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Home , Alexander Geddes, Analytical Review, Henry Fuseli, Mary Wollstonecraft

Notes

Notes to Chapter 1: , Class and Cultural Revolution

1. On cultural revolution and state formation, see Philip Corrigan and Derek Sayer, The Great Arch: English State Formation as Cultural Revol• ution (Oxford and New York: Basil Blackwell, 1985); on elites and state formation, see Theda Skocpol, States and Social Revol• utions: A Comparative Analysis of France, Russia, and China (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1979); on culture, domination, and resist• ance, see Joan Cocks, The Oppositional Imagination : , Critique and Political Theory ( and New York: Routledge, 1989) chs 1-3. 2. Philippa Levine, Victorian Feminism , 1850-1900 (London: Hutchinson, 1987) p. 14. 3. See, for example, Anne M. Haselkom and Betty Travitsky (eds), The Renaissance Englishwoman in Print: Counterbalancing theCanon (Amherst, Mass. : University of Massachusetts Press, 1990); Elaine Hobby, Virtue of Necessity: English Women's Writing, 1649-88 (London: Virago Press, 1988); Katharine M. Rogers, Feminism in Eighteenth-Century (Brighton, Sussex: Harvester Press; Urbana, Ill.: University of Illinois Press, 1982); Alice Browne, The Eighteenth-Century Feminist Mind (De• troit, Mich.: Wayne State University Press, 1987). 4. Mary Poovey, The Proper LAdy and theWoman Writer: Ideology as Style in the WorksofMary Wollstonecraft, , andJane Austen (Chicago, Ill. and London: University of Chicago Press, 1984) ch. 1. 5. For a review of the problems of definition and a survey of accounts of class in this period, see R. J. Morris, Class and Class Consciousness in the Industrial Revolution, 1780-1850 (London : Macmillan, 1979); for a broader treatment, see R. S. Neale, Class in English History, 1680-1850 (Oxford : Basil Blackwell, 1981). 6. Gordon E. Mingay, The Gentry: The Rise and Fall of a Ruling Class (London and New York: Longman, 1976); Lawrence Stone and Jeanne C. Fawtier Stone, An Open Elite? England, 1540-1880, abridged edn (Oxford and New York: Oxford University Press, 1986). 7. Geoffrey Holmes, Augustan England: Professions, State and Society, 1680-1730 (London and Boston Mass.: George Allen and Unwin, 1983); Harold Perkin, The Origins of Modern English Society, 1780-1880 (London: Routledge and Kegan Paul; Toronto and Buffalo: University of Toronto Press, 1969) pp. 213-17, 428-9. On the triumph of the professional in the present century, see Harold Perkin, The Rise of Professional Society: England since 1880 (London and New York: Routledge, 1989), which argues that 'the professional society' superseded a society based on class. 8. Penelope J. Corfield, The Impact of English Towns, 1700-1800 (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1982). 229 230 Notes

9. Alan D. Gilbert, Religion andSociety in Industrial England:Church, Chapel and Social Change, 1740-1914 (London and New York: Longman, 1976). 10. For an account of the process in Scotland, see Charles Carnic, Experi• ence and Enlightenment: Socialization for Cultural Change in Eighteenth• Century Scotland (Chicago, Ill.: University of Chicago Press, 1983). See also Wilfred Prest (ed.), The Professions in Early Modern England (Lon• don: Croom Helm, 1987). 11. Edward P. Thompson, 'The Moral Economy of the English Crowd in the Eighteenth Century', Past and Present, vol. 50 (Feb. 1971) pp . 76-136; Robert W. Malcolmson, Popular Recreations in English Society, 1700-1850 (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1973); Bob Bushaway, By Rite: Custom, Ceremony and Community in England, 1700-1880 (London: Junction Books, 1982). 12. On the , see Carl B. Cone, The English : Reformers in Late England (New York: Charles Scribner's Sons, 1968);Albert Goodwin, The Friends of : The English Democratic Movement in the Ageof the (London: Hutchinson, 1979). 13. For a brief survey of the social position of women, see Roy Porter, English Society in the Eighteenth Century, rev. edn (London: Penguin Books, 1990) pp . 21-34. 14. Neale, Class in English History, pp. 199-200. See also Joan Kelly, Women, History, andTheory (Chicago, ill. and London: Chicago Univer• sity Press, 1984) pp. 1-18; Christine Delphy, Close to Home: A Material• ist Analysis of Women's Oppression, trans. Diana Leonard (London: Hutchinson, with The Explorations in Feminism Collective, 1984)pp. 71-6; Pamela Abbott and Roger Sapsford, Women and Social Class (London and New York: Tavistock Publications, 1987). 15. Ivy Pinchbeck, Women Workers and the Industrial Revolution, 1750-1850 (1930; London: Virago, 1969). 16. See Nancy Armstrong, 'The Rise of Domestic Woman', in TheIdeology of Conduct: in Literature and the History of Sexuality, ed. Nancy Armstrong and Leonard Tennenhouse (New York and London: Methuen, 1987) pp . 96-141. 17. Neil McKendrick, John Brewer and J. H. Plumb, TheBirth ofaConsumer Society: The Commercialization of Eighteenth-Century England (London: Hutchinson, 1982); Maxine Berg, The Age of Manufactures: Industry, Innovation and Work in Britain, 1700-1820 (London: Fontana, 1985); Colin Campbell, The Romantic Ethic andtheSpiritofModern Consumerism (Oxford and New York: Basil Blackwell, 1987). 18. John Feather, A History of British Publishing (London and New York: Routledge, 1988) Part 2. 19. Devendra P. Varma, The Evergreen Tree of Diabolical Knowledge (Washington, D.C.: Consortium Press, 1972). 20. Anthony Grafton and Lisa Jardine, From to the Humanities: Education and the Liberal Arts in Fifteenth- and Sixteenth-Century Europe (London: Duckworth, 1986). 21. Benedict Anderson, Imagined Communities: Reflections on the Origin and Spread of (London: Verso, 1983). Notes 231

22. See J. W. Saunders, The Profession ofEnglish Letters (London: Routledge and Kegan Paul; Toronto: University of Toronto Press, 1964) ch. 7. 23. See Walter J. Ong, Orality and Literacy: The Technologizing of the Word (London and New York: Methuen, 1982)pp. 178-9; Francois Furet and Jacques Ozouf, Reading and Writing: Literacy in France from Calvin to Jules Fe;ry, English trans. (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press; : Editions de la Maison des de I'Homme, 1982) p. 310; and Luther H. Martin, Huck Gutman, and Patrick H. Hutton (eds), Technologies of the Self:A Seminar with Michel Foucault (Amherst, Mass.: University of Massachusetts Press, 1988). 24. Stephen D. Cox, 'The Stranger Within Thee': Concepts of the Selfin Late Eighteenth-Century Literature (Pittsburgh, Pa: University of Pittsburgh Press, 1980). 25. On court culture, see Norbert Elias, The Court Society, trans. Edmund Jephcott (Oxford: Basil Blackwell, 1983). 26. See Raymond Williams, Keywords: A Vocabulary of Culture and Society (Glasgow: Fontana/Croom Helm, 1976). 27. Eli Zaretsky, , The Family, and Personal Life, rev. edn (New York: Harper and Row, 1986); Lawrence Stone, The Family, Sex and in England, 1500-1800, abridged edn (Harmondsworth, Middx: Penguin Books, 1979); Randolph Trumbach, The Rise of the Egalitarian Family: Aristocratic Kinship and Domestic Relations in Eighteenth-Century England (New York: Academic Press, 1978); Leo• nore Davidoff and Catherine Hall, Family Fortunes: Men andWomen of the English Middle Class , 1780-1850 (London: Hutchinson, 1987); Philippe Aries and Georges Duby (eds), A History ofPrivate Life, vol. 3, Passions of the Renaissance, trans. Arthur Goldhammer (Cambridge, Mass ., and London: Harvard University Press, 1989). 28. On the place of needlework in the construction of femininity, see Rozsika Parker, The Subversive Stitch: Embroidery and the Making of the Feminine (New York: Routledge, 1984) ch. 6. 29. Gerald Newman, The Rise of English Nationalism:A Cultural History, 1740-1830 (New York: St Martin's Press, 1987). 30. Anderson, Imagined Communities, pp. 39-40. 31. 'Woman' is now thought to indicate an essentialist view of women, in contrast to a 'materialist' view that treats women and the gender category 'woman' as socially and historically specific. See Annette Kuhn and AnnMarie Wolpe (eds), Feminism and Materialism : Women andModes of Production (London and New York: Routledge and Kegan Paul, 1978); Denise Riley, 'Am I That Name?': Feminism andtheCategory of 'Women' in History (Minneapolis: University of Minnesota, 1988) ch. 1. I use 'woman' throughout, often with quotation marks, to refer to the cultural and rhetorical figure of the late eighteenth century, and 'a woman' or 'women', though usually without quotation marks, to refer to people who would have been considered women at that time. 32. See John Mullan, Sentiment and Sociability: The Language of Feeling in the Eighteenth Century (Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1988) ch. 2. 33. See Jane Rendall, The Origins of Modern Feminism: Women in Britain, 232 Notes

