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TAXON:Neomarica Gracilis (Herb.) Sprague SCORE:4.0

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TAXON: Neomarica gracilis (Herb.) SCORE: 4.0 RATING: Low Risk Sprague Taxon: Neomarica gracilis (Herb.) Sprague Family: Iridaceae Common Name(s): apostle plant Synonym(s): Basionym: Marica gracilis Herb. walking iris Assessor: Chuck Chimera Status: Assessor Approved End Date: 16 Apr 2018 WRA Score: 4.0 Designation: L Rating: Low Risk Keywords: Perennial Herb, Ornamental, Rhizomatous, Spreads Vegetatively, Arillate Seeds Qsn # Question Answer Option Answer 101 Is the species highly domesticated? y=-3, n=0 n 102 Has the species become naturalized where grown? 103 Does the species have weedy races? Species suited to tropical or subtropical climate(s) - If 201 island is primarily wet habitat, then substitute "wet (0-low; 1-intermediate; 2-high) (See Appendix 2) High tropical" for "tropical or subtropical" 202 Quality of climate match data (0-low; 1-intermediate; 2-high) (See Appendix 2) High 203 Broad climate suitability (environmental versatility) y=1, n=0 n Native or naturalized in regions with tropical or 204 y=1, n=0 y subtropical climates Does the species have a history of repeated introductions 205 y=-2, ?=-1, n=0 y outside its natural range? 301 Naturalized beyond native range y = 1*multiplier (see Appendix 2), n= question 205 n 302 Garden/amenity/disturbance weed 303 Agricultural/forestry/horticultural weed n=0, y = 2*multiplier (see Appendix 2) n 304 Environmental weed n=0, y = 2*multiplier (see Appendix 2) n 305 Congeneric weed 401 Produces spines, thorns or burrs y=1, n=0 n 402 Allelopathic 403 Parasitic y=1, n=0 n 404 Unpalatable to grazing animals 405 Toxic to animals y=1, n=0 n 406 Host for recognized pests and pathogens y=1, n=0 y 407 Causes allergies or is otherwise toxic to humans 408 Creates a fire hazard in natural ecosystems y=1, n=0 n 409 Is a shade tolerant plant at some stage of its life cycle y=1, n=0 y Creation Date: 16 Apr 2018 (Neomarica gracilis (Herb.) Page 1 of 15 Sprague) TAXON: Neomarica gracilis (Herb.) SCORE: 4.0 RATING: Low Risk Sprague Qsn # Question Answer Option Answer Tolerates a wide range of soil conditions (or limestone 410 y=1, n=0 y conditions if not a volcanic island) 411 Climbing or smothering growth habit y=1, n=0 n 412 Forms dense thickets y=1, n=0 n 501 Aquatic y=5, n=0 n 502 Grass y=1, n=0 n 503 Nitrogen fixing woody plant y=1, n=0 n Geophyte (herbaceous with underground storage organs 504 y=1, n=0 n -- bulbs, corms, or tubers) Evidence of substantial reproductive failure in native 601 y=1, n=0 n habitat 602 Produces viable seed y=1, n=-1 y 603 Hybridizes naturally 604 Self-compatible or apomictic 605 Requires specialist pollinators 606 Reproduction by vegetative fragmentation y=1, n=-1 y 607 Minimum generative time (years) Propagules likely to be dispersed unintentionally (plants 701 y=1, n=-1 n growing in heavily trafficked areas) 702 Propagules dispersed intentionally by people y=1, n=-1 y 703 Propagules likely to disperse as a produce contaminant 704 Propagules adapted to wind dispersal y=1, n=-1 n 705 Propagules water dispersed y=1, n=-1 n 706 Propagules bird dispersed y=1, n=-1 y 707 Propagules dispersed by other animals (externally) 708 