Initial Environmental Examination Report ______

Project Number: 47021-002 Loan Number: 3239

PAK: Federally Administered Tribal Areas Water Resources Development Project

Initial Environmental Examination Report for Magoo Dand Dam, District Khyber

Prepared by Project Management Unit, Government of Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Pakistan

For the Asian Development Bank Date received by ADB: June 2020

NOTES

(i) The fiscal year (FY) of the Government of the Islamic Republic of Pakistan and its agencies ends on 30 June. (ii) In this report “$” refer to US dollars.

This initial environmental examination (IEE) report is a document of the borrower. The views expressed herein do not necessarily represent those of ADB’s Board of Directors, Management, or staff, and may be preliminary in nature.

In preparing any country program or strategy, financing any project, or by making any designation of or reference to a particular territory or geographic area in this document, the Asian Development Bank does not intend to make any judgments as to the legal or other status of any territory or area. Project Management Unit PMU FATA Water Resources Development Project FWRDP Merged Areas Secretariat

FEDERALLY ADMINISTERED TRIBAL AREAS

WATER RESOURCES DEVELOPMENT PROJECT

INITIAL ENVIRONMENTAL EXAMINATION (IEE) MAGOO DAND DAM (KHYBER DISTRICT) June, 2020

FATA WATER RESOURCES DEVELOPMENT PROJECT CONSULTANTS

House # 3, Street # 1, Near Board Bazar, Tajabad, Peshawar, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Pakistan. Tel: +92 91 5601635 - 6 Fax: +92 91 5840807 E-mail: [email protected] Initial Environmental Examination: FATA Water Resources Development Project Magoo Dand Dam Sub Project

TABLE OF CONTENTS

Sr. No. Description ...... Page No.

INTRODUCTION...... 1

Study Area ...... 3 Baseline Survey Methodology ...... 5 Impact Assessment Methodology ...... 6

POLICY, LEGAL AND ADMINISTRATIVE FRAMEWORK ...... 10

B.10 ADB’s Access to Information Policy (AIP) 2018 ...... 20 B.11. ADB’s Accountability Mechanism Policy 2012...... 20

PROJECT DESCRIPTION ...... 25

Stage-I ...... 30 Stage- II ...... 30

Executing Agency ...... 38 Design Consultant ...... 38 i | TOC Initial Environmental Examination: FATA Water Resources Development Project Magoo Dand Dam Sub Project

Provincial Development Working Party ...... 38 Terms of Partnership ...... 39

DESCRIPTION OF ENVIRONMENT ...... 40

Topography ...... 43 Climate ...... 43 Regional Geology ...... 45 Geology of the Project Area ...... 46 Soil ...... 48 Seismology ...... 48 Ambient Air Quality and Noise ...... 46 Hydrology ...... 48 Water Quality ...... 51

Land use and Land Cover...... 52 Flora ...... 54 Fauna ...... 57 Avifauna ...... 58 Fisheries ...... 60

Administrative Set Up ...... 61 Demographic Profile ...... 62 Population ...... 62 Family Size ...... 63 Dwelling ...... 63 Language ...... 63 The Family System ...... 64

ii | TOC Initial Environmental Examination: FATA Water Resources Development Project Magoo Dand Dam Sub Project

PROJECT ALTERNATIVES ...... 76

ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT ASSESSMENT AND MITIGATION MEASURES ...... 80

Excavation and Blasting...... 86 Waste Generation and Disposal ...... 87 Labor camps, storage and approach roads ...... 88 Soil pollution due to fuel and oil spillage from construction machinery ...... 88 Agriculture Land Damage ...... 90 Impact of taking borrow material from earth borrow site ...... 90 Construction material leftovers and site restoration ...... 91

Drinking Water Supply for Contractor’s Crews ...... 91 Municipal waste disposed into the Khwar ...... 92

Dust from construction and smoke from plants and equipment ...... 92 Noise from use of old/and or outdated machinery ...... 92 Dust Emission from Stone quarrying and Transportation ...... 93

