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Retrait Effectif Ou Pluralisation Contrôlée?

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Retrait Effectif Ou Pluralisation Contrôlée? UNIVERSITÉ DU QUÉBEC À MONTRÉAL RETRAlT EFFECTIF OU PLURALISATION CONTRÔLÉE? ANALYSE CRITIQUE DE LA STRATÉGIE DE LÉGITIMATION DE L'AUTORITÉ DU GOUVERNEMENT AMÉRICAIN DANS LA GOUVERNANCE POLITIQUE DU SYSTÈME DE NOMS DE DOMAINES D'INTERNET (DNS) MÉMOIRE PRÉSENTÉ COMME EXIGENCE PARTIELLE DE LA MAÎTRISE EN SCIENCE POLITIQUE PAR OLIVIER DAGENAIS JUILLET 2016 UNIVERSITÉ DU QUÉBEC À MONTRÉAL Service des bibliothèques Avertissement La diffusion de ce mémoire se fait dans le respect des droits de son auteur, qui a signé le formulaire Autorisation de reproduire et de diffuser un travail de recherche de cycles supérieurs (SDU-522 - Rév.1 0-2015). Cette autorisation stipule que «conformément à l'article 11 du Règlement no 8 des études de cycles supérieurs, [l 'auteur] concède à l'Université du Québec à Montréal une licence non exclusive d'utilisation et de publication de la totalité ou d'une partie importante de [son] travail de recherche pour des fins pédagogiques et non commerciales. Plus précisément, [l'auteur] autorise l'Université du Québec à Montréal à reproduire , diffuser, prêter, distribuer ou vendre des copies de [son] travail de recherche à des fins non commerciales sur quelque support que ce soit, y compris l'Internet. Cette licence et cette autorisation n'entraînent pas une renonciation de [la] part [de l'auteur] à [ses] droits moraux ni à [ses] droits de propriété intellectuelle. Sauf entente contraire, [l'auteur] conserve la liberté de diffuser et de commercialiser ou non ce travail dont [il] possède un exemplaire. » REMERCIEMENTS Quelqu'un m'a dit il n'y a pas si longremps que terminer un mémoire était un peu comme un accouchement, à la d ifférence près qu'une fo is te rminé, on n'avai t jam ais le goût de revoir le nouveau-né de notre vie. O r, je ne peux m'empêcher de co nstater que la li gne d'arrivée es t pratiquement franchi e et que le bébé, le mémoire bref, au fin al, je l'aime bien et n'en suis pas peu fi er no n pl us! Il es t vrai toutefois que le processus de rédac ti on a été ex igeant et éprouva nt par endroits et que, sans l'appui de certaines personnes cl és, le document que vo us avez entre les mains n'aurait probabl ement jamais vu le jour. Premièrement, j'aim erais offrir toute ma reconnaissa nce à ma douce N ancy, qui est entrée dans ma vie en même tem ps que le processus de rédacti on du mémoire débutait lui-mêm e. Merci d'être entré dans ma vie, darlin, et merci auss i de to n appui précieux qui, surtout au cours des derniers mois, m'a permis de garder le cap co ntre vents et marées. Prépare-toi, chère, parce qu'il y aura déso rmais un deuxième « maître » dans la maison à partir de m ain tenant! J'aimerais auss i offrir ma gratitude à mon père François qui m'a appuyé et a cru en moi depuis aussi longtemps que je puisse me rappeler. T on appui, autant moral, qu'affectif ou fin ancier, a eu un impact primordial dans ma vie et m'a permis de récupérer d'erreurs et d 'égarements passagers que, vu avec un peu de recul, j'aurais difficilement pu év iter. Merci pour ro n appui et pourron amour durant toutes ces années, et gardes un spot sur le mur de ton bureau, j'ai un beau diplôme à te donner dans pas trop longtemps! Je pourrais auss i difficil ement passe r outre l'impact prépondérant qu'a eu ma directrice, Mme Michèle Ri oux, dans le dépôt du présent mémoire. C'est toi M ichèle qui m'a souvent incité à all er plus loin et à enrichir mon projet d'étude à un degré dont je ne me serais jamais même cru capable il y a quelques années à peine. J'admire ta créativité, j'admire ton go ût du risque et j'admire ta capacité de mobiliser les gens auto ur de projets stimulants et ambitieux et à performer au meilleur de leurs capacités. En tant qu'étudiant, j'ail eu a chance d'avoir non seulement eu un excell ent mentor académique, mais aussi un modèle précieux pour mon iii développement professionnel pour les années à ve nir. Finalem ent, j'aimerais auss i remercier les personnes qui, comme Richard Hill, Pi erre D andjinou, Francesca M usiani, Bruno Marien, D es rin y Tchéouali et G uillaume M urphy ont auss i contribué au succès du présent m émoire, soit en m 'aidant dans la conception ou le rodage du questionnaire, ou en m'accordant des entrev ues in fo rmelles qui sont ve nues enrichir mes recherch es et mes réfl exions par la suite. TABLE DES MATIÈRES LISTE DES FIGURES ......................... ............................................... , .............. ...................... ix LISTE DES TABLEAUX ................. .. ...... .... ......... .... ......... .... ... ....... ........... .. ... .. ........................ x LISTE DES ABRÉVIATIONS, SIGLES ET ACRONYMES ............................ .............. ......... xi RÉSUMÉ .. ........... ............. .......... .............. ... .. ..... ... .. ... .... ...... .... .... ... ............... ........ .... ............. xii INTRODUCTION .......... ....................... ...................... ... ......... ..... ... ................... ... ....... .. ....... .' 1 CHAPITRE I CADRE THÉORIQUE: LÉGITIMATION ET PUISSANCE INTÉGRATIVE DANS UN CONTEXTE DE RÉGIME TRANSNATTONAL ........................................................... 15 1.1 L'Internet et sa racin e de nommage .............. ............ .......................................................... 17 1.1.1 Les fonctions de nomma ge et d'adressage dans la racine d'Internet ........ .. ................ 19 1.2 La théorie des régimes adaptée à la gouvernance de la racine de nommage d'Internet ......... 24 1 .3.1 Intergo uve rn ementalisme vs. multistakeholderism .................................................. 30 1. 3.2 Soft Power et puissance intégrative ................ ........................................................... 32 1.4 La légitimité : définition et analyse d'un co ncept fuya nt.. ................ .............................. .. ... 34 1.4.1 Auto rité et coerciti on au sein de I'ICANN .. ........................... .................................. 39 1.4.2 Typologie des so urces de la légi timité ............................................ .......................... 4 1 1.4.3 L'importance des dimensions cognitives, affectives et interpersonnelles dans le processus de légitimation ........... ............................................................................ .46 CHAPITRE Il CONTEXTE HISTORIQUE ET GENÈSE DE L'AUTORITÉ AMÉRICAINE SUR LA RACINE DU DNS .. .... .. ........... ................ ... ..... ...... .......... ........................... .................. ........ .. 49 v 2.1 Création de l'Internet précommercial: de la OARPA à la NSF .... ........... ....... ........... ... .. .... .49 2.1.1 Développement du « Packet-Switching » et mise en place d'ARPANET. .................. 51 2.1.2 Création et déploiement initial du << Domain N ame System » ... .. .. ..... ...... .. ...... .... .. .... 55 2.1.3 Émergence de la communauté technique et go uvernance du ONS sous Jon Postel ... .......... ... ... ....................... .............. .... ... ... ................. .... ... ............. .. ...... ..... 57 2.2 Commercialisation et politisation : Mosaic, l'arrivée du Web et la montée en puissance du commerce en li gne .... .............. .. ....... .. .. .. ...... ........ .. .. ........ .. .... ................ ..... .. ...... ......... 60 2.2.1 Appropri ation et spéculation : L'intégrité de la racine désormais compromise .. ..... ... 63 CHAPITRE III PREMIÈRE CRISE DE LÉGITIMITÉ, PREMIÈRE DÉVOLUTION: LE GTLD-MOU ET LA FONDATION DE L'ICANN ............ ....... ... ..... .... ... .. .... ..................................... ........ 66 3.1 M ise en branle du gTLD-MoUIIAHC: l'ordre étatsunien remis en question ... .. ...... .. ... .. ... 68 3.1.1 Pratiques monopolistiques de NSI et Drafi-Postel .......... ... .... .............. .. .. .... ........... .. 68 3.1.2 Consolidation idéologique et fondation de l'ISOC en tant que fer de lance des efforts de légitimation de la communauté technique .. ....... ........... ................ ......... .. 72 3.1.3 Premières lignes de démarcation entre le gouvernement américain et la communauté technique ..................... .. ... .......... ...... .... ....................... .. .. ................. 74 3.1.4 L'ISOC, appuyé par l'UIT, lance le gTLD-MoU .... ... ... ... .... ...... ... .... ............... ........ 77 3.2 Fondation de l'ICANN et réinvestissement du gouvernement américain dans la gouvernance du ONS ...................... .. ............... ......... ... ... ........ ................ ... ... ........... ........ 81 3.2.1 1996-1997 - Le gouvernement américain retrouve son équilibre ....... ........ .... .. ........ 83 vi 3.2.3 Test ou coup d'État? Tentati ve unilatérale par Postel de redirecri on de la racin e ..... 87 3.2.4 « Norm on y warch! >> - Réponse d u gouve rn ement améri cain à I'IAHC er publicati on du Green Paper ........ ..... ......... .... ..... .. ... .. ................. .. .... .. .... ... ... ... ........ 88 3.2.5 Fin de la ronde initiale de co nsultati ons et publication du <<Wh ite Paper >> .. .. .... 90 3.2.6 Form ati on de la Triple-Alliance co mmunauté technique/gouvern ement améri cain/bi g busin ess .. ............. ....... .. .... .. ... ... .......... .. ..... .... ........... .... .... .... ...... ...... 92 3.2.7 La T ri ple-Alli ance triomphe - NewCo devient I'ICANN ........ ........ .. ................ .. ..... 95 3.3 Conclusion et analyse: gouve rn ement américain-ICANN, quel type de co ntrôle? ............. 96 CHAPITRE IV SECONDE CRISE DE LÉGITIMITÉ, SECONDE D ÉVOLUT ION: CON TESTATIO
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