France and theUnited States, 1780-1860 (London: Macmillan, 1985)ch. 1; and Genevieve Lloyd, The Man of : 'Male' and 'Female' in Western (London: Methuen, 1984). 34. See Jean Bethke Elshtain, Public Man, Private Woman: Women in Social and Political Thought (Princeton, N.J.: Princeton University Press, 1981) ch.3. 35. See Campbell, The Romantic Ethic and theSpiritofModern Consumerism, ch. 7; Jean Bethke Elshtain, Meditations on Modern Political Thought: Masculine/Feminine Themes from Luther to Arendt (New York: Praeger, 1986) pp. 46-7. 36. Lawrence Stone, The Family, Sex and Marriage in England, 1500-1800, abridged edn (Harmondsworth, Middx: Penguin Books, 1979)p. 404. 37. Nancy Armstrong, 'The Rise of Domestic Woman', in The Ideology of Conduct: Essays in Literature and the History of Sexuality, ed. Nancy Armstrong and Leonard Tennenhouse (New York and London: Methuen, 1987) pp. 96-141; Joyce Hemlow, 'Fanny Burney and the Courtesy Books', Publications of the Modern Language Association of America, vol. 65 (1950) pp. 732-61. 38. See Peter Berger, The Social Reality of Religion (1967; Harmondsworth, Middx: Penguin Books, 1973). 39. Paul Hoffmann, La Femme dans la pensee des lumieres (Paris: Ophrys, 1977); French Women and the Age of the Enlightenment, ed. Samia I. Spencer (Bloomington, Ind. : Indiana University Press, 1984) Part 5. 40. Nancy Armstrong, Desire and Domestic Fiction: A Political History of the Novel (New York and Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1987). 41. For 'an attempt at definition' of , see R. F. Brissenden, Virtue in Distress: Studies in theNovel ofSentiment from Richardson to Sade (London: Macmillan, 1974) pp. 11-55, and the works cited there. 42. James Fordyce, Sermons toYoungWomen (1766),8th edn, corrected and enlarged (Dublin, 1796) pp. 11, 18. 43. Margaret Walters, 'The Rights and Wrongs of Women: Mary Wolls• tonecraft, Harriet Martineau, ', in The Rights and Wrongs of Women, ed. Juliet Mitchell and Ann Oakley (Harmond• sworth, Middx: Penguin Books, 1976) p. 305. 44. On discourse and power, see Diane Macdonell, Theories of Discourse: An Introduction (Oxford and New York: Basil Blackwell, 1986). For a different way of envisaging language and culture as a field of struggle, relying on a Lacanian model of the construction of the subject, see Margaret Homans, Bearing the Word: Language and Female Experience in Nineteenth-Century Women's Writing (Chicago, Ill., and London: Uni• versity of Chicago Press, 1986). 45. , Women and Writing, ed. Michele Barrett (London: Women's Press, 1979) p. 98; Toril Moi, Sexual/Textual Politics: Feminist Literary Theory (London and New York: Methuen, 1985) p. 64. Notes 233

Notes to Chapter 2: Self, Social Conflict and Writing

1. Modem biographies of Wollstonecraft to which I am indebted here include Ralph M. Wardle, :A Critical Biography (1951; reproLincoln, Neb .: University of Nebraska Press, 1966); Elea• nor Flexner, Mary Wollstonecraft (New York: Coward, McCann and Geoghegan, 1972); , The Life andDeath ofMary Wollstone• craft (London: Weidenfeld and Nicolson, 1974); Emily Sunstein, A Different Face: The Life of Mary Wollstonecraft (New York: Harper and Row, 1975); Margaret Tims, Mary Wollstonecraft:A Social Pioneer (Lon• don: Millington, 1976); and William St Clair, The Godwins and the Shelleys: The Biography of a Family (London: Faber and Faber, 1989). 2. TheCollected Letters ofMaryWollstonecraft, ed . Ralph M. Wardle (Ithaca, N.Y., and London: Cornell University Press, 1979) p. 60. All sub• sequent references to Wollstonecraft's letters are to this edition. 3. Throughout I capitalize 'Sensibility' and 'Sentimental' when referring to the particular late eighteenth-century cultural movement, its mani• festations and products, and I use uncapitalized 'sensibility' and 'sentimental' when referring to the late eighteenth-eentury idea of physical and mental sensitivity or the quality of emotionalism in experience, literary works and so on. 4. , Memoirs of the Authorof 'A Vindication of the Rights of Woman' (1798), with Mary Wollstonecraft, A Short Residence in Sweden, Norway and Denmark, ed . Richard Holmes (Harmondsworth, Middx: Penguin Books, 1987) pp. 1G-ll. All subsequent references to these Memoirs are to this edition. 5. Roy Porter, Mind-Forg'd Manacles:A History ofMadness in England from the Restoration to the Regency (1987; Harmondsworth, Middx: Penguin Books, 1990) pp. 105-7. 6. She went to hear Price in his chapel at , was intro• duced to him and in 1786, before she went to Ireland, told her sister Eliza that Price had 'been uncommonly friendly to me' (Letters, p. 113). 7. See D. O. Thomas, The Honest Mind: The Thought andWork of (Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1977). 8. , Letters on the Improvement of the Mind, Addressed to a Young Lady, 2 vols (London, 1773) vol. 2, p . 5. 9. See Mitzi Myers, "'Servants as They are Now Educated": and Georgian Pedagogy', Essays in Literature, vol. 16 (Spring 1989) pp. 51-69. 10. Mary Wollstonecraft, Thoughts on the Education of Daughters (London: J. Johnson, 1787) pp. 5, 13, 123. All subsequent references are to this edition. 11. Wollstonecraft, Letters, pp. 146-7. The letter is misdated 25 March; according to my examination of the original letter the postmarks read 28 April and 2 May 1787. 12. See Mitzi Myers, 'Pedagogy as Self-Expression in Mary Wollstone• craft: Exorcising the Past, Finding a Voice', in The Private Self: Theory and Practice of Women's Autobiographical Writings, ed . Shari Benstock 234 Notes

(Chapel Hill, and N.C., London: University of North Carolina Press, 1988). 13. See R. F. Brissenden, Virtuein Distress: Studies in theNovel of Sentiment from Richardson to Sade (London: Macmillan, 1974) pp. 56-64, 'Senti• mentalism and Ideology: a Note on the French Revolution'. 14. Mary Wollstonecraft, Posthumous Works of theAuthorof 'A Vindication of the Rights of Woman', 4 vols (London, 1798) vol. 4, pp. 97-155. 15. Mary Wollstonecraft, Mary and The Wrongs of Woman, edited by Gary Kelly (London: Oxford University Press, 1976) p. xxxi. All subsequent references to the novel are to this edition. 16. See Janet Sayers, Biological Politics: Feminist and Anti-Feminist Perspec• tives (London and New York: Tavistock Publications, 1982). 17. My reading of Mary and Wollstonecraft's later Marin: or, The Wrongs of Woman as political novels differs from that of Tilottama Rajan in her important essay 'Wollstonecraft and Godwin: Reading the Secrets of the Political Novel', Studies in , vol. 17 (Summer 1988) pp.225-8. 18. Patricia Meyer Spacks The Adolescent Idea: Myths of Youth and the Adult Imagination (New York: Basic Books, 1981) p. 120. 19. Graeme Tytler, Physiognomy in the European Novel: Faces and Fortunes (Princeton, N. J.: Princeton University Press, 1982) chs 1 and 2. 20. See Nicholas Hudson, and Eighteenth-Century Thought (Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1988) ch. 4; Richard B. Schwartz, Samuel Johnson andtheProblem of Evil (Madison, Wis., and London: University of Wisconsin Press, 1975).

