017

ConVeX trial in Germany The first announced C-V2X trial Qualcomm, Audi, Ericsson, based upon 3GPP Release 14 SWARCO, U. of Kaiserslautern

Other trials UK, France, US, Japan, Planned globally Korea and China Initial C-V2X spec. throughout 2018 completed in 2016

20 C-V2X gaining support from automotive and telecom leaders 5GAA is a cross-industry consortia helps define 5G V2X communications

Automotive industry Telecommunications Vehicle platform, hardware, Connectivity and networking systems, and software solutions devices, and technologies

End-to-end solutions for intelligent transportation mobility systems and smart cities

Audi BMW MINI Rolls-Royce China Mobile Continental Daimler Danlaw

Denso Ericsson Ficosa Ford Gemalto Intel LG NTT DoCoMo Qualcomm Rohde & Schwarz Saic Motor Samsung SK Telecom T Mobile Valeo Verizon VLAVI ZTE Nokia

Source: http://5gaa.org/; accurate as of February 1st , 2017 21 Advanced services further enabled by V2V+V2I+V2P+V2N Offering new business models and enhancing most use cases

Most use cases use a App Server combination of interfaces e.g. traffic management

RSUs combined with eNodeBs or standalone roadside devices V2N provides over-the-top RSUs can connect to network cloud services for cloud services V2N (Uu) V2I V2I allows RSU1s to monitor V2P enhances safety for (PC5) traffic, e.g. traffic signals, tolls vulnerable road-users

V2V (PC5) V2P (PC5) V2V mostly for safety and Uu Interface ADAS services PC5 Interface

1 Road Side Units 22 C-V2X offers new business models and economic benefits Leveraging existing, ubiquitous cellular networks and mobile ecosystem support

Reduced More integrated Mobile ecosystem New services and deployment cost solution expertise business opportunities

Combined RSU and C-V2X functionality can Benefits from cellular player’s Leverages unified C-V2X / eNodeB infrastructure be integrated in vehicle’s extensive experience in deploying, telematics offerings and addresses synergies provide modem to enable most managing, and maintaining complex new services for shared mobility economic benefits optimal platform communication systems and autonomous driving

23 5G will bring new capabilities for autonomous vehicles

While maintaining backward compatibility 5G will redefine a wide range of industries A platform for new connected services—existing, emerging and unforeseen

​Immersive entertainment and experiences ​Safer, more autonomous transportation ​Reliable access to remote healthcare

>$12Trillion Worth of goods and services by 2035 ​Improved public safety and security Learn more at: 5G Economy Study ​More efficient use of energy/utilities

More autonomous manufacturing ​Sustainable cities and infrastructure ​Digitized logistics and retail 25 LTE Advanced Pro establishes the foundation for 5G Pioneering 5G NR technologies and verticals

Significantly improve performance, scalability, and efficiency 5G New Radio (NR) NR-Based mMTC Multi-Gbps eMBB Further (sub-6 GHz and mmWave) enhancements NR-based LAA+ and new Ultra-reliable & low-latency capabilities Cellular V2X (C-V2X) C-V2X safety features New C-V2X capabilities Ultra-low latency Ultra-low latency Digital TV eMBMS enhancements enTV, e.g., shared broadcast Further enhancements

New verticals New Internet of Things eMTC, NB-IoT FeMTC, eNB-IoT towards IMT-2020 in existing spectrum Unlicensed spectrum LAA eLAA Mobile broadband Gigabit LTE Enhancements, e.g., FD-MIMO

LTE Advanced Pro

Rel-13: Today Rel-14 Rel-15 Rel-16+ 26 Path to 5G enables a broad set of automotive use cases C-V2X establishes the foundation for safety services

Massive IoT Release 16+ New capabilities and further optimizations Internet (e.g., multi-hop mesh for deeper coverage, lower power) of Things LTE IoT today Enables remote sensing and control in deep coverage conditions

