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Samuel Johnson's Childhood Illnesses and the King's Evil
SAMUEL JOHNSON'S CHILDHOOD ILLNESSES AND THE KING'S EVIL by LAWRENCE C. McHENRY, JR. AND RONALD MAC KEITH 'HERE is a brave boy,' proclaimed George Hector,* when he brought Samuel Johnson into the world. From this moment and throughout most of his childhood, young Sam was harassed by a variety of afflictions that troubled his daily existence, but did not prevent him from eventually becoming one of England's outstanding literary figures. Samuel Johnson's adult illnesses and the history of his childhood have been described by many writers, but no separate work is available on his childhood medical history. The purpose ofthis paper is to describe Johnson's childhood medical disorders and their consequences. The principal source of information on this period in Johnson's life is from an autobiographical sketch, An account of the life of Dr. Samuel Johnson from his birth to his eleventh year, written by himself. Johnson apparently called this his 'Annals' and his two principal biographers, Boswell and Hawkins, did not know of its existence. This was written when he was 55 years old and was 'among the mass of papers which were ordered to be committed to the flames a few days before his death.'** Johnson's 'Annals' gives a record of his early affections, but it contains a rather questionable medical implication that has been perpetuated as fact. This is that Johnson developed tuberculosis during the first few weeks of his life. We propose to point out that this is unlikely and to show that it is much more probable that he developed tuberculosis later, when he was about two years old. -
Rousseau Or Wollstonecraft?
Journal of Education and Practice www.iiste.org ISSN 2222-1735 (Paper) ISSN 2222-288X (Online) Vol.7, No.6, 2016 Who Won the Debate in Women Education? Rousseau or Wollstonecraft? Clifford Owusu-Gyamfi Faculty of Theology, University of Geneva, Chemin du Riolet 8, 1012-Lausanne, Switzerland Abstract Curriculum framework in the education of children became debatable during the enlightenment. Jean-Jacque Rousseau's treatise, Emile , outlined an educational curriculum based on natural rights. Rousseau thought education should be based on espousing and exploring the natural abilities of a person. Therefore, since women have a natural responsibility of care giving, their education should be given in line with helping them to enhance these natural caring abilities. Wollstonecraft, an enlightened philosopher, took on a literary protest against Rousseau's sexual politics in her treatise, A Vindication of the Rights of Women . This paper will show why Wollstonecraft’s idea is worth considering, in that it points the way past and out of a world of discrimination to create nondiscriminatory educational concept for future generation. Since discriminatory educational ideologies perpetrates in contemporary societies in diverse fashions, this paper challenges such cultures to rethinking the imperativeness of women education. Keywords: Jean-Jacque Rousseau, Mary Wollstonecraft, Women education, Sexist politics Acknowledgement: My deepest appreciation to Abigail Gyasi of Temple University for the encouragement to write about this subject. 1. Introduction Emile is a treatise written by the French enlightened author Jean-Jacque Rousseau. In this popular work, Rousseau seeks to put across the point that education should be based on espousing and exploring the natural abilities of a person (Rousseau & Allan, 1979: 37). -
Our Debt to Mary Wollstonecraft, Moral and Intellectual Pioneer for Women