Propagules survive passage through the gut y=1, n=-1 y 801 Prolific seed production (>1000/m2) Evidence that a persistent propagule bank is formed (>1 802 yr) 803 Well controlled by herbicides 804 Tolerates, or benefits from, mutilation, cultivation, or fire Effective natural enemies present locally (e.g. introduced 805 biocontrol agents) Creation Date: 16 Apr 2018 (Neomarica gracilis (Herb.) Page 2 of 15 Sprague) TAXON: Neomarica gracilis (Herb.) SCORE: 4.0 RATING: Low Risk Sprague Supporting Data: Qsn # Question Answer 101 Is the species highly domesticated? n Source(s) Notes Missouri Botanical Garden. 1945. Flora of Panama. Part III. [No evidence of domestication] "Mexico to northern Brazil, in wet Fascicle I. Annals of the Missouri Botanical Garden, 32(1): lowland forests and savannas." 1-105 102 Has the species become naturalized where grown? Source(s) Notes WRA Specialist. 2018. Personal Communication NA 103 Does the species have weedy races? Source(s) Notes WRA Specialist. 2018. Personal Communication NA Species suited to tropical or subtropical climate(s) - If 201 island is primarily wet habitat, then substitute "wet High tropical" for "tropical or subtropical" Source(s) Notes "Native USDA, ARS, Germplasm Resources Information Network. Southern America 2018. National Plant Germplasm System [Online BRAZIL: Brazil [Espirito Santo, Mato Grosso, Rio de Janeiro, Sao Database]. http://www.ars-grin.gov/npgs/index.html. Paulo]" [Accessed 16 Apr 2018] 202 Quality of climate match data High Source(s) Notes USDA, ARS, Germplasm Resources Information Network. 2018. National Plant Germplasm System [Online Database]. http://www.ars-grin.gov/npgs/index.html. [Accessed 16 Apr 2018] Creation Date: 16 Apr 2018 (Neomarica gracilis (Herb.) Page 3 of 15 Sprague) TAXON: Neomarica gracilis (Herb.) SCORE: 4.0 RATING: Low Risk Sprague Qsn # Question Answer 203 Broad climate suitability (environmental versatility) n Source(s) Notes "Hardiness: USDA Zone 8a: to -12.2 °C (10 °F) Dave's Garden. 2018. Walking Iris, Apostle Plant - USDA Zone 8b: to -9.4 °C (15 °F) Neomarica gracilis. USDA Zone 9a: to -6.6 °C (20 °F) https://davesgarden.com/guides/pf/go/2108/. [Accessed USDA Zone 9b: to -3.8 °C (25 °F) 16 Apr 2018] USDA Zone 10a: to -1.1 °C (30 °F) USDA Zone 10b: to 1.7 °C (35 °F) USDA Zone 11: above 4.5 °C (40 °F)" Tropicos.org. 2018. Missouri Botanical Garden. Collected from 10-1000 m elevation; at latitudes ranging from http://www.tropicos.org/. [Accessed 16 Apr 2018] 09°09'17"N to 23°46'39"S Native or naturalized in regions with tropical or 204 y subtropical climates Source(s) Notes USDA, ARS, Germplasm Resources Information Network. "Native 2018. National Plant Germplasm System [Online Southern America Database]. http://www.ars-grin.gov/npgs/index.html. BRAZIL: Brazil [Espirito Santo, Mato Grosso, Rio de Janeiro, Sao [Accessed 16 Apr 2018] Paulo]" Does the species have a history of repeated 205 y introductions outside its natural range? Source(s) Notes "Neomarica gracilis (Herb.) Sprague Iridaceae Total N° of Refs: 4 Habit: perennial Herb Preferred Climate/s: Subtropical, Tropical Randall, R.P. (2017). A Global Compendium of Weeds. 