Tribal Tension and Rivalries ...... 94 Impact on Civic Infrastructure ...... 95 Community safety risks due to accidental or natural hazards ...... 96 Health and safety of labourers at construction site ...... 96 Change in visual character and soil erosion ...... 97

iii | TOC Initial Environmental Examination: FATA Water Resources Development Project Magoo Dand Dam Sub Project

Soil pollution due to excessive application of pesticides and fertilizers...... 97 F.11.3 Use of additional irrigation water for cultivating high delta crops ...... 98 F.11.4 Monitoring Programmes...... 98 F.11.5 Training/ Educational programmes ...... 99

ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT PLAN (EMP) ...... 100

Residual Impact ...... 101

Management Responsibilities ...... 102

PUBLIC CONSULTATION ...... 132

GRIEVANCE REDRESS MECHANISM ...... 143

CONCLUSION, FINDINGS AND RECOMMENDATIONS ...... 149

ANNEX – I Environmental Testing ...... 152

ANNEX-II - National Environmental Quality Standards (NEQS) ...... 156

ANNEX-III Rapid Environmental Assessment Checklist ...... 162

iv | TOC Initial Environmental Examination: FATA Water Resources Development Project Magoo Dand Dam Sub Project

ANNEX –IV Photo Log ...... 165

ANNEX – V Governor’s Notifications on Protected Areas & Wild Fauna ...... 168

ANNEX- VI: Emergency Response Plan for Breach of Dam and Canal Bank ...... 173

ANNEX-VII Table of Content Environmental Compliance Monitoring ...... 179

ANNEX-VIII WHO Standards ...... 181

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List of Tables & Figures

Figure 1.1: The Sub Project Location Map ...... 4 Table 2.1 Comparison of International and local Air Quality Standards ...... 14 Table 2.2 Comparison of International and local for Noise-Limit in dB(A) Leq ...... 15 Table 2.3 Comparison of International and local Standards for Drinking Water ...... 16 Table 2.3 Environmental Guidelines and Legislations ...... 22 Table 3.1: Salient Features of the Project ...... 27 Figure 3.1: Project Location Map ...... Error! Bookmark not defined. Figure 3.2: Layout Plan on Satellite Image of the Sub Project Area ...... 28 Table 3.2: Dam Works and Quantities ...... 35 Table 3.3: Personnel Requirement ...... 37 Table 3.4: Equipment Requirements ...... 37 Figure 4.1: Mean Monthly Rainfall ...... 44 Figure 4.2 Mean Monthly Temperature ...... 45 Figure 4.3: Tectonic Map of Pakistan ...... 49 Figure 4.4: Environmental Testing and Sampling Map ...... 47 Table 4.1: Ambient Air Quality and Noise of Magoo Dand Dam ...... 48 Table 4.2: Water Table Depth at Magoo Dand Dam ...... 51 Figure 4.5: Land use Map of Magoo Dand ...... 54 Table 4.5: Common Trees Species in Project Area ...... 55 Table 4.6: Common Grasses Species in the Area...... 56 Table 4.7: Common Shrub Species in the Project Area ...... 57 Table 4.8: Fauna of the Project Area ...... 58 Table 4.9: Avifauna of the Khyber Tribal District ...... 58 Table 4.10: Population Details of Khyber Tribal District ...... 63 Table 4.11: No. of Functional Govt. Schools and Enrolment in Khyber (2014-15) ...... 70 Table 5.1 Screening of Environmental Impacts; Construction and Operation Stages ...... 83 Table 6.1: Environmental Management (Mitigation) Plan (Construction & Operation) ...... 105 Table 6.4: Estimated Budget for Environmental Management ...... 129 Table 6.5: Estimated Budget for Environmental Monitoring ...... 129 Figure 7.1: Identification of Stakeholders ...... 134 Figure 7.2: Community Meetings at Magoo Dand ...... 142 Figure 8.1: Proposed GRM ...... 148

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Units Conversion Tables Length Units

