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Powerpoint Messaging The path to 5G: Cellular Vehicle-to-Everything (C-V2X) Our vision for the autonomous vehicle of the future A safer, more efficient, and more enjoyable experience Efficiently Increasingly shared electric Intelligently Increasingly connected autonomous Safer Greener Efficient Towards zero Reduce air pollution More predictable and road accidents and emissions productive travel 2 5G will be a key enabler for our automotive vision Providing a unifying connectivity fabric for the autonomous vehicle of the future Enhanced mobile Mission-critical Massive Internet broadband services of Things Unifying connectivity platform for future innovation Convergence of spectrum types/bands, diverse services, and deployments, with new technologies to enable a robust, future-proof 5G platform; Starting today with Gigabit LTE, C-V2X Rel-14, and massive IoT deeper coverage 3 Paving the road to tomorrow’s autonomous vehicles Leveraging essential innovations in wireless and compute • Providing always-available, 4G/5G Unified secure cloud access for vehicles connectivity • Vehicle-to-Everything (V2X) communications 3D mapping • Active ranging and positioning • Embedded GNSS with DR1 and precise • VIO2 / lane-level accuracy positioning • Cloud Based Assistance for 3D mapping Autonomous car • Heterogeneous computing Power optimized processing • On-board machine learning On-board for the vehicle • Computer vision intelligence Fusion of information from • Sensor fusion multiple sensors/sources • Intuitive security 1. Dead Reckoning, 2 Visual-Inertial Odometry 4 V2X is a critical component for safer autonomous driving Communicating intent and sensor data even in challenging real world conditions Non line-of-sight sensing Conveying intent Situational awareness Provides 360˚ NLOS awareness Communicates intent and Offers increased electronic horizon share sensor data to provide to enable soft safety alerts E.g. intersections/on-ramps, higher level of predictability and reliable graduated warning environmental conditions (rain/fog/snow) Road hazard Reduced speed ahead Blind intersection/vulnerable Sudden lane change Queue warning/shockwave damping road user (VRU) alerts Vehicle-to-vehicle (V2V) Vehicle-to-pedestrian (V2P) Vehicle-to-infrastructure (V2I) Vehicle-to-network (V2N) e.g. collision avoidance e.g. safety alerts e.g. traffic light optimal e.g. real-time traffic / routing, safety systems to pedestrians, bicyclists speed advisory cloud services 5 V2X provides higher level of predictability and autonomy Complementing other sensor technologies Radar ADAS Bad weather conditions Advanced Driver V2X wireless sensor Long range See through, 360◦ Low light situations Assistance Systems non-line of sight sensing, extended range sensing Camera Interprets objects/signs 3D HD maps Practical cost and FOV HD live map update Sub-meter level accuracy of landmarks Lidar Depth perception Brain of the car to help automate Medium range Precise positioning the driving process by using: GNSS positioning Immense compute resources Dead reckoning Ultrasonic Sensor fusion VIO Low cost Machine learning Short range Path planning 6 Continuous V2X technology evolution required Advanced safety Continuous technology evolution to 5G C-V2X R15+ (building upon R14) while maintaining backward compatibility Higher throughput Wideband carrier Enhanced safety Up to 1Gbps for sensor support C-V2X R14 sharing For accurate ranging and positioning Higher reliability Basic safety Enhanced communication’s 802.11p or C-V2X R14 Up to 99.999% for Lower latency range and reliability automated driving ~1ms for automated Supports higher speeds and additional driving Established foundation safety needs, e.g., in NLOS and for V2X challenging road conditions 7 Supporting rapidly evolving safety requirements and use cases Advanced safety Continuous technology evolution to 5G C-V2X R15+ (building upon R14) while maintaining backward compatibility For autonomous driving in real world conditions Enhanced safety C-V2X R14 Basic safety Extending electronic horizon, 802.11p or C-V2X R14 providing more reliability and NLOS performance High throughput communications Partially to highly E.g. day 1 use cases for sensor sharing automated driving Non-line-of-sight 0mph Icy road Forward collision warning Cooperative driving and basic platooning Blind curve hazard warning 8 C-V2X enhances range and reliability for safer driving Paving the path to the autonomous vehicle of the future The path to 5G will enable safer, autonomous driving Starting with C-V2X release 14 - specification completion and global trials in 2017 Synergistic with existing automotive cellular connectivity platform1 Cellular already delivering key services today, e.g. telematics, eCall, connected infotainment Delivers enhanced range and reliability for V2X direct communications Improvements over 802.11p, ~2x range2, or more reliable performance at the same range Leverages existing cellular infrastructure for network communications Offering new business models and economic benefits (e.g. combined RSUs and eNBs) Rich roadmap towards 5G with strong ecosystem (infra, MNO, smartphone) Technology evolution to address expanding capabilities/use cases 1. 