3rd Origin: C Am, N Am, S Am Major Pathway/s: Ornamental Dispersed Edition. Perth, Western Australia. R.P. Randall by: Humans, Escapee References: Gal pagos Islands-CN-1157, La Reunion-U-1321, Global-CD-1611, India-W-1977." Chong, K.Y., Tan, H.T.W. & Corlett, R.T. 2009. A Checklist of the Total Vascular Plant Flora of Singapore: Native, Naturalized and Cultivated Species. Raffles Museum of "Neomarica gracilis (Herb.) Sprague; Iridaceae; cultivated only" Biodiversity Research, National University of Singapore, Singapore Guerrero, A. M., Pozo, P., Chamorro, S., Guezou, A., & "Table I. List of introduced plant taxa recorded during the inventory Buddenhagen, C. E. (2008). Baseline data for identifying of plants on properties in Puerto Ayora , Galapagos (2002-2004)" potentially invasive plants in Puerto Ayora, Santa Cruz [Neomarica gracilis - Status = Cu: Cultivated (introduced, only found Island, Galapagos. Pacific Conservation Biology, 14(2), 93- in cultivation)] 107 Wong, M. 2008. Perennial Bedding Plants for Hawai͚i. OF- [Cultivated] "Walking iris is a plant that looks like an iris, with white 41. College of Tropical Agriculture and Human Resources, and purple flowers. The plant requires substantial shade. New plants Honolulu, HI will result where flowers once were." Global Register of Introduced and Invasive Species. 2018. Neomarica gracilis. http://griis.org/. [Accessed 16 Apr Present in India. No impacts confirmed 2018] 301 Naturalized beyond native range n Creation Date: 16 Apr 2018 (Neomarica gracilis (Herb.) Page 4 of 15 Sprague) TAXON: Neomarica gracilis (Herb.) SCORE: 4.0 RATING: Low Risk Sprague Qsn # Question Answer Source(s) Notes Chong, K.Y., Tan, H.T.W. & Corlett, R.T. 2009. A Checklist of the Total Vascular Plant Flora of Singapore: Native, Naturalized and Cultivated Species. Raffles Museum of "Neomarica gracilis (Herb.) Sprague; Iridaceae; cultivated only" Biodiversity Research, National University of Singapore, Singapore Guerrero, A. M., Pozo, P., Chamorro, S., Guezou, A., & "Table I. List of introduced plant taxa recorded during the inventory Buddenhagen, C. E. (2008). Baseline data for identifying of plants on properties in Puerto Ayora , Galapagos (2002-2004)" potentially invasive plants in Puerto Ayora, Santa Cruz [Neomarica gracilis - Status = Cu: Cultivated (introduced, only found Island, Galapagos. Pacific Conservation Biology, 14(2), 93- in cultivation)] 107 Randall, R.P. (2017). A Global Compendium of Weeds. 3rd No evidence Edition. Perth, Western Australia. R.P. Randall Wagner, W.L., Herbst, D.R.& Lorence, D.H. 2018. Flora of the Hawaiian Islands. Smithsonian Institution, No evidence to date Washington, D.C. http://botany.si.edu/. [Accessed 16 Apr 2018] 302 Garden/amenity/disturbance weed Source(s) Notes [Possible weed in flower beds] "On Jun 18, 2003, whoopinaggie from Dave's Garden. 2018. Walking Iris, Apostle Plant - Richmond, TX wrote: I have the walking iris in complete shade under Neomarica gracilis. a tree and it blooms and grows all over the place. I have never https://davesgarden.com/guides/pf/go/2108/. [Accessed fertilized it and have never seen it wilt despite the 95+ humid 16 Apr 2018] summers. It is actually starting the take over the flower bed and needs to be "weeded" out fairly often. " Weedbusters. 2011. Plant Me Instead! Northland. Neomarica gracilis recommended as an alternative to Aristea www.weedbusters.org.nz ecklonii Randall, R.P.