5G NR eMBB Release 15+ Multi gigabit downlink for streaming, VR/AR and 3D high Mobile def. maps; and uplink for remote supervisory control broadband Gigabit LTE today Anchor for the 5G mobile automotive experience

C-V2X Release 14 C-V2X Release 15+ Provides highly reliable, real-time Augments Rel-14 with complementary and new capabilities C-V2X communication for automotive safety (e.g. sensor sharing); while maintaining backward compatibility use cases

27 5G V2X brings new capabilities for the connected vehicle While maintaining backward compatibility

Wideband ranging High throughput Local high definition and positioning sensor sharing maps / “Bird’s eye view”

Wideband carrier support to obtain High throughput and low-latency High throughput to build local, accurate positioning and ranging for to enable the exchange of raw dynamic maps based on camera and cooperated and automated use cases or processed data gathered through sensor data; and distribute them at local sensors or live video images street intersections

Wideband carrier support | High throughput | Ultra-low latency | Ultra-high reliability | Strong security

28 5G V2X brings new capabilities with backward Wideband ranging See-through / and positioning compatibility High throughput sensor sharing

Sensor fusion

Bird’s eye view of intersection Send HD map updates Precise positioning to vehicles on the road /3D mapping

Wideband carrier support | High throughput | Ultra-low latency | Ultra-high reliability | Strong security 29 Enabling safer, more automated driving

Accurate positioning See-through / High Send HD map updates Bird’s eye view and ranging throughput sensor sharing to vehicles on the road of intersection

30 Enabling the next gen of connected vehicle experiences Sample use cases

Increased driver’s Cooperative driving and Fully autonomous awareness collision avoidance driving

e.g. Bird’s eye view of an e.g. Cooperative collision avoidance and e.g. Using real-time HD map intersection or see-through capability high-density platooning which requires update and precise positioning when driving behind a truck new levels of latency and reliability, for automated driving

31 Fully leveraging ITS 5.9 GHz band for 5G V2X services Supporting today’s basic safety, and tomorrow’s advanced use cases

Example 5.9 GHz

Basic safety services 10MHz 10 Support today’s safety use cases on small MHz subset of the band (using 802.11p or C-V2X)

Advanced safety / 5G V2X services (C-V2X Release 14, 15+) 70MHz 70 MHz In addition to basic safety, support advanced safety services (e.g. higher bandwidth sensor C-V2X Rel-15+ can operate in the same Rel-14 spectrum sharing and wideband ranging/positioning)

32 Continuous V2X technology evolution required And careful spectrum planning to support this evolution Advanced safety Evolution to 5G, C-V2X R15+ (building upon R14) while maintaining backward compatibility

Higher throughput Wideband ranging Enhanced safety and positioning C-V2X R14 Higher reliability Lower latency Basic safety Longer range or more reliability 802.11p or C-V2X R14

Established foundation for V2X

33 Qualcomm is accelerating the future of autonomous vehicles

V2X Wireless Sensor 802.11p (DSRC/ITS-G5) Heterogeneous C-V2X connectivity Cellular 3G / 4G / 5G Wi-Fi / BT 3D HD Maps CAN / Ethernet / Powerline Semantic lane information Landmark and lane Autonomous coordinates for positioning On-board intelligence vehicle Heterogeneous computing On-board machine learning Precise positioning Computer vision Power optimized processing for the vehicle GNSS positioning Sensor fusion Fusion of information from Dead reckoning Intuitive security multiple sensors/sources VIO Path prediction, route planning, control feedback

34 Anyone can talk about 5G. We are creating it.

TM

35 In summary

The evolutionary roadmap for C-V2X towards 5G will be key for safety and autonomous driving

C-V2X provides a higher performance radio, reusing upper layers defined by the automotive industry

Gaining momentum and broad ecosystem support

Qualcomm is leading the way to 5G; accelerating the future of autonomous vehicles

Learn more at: www.qualcomm.com/C-V2X

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