Notes to Chapter 3: 'The First of a New Genus'

1. George Godfrey Cunningham, Lives of Eminent and Illustrious English• men, vol. 6 (Glasgow and Edinburgh: A. Fullarton, 1837) p. 247. 2. Mitzi Myers, 'Impeccable , Rational Dames, and Moral Mothers: Mary Wollstonecraft and the Female Tradition in Georgian Children's Books', Children's Literature, vol. 14 (1986) pp. 31-59. 3. See Jack Zipes, Tales and the Art of Subversion: The Classical Genre for Children and the Process of Civilization (New York: Wildman Press, 1981) ch. 2. 4. Mary Wollstonecraft, Original Stories (London: J. Johnson, 1788) p. 101. This text was revised for the second edition, but all subsequent references are to the 1788 edition. 5. Myers, 'Impeccable Governesses, Rational Dames, and Moral Mothers', p. 39. 6. Emily Sunstein, A Different Face: The Life of Mary Wollstonecraft (New York: Harper and Row, 1975) p. 161. 7. [loseph Johnson], 'A Few Facts', Shelley MSS, Bodleian Library. 8. Padraig O'Brien, Warrington Academy, 1757-86: Its Predecessors and Successors (Wigan: Owl Books, 1989). 9. Mary Wollstonecraft, The Female Reader (London: J. Johnson, 1789; Notes 235

repro Delmar, N. Y.: Scholars' Facsimiles and Reprints, 1980) p. V. All subsequent references are to this edition. 10. Dick Leith, A Social History of English (London: Routledge and Kegan Paul, 1983) ch. 2, 'Standardisation and Writing' . 11. W. Benzie, The DublinOrator: Thomas Sheridan's Influence on Eighteenth• Century Rhetoric and Belles Lettres (Leeds: University of Leeds School of English, 1972)pp. 37-8; Moira Ferguson, 'Introduction', in Wolistone• craft, The Female Reader. 12. Ralph M. Wardle, Mary Wollstonecraft:A Critical Biography (1951; repro Lincoln, Neb.: University of Nebraska Press, 1966) pp. 100--1 13. [johnson], 'A Few Facts' . 14. According to dates on the engravings illustrating the book, volume 1 was published in October 1790, volume 2 on 1 January 1791, and volume 3 on 14 March 1791; see Wardle, Mary Wollstonecraft, p. 123. 15. Ibid., pp. 124-5. 16. Mitzi Myers, 'Sensibility and the "Walk of Reason": Mary Wolistone• craft's Literary Reviews as Cultural Critique', in Sensibility in Transfor• mation: Creative Resistance to Sentiment from the Augustans to the Romantics: Essays in Honor of Jean H. Hagstrum, ed. Syndy McMillen Conger (Rutherford, N.J.: Fairleigh Dickinson University Press; Lon• don: Associated University Presses, 1989) p. 120. 17. Information on the Analytical may be found in Walter Graham, English Literary Periodicals (1930; London: Frank Cass; New York: Octagon Books, 1966) pp. 220--2; Derek Roper, Reviewing before the Edinburgh: 1788-1802 (Newark, N.J.: University of Delaware Press, 1978); Gerald P. Tyson, Joseph Johnson :A Liberal Publisher (Iowa City: University of Iowa Press, 1979) pp. 95-103; and Alvin Sullivan (ed.), British Literary Magazines: The Augustan Age and the Age of Johnson, 1698-1788 (West• port, Conn., and London: Greenwood Press, 1983)pp. 11-14. On the politics of the Analytical during the 179Os, see Brian Rigby, 'Radical Spectators of the Revolution: the Case of the ', in The French Revolution and British Culture, ed. Ceri Crossley and Ian Small (Oxford and New York: Oxford University Press, 1989). 18. Graham, English Literary Periodicals, p. 209. 19. These included Dr John Aikin, his sister , Arthur Aikin, , , Alexander Geddes (a Catholic), George Anderson and George Dyer. Wollstonecraft's friend the Anglican clergyman John Hewlett contributed, as did , the poet Cowper, Henry Crabb Robinson, the mathematician John Bonnycastle, with whom Wolistonecraft's brother James studied for a time, Alexander Chalmers, William Turner, Alexander Crombie, Robert Bums's biographer James Currie and John Mason Good, orien• talist and M.D. Other contributors in the early years may have included the inventor William Nicholson, Thomas Beddoes, and 20. Quoted from C. H. Timperley, Encyclopedia ofLiterary andTypographical Anecdote, 2nd edn (1842), in Graham, English Literary Periodicals, p.189n. 236 Notes

21. Quoted in Tyson, Joseph Johnson, p. 97. 22. Ibid., p. 100. , the poet and a leading figure in the provincial Enlightenment, told Christie: 'of all things I approve of its being a day-light business! To have the names of its authors and compilers known, will be the great guards of its integrity.' Quoted in Ibid., p. 98. 23. For a review of the various attempts to identify Wollstonecraft's contributions see Myers, 'Sensibility and the "Walk of Reason"', note 6. Myers and others accept reviews signed 'T.' as Wollstonecraft's, but I do not feel this attribution can be made as confidently as with 'M: and 'W.'. Accordingly I do not consider such reviews here, though doing so would not significantly change my account. 24. The review is unsigned, but is followed by one signed 'M.'.

Notes to Chapter 4: From the to Revolutionary Feminism

1. On Fuseli, see John Knowles, The Life and Writings of Henry Fuseli, 3 vols (London: Henry Colburn and Richard Bentley, 1831); Eudo C. Mason, The Mind of Henry Fuseli (London: Routledge and Kegan Paul, 1951); Frederick Antal, Fuseli Studies (London: Routledge and Kegan Paul, 1956); Marcia Allentuck, 'Henry Fuseli: the Artist as Man of Letters and Critic', unpublished Ph .D. dissertation, Columbia Uni• versity, 1964;Peter Tomory, The Life and Art of Henry Fuseli (London: Thames and Hudson, 1972); Nicolas Powell, Fuseli: (London: Allan Lane, 1973); Carol Louise Hall, Blake andFuseli: A Study intheTransmission of Ideas (New York and London: Garland, 1985)Part 1; and John Barrell, The Political Theory of Painting from Reynolds to Hazlitt (New Haven, Conn., and London: Yale University Press, 1986). 2. Knowles, Fuseli, vol. I, pp. 161-2. 3. SeeJ. G. A. Pocock, 'The Political Economy of Burke's Analysis of the French Revolution', in Virtue, Commerce, and History: Essays on Political Thought andHistory, Chiefly in the Eighteenth Century (Cambridge: Cam• bridge University Press, 1985). 4. Donald Cross Bryant, 'The Contemporary Reception of 's Speaking', in Historical Studies ofRhetoric andRhetoricians, ed . Raymond F. Howes (Ithaca, N.Y.: Cornell University Press, 1961). 5. Michael Meehan, Liberty and Poetics in Eighteenth-Century England (Lon• don: Croom Helm, 1986). 6. Cf. James T. Boulton's account of the Vindication, in The Language of Politics in the Age of Wilkes and Burke (London: Routledge and Kegan Paul; Toronto: University of Toronto Press, 1963) pp. 167-76. 7. Mitzi Myers, 'Politics from the Outside: Mary Wollstonecraft's First Vindication', Studies in Eighteenth-Century Culture, vol. 6 (1977) p. 119. 8. Mary Wollstonecraft, A Vindication of theRightsofMen, 1st ed (London: Joseph Johnson, 1790). The text was thoroughly rewritten for the second edition of December 1790; although this revision is richer and subtler than the first version, I quote from the earlier edition as Notes 237

