Notes Notes to Chapter 1: Gender, Class and Cultural Revolution 1. On cultural revolution and state formation, see Philip Corrigan and Derek Sayer, The Great Arch: English State Formation as Cultural Revol­ ution (Oxford and New York: Basil Blackwell, 1985); on revolutionary elites and state formation, see Theda Skocpol, States and Social Revol­ utions: A Comparative Analysis of France, Russia, and China (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1979); on culture, domination, and resist­ ance, see Joan Cocks, The Oppositional Imagination : Feminism, Critique and Political Theory (London and New York: Routledge, 1989) chs 1-3. 2. Philippa Levine, Victorian Feminism , 1850-1900 (London: Hutchinson, 1987) p. 14. 3. See, for example, Anne M. Haselkom and Betty Travitsky (eds), The Renaissance Englishwoman in Print: Counterbalancing theCanon (Amherst, Mass. : University of Massachusetts Press, 1990); Elaine Hobby, Virtue of Necessity: English Women's Writing, 1649-88 (London: Virago Press, 1988); Katharine M. Rogers, Feminism in Eighteenth-Century England (Brighton, Sussex: Harvester Press; Urbana, Ill.: University of Illinois Press, 1982); Alice Browne, The Eighteenth-Century Feminist Mind (De­ troit, Mich.: Wayne State University Press, 1987). 4. Mary Poovey, The Proper LAdy and theWoman Writer: Ideology as Style in the WorksofMary Wollstonecraft, Mary Shelley, andJane Austen (Chicago, Ill. and London: University of Chicago Press, 1984) ch. 1. 5. For a review of the problems of definition and a survey of accounts of class in this period, see R. J. Morris, Class and Class Consciousness in the Industrial Revolution, 1780-1850 (London : Macmillan, 1979); for a broader treatment, see R. S. Neale, Class in English History, 1680-1850 (Oxford : Basil Blackwell, 1981). 6. Gordon E. Mingay, The Gentry: The Rise and Fall of a Ruling Class (London and New York: Longman, 1976); Lawrence Stone and Jeanne C. Fawtier Stone, An Open Elite? England, 1540-1880, abridged edn (Oxford and New York: Oxford University Press, 1986). 7. Geoffrey Holmes, Augustan England: Professions, State and Society, 1680-1730 (London and Boston Mass.: George Allen and Unwin, 1983); Harold Perkin, The Origins of Modern English Society, 1780-1880 (London: Routledge and Kegan Paul; Toronto and Buffalo: University of Toronto Press, 1969) pp. 213-17, 428-9. On the triumph of the professional bourgeoisie in the present century, see Harold Perkin, The Rise of Professional Society: England since 1880 (London and New York: Routledge, 1989), which argues that 'the professional society' superseded a society based on class. 8. Penelope J. Corfield, The Impact of English Towns, 1700-1800 (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1982). 229 230 Notes 9. Alan D. Gilbert, Religion andSociety in Industrial England:Church, Chapel and Social Change, 1740-1914 (London and New York: Longman, 1976). 10. For an account of the process in Scotland, see Charles Carnic, Experi­ ence and Enlightenment: Socialization for Cultural Change in Eighteenth­ Century Scotland (Chicago, Ill.: University of Chicago Press, 1983). See also Wilfred Prest (ed.), The Professions in Early Modern England (Lon­ don: Croom Helm, 1987). 11. Edward P. Thompson, 'The Moral Economy of the English Crowd in the Eighteenth Century', Past and Present, vol. 50 (Feb. 1971) pp . 76-136; Robert W. Malcolmson, Popular Recreations in English Society, 1700-1850 (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1973); Bob Bushaway, By Rite: Custom, Ceremony and Community in England, 1700-1880 (London: Junction Books, 1982). 12. On the 1790s, see Carl B. Cone, The English Jacobins: Reformers in Late 18th Century England (New York: Charles Scribner's Sons, 1968);Albert Goodwin, The Friends of Liberty: The English Democratic Movement in the Ageof the French Revolution (London: Hutchinson, 1979). 13. For a brief survey of the social position of women, see Roy Porter, English Society in the Eighteenth Century, rev. edn (London: Penguin Books, 1990) pp . 21-34. 14. Neale, Class in English History, pp. 199-200. See also Joan Kelly, Women, History, andTheory (Chicago, ill. and London: Chicago Univer­ sity Press, 1984) pp. 1-18; Christine Delphy, Close to Home: A Material­ ist Analysis of Women's Oppression, trans. Diana Leonard (London: Hutchinson, with The Explorations in Feminism Collective, 1984)pp. 71-6; Pamela Abbott and Roger Sapsford, Women and Social Class (London and New York: Tavistock Publications, 1987). 15. Ivy Pinchbeck, Women Workers and the Industrial Revolution, 1750-1850 (1930; London: Virago, 1969). 16. See Nancy Armstrong, 'The Rise of Domestic Woman', in TheIdeology of Conduct: Essays in Literature and the History of Sexuality, ed. Nancy Armstrong and Leonard Tennenhouse (New York and London: Methuen, 1987) pp . 96-141. 