Our Debt to Mary Wollstonecraft, Moral and Intellectual Pioneer for Women By Susan Roberts I teach a course entitled Leadership in Writing at the United States Coast Guard Academy that includes both male and female Officer Candidates. The women in my class are strong and unafraid to accept challenges. They perform jobs often seen as men’s work, live by the Coast Guard’s Core Values of Honor, Respect and Devotion to Duty, and balance their time between being on active duty and being wife, mother, or both. In our classes, we focus on examples of leadership in the military and civilian world. To mark Women’s History Month in March, I asked each Officer Candidate (OC) to select a female who exemplifies leadership and to present a speech about her. Their choices included Hillary Rodham Clinton, Sarah Palin, Margaret Thatcher, Queen Boudicca, Cleopatra, Elizabeth I, Sally Ride, Amelia Earhart, Rosa Parks, Susan B. Anthony, Mother Teresa, and Marie Curie. I responded by noting, “I see no one has claimed Mary Wollstonecraft.” A few moments of silence were followed by a series of questions: “Who is she?” “Is she in politics?” “Is she a writer?” “Why did you expect us to know her name?” and “Did she have anything to do with the Coast Guard?” I responded, “She was an eighteenth century writer. Women today owe her a debt of gratitude for we are beneficiaries of her ideas, which were quite revolutionary for her times. She advocated moral and intellectual education for women in a world where a woman’s voice rarely counted.” One of the handful of female OCs in class was curious enough to claim Wollstonecraft as the figure for her leadership speech, and all of the students were introduced to the life of this woman, the social changes she called for over two hundred years ago, and the impact of her work on opportunities for women then and now. -
Democracy’ in Somerset and Beyond
Cambridge University Press 978-0-521-89755-6 - Romanticism, Revolution and Language: The Fate of the Word from Samuel Johnson to George Eliot John Beer Excerpt More information chapter 1 ‘Democracy’ in Somerset and beyond The political impact of the French Revolution in England was strangely oblique, even when one remembers that it was largely being experienced at one remove. My concern here is not only with some examples of that oblique reaction but with language generally, and with the manner in which the growing questioning of authority during the period reflected a more profound alteration, taking place over a much longer period – a movement from what might be termed the language of fidelity to the cultivation of dialects that could be regarded as more critically oriented. To put the matter another way, whereas in medieval times writers had been so close to the religion of their surrounding culture that they did not need to think about the possible religious implications of their language, by the middle of the twentieth century, they would have become so self-conscious and self-critical that they could not write anything containing such implications and not be aware of possible commenting voices ranging from the harshly critical to the warmly favourable. The 1790s, I shall maintain, provided a crucial juncture for this development. In addition, however, attention may be drawn to recent emphases in the writing of history by which the possibility of concentrating on a small and particular detail and expanding one’s attention from there can be explored, or, alternately, one may begin by proceeding to the widest possible extreme and moving inward. -
Women's Emancipation Through Education: the Radical Agenda of Mary Wollstonecraft (1759-1797)
DOCUMENT RESUME ED 359 085 SO 022 348 AUTHOR Roberts, Leonard H.; Pollman, Mary Jo TITLE Women's Emancipation through Education: The Radical Agenda of Mary Wollstonecraft (1759-1797). PUB DATE [92] NOTE 43p. PUB TYPE Information Analyses (070) Reports Descriptive (141) EDRS PRICE MF01/PCO2 Plus Postage. DESCRIPTORS Educational Change; *Educational History; Educational Opportunities; Educational Philosophy; Educational Theories; Elementary Secondary Education; *Equal Education; Females; *Feminism; Sex Bias; Sex Discrimination; *Womens Education IDENTIFIERS *Wollstonecraft (Mary) ABSTRACT Two hundred years ago, Mary Wollstonecraft, the English women's rights pioneer, published her immortal work: "A Vindication of the Rights of Woman." In it she placed much ofthe blame for women's inferior political, intellectual, and socialstatus on "faulty education." In "Vindication," she offered a number of recommendations aimed at enhancing the quality of educationfor women. These included: boys and girls schooled together and sharinga curriculum rich in experiential learning, particularly in scientific studies. She advocated physical exercise and playas well as health education specifically aimed at women's needs. These andother education proposals marked her asan important progenitor of many modern and widely accepted educational innovations. Contains20 references. (Author) *********************************************************************** Reproductions supplied by EDRS are the best thatcan be made from the original document. *********************************************************************** -