Wollstonecraft's first expression of her political voice. All subsequent references are to this edition. 9. See G. J. Barker-Benfield, 'Mary Wollstonecraft: Eighteenth-Century Commonwealthwoman', Journal of the History of Ideas, vol. 50 (1989) pp.95-115. 10. Edmund Burke, Reflections of the Revolution in France, ed. Conor Cruise O'Brien (Harmondsworth, Middx: Penguin Books, 1968) p. 197. 11. Bodleian Library, Shelley MSS, Dep. c. 514. I am grateful to Lord Abinger for permission to use this material. 12. [joseph Johnson], 'A Few Facts', Bodleian Library, Shelley MSS. 13. The Literary Diary of Ezra Stiles, ed. Franklin Bowditch Dexter, 3 vols (New York: Charles Scribner's Sons, 1901) vol. 3, pp. 502-3. 14. Analytical Review, vol. 10 (May 1791) p. 102. The review is unsigned but it is followed by a review of another novel that is signed 'M.' . 15. Knowles, Fuseli, vol. 1, p. 163. Knowles was the only person besides Fuseli and the family of Wollstonecraft's grandson, Percy Florence Shelley, to see Wollstonecraft's letters.

Notes to Chapter 5: 'A Revolution in Female Manners'

1. See Joan B. Landes, Women and the Public Sphere in theAgeof the French Revolution (Ithaca, N.Y., and London: Cornell University Press, 1988). 2. The review was signed 'T. ', attributed by some to Wollstonecraft. 3. For a different account of Wollstonecraft's themes and rhetorical strategies, see Mary Poovey, The Proper Lady and the Woman Writer: Ideology as Style in the Works of Mary Wollstonecraft, Mary Shelley, and (Chicago, Ill., and London: University of Chicago Press, 1984) ch. 2. 4. Mary Wollstonecraft, A Vindication of the Rights of Woman, ed. Carol Poston, 2nd ed (New York: W. W. Norton, 1988) p. 78 note 3. This edition uses Wollstonecraft's second, also published in 1792, records significant variants from the first edition, and makes 'nonsubstantive changes in styling . . . to bring the eighteenth-century text into con• formity with modem printing practices' . It records significant altera• tions from the first edition in footnotes . As Wollstonecraft's first edition is not widely available but the Poston edition is, I use the latter here. The edition by Miriam Brody (Kramnick) for Penguin Books (1975) is also widely available, but it alters the order of the first three sections, does not identify quotations and allusions and makes a large number of minor changes, such as eliminating many of the dashes, thus altering the impression Wollstonecraft wished to give of an improvised, spontaneous, expressive text. Ulrich Hardt's edition (Troy, N.Y.: Whitston Publishing, 1982) makes available Wollstone• craft's first with variants from the second; and 's edition (London: Pickering and Chatto, 1989), with textual editing and annotation by Emma Rees-Mogg, makes available Woll• stonecraft's second edition and records significant variants from the first, but in fact it differs very little from the Poston edition. 238 Notes

5. Christine Battersby, Gender and Genius: Towards a (London: Women's Press, 1989) p. 83. 6. See Gary Kelly, English Fiction of the Romantic Period, 1789-1830 (Lon• don and New York: Longman, 1989) pp. 42-6. 7. See The Dialogic Imagination: Four Essays by M. M. Bakhtin, ed. Michael Holquist, trans . Caryl Emerson and Michael Holquist (Austin, Tx.: University of Texas Press, 1981). For a reading of Chapter 5 of A Vindication in relation to Bakhtin, see Patricia Yaeger, Honey-Mad Women: Emancipatory Strategies in Women's Writing (New York: Colum• bia University Press, 1988) pp. 149-76. 8. In the first edition the first three sentences read : 'In the government of the physical world it is observable that the female, in general, is inferior to the male. The male pursues, the female yields - this is the law of nature; and it does not appear to be suspended or abrogated in favour of woman. This physical superiority cannot be denied - and it is a noble prerogative!' This suggests that male superiority has more to do with sexual aggression. 9. On Wollstonecraft's reply to Rousseau see Diana H. Coole, Women in Political Theory: From Ancient Misogyny to Contemporary Feminism (Hemel Hempstead, Herts: Harvester Wheatsheaf, 1988) ch. 5. 10. R. M. Janes, 'On the Reception of Mary Wollstonecraft's "A Vindica• tion of the Rights of Woman"', Journal of the History of Ideas, vol. 39 (1978) pp. 293-302; reproin Mary Wollstonecraft, A Vindication of the Rights of Woman, ed. Carol H. Poston, 2nd edn (New York and London: W. W. Norton, 1988). 11 . Letters of Anna Seward, 6 vols (Edinburgh and London, 1811) vol. 3, p. 117 (26 February 1792); Anne MacVicar Grant, Letters from the Mountains, 3 vols (London, 1807), vol. 2, p. 268; Bodleian Library, Shelley MSS, Dep. c. 526; Maria Josepha Holroyd, TheGirlhood ofMaria Josepha Holroyd [Lady Stanley of Alderley], ed. J. H. Adeane (London, 1896) p. 347;Extracts oftheJournals andCorrespondence of Miss Berry from the Year 1783 to 1852, ed. Lady Theresa Lewis, 3 vols (London: Long• mans, Green, 1865) vol. 1, p. 92. On the relation of Wollstonecraft and More, see Mitzi Myers, 'Reform or Ruin: "A Revolution in Female Manners"', Studies in Eighteenth-Century Culture, vol. 11 (1982) . 12. A Reply to Mr Burke's Invective against Mr Cooper, and Mr Watt, in the House of Commons, on the30th of April, 1792 (London and Manchester, 1792) p. 81n. 13. , Mary Wollstonecraft (New York: Coward, McCann and Geoghegan, 1972) p. 164; Claire Tomalin, The Life and Death of Mary Wollstonecraft (London: Weidenfeld and Nicolson, 1974) p. 105; Ellen Moers, Literary Women (Garden City, N.Y.: Anchor Books, 1977) p.225. 14. For example, two important essays dealing with Wollstonecraft by Cora Kaplan, 'Wild Nights: Pleasure/SexualitylFeminism' (1983) and 'Pandora's Box: Subjectivity, Class and Sexuality in Socialist Feminist Criticism' (1985), both republished in Sea Changes:Culture andFeminism (London: Verso, 1986). 15. Poorey, The Proper Lady and the Woman Writer, pp. 78-80. Notes 239