Millimeters Centimeters Meters Kilometers Inches Feet Yards Miles mm Cm m Km in Ft yd Mi 1 0.1 0.001 0.000001 0.03937 0.003281 0.001094 6.21e-07 10 1 0.01 0.00001 0.393701 0.032808 0.010936 0.000006 1000 100 1 0.001 39.37008 3.28084 1.093613 0.000621 1000000 100000 1000 1 39370.08 3280.84 1093.613 0.621371 25.4 2.54 0.0254 0.000025 1 0.083333 0.027778 0.000016 304.8 30.48 0.3048 0.000305 12 1 0.333333 0.000189 914.4 91.44 0.9144 0.000914 36 3 1 0.000568 1609344 160934.4 1609.344 1.609344 63360 5280 1760 1

Area Units

Millimeter Centimeter Meter Inch Foot Yard square square Square square square Square 2 2 2 2 2 mm cm m2 in ft yd 1 0.01 0.000001 0.00155 0.000011 0.000001 100 1 0.0001 0.155 0.001076 0.00012 1000000 10000 1 1550.003 10.76391 1.19599 645.16 6.4516 0.000645 1 0.006944 0.000772 92903 929.0304 0.092903 144 1 0.111111 836127 8361.274 0.836127 1296 9 1

Volume Units

Centimeter Meter Liter Inch Foo US Imperia US barrel (oil) cube cube cub t gallons l 3 3 3 cm m3 ltr in ft US gal Imp. gal US brl 1 0.000001 0.001 0.061024 0.000035 0.000264 0.00022 0.000006 1000000 1 1000 61024 35 264 220 6.29 1000 0.001 1 61 0.035 0.264201 0.22 0.00629 16.4 0.000016 0.01638 1 0.000579 0.004329 0.003605 0.000103 28317 0.028317 28.3168 1728 1 7.481333 6.229712 0.178127 3785 0.003785 3.79 231 0.13 1 0.832701 0.02381 4545 0.004545 4.55 277 0.16 1.20 1 0.028593 158970 0.15897 159 9701 6 42 35 1 Mass Units

Grams Kilograms Metric tonnes Short ton Long ton Pounds Ounces g Kg Tonne shton Lton lb Oz 1 0.001 0.000001 0.000001 9.84e-07 0.002205 0.035273 1000 1 0.001 0.001102 0.000984 2.204586 35.27337 1000000 1000 1 1.102293 0.984252 2204.586 35273.37 907200 907.2 0.9072 1 0.892913 2000 32000 1016000 1016 1.016 1.119929 1 2239.859 35837.74 453.6 0.4536 0.000454 0.0005 0.000446 1 16 28 0.02835 0.000028 0.000031 0.000028 0.0625 1

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Volumetric Liquid Flow Units

Meter Foot Foot US barrels Liter/second Liter/minute US cube/hour cube/minute cube/hour gallons/minute (oil)/day L/sec L/min M3/hr ft3/min ft3/hr gal/min US brl/d 1 60 3.6 2.119093 127.1197 15.85037 543.4783 0.016666 1 0.06 0.035317 2.118577 0.264162 9.057609 0.277778 16.6667 1 0.588637 35.31102 4.40288 150.9661 0.4719 28.31513 1.69884 1 60 7.479791 256.4674 0.007867 0.472015 0.02832 0.01667 1 0.124689 4.275326 0.06309 3.785551 0.227124 0.133694 8.019983 1 34.28804 0.00184 0.110404 0.006624 0.003899 0.2339 0.029165 1

Temperature Conversion Formulas

Degree Celsius (°C) (°F - 32) x 5/9 (K - 273.15) Degree Fahrenheit (°F) (°C x 9/5) + 32 (1.8 x K) - 459.67 Kelvin (K) (°C + 273.15) (°F + 459.67) ÷ 1.8

Currency Exchange Table

US Dollar Pakistani Rupees 01 166.36 Exchange Rate as of June 12, 2020

i | TOC Initial Environmental Examination: FATA Water Resources Development Project Magoo Dand Dam Sub Project