Representations of America in the English Jacobin Novel
SPECULATIONS fiNANCIAL AND PHILOSOPHICAL NANCY E. ] OHNSON "Seated on her Bags of Dollars": Representations of America in the English Jacobin Novel N THE 17905, THE ENGLISH jacobin novel engaged in a sus I tained narrative critique of comracrarianism. While it supported the foundational premises of comractarianism-for example, the concept of inalienable rights for the individual-it also exposed the restrictive requirements and specifications that proponents of the social contract were imposing on political agency. In the fiction of Roben Bage, Mary Wollstonecraft, and Charlotte Smith, among others, it becomes evident that libcrry is a function of properry.1 To establish political authority, one has to be able to claim the right of properry, which begins with self-governance and culminates in proprietorship within society2 Financial dependence means dis qualification, and it precludes enfranchisement or claims to politi cal authority in any form, thereby excluding large segments of the populations such as women. Consequently, the English jacobin ' For an extended discussion of liberty as a function of property in early contractarian thought, see C.B. Macpherson, Ibe Political 7beory of Possesst~>e IndividualiSm (London: Oxford UP, 1962). 2 In Two TreatiSes on Gwernmem, Locke establishes ownership of the self as the IU~l fundam~nlal funH uf prupric:Lun,!Jip an<J ~~~~ t:::~~lllii.tl p~tUIMJI lo JX>liltc..iJI authority. "Though the Eanh, and all inferior Creatures be common to all Man, yet every Man has a Property in his own Person. This no Body has any Right to but himself.· See Locke, Two TreatiSes of Go,•emment, ed. -
DOES the JEWISH PAST HAVE a FUTURE? by Sholome Michael Gelber 251
CONTENTS EDITORS' PREFACE Ν THE HISTORIC QUEST BY JOSEPH L. BLAU VII BIBLIOGRAPHY OF THE WRITINGS OF SALO WITTMAYER BARON XV THE CORRESPONDENCE OF TOBIAS BEN MOSES, THE KARAITE, OF CON- STANTINOPLE BY ZVI ANKORI 1 TOWARD THE DAWN OF HISTORY BY MEIR BEN-HORIN 39 THE MESSIANIC SELF-CONSCIOUSNESS OF ABRAHAM ABULAFIA: A TEN- TATIVE EVALUATION BY ABRAHAM BERGER 55 THE CLOAKMAKERS' STRIKE OF 1910 BY HYMAN BERMAN 63 TRADITION AND INNOVATION BY JOSEPH L. BLAU 95 FELIX LIBERTATE AND THE EMANCIPATION OF DUTCH JEWRY BY HERBERT I. BLOOM 105 AMERICAN JEWRY-REFLECTIONS ON SOCIAL, COMMUNAL, AND SPIRITUAL TRENDS BY SAMUEL M. BLUMENFIELD 123 MORALITY AND RELIGION IN THE THEOLOGY OF MAIMONIDES BY BEN Ζ ION BOKSER 139 AN AMERICAN JEW AT THE PARIS PEACE CONFERENCE OF 1919: EXCERPTS FROM THE DIARY OF OSCAR S. STRAUS BY NAOMI W. COHEN 159 THE LAFAYETTE COMMITTEE FOR JEWISH EMANCIPATION BY ABRAHAM G. DUKER 169 THE BACKGROUND OF THE BERLIN HASKALAH BY ISAAC EISENSTEIN- BARZILAY 183 ASPECTS OF THE JEWISH COMMUNAL CRISIS IN THE PERIOD OF THE NAZI REGIME IN GERMANY, AUSTRIA, AND CZECHOSLOVAKIA BY PHILIP FRIEDMAN 199 JEWISH IMMIGRANTS IN LONDON IN THE 1880's by Lloyd P. Gartner 231 XIV CONTENTS DOES THE JEWISH PAST HAVE A FUTURE? by Sholome Michael Gelber 251 AN AMERICAN ANTI-SEMITE IN THE NINETEENTH CENTURY BY LEONARD A. GREENBERG AND HAROLD J. JONAS 265 FLIGHT FROM THE SLUMS BY HYMAN B. GRINSTEIN 285 WELLHAUSEN'S INTERPRETATION OF ISRAEL'S RELIGIOUS HISTORY: A REAPPRAISAL OF HIS RULING IDEAS BY HERBERT F. HAHN 299 THE CONSERVATIVE RABBINATE: A SOCIOLOGICAL STUDY BY ARTHUR HERTZBERG 309 THE JEWISH ASSOCIATION IN AMERICA BY ISAAC LEVITATS 333 ON MARRIAGE IN ALALAKH BY ISAAC MENDELSOHN 351 DOCTOR SAMUEL JOHNSON'S GRAMMAR AND HEBREW PSALTER BY ISIDORE S. -
The Times and Influence of Samuel Johnson