Notes to Chapter 6: From Revolutionary Feminism to Revolutionary Paris

1. [Joseph Johnson], 'A Few Facts', Shelley MSS, Bodleian Library. 2. John Knowles, The Life and Writings of Henry Fuseli, 3 vols (London: Henry Colburn and Richard Bentley, 1831) vol. 1, p. 167. Here again the passage in double quotations is Knowles's quotation from one of Wollstonecraft's letters to Fuseli, with appropriate alteration of the personal pronoun. 3. Ibid., p. 163. 4. See Michael Ackland, 'The Embattled Sexes: Blake's Debt to Woll• stonecraft in The Four Zoas', Blake, vol. 16 (Winter, 1982-3) pp. 172-83; Nelson Hilton, 'An Original Story', in Unnam'd Fonns: Blake and Textuality, ed . Nelson Hilton and Thomas A. Vogler (Berkeley, Cal.: University of California Press, 1986) pp. 69--104. 5. Hays's copy of A Vindication is in the Pforzheimer Library, , along with a significant collection of her letters. 6. Letters, p. 223. The letter is undated and Ralph Wardle thinks it refers to proofs of Hays's Cursory Remarks, reprinted in 1792. But Wollstone• craft remarks: '1 have just cast my eye over your sensible little pam• phlet, and found fewer of the superlatives, exquisite, fascinating, &c, all of the feminine gender, than I expected.' This suggests the Letters and Essays rather thanCursory Remarks . Letters and Essays was published very late in 1792 or early in 1793, just after Wollstonecraft left for Paris, according to a letter to Hays from Hugh Worthington dated 9 Decem• ber 1792. 7. George Chandler, of Liverpool (London: Batsford, 1953) p.389. 8. See Eleanor Flexner, in Shelley and HisCircle, ed. Kenneth Neill Came• ron (New York and London: Oxford University Press, 1970)vol. 4, pp. 871-2. 9. Lionel D. Woodward, Une anglaise amie de la Revolution Prancaise: Helene-Maria Williams et ses amies (Paris: Honore Champion, 1930) p.79. 10. On Marie Roland, see Gita May, and the Age of Revolu• tion (New York and London: Columbia University Press, 1970) esp . Part 3, 'Passion and Politics'. 11. Woodward, Williams et sesamies, p. 57, quoting Williams's Souven irsde la Revolution Prancaise, trans. C. Coquerel (Paris, 1827). 12. Posthumous Works of the Authorof 'A Vindication of theRights of Woman', ed. William Godwin, 4 vols (London, 1798) vol. 4, p. 43. Subsequent references are to this text. 13. Richard Price, Observations on the Importance of the (1784). 14. William Godwin, Memoirs of the Authorof 'A Vindication of the Rights of Woman', with Mary Wollstonecraft, Letters Written During a Short Residence in Sweden, Norway, and Denmark, ed. Richard Holmes (Har• mondsworth, Middx: Penguin Books, 1987) pp. 239-40. Subsequent references are to this edition. 240 Notes

15. Reported by von Schlabrendorf and quoted in Claire Tomalin, TheLife and Death of Mary Wollstonecraft (London: Weidenfeld and Nicolson, 1974) p. 132. 16. See also Meena Alexander, Women in Romanticism: Mary Wollstonecraft , Dorothy Wordsworth and Mary Shelley (London: Macmillan, 1989) ch. 3, 'Of Mothers and Mamas'. 17. On the suppression of women's participation in the Revolution during this period, see Joan B. Landes, Women and thePublic Sphere in theAge oftheFrench Revolution (Ithaca, N.Y., and London: Cornell University Press, 1988) ch. 4. 18. Ernst Breisach, Historiography:Ancient, Medieval, andModern (Chicago, Ill., and London: University of Chicago Press, 1983) p. 248. 19. E. P. Thompson, 'The Moral Economy of the English Crowd in the Eighteenth Century', Past and Present, vol. 50 (1971) pp . 76-136; George Rude, The Crowd in History: A Study of Popular Disturbances in France and England, 1730-1848 (New York: John Wiley, 1964). 20. Landes, Women andthe Public Sphere in theAge of the French Revolution, p.149. 21. Elizabeth Fox-Genovese, The Origins ofPhysiocracy: Economic Revolution and Social Order in Eighteenth-Century France (Ithaca, N.Y., and London: Cornell University Press, 1976) p. 47; see also Georges Weulersse, La physiocraJie a l'aube de La Revolution (Paris: Editions de I'Ecole des Hautes Etudes en Sciences Sociales, 1985).

Notes to Chapter 7: 'A Solitary Wanderer'

1. Per Nystrom, 'Mary Wollstonecraft's Scandinavian Journey', Acts of the Royal Society of Arts and Sciences of Gothenburg, Humaniora, no . 17 (1980); Mary Wollstonecraft, Letters Written during a Short Residence in Sweden, Norway, and Denmark, as A Short Residence in Sweden, Norway and Denmark, with William Godwin, Memoirs ofthe'AuthorofTheRights of Woman', ed. Richard Holmes (Harrnondsworth, Middx: Penguin Books, 1987) 'Introduction', pp . 21-6. All subsequent references are to this edition. 2. See Charles L. Batten [r, Pleasurable Instruction: Form and Convention in Eighteenth-Century Travel Literature (Berkeley, Cal.: University of Cali• fornia Press, 1978). 3. Mitzi Myers, 'Mary Wollstonecraft's Letters Written . .. in Sweden: Toward Romantic Autobiography', Studies in Eighteenth-Century Cul• ture, vol. 8 (1979) p. 166. 4. Mary Poovey, The Proper Lady andtheWoman Writer: Ideology asStyle in the Works ofMary Wollstonecraft, Mary Shelley, andlaneAusten (Chicago, Ill., and London: University of Chicago Press, 1984) p. 85. 5. Wollstonecraft, Letters, ed. Holmes, p. 166. 6. Ibid., 'Introduction', p. 33. 7. John R. Gillis, For Better, For Worse: British , 1600 to thePresent (New York and London: Oxford University Press, 1985) pp. 110-11 . Notes 241

8. Roy Porter, English Society in the Eighteenth Century (Harmondsworth, Middx: Penguin Books, 1982) p. 311. 9. See Thomas Preston Peardon, The Transition in English Historical Writ• ing, 1760-1830 (New York: Columbia University Press, 1933) chs 4 and 5. 10. Gerald Newman, The Rise of English Nationalism: A Cultural History, 1740-1830 (New York: St Martin's Press, 1987) p. 127. 11. Myers, 'Mary Wollstonecraft's Letters Written . .. in Sweden', p. 179. 12. Ibid., p. 170. 13. , 'To A. S. Cottle', in A. S. Cottle, Icelandic Poetry; or, The Edda of Saemund Translated into English Verse (Bristol and London, 1797) p. xxxvi. 14. Thomas Brown, The Wanderer in Norway, with other Poems, 2nd edn (London: J. Murray, 1816).

Notes to Chapter 8: Love, Marriage and the Wrongs of Woman

1. Bodleian Library, Shelley MSS, Dep. b. 214/3. 2. There are several accounts of Godwin's philosophy, but see Don Locke, A Fantasy of Reason: The Life and Thought of William Godwin (London: Routledge and Kegan Paul, 1980); and Mark Philp, Godwin's Political Justice (Ithaca, N.Y.: Cornell University Press, 1986). 3. Gina M. Luria, ': A Critical Biography' , unpublished Ph.D. dissertation, New York University, 1972, p. 233. 4. William Godwin, Memoirs of the Authorof 'A Vindication of theRights of Woman', with Mary Wollstonecraft, A Short Residence in Sweden, Nor• way, and Denmark, ed . Richard Holmes (Harmondsworth, Middx: Penguin Books, 1987)p. 256. All subsequent references to Memoirs are to this edition. 5. Godwin andMary: Letters of William Godwin andMary Wollstonecraft, ed. Ralph M. Wardle (Lawrence, Kan.: University of Kansas Press, 1966) p.16. 6. In the second edition of Memoirs Godwin revised the passage to be clearer about the advisability of conforming to 'the established rules and prejudices of mankind'. 7. William St Clair, The Godwins and theShelleys: The Biography ofa Family (London: Faber and Faber, 1989) Appendix 1. 8. Ibid. p. 502. 9. Posthumous Works of the Author of a Vindication of the Rights of Woman, 4 vols (London: J. Johnson and G. G. and J. Robinson, 1798) vol. 2, pp.175-96. 10. Ibid., vol. 4, p. 57. 11. Republished with slight changes in ibid., vol. 4, pp. 159-75; quota• tions here are from this text. 12. Ibid., vol. 4, pp. 179-95. 13. On the increase of conduct or 'advice' books addressed to women, see St Clair, The Godwins and the Shelleys, Appendix 2, p. 511. 242 Notes