60% Cellular penetration in new light vehicles sales by 2021; 2. Based on Qualcomm Research simulations 10 C-V2X defines two complementary transmission modes Direct communications Network communications V2V, V2I, and V2P on “PC5” Interface, V2N on “Uu” interface operates in traditional operating in ITS bands (e.g. ITS 5.9 GHz) mobile broadband licensed spectrum independent of cellular network PC5 interface Uu interface e.g. location, speed e.g. accident 2 kilometer ahead V2I V2I (PC5) (PC5) RSU V2N V2N (Uu) (Uu) V2V (PC5) V2P V2P eNodeB (PC5) (PC5/) PC5 operates on 5.9GHz; whereas, Uu operates on commercial cellular licensed spectrum 11 C-V2X is designed to work without network assistance1 V2V/V2I/V2P direct communications enables low latency applications USIM-less C-V2X direct communications operation doesn’t require USIM Autonomous Distributed scheduling, where the resource car selects resources from resource Common pools without network assistance ITS selection frequency Besides positioning2, C-V2X also GNSS time uses GNSS for time synchronization synchronization without relying on cellular networks Direct communications (via PC5 interface on 5.9GHz) 1; 3GPP also defines a mode, where eNodeB helps coordinate C-V2X Direct Communication; 2 GNSS is required for V2X technologies, including 802.11p, for positioning. Timing is calculated as part of the position calculations and it requires smaller number of satellites than those needed for positioning 12 C-V2X is designed to work in ITS 5.9 GHz spectrum For vehicles to talk to each other on harmonized, dedicated spectrum C-V2X support in ITS 3GPP support of band was added in 3GPP C-V2X direct ITS 5.9 GHz band Release 141 communications Harmonized C-V2X uses harmonized/common, spectrum for dedicated spectrum for vehicles to Common talk to each other ITS safety frequency C-V2X and 802.11p can co-exist by Coexistence being placed on different channels in with 802.11p the ITS band 1 5GHz support began in release 13 with LAA, and expanded with release 14 for ITS 13 C-V2X reuses upper layers defined by automotive industry Reuse established Applications Safety and non-safety service and app layers • Already defined by automotive and standards communities, e.g. ETSI, SAE Message / Facilities layer • Developing abstraction layer to interface with IEEE / ETSI / ISO 3GPP lower layers (in conjunction with 5GAA) UDP / TCP Security IEEE / ETSI / ISO Services IPv6 Transport/Network Reuse and adapt adapt and Reuse otherstandards Reuse existing security and transport layers Non-IP • Defined by ISO, ETSI, and IEEE 1609 family ProSe PDCP Signaling RLC Continuous enhancements MAC to the radio/lower layers PHY 3GPP scope 3GPP • Supports the ever-evolving V2X use cases Note: Also enhancements to the LTE Direct network architecture / system design to support V2X 14 C-V2X Rel-14 has significantly better link budget than 802.11p1 Leading to longer range (~2X range)—or more reliable performance at the same range Transmission time Energy per bit is Longer transmit time leads accumulated over a longer to better energy per bit period of time for C-V2X + Waveform SC-DFM allows for more SC-FDM has better transmit power than OFDM transmission efficiency for the same power amplifier ~2X + Longer range Channel coding Coding gain from turbo codes Gains from turbo coding and HARQ retransmission and retransmission lead to longer range 1 Link budget of C-V2X is around 8 dB better than 802.11p 15 Providing better support for enhanced safety use cases By extending electronic horizon, providing more reliability, and better NLOS performance 0mph Do not pass Blind curve/local Road works warning (DNPW) hazard warning warning Intersection movement assist Vulnerable road user (VRU) Left turn (IMA) at a blind intersection alerts at a blind intersection assist (LTA) 16 More reliability at higher speeds and varying road conditions Disabled vehicle after blind curve use case example Icy road condition Stopping distance estimation1 0mph (Driver reaction time + braking distance) 500 C-V2X 802.11p 38mph 28mph 63 mph Ice 400 46 mph 300 38 mph Normal road condition 28 mph 200 0mph Normal StoppingDistance (m) C-V2X 100 C-V2X 802.11p (107m) 63mph 46mph DSRC (60m) 0 0 20 40 60 80 Velocity (mph) 1 “Consistent with CAMP Deceleration Model and AASHTO “green book; 17 More reliability at higher speeds and longer ranges
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