UNIVERZITA PALACKÉHO V OLOMOUCI FILOZOFICKÁ FAKULTA Katedra anglistiky a amerikanistiky Martina Tesařová The Times and Influence of Samuel Johnson Bakalářská práce Studijní obor: Anglická filologie Vedoucí práce: Mgr. Ema Jelínková, Ph.D. OLOMOUC 2013 Prohlášení Prohlašuji, že jsem bakalářskou práci na téma „Doba a vliv Samuela Johnsona“ vypracovala samostatně a uvedla úplný seznam použité a citované literatury. V Olomouci dne 15.srpna 2013 …………………………………….. podpis Poděkování Ráda bych poděkovala Mgr. Emě Jelínkové, Ph.D. za její stále přítomný humor, velkou trpělivost, vstřícnost, cenné rady, zapůjčenou literaturu a ochotu vždy pomoci. Rovněž děkuji svému manželovi, Joe Shermanovi, za podporu a jazykovou korekturu. Johnson, to be sure, has a roughness in his manner, but no man alive has a more tender heart. —James Boswell Table of Contents 1. Introduction ..................................................................................................... 1 2. The Age of Johnson: A Time of Reason and Good Manners ......................... 3 3. Samuel Johnson Himself ................................................................................. 5 3.1. Life and Health ......................................................................................... 5 3.2. Works ..................................................................................................... 10 3.3. Johnson’s Club ....................................................................................... 18 3.4. Opinions and Practice ............................................................................ -
De Sade's Theatrical Passions
06.puchner 4/19/05 2:28 PM Page 111 Martin Puchner Sade’s Theatrical Passions The Theater of the Revolution The Marquis de Sade entered theater history in 1964 when the Royal Shakespeare Company, under the direction of Peter Brook, presented a play by the unknown author Peter Weiss entitled, The Persecution and Assassination of Jean-Paul Marat as Performed by the Inmates of the Asylum of Charenton Under the Direction of the Marquis de Sade.1 Marat/Sade, as the play is usually called, became an extraordinary success story.2 By com- bining narrators with techniques developed in a multi-year workshop entitled “Theater of Cruelty,” Marat/Sade managed to link the two modernist visionaries of the theater whom everybody had considered to be irreconcilable opposites: Bertolt Brecht and Antonin Artaud. Marat/Sade not only fabricated a new revolutionary theater from the vestiges of modernism, it also coincided with a philosophical and cul- tural revision of the French revolution that had begun with Theodor Adorno and Max Horkheimer’s The Dialectics of Enlightenment (1944/69) and found a preliminary culmination in Michel Foucault’s History of Madness (1972). At the same time, the revival of Sade was fu- eled by the first complete publication of his work in French (1967) and by Roland Barthes’ landmark study, Sade Fourier Loyola (1971).3 Marat/Sade had thus hit a theatrical and intellectual nerve. Sade, however, belongs to theater history as more than just a char- acter in a play.Little is known about the historical Sade’s life-long pas- sion for the theater, about his work as a theater builder and manager, an actor and director. -
Enlightenment Thinkers and Democratic Government
1.3 Enlightenment Thinkers and Democratic Government Standard 1.3: Enlightenment Thinkers and Democratic Government Explain the influence of Enlightenment thinkers on the American Revolution and the framework of American government. (Massachusetts Curriculum Framework for History and Social Studies) [8.T1.3] FOCUS QUESTION: How did the Enlightenment Contribute to the Growth of Democratic Principles of Government? Building Democracy for All 1 "British Museum Room 1 Enlightenment" by Mendhak is licensed under CC-BY-SA-2.0 The Enlightenment (or Age of Reason) is the term used to define the outpouring of philosophical, scientific, and political knowledge in Europe at the beginning of the 18th century. European civilization had already experienced the Renaissance (1300-1600) and the Scientific Revolution (1550-1700). The Enlightenment further transformed intellectual and political life based on the application of science to dramatically alter traditional beliefs and practices. Explore our resourcesforhistoryteachers wiki page to learn more about the Main Ideas of Enlightenment Thinkers. Enlightenment thinkers believed that rational reasoning could apply to all forms of human activity. Their writing can be "broadly understood to stand for the claim that all individuals have the right to Building Democracy for All 2 share their own ends for themselves rather than let others do it for them" (Pagden, 2013, p. x). Politically, they asked what was the proper relationship of the citizen to the monarch or the state. They held that society existed as a contract between individuals and some larger political entity. They advanced the idea of freedom and equality before the law. Enlightenment ideas about how governments should be organized and function influenced both the American and French Revolutions. -