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  • Nomenclatural Types of Iberian Irises (Iris and Related Genera, Iridaceae)

    Nomenclatural Types of Iberian Irises (Iris and Related Genera, Iridaceae)

    Flora Montiberica 53: 49-62 (18-XII-2012). ISSN: 1988-799X NOMENCLATURAL TYPES OF IBERIAN IRISES (IRIS AND RELATED GENERA, IRIDACEAE) Manuel B. CRESPO VILLALBA CIBIO, Instituto de la Biodiversidad. Universidad de Alicante. P.O. Box 99. E-03080 Alicante. E-mail: [email protected] ABSTRACT: Nomenclatural types are reported for seventeen taxa belonging to Iris and six related genera, which are accepted in the forthcoming treatment of Iridaceae for Flora iberica. Among them, 13 lectotypes and one neotype are designated for the first time, and three previous typifications are briefly commented. Keywords: Iris, Chamaeiris, Juno, Limniris, Xiphion, Hermodactylus, Gynandriris, nomenclature, typi- fication, Iberian Peninsula. RESUMEN: Tipos nomenclaturales de lirios ibéricos (Iris y géneros relaciona- dos, Iridaceaae). Se presentan los tipos nomenclaturales de 17 táxones pertenecientes a Iris y otros seis géneros relacionados, que se aceptan en el tratamiento de las Iridace- ae para Flora iberica. De ellos, se designan por primera vez 13 lectótipos y un neótipo, y se comentan brevemente tres tipificaciones previas. Palabras clave: Iris, Chamaei- ris, Juno, Limniris, Xiphion, Hermodactylus, Gynandriris, nomenclatura, tipificación, Península Ibérica. INTRODUCTION others), whereas others were accepted as separate genera (cf. PARLATORE, 1860; Iridaceae will be included in the KLATT, 1864, 1866; BAKER, 1877; forthcoming volume XX of Flora iberica. VALENTINE, 1980; RODIONENKO, As a part of the editorial task, data on no- 1961, 2005, 2007, 2009; MAVRODIEV, menclatural types will be reported for all 2010; among others). accepted taxa in the family. Some of the In any case, important morphological species occurring in the Iberian Peninsula differences exist among those seven ag- have already been typified, though many gregates, which allow recognition of uni- irises are still in need of typification.
  • Parasitoids As Biological Control Agents of Thrips Pests Promotor: Prof

    Parasitoids As Biological Control Agents of Thrips Pests Promotor: Prof

    Parasitoids as Biological Control Agents of Thrips Pests Promotor: Prof. dr. J.C. van Lenteren Hoogleraar in de Entomologie, Wageningen Universiteit Promotie Commissie: Prof. dr. L.E.M. Vet, Wageningen Universiteit, Wageningen Dr. B. Aukema, Plantenziektenkundige Dienst, Wageningen Dr. W.J. de Kogel, Plant Research International, Wageningen Prof. dr. H. Eijsackers, Vrije Universiteit, Amsterdam. Parasitoids as Biological Control Agents of Thrips Pests Antoon Loomans Proefschrift ter verkrijging van de graad van doctor op gezag van de rector magnificus van Wageningen Universiteit, Prof. Dr. Ir. L. Speelman, in het openbaar te verdedigen op maandag 8 september 2003 des namiddags te vier uur in de Aula Loomans, A.J.M. (2003) Parasitoids as Biological Control Agents of Thrips Pests Thesis Wageningen University – with references – with summaries in English, Dutch and Italian Subject headings / Thysanoptera / Frankliniella occidentalis / Hymenoptera / Ceranisus menes / Ceranisus americensis / biological control / ISBN : 90-5808-884-7 to Giorgio Nicoli aan Lois, Romi, Oskar, Viktor & Sofia Contents Chapter 1 Evaluation of hymenopterous parasitoids as biological control agents of 1 thrips pests in protected crops: introduction Chapter 2 Exploration for hymenopterous parasitoids of thrips 45 Chapter 3 Mass-rearing thrips and parasitoids 67 Chapter 4 Host selection by thrips parasitoids: effects of host age, host size and 79 period of exposure on behaviour and development Chapter 5 Host selection by Ceranisus menes and C. americensis: inter- and