14. See Gary Kelly, The English Novel (Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1976). 15. See Marilyn Butler, Jane AustenandtheWarofIdeas (Oxford : Clarendon Press, 1975) Part I; Gary Kelly, English Fiction of the Romantic Period, 1789-1830 (London and New York: Longman, 1989) pp. 59-64. 16. Mary Wollstonecraft, 'Mary'and 'The Wrongs ofWoman', ed . Gary Kelly (London: Oxford University Press, 1976) p. 73. All subsequent refer• ences are to this edition. 17. S. D. Harasym, 'Ideology and Self: a Theoretical Discussion of the "Self' in MaryWollstonecraft's Fiction', English Studies in Canada, vol. 12 ijune 1986) p. 164. 18. For a different reading of the novel as political, see Tilottama Rajan, 'Wollstonecraft and Godwin: Reading the Secrets of the Political Novel', Studies in Romanticism, vol. 27 (Summer 1988) pp. 228-39. 19. Christopher Hibbert, George IV (1972, 1973; London: Penguin Books, 1976) chs 13-14. 20. Godwin's MS journal, Bodleian Library Oxford. 21. Cited in Mitzi Myers, 'Unfinished Business: Wollstonecraft's Maria', Wordsworth Circle, vol. 11 (Spring 1980) p. 110. 22. Robert D. Bass, The Green Dragoon: The Lives of Banastre Tarleton and (New York: Henry Holt, 1957) ch. 32. 23. Roy Porter, Mind-Forg'd Manacles:A History of Madness in England from the Restoration to the Regency (1987; Hannondsworth, Middx: Penguin Books, 1990) pp. 148-55. 24. The translation was published by Joseph Johnson in the same year, as An Appeal toImpartial Posterity byCitizeness Roland, 2 vols; later editions were published as the Memoirs of Mme Roland. 25. Jane Spencer, The Riseof the Woman Novelist: From Aphra Behn to Jane Austen (Oxford and New York: Basil Blackwell, 1986) p. 134. 26. Wollstonecraft's appropriation of the conventionally masculine do• main of the anticipates certain themes in modem ; see Patricia Yaeger, 'Toward a Female Sublime', in Gender and Theory: Dialogues on Feminist Criticism, ed. Linda Kauffman (Oxford and New York: Basil Blackwell, 1989). 27. Mitzi Myers, 'Godwin's Memoirs of Wollstonecraft: the Shaping of Self and Subject', Studies in Romanticism, vol. 20 (Fall 1981) p. 316. 28. See R. M. Janes, 'On the Reception of Mary Wollstonecraft's A Vindica• tion of the Rights of Woman', Journal of theHistory of Ideas, vol. 39 (1978) pp. 293-302; Marcelle Thiebaux, 'Mary Wolstonecraft in Federalist America: 1791-1802', in TheEvidence of theImagination: Studies ofInterac• tions between Life and Art in English Romantic Literature, ed. Donald H. Reiman et al. (New York: New York University Press, 1978). 29. Barbara Taylor, Eve andtheNew : andFeminism in the Nineteenth Century (London: Virago, 1983) p. 9. 30. William Bates, The Maclise Portrait Gallery (London: Chatto and Win• dus, 1883) p. 274; Anne Katherine Elwood, Memoirs .of the Literary Ladies of England, from the Commencement of the Last Century; '2 vols (London: Henry Colburn, 1843) vol. 1, p. 152, quoting a private communication from 'a well-known living writer', who is not named; Notes 243

Flora Tristan, Promenades dans Londres, 2nd edn (Paris: H. L. Delloye; London: W. Jeffs, 1840) p. 323. 31. , 'The Great Lawsuit', The Dial, vol. 4 (Iuly 1843)p. 29; Harriet Martineau's Autobiography (1877; repro London: Virago, 1983) vol. I, p. 400; , 'Margaret Fuller and Mary Wollstonecraft' (1855), in Essays of George Eliot, ed . Thomas Pinney (London: Rout• ledge and Kegan Paul, 1963) p . 201; Maria Jane Jewsbury reported in Elwood, Memoirs of the Literary Ladies of England, vol. I, p. 153. 32. See Janet Todd, A Mary Wollstonecraft Bibliography (New York: Gar• land, 1976). 33. M. G. Fawcett, Introduction to Mary Wollstonecraft, A Vindication of the Rights of Woman (London: T. Fisher Unwin, 1891) p. 30; Virginia Woolf, Women and Writing, ed. Michele Barrett (London: Women's Press, 1979) pp. 103, 98. 34. Francoise Basch, Relative Creatures: Victorian Women in Society and the Novel, trans. Anthony Rudolf (New York: Schocken Books,1974)p. 10; Rosalind Miles, The Women's History of the World (London: Paladin, 1988) p. 234; Rosemarie Tong, Feminist Thought:A Comprehensive Intro• duction (Boulder, Col. and San Francisco, Cal.: Westview Press, 1989) pp.I3-17. 35. Mary Jacobus, 'The Difference of View', in Women Writing and Writing about Women, ed. Mary Jacobus (London: Croom Helm with Oxford University Women's Studies Committee; New York: Barnes and Noble, 1979)p . 10; Mary Poovey, The Proper Lady and the Woman Writer: Ideology as Style in the Works of Mary Wollstonecraft, Mary Shelley, and Jane Austen (Chicago, Ill., and London: University of Chicago Press, 1984) p. 46; Cora Kaplan, 'Pandora's Box: Subjectivity, Class and Sexuality in Socialist Feminist Criticism', in Making a Difference: Femin• ist , ed. Gayle Green and Coppelia Kahn (London and New York: Methuen, 1985) p . 154. 36. , A Literature ofTheir Own: British Women Novelists from Bronte to Lessing (Princeton, N.J.: Princeton University Press, 1977). Index

Abbott, Pamela, 230 Blair, Hugh, 39, 86 Ackland, Michael, 239 Blake, William, 58, 77, 141-2 Aikin, Arthur, 235 Blood family, 77 Aikin, John, 235 Blood, Frances, 24, 27, 151 Alexander, Meena,240 Blood, George, 25, 35, 36, 55, 56, Allentuck, Marcia, 236 57,80,104 Analytical Review, 7~O , 101, 109, Bonnycastle, John, 56,103,235 114, 142, 168, 206 Boulton, James T., 236 Anderson, Benedict, 9, 231 Breisach, Ernst, 240 Anderson, George, 56, 235 Brissenden, R. F., 232, 234 Antal, Frederick, 236 Brissot, 104, 148 Arabian Nights, 142 British Critic, 79, 169 Aries, Philippe, 231 Brody, Miriam, 237 Armstrong, Nancy, 230, 232 Brown, Thomas, 241 Astell, Mary, 18 Browne, Alice, 229 Bryant, Donald c.,236 Bage,Robert,205,223 Burgh, James, 28, 91 Bakhtin, M. M., 115 Burgh, Sarah, 28 Barbauld, A. L., 34, 58, 59,60,70, Burke, Edmund, 83; Reflections on 136,202,235 theRevolution in France, 20, Barker-Benfield, G. J., 237 85-93,95-100,110,112,120, Barlow, Joel, 103, 140, 141 144,153,158,164,165,179,221 Barlow, Ruth, 103, 140, 141, 146, Burney, Charles, 82 151 Burney, Frances, 39, 205; Cecilia, Barrell, John, 236 51 Barthes, Roland, 78 Bushaway, Bob, 230 Basch, Francoise, 225 Butler, Marilyn, 237, 242 Bass, Robert 0.,242 Buzot,l46 Bates, William, 242 Bath, 25 Carnic, Charles, 230 Batten, Charles, 240 Campbell, Colin, 230, 232 Battersby, Christine, 110 Carlisle, Anthony, 223 Beddoes, Thomas, 235 Caroline Matilda, Queen of Bedlam Hospital, 211 Denmark, 180 Benger, Elizabeth, 142, 224-5 Cartwright, Mrs H. , ThePlatonic Benzie, W., 235 Marriage, 45-6 Berg, Maxine, 230 Chalmers, Alexander, 235 Berger, Peter, 232 Chandler, George, 239 Berry, Mary, 136 chapbook literature, 58--9 , 71, 142, 190; Ecclesiastes, Chapone, Hester, 29,126 46; Genesis, 122 Chatterton, Thomas, 13 Bishop, Meredith, 26 Chesterfield, 127 Blackstone, 93 Christie, Thomas, 78, 79, 80, 143, 244 Index 245