17. Neil McKendrick, John Brewer and J. H. Plumb, TheBirth ofaConsumer Society: The Commercialization of Eighteenth-Century England (London: Hutchinson, 1982); Maxine Berg, The Age of Manufactures: Industry, Innovation and Work in Britain, 1700-1820 (London: Fontana, 1985); Colin Campbell, The Romantic Ethic andtheSpiritofModern Consumerism (Oxford and New York: Basil Blackwell, 1987). 18. John Feather, A History of British Publishing (London and New York: Routledge, 1988) Part 2. 19. Devendra P. Varma, The Evergreen Tree of Diabolical Knowledge (Washington, D.C.: Consortium Press, 1972). 20. Anthony Grafton and Lisa Jardine, From Humanism to the Humanities: Education and the Liberal Arts in Fifteenth- and Sixteenth-Century Europe (London: Duckworth, 1986). 21. Benedict Anderson, Imagined Communities: Reflections on the Origin and Spread of Nationalism (London: Verso, 1983). Notes 231 22. See J. W. Saunders, The Profession ofEnglish Letters (London: Routledge and Kegan Paul; Toronto: University of Toronto Press, 1964) ch. 7. 23. See Walter J. Ong, Orality and Literacy: The Technologizing of the Word (London and New York: Methuen, 1982)pp. 178-9; Francois Furet and Jacques Ozouf, Reading and Writing: Literacy in France from Calvin to Jules Fe;ry, English trans. (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press; Paris: Editions de la Maison des Sciences de I'Homme, 1982) p. 310; and Luther H. Martin, Huck Gutman, and Patrick H. Hutton (eds), Technologies of the Self:A Seminar with Michel Foucault (Amherst, Mass.: University of Massachusetts Press, 1988). 24. Stephen D. Cox, 'The Stranger Within Thee': Concepts of the Selfin Late Eighteenth-Century Literature (Pittsburgh, Pa: University of Pittsburgh Press, 1980). 25. On court culture, see Norbert Elias, The Court Society, trans. Edmund Jephcott (Oxford: Basil Blackwell, 1983). 26. See Raymond Williams, Keywords: A Vocabulary of Culture and Society (Glasgow: Fontana/Croom Helm, 1976). 27. Eli Zaretsky, Capitalism, The Family, and Personal Life, rev. edn (New York: Harper and Row, 1986); Lawrence Stone, The Family, Sex and Marriage in England, 1500-1800, abridged edn (Harmondsworth, Middx: Penguin Books, 1979); Randolph Trumbach, The Rise of the Egalitarian Family: Aristocratic Kinship and Domestic Relations in Eighteenth-Century England (New York: Academic Press, 1978); Leo­ nore Davidoff and Catherine Hall, Family Fortunes: Men andWomen of the English Middle Class , 1780-1850 (London: Hutchinson, 1987); Philippe Aries and Georges Duby (eds), A History ofPrivate Life, vol. 3, Passions of the Renaissance, trans. Arthur Goldhammer (Cambridge, Mass ., and London: Harvard University Press, 1989). 28. On the place of needlework in the construction of femininity, see Rozsika Parker, The Subversive Stitch: Embroidery and the Making of the Feminine (New York: Routledge, 1984) ch. 6. 29. Gerald Newman, The Rise of English Nationalism:A Cultural History, 1740-1830 (New York: St Martin's Press, 1987). 30. Anderson, Imagined Communities, pp. 39-40. 31. 'Woman' is now thought to indicate an essentialist view of women, in contrast to a 'materialist' view that treats women and the gender category 'woman' as socially and historically specific. See Annette Kuhn and AnnMarie Wolpe (eds), Feminism and Materialism : Women andModes of Production (London and New York: Routledge and Kegan Paul, 1978); Denise Riley, 'Am I That Name?': Feminism andtheCategory of 'Women' in History (Minneapolis: University of Minnesota, 1988) ch. 1. I use 'woman' throughout, often with quotation marks, to refer to the cultural and rhetorical figure of the late eighteenth century, and 'a woman' or 'women', though usually without quotation marks, to refer to people who would have been considered women at that time. 32. See John Mullan, Sentiment and Sociability: The Language of Feeling in the Eighteenth Century (Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1988) ch. 2. 33. See Jane Rendall, The Origins of Modern Feminism: Women in Britain, 232 Notes France and theUnited States, 1780-1860 (London: Macmillan, 1985)ch. 1; and Genevieve Lloyd, The Man of Reason: 'Male' and 'Female' in Western Philosophy (London: Methuen, 1984). 34. See Jean Bethke Elshtain, Public Man, Private Woman: Women in Social and Political Thought (Princeton, N.J.: Princeton University Press, 1981) ch.3. 35. See Campbell, The Romantic Ethic and theSpiritofModern Consumerism, ch. 7; Jean Bethke Elshtain, Meditations on Modern Political Thought: Masculine/Feminine Themes from Luther to Arendt (New York: Praeger, 1986) pp. 46-7. 36. Lawrence Stone, The Family, Sex and Marriage in England, 1500-1800, abridged edn (Harmondsworth, Middx: Penguin Books, 1979)p. 404. 37. Nancy Armstrong, 'The Rise of Domestic Woman', in The Ideology of Conduct: Essays in Literature and the History