Mary Wollstonecraft and the French Revolution
International Journal of Humanities and Social Science Vol. 2 No. 9; May 2012 The Roots of Modern Feminism: Mary Wollstonecraft and the French Revolution Dr. Fatih Duman Hitit University Department of Politics Turkey Abstract Mary Wollstonecraft (1759-1797), attributing a particular importance to “woman” -in the narrow sense- and to all oppressed groups -in the broad sense-, has a peculiar position in the history of political thoughts. Taking a position different from the modern male thinkers in her era, she expanded such ideas as “reason”, “natural rights”, “social contract” towards relations between genders and patriarchal authority of the family. These ideas of Wollstonecraft, who applied basic arguments of Enlightenment to the family, woman and private sphere, have constituted the foundation of modern feminism. Wollstonecraft produced classical writings that integrated political theory with gender roles and private relations. In this sense, relations that she made among freedom, equality, virtue, reason and genders and her criticism towards the societies of her era are important. The present study that has focused on Wollstonecraft’s perception about “woman” and her thoughts about the French Revolution will investigate the topic in three basic phases. The first phase will try to present her methodological point of view and her basic thoughts by moving from her book “A Vindication of the Rights of Men (1790)”. The second phase will investigate the concepts and analysis that cover basic arguments of the modern feminist thought by focusing on her book “A Vindication of the Rights of Woman (1792)”. The third and the final phase will discuss the results of Wollstonecraft’s basic concepts on political theory, especially in relation with the French Revolution where these concepts have been expressed. -
The Misunderstood Philosophy of Thomas Paine
THE MISUNDERSTOOD PHILOSOPHY OF THOMAS PAINE A Thesis Presented to The Graduate Faculty of The University of Akron In Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree Master of History Jason Kinsel December, 2015 THE MISUNDERSTOOD PHILOSOPHY OF THOMAS PAINE Jason Kinsel Thesis Approved: Accepted: ______________________________ _____________________________ Advisor Dean of the College Dr. Walter Hixson Dr. Chand Midha ______________________________ ______________________________ Faculty Reader Dean of the Graduate School Dr. Martino-Trutor Dr. Chand Midha ______________________________ ______________________________ Department Chair Date Dr. Martin Wainwright ii ABSTRACT The name Thomas Paine is often associated with his political pamphlet Common Sense. The importance of “Common Sense” in regards to the American Revolution has been researched and debated by historians, political scientists, and literary scholars. While they acknowledge that Paine’s ideas and writing style helped to popularize the idea of separation from Great Britain in 1776, a thorough analysis of the entirety of Paine’s philosophy has yet to be completed. Modern scholars have had great difficulty with categorizing works such as, The Rights of Man, Agrarian Justice, and Paine’s Dissertation on First Principles of Government. Ultimately, these scholars feel most comfortable with associating Paine with the English philosopher John Locke. This thesis will show that Paine developed a unique political philosophy that is not only different from Locke’s in style, but fundamentally opposed to the system of government designed by Locke in his Second Treatise of Government. Furthermore, I will provide evidence that Paine’s contemporary’s in the American Colonies and Great Britain vehemently denied that Paine’s ideas resembled those of Locke in any way.