148, 166, 176 domesticity, 12-13, 15-16 Christina, Queen of Sweden, 180 Drury Lane Theatre, 202 , 86, 87, 97 Dublin, 36, 56-7 Clare, Revd and Mrs, 24 Duby, Georges, 231 class, 2,5 Dyer, George, 136,235 class conflict, 4-5 Dyson, George, 207 Cocks, Joan, 229 Coleridge, 13 economistee, 166, 180 Colis, John H ., 136 Elias, Norbert, 231 Commonwealthmen, 91 Eliot, George, 225 Condorcet, 107, 146 Eliza Wanvick, History of,44-5 conduct books, 17-19 elocution movement, 68 Cone, Carl B., 230 Elshtain, Jean B., 232 consumption, 6-7 Elwood, Anne K., 242 Coole, Diana H., 238 Enfield, William, 67-8, 70-3, 235 Cooper, Thomas, 136, 148 Enlightenment, 15,27, 28, 37, 41, Corfield, PenelopeJ., 229 43, 91, 125, 128, 136, 144, 147, Corrigan, Philip, 229 153, 157, 160, 169,173, 181, 182, Cotton, Mrs, 199 197,203,219,226 Covent Garden Theatre, 202 Equiano,81 Cowley, Hannah, 142 Evangelicals, 50-1, 98 Cowper, William, 39, 70, 235 Evils ofAdulteryandProstitution, Cox, Stephen D., 231 142 Craven, Elizabeth, 178 'Cresswick', 67 fashion, 7 Cristall, Joshua, 56 Fawcett, Millicent Garrett, 137, Critical Review,79, 101, 136, 137, 225 169 Feather, John, 230 Crombie, Alexander, 235 feminism, Bluestocking, 50-1, 54, cultural revolution, 2-3 98 Cunningham, George, 234 , 1, 20,22 Currie, James, 235 Ferguson, Moira , 235 Fenelon, 29 Damley,209 Fielding, Henry, Tom Jones, 210-11 Davidoff, Leonore, 231 Flexner, Eleanor, 137-8, 233, 239 Day, Thomas, 76 folklore, 13 de Cambon, 75-7 Fordyce, George, 56 de Genlis, 39, 126 Fordyce, James, 19-20, 126,232 de Gouges, Olympe, 107 Foucault, Michel, 10 de Mericourt, Theroigne, 136 Fox-Genovese, Elizabeth, 240 de Montoliere, 39 French Revolution, 22, 85, 89, 92, de Stael, Germaine, 126, 225 95,97-8, 107, 109, 115, 133, 141, Defoe, Daniel, 211 145, 146, 147, 152, 153-68, 171, Delphy, Christine, 230 173-4, 175, 181-2, 184, 186, 187, discourse, gendered, 9-10,111 189,190, 193,216,219,221,224, Dissenters, 3, 5, 26, 27, 60, 79, 85, 226 91,93,197,203 Fuller, Margaret, 225 domestic affections, 15-16 Furet, Francois, 231 'domestic woman', 14-21 Fuseli, Henry, 56, 58, 84-5, 87, 246 Index

105-6,112,140-2,144,149,235 Hoffmann, Paul, 232 Fuseli,Sophia, 105, 141 Hogarth, William, 210, 215 Holcroft, Thomas, 142, 194, 196, Gabell, flenry, 35,38, 40,41, 57, 197,206 141 Holmes, Geoffrey, 229 Geddes, Alexander, 235 Holmes, Richard, 181 Gentleman's Magazine, 79, 102 Holroyd, Mary Josepha, 238 George III,13 Homans, Margaret, 232 Gilbert, Alan D., 230 Hudson, Nicholas, 234 Gillis, John R., 240 flume, David, 18-19, 72, 113, 153, Gilpin, William, 142 203 Gisbome, Thomas, 206 Glorious Revolution, 3, 17, 85,144 Imlay, Gilbert, 137, 146, 148-52, Godwin, William, 136, 137, 142, 170, 171-7, 182, 196 194,197-202,204,206,207,211, Inchbald, Elizabeth, 104, 205 223-3, 227; Caleb Williams, 211, 217,219; Memoirs of Jacobite rebellions, 4 Wollstonecraft, 137, 195, 198, Jacobus, Mary, 226 199,201,202,211; Political Janes, R. M., 238 Justice, 197,203,220; St Leon, Jardine, Alexander, 81 224; The Enquirer, 200, 203 Jardine, Lisa, 230 Good, John Mason, 235 [ebb, Ann, 136 Goodwin, Albert, 230 Jewsbury, Maria Jane, 225 Gordon Riots, 4, 96 Johnson, Joseph, 28, 34, 40, 55, Grafton, Anthony, 230 56,57,58,59,60,67,74,75,77, Graham, , 83, 78,79,80,84,86,102-3,140, 97,101,109,126-7,129,133 141,142,174,176,196,211 Graham, Walter, 235 Johnson, Samuel, 28, 42, 50, 142; Grant, Anne MacVicar, 136 Dictionary, 21, 42; Rambler, 39; Great Britain, 1~14 sermons, 80 Gregory, John, 70, 126 Gretry, Andre, 82 Kaplan, Cora, 226, 238 Kelly, Gary, 238, 242 Halifax, George Savile, Marquis Kelly, Joan, 230 of, 17-18, 29 Kilner, Dorothy, 59, 60 Hall, Carol Louise, 236 Kingsborough family, 28, 35, 46, flall, Catherine, 231 55 Handel, G. F., 217 Kingsborough, Margaret, 35 Harasym, S. D., 208 Knowles, John, 85, 105, 141, 236, flardt, Ulrich, 237 239 Haselkorn, Anne M., 229 Kuhn, Annette, 231 Hassell, J., 83 flays, Mary, 136, 142, 143, 144, La Rochefoucauld, 39,113 197,203,204,205,239 Lacan,Jacques,226 Hemlow, Joyce, 232 Landes, Joan, 165,237,240 Hewlett, John, 28, 39, 235 Lavater, 142 Hibbert, Christopher, 242 Lee, Nathaniel, 210 fIilton, Nelson, 239 Leith, Dick, 235 Hobby, Elaine, 229 Levine, Philippa, 1 Index 247

