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The Ecology of Mountain Lake Rotifers in Canterbury, with Particular

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The Ecology of Mountain Lake Rotifers in Canterbury, with Particular ECOLOGY OF MOUNTAIN LAKE WITH PARTICULAR REFERENCE GRAS MERE AND THE GENUS FILINIA DORY DE VINCENT A thesis submitted in fulfilment of the requirements for the Degree of Doctor of Philosophy in Zoology in the University of Canterbury by La~orsrl Sanoammmg University of Canterbury 1992 CONTENTS PAGE LIST OF TABLES ....................................... 1 LIST OF FIGURES ...................................... 111 LIST OF APPENDICES ................................... V111 ABSTRACT.............................. ...... .... .. .. 1 CHAPTER 1 INTRODUCTION ...................... 3 1.1 General Introduction .................... 3 1.2 Research on Rotifers in New Zealand ....... 8 1.3 Research Aims 10 CHAPTER 2 ECOLOGY OF PLANKTONIC ROTIFERS IN LAKE GRAS MERE ..................... 12 2.1 Introduction 12 2.2 The Study Area ........................ 12 2.3 Methods. ~ . .. 13 2.4 Results. 15 2.4.1 Temperature, Secchi disc transparency, chlorophyll a concentration, dissolved oxygen concentration, pH, conductivity, and alkalinity 15 2.4.2 Rotifer species composition ........... 21 2.4.3 Abundance and seasonal distribution of rotifers . .. 24 2.4.4 Vertical distribution of rotifers ......... 26 2.4.5 Occurrence of rotifers in relation to environmental factors .................... 29 2.5 Discussion. .. 43 CHAPTER 3 OF SOUTH ISLAND LAKES 3.1 Introduction. 47 Methods ............................. 47 3.3 Results. .. 51 3.3.1 Australasian endemics ............... 54 3.3.2 Other new records for New Zealand ... 3.3.3 Cluster analysis of lakes ............. 62 3.4 Discussion. .. 65 CHAPTER 4 A METHOD FOR PREPARING ROTlFER TROPHI FOR SCANNING ELECfRON MICROSCOPy ........................ 69 4.1 Introduction. 69 4.2 Methods. 70 4.3 Results and Discussion ................... 70 CHAPTERS A REVISION OF GENUS FILINlA BORY DE ST. VINCENT 72 5.1 Introduction ....................... , . 72 5.2 Methods ........................ , . .. 73 5.3 Results. .. 76 5.3.1 Filinia in New '"-'''' .... )1.......... 76 5.3.2 Filinia from other countries ........... 79 5.4 Discussion. 82 EFFECT OF MORPHOLOGY, LIFE HISTORY~ GROWTH RATE OF FILINIA '/1·.. ·""/111111 U1Ltl.J...... (PLATE) AND F. CF. IN CULTURE 95 6.1 Introduction. 95 6.2 Methods. 96 6.2.1 Algal cultures ..................... 96 6.2.2 Rotifer cultures ................... 97 6.2.3 Food concentration experiments ........ 97 6.2.4 Morphometric measurements .......... 98 6.2.5 Life history and growth rate experiments . 98 6.2.6 Statistical analyses .. 99 6.3 Results. 99 6.3.1 Food quantity ..................... 99 6.3.2 External morphology ................ 100 6.3.3 Morphometric measurements .......... 104 6.3.4 Trophi .......................... 104 6.3.5 Life cycles ....................... 108 6.3.6 Growth rates ..................... 113 6.4 Discussion. 113 PAGE CHAPTER 7 THE EFFECT OF SALINITY ON GROWTH RATE OF HEXARTHRA FENNICA (LEVANDER) AND H. MIRA (HUDSON) IN CULTURE ..... 119 7.1 Introduction. 119 7.2 Methods. 120 7.2.1 Rotifer cultures ................... 120 7.2.2 Growth rate experiments ............. 120 7.2.3 Statistical analysis .................. 121 7.3 Results .............................. 121 7.4 Discussion ............................ 122 CHAPTER 8 OVERVIEW AND SYNTHESIS . 125 ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS ................................... 130 REFERENCES ........................................... 132 APPENDICES ............................................ 146 1 LIST OF TABLES PAGE 2.1 Temperature range CC) of surface and bottom waters in Lake Grasmere in different seasons. ................. 17 2.2 Alkalinity, pH, conductivity, chlorophyll a concentration, and dissolved oxygen in Lake Grasmere between November 1988 and January 1990. .............................. 19 2.3 List of planktonic rotifers collected from Lake Grasmere. .. 20 2.4 Benthic-littoral rotifers which appeared occasionally in Lake Grasmere plankton samples, and their seasonal occurrence. 22 3.1 South Island lakes and ponds sampled during this study. Sampling dates and some ecological information are given. 48 3.2 Rotifera recorded from the South Island, New Zealand, during this study with the localities in which they were found. 52 3.3 Characteristics of the five main clusters of lakes and ponds distinguished in Fig. 3.6. .......................... 64 5.1 Measurements (p,m) and numbers of unci teeth of New Zealand Filinia species. 75 5.2 Measurements (p,m) and numbers of unci teeth of Filinia species from Australia, Austria, Belgium, Turkey, and Yemen. ...................................... 80 6.1 Growth rates (dafl) ± standard elTor of two strains of F. telminalis and cf pejleli fed different concentrations of Oocystis sp. at 15°C. ............................. 