Lewis, M. G., 205 Newgate Calendar, 211 'literature', ~9 Newman, Gerald, 231, 241 Lloyd, Genevieve, 232 Nichols, John, 79 Locke, Don, 241 Nicholson, William, 235 Locke, John, 11,18,34,53,159 Nystrom, Per, 240 Lorenzo de Medici, 144-5 Louis XIV, 158 O'Brien, Padraig, 234 Louis XVI, 95, 99 Ogle, George, 35, 37 Luria, Gina M., 241 Ong, Walter, 231 Opie, John, 142, 223 Macdonell, Diane, 232 Ozouf, Jacques, 231 Macken2ie,lienry,71 Macpherson, James, 13 Paine, Tom, 89, 107, 140, 142, 159, Malcolmson, R W., 230 162 Marguerite, 174, 191 Paley, William, 39 , 126, 180 Parker, Rozsika, 231 Martineau, Harriet, 225 Paul, 31, 34, 39, 220 Mary Queen of Scots, 180, 209 Peardon, T. P., 241 Mason, Eudo c.,236 Pennington, Sarah, 29, 213 Mathias, T. J., 137 Perkin, liarold, 229 maxims, 113 Philip, Mark, 241 May, Gita, 239 Pinchbeck, Ivy, 230 McKendrick, Neil, 230 Pinkerton, Miss, 223-4 Meehan, Michael, 236 Piozzi, Hester Thrale, 81, 126, 178 Miles, Rosalind, 225 Plumb, J.R, 230 Miller, Lady Anne, 178 Plutarch, 146 Milton, John, 50, 57, 58, 70, 112, Pocock, J. G. A., 236 122 Poovey, Mary, 138, 179,226,229, Mingay, G. E., 229 237 Mirabeau, 157, 166 Pope, Alexander, 34 Moers, Ellen, 138 Porter, Roy, 230, 233, 241, 242 Moi, Toril, 21 Poston, Carol, 237 Montagu, Basil, 223 Powell, Nicolas, 236 Monthly Magazine (New York), 194 Prescott, Rachel, 136 Monthly Magazine, 203 Prest, Wilfred, 230 Monthly Mirror, 194 Price, Richard, 27, 85, 91, 93, 97, Monthly Review,79, 168 100-1, 121, 128, 147, 177, 180, Moore, John, 153, 205; Zeluco, 82 220,233 More, Hannah, 51, 136, 183 Priestley, Joseph, 235 Morris, J. R, 229 Prince of Wales, 13,95,130,210 Mullan, John, 231 print culture, 7-9 Myers, Mitzi, 63, 78, 89, 17~9, property, 93-5 192-3,224,233,234,236,238, 241,242 Quintilian, 87 national identity, 12-13, 17 Radcliffe, Ann, 177,205 Neale, R 5., 5, 229 Rajan, Tilottama, 234, 242 Necker, Jacques, 74-5 Rees-Mogg, Emma, 137 New Annual Register, 169 Rendall, Jane, 231-2 248 Index

Revolution Society, 85 Sheridan, Thomas, 68 rhapsody, 112-13 Showalter, Elaine, 227, 243 Richardson, Samuel, 13, 42; Siddons, Sarah, 210, 218 Clarissa, 42; Sir Charles Skeys, Hugh, 27, 103 Grandison, 42, 75--6 Skocpol, Theda, 229 Rigby, Brian, 235 Smith, Adam, 166, 225 Riley, Denise, 231 Smith, Charlotte, 39, 81, 82, 136, Robert andAdela, 204-5 142,205 Robertson, William, 71, 72, 144, 'Sophia', 18 153 Southey, Robert, 194 Robinson, Henry Crabb, 235 Sowerby, James, 57 Robinson, Mary, 205, 212 Spacks, Patricia Meyer, 44, 234 Rogers, Katharine M., 229 Spectator, 71 Roland, Jean-Marie, 146 Spencer, Jane, 215 Roland, Marie, 146, 170,209,213 St Clair, William, 233, 241 Roper, Derek, 235 Sterne, Laurence, 176, 177, 187-8 Roscoe, William, 103, 106, 107, Stiles, Ezra, 237 142, 143, 144 Stone, John Hurford, 146 Rouget de !'Isle, 171 Stone, Lawrence, 231, 232 Rousseau, 11, 13, 19,20,35,37, Stone, Lawrence, and Jeanne C. 39,41,42,81,82,92,93, 110, Fawtier,229 111,121,124,126,127,142,146, Stone, Rachel, 146 159,171,202,205; Coniessions, Struensee, 180 37;Ducontrat social, 19; Emile, subjectivity, 10-12 19,37,42,62,122; Lanouvelle Sullivan, Alvin, 235 flao~e, 19,42, 198,212 Sunstein, Emily, 233, 234 Rowan, A. H., 196 Swedenborg, 81 Rowe, Nicholas, 34, 210, 215 Rude, George, 165 Tacitus, 87 Talleyrand, 107, 114, 115, 116, Salzmann, C. G., 77-8 132, 133, 142-3 Sand, George, 225 Tallien, 171 Sapsford, Roger, 230 Tarleton, Banastre, 212 Saunders, J. W., 231 Taylor, Barbara, 242 Sayer, Derek, 229 Taylor, Thomas, 135 Sayers, Janet, 234 Tennenhouse, 230, 232 Schwartz, Richard B., 234 Thiebaux, Marcelle, 242 Schweitzer, J. c. and Madeleine, Thomas, D.O., 233 146 Thompson, E. P., 165, 230 Scotland, 5 Thomson, James, 34, 50, 72 Scott, Sarah, 50, 51 Timperley, C. H., 235 Sensibility, 41, 44, 46, 50, 53, 54, Tims, Margaret, 233 87,90,93,150,173,187 Todd, Janet, 237, 243 Seward, Anna, 136, 139, 236 Tomalin, Claire, 138, 233 Shakespeare, 34, 70, 72,81,99, Tomory, Peter, 236 176, 210, 218 Tong, Rosemarie, 226 Shelley, Mary, 224 Toulmin, Joshua, 235 Shelley, Percy Florence, 237 travel literature, 177-8 Sheridan, R. B., 111 Travitsky, Betty, 229 Index 249

Trials forAdultery, 211 179, 180, 194; 'Cave of Fancy', Trimmer, Sarah, 29, 34, 49, 50, 51, 41-2; 'Hints', 204;'Lessons' for 58,59,60,183,235 children, 202; 'Letters on the Tristan, Flora, 225 Management of Infants', 202-3; Trumbach, Randolph, 231 'On Poetry, and Our Relish for Turner, William, 235 the Beauties of Nature', 203, Tyson, Gerald, 80, 235, 236 204; 'Series of Letters on the Tytler, Graeme, 234 Present Character of the French Nation', 147-8, 170;a play Varma, Devendra, 230 written by her, 202;Female Vogler, Thomas A., 239 Reader, 29, 41,67-74,112, 113;

Voltaire, 42, 71, 144, 153 Historical andMoral View 0 0 0 of von Schlabrendorf, Count, 240 theFrench Revolution, 75, 145, 152-68; in Analytical Review, 75, Walters, Margaret, 20 78,80-3,104,140,142,204-6; Wardle, Ralph, 74, 77-8, 233, 235 Letters Writtenduring a Short Warrington Academy, 67 Residence in Sweden, Norway, and Wedgwood family, 223 Denmark, 177-95, 196, 198,203; Wedgwood, Josiah, 201 Mary, 40-54, 206, 211;Original West, Jane, 205 Stories, 58-67; Posthumous Works , Weulersse, Georges, 240 202, 224;Thoughts onthe Williams, Helen Maria , 109, 136, Education of Daughters, 29-34, 46, 143, 145, 146, 147, 152, 153, 154, 60; translations by, 56, 74-8; 170 Vindication oftheRights ofMen, Williams, Raymond, 231 83,84-102,105,106,109,121, Wollstonecraft family, 23,171 129,144,154,166,225; Wollstonecraft, Charles, 103-4, Vindication oftheRights of 140 Woman, 29,58,81,95,97, 105, Wollstonecraft, Edward, 24, 75, 107-39,140,141,143,147,151, 103 153, 156, 160, 162, 163, 170, 173, Wollstonecraft, Elizabeth, 24, 177,179,183,204,205,206,208, 26-7,56,57,103,149,233 211, 216, 218, 224-6; translations Wollstonecraft, Everina, 24, 36, of, 135; Wrongs ofWoman, 114, 37,38,41,55,57,103,104,140, 204,205,206-23 141,145,152,201,211 Wolpe, Ann Marie, 231 Wollstonecraft, Frances, 151, 171, women, 5-6 172,173,174,176,189,199,202 women, education, 16-17 Wollstonecraft, James, 103-4, 140 Woodward, Lionel Do, 239 Wollstonecraft, Mary, childhood, Woolf, Virginia, 21, 78, 225 23; young adulthood, 24-5; Wordsworth, 187, 189;Lyrical school, 27; in , 27; early Ballads, 203 friends, 28; Kingsborough period, 34-40; early writing career, 55-8; at Paris, 145-52; Yaeger, Patricia, 238 Young, Edward, 50 and Imlay, 171-5, 196; trip to Scandinavia, 174-6; relationship with Godwin, 197-202; death, Zaretsky, Eli, 231 224; reviews of her works, Zipes, Jack, 234 101-2, 136, 168-70, 171, 178, Zollikofer, G. J., 82