100 6.2 Morphometric measurements (p,m) of juveniles and adults of F. terminalis and F. cf pejleli in cultures at different temperatures. 105 ii 6.3 Mean (± standard error) durations of different phases of the life cycle (days), total number of offspring per female, and growth rate (dafl) of F. telminalis and cf pejleli at different temperatures. ........................... 109 6.4 The mean percentage of the life span of F. telminalis and F. cf pejleri represented by the juvenile period, reproductive period, and post-reproductive period, at different temperatures. 111 6.5 Mean durations (in days) of different phases of rotifer life spans, total number of offspring per female, and growth rates (day-l) for K cochlearis, B. angularis, and N caudata, obtained from the literature. 117 7.1 Growth rates (daft) ± standard error ofH. fennica and H. mira grown at different salinities over a 7-day period, at 20oe. 122 iii OF FIGURES FIGURE PAGE 2.1 Lake Grasmere in winter and summer, and Schindler plankton trap. .............................. 14 2.2 Bathymetric map of Lake Grasmere showing the two sampling stations. ............................ 16 2.3 Seasonal fluctuations in surface and bottom water temperatures, Secchi Disc transparency, and Chlorophyll a concentration in Lake Grasmere. ............... 18 2.4 Percentage composition of the dominant planktonic rotifer species in Lake Grasmere from November 1988 to January 1990. ............................ 23 2.5 Seasonal variations in the population densities of total rotifers and the three dominant rotifer species in Lake Grasmere from November 1988 to January 1990. ..... 25 2.6 Seasonal variations in the population densities of five subdominant rotifer species in Lake Grasmere from November 1988 to January 1990. ................ 27 2.7 Seasonal distributions and times of peak abundance of planktonic rotifers that found in low numbers in Lake Grasmere. ................................. 28 2.8 Vertical distribution of total rotifers in Lake Grasmere on four dates in summer and autumn. ............. 30 2.9 Vertical distribution of total rotifers in Lake Grasmere on four dates in winter and spring. 30 2.10 A vertical temperature profile obtained at site A in Lake Grasmere on 5 December 1988. ................. 31 iv FIGURE 2.11 Vertical distributions of total rotifers and four dominant rotifer species on 5 December 1988 during the period of summer stratification in Lake Grasmere. ......... 31 2.12 Vertical distribution of K. cochlearis in Lake Grasmere on five dates. ............................... 32 2.13 Vertical distribution of P. cf. dolichoptera in Lake Grasmere on five dates. ....................... 32 2.14 Vertical distribution of P. sulcata in Lake Grasmere on five dates. ................................. 33 2.15 Vertical distribution of S. oblonga in Lake Grasmere on five dates. ................................. 33 2.16 Vertical distribution of F. tenninalis in Lake Grasmere on five dates. ............................... 34 2.17 Vertical distribution of H fennica in Lake Grasmere on five dates. 34 2.18 Vertical distribution of T. rouselleti in Lake Grasmere on five dates. ................................. 35 2.19 Vertical distribution of T. similis in Lake Grasmere on five dates. 35 2.20 Vertical distribution ofA. sieboldi in Lake Grasmere on three dates. ................................ 36 2.21 Vertical distribution of S. pectinata in Lake Grasmere on five dates. 36 2.22 The occurrence of K cochlemis in Lake Grasmere in relation to water temperature. 38 2.23 The occurrence of P. cf. dolichoptera in Lake Grasmere in relation to water temperature. 38 v 2.24 The occurrence of P. sulcata in Lake Grasmere in relation to water temperature. 39 The occurrence of F. telminalis in Lake Grasmere in relation to water temperature. 39 2.26 The occurrence of H. fennica in Lake Grasmere in relation to water temperature. 40 2.27 The occurrence of S. oblonga in Lake Grasmere in relation to water temperature. 40 2.28 The occurrence of T. similis in Lake Grasmere in relation to water temperature. 42 2.29 The occurrence of T. rousseleti in Lake Grasmere in relation to water temperature. 42 3.1 Lakes and ponds sampled for rotifers in the South Island, New Zealand. ......................... 50 3.2 SEM micrograph and light micrographs of the Australasian endemics; K australis, K slacki, L. herzigi and L. tasmaniensis. .......................... 56 3.3 SEM micrograph and light micrographs of the new records for New Zealand; K cochlearis micracantha, K tecta, N. squamula, P. dolichoptera, T. rousseleti, P. tentaculatus. ................................ 59 3.4 SEM micrographs illustrating trophi of the new records for New Zealand; P. cf. dolichoptera, T. rousseleti, A. sieboldi, A. sieboldi, P. tentaculatus, S. longipes. ....... 60 3.5 SEM micrographs illustrating
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