List of Abbreviations ADB Asian Development Bank AoI Area of Influence CO Community Organization CCA Culturable Command Area CSC Construction Supervision Consultant DG Director General EIA Environmental Impact Assessment EIRR Economic Internal Rate of Return EMU Environmental Management Unit EMMP Environmental Management and Monitoring Plan EMP Environment Management Plan EPA Environment Protection Agency FRDP FATA Rural Development Project FWRDP FATA Water Resources Development Project FATA Federally Administered Tribal Areas FGD Focus Group Discussions FIRR Financial Internal Rate of Return GIS Geographic Information System GoP Government of Pakistan GRC Grievance Redress Committee GFP Grievance Focal Point GRM Grievance Redress Mechanism HDPE High Density Poly Ethylene HSE Health, Safety and Environment IA Implementing Agency ICOLD International Commission on Large Dams IEE Initial Environmental Examination IUCN International Union for Conservation of Nature KP Khyber Pakhtunkhwa MM Mitigation Measure NGO Non-Governmental Organization NOC No Objection Certificate PD Project Director PEPA Pakistan Environmental Protection Act PIU Project Implementation Unit PMU Project Management Unit PPTA Project Preparatory Technical Assistance RCC Reinforced Concrete Cement RE Resident Engineer SPS Safeguard Policy Statement SSEMP Site Specific Environmental Management Plan ToP Terms of Partnership ToR Terms of Reference USBR United State Bureau of Reclamation

ii | TOC Initial Environmental Examination: FATA Water Resources Development Project Magoo Dand Dam Sub Project

List of Measurement Units Ac Acre asl above sea level Cm Centimeter Cumecs Cubic meter per second E East El. Elevation Ft Feet Ha Hectare hm3 Cubic Hectometer In Inches Km Kilometer Km2 Square Kilometer lit Liter lit/sec Liter per second m meter MCM Million Cubic Meter mg Milligram mg/l Milligram per Liter mi Miles m2 Square meter m3 Cubic meter N North NSL Natural Surface Level ppm Part Per Million Rs. Rupees Sec Seconds µg/L Microgram per liter

iii | TOC FATA Water Resources Development Project Magoo Dand Dam Sub Project

Executive Summary

1. Introduction This environmental study was undertaken in accordance with Pakistan Environmental Protection Act 1997, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa Environmental Protection Act, 2014 and ADB`s Safeguards Policy Statement (SPS), 2009 requirement and recommendations. The TOR requires an assessment of the environmental impacts (IEE or EIA) of the subproject, preparation of the environmental management and monitoring plans (EMPs and EMMPs), inclusion of costs for implementing EMP recommended mitigation measures, and any capacity strengthening measures in the project development costs. Federally Administered Tribal Areas (FATA) Water Resources Development Project (FWRDP) will be operational in the three merged districts of Khyber Pakhtunkhwa at the western borders of Pakistan with Afghanistan. It focuses on increasing irrigation supplies in three merged districts, namely Mohmand, Khyber and Bajaur, to increase crop production and harvest water, sustainably. The project is being proposed as a result of the Water Assessment Study executed under the completed ADB supported FATA Rural Development Project of Merged Areas Secretariat. The study identified 40 watersheds where the groundwater aquifers are depleting at a high rate, even under average weather conditions due to unplanned water extraction for irrigation and other associated purposes. It recommends shifting from groundwater to surface water, which remains totally unutilized, and identified potential sites for small reservoirs and diversion weirs in the 40 watersheds of Mohmand, Khyber and Bajaur merged Districts of KP. With above background, ADB financed a Project Preparatory Technical Assistance, TA 8409-PAK (PPTA) for FATA Water Resources Development Project in preparing a project for financing consideration by ADB through former FATA Secretariat support implemented the PPTA during 2013-2014, in which a team of national consultants prepared a feasibility study for a water resources project for erstwhile FATA. Based on the findings of the PPTA and on the request of Government of Pakistan, ADB approved, on 15th December 2014, the Federally Administered Tribal Areas Water Resources Development Project (Project) contributing $42.97 million from ADB’s Special Funds. The Government will contribute $4.93 million as counterpart fund. The ADB and Government of Pakistan signed the legal agreement on 17th April 2015 and declared the loan effective on 7th August 2015. The Project implementation period ends on 31th March 2020 and loan accounts will close on 30th September 2020.

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FATA Water Resources Development Project Magoo Dand Dam Sub Project

Since the subproject is categorized as a category B project as per ADB’s Safeguards Policy Statement 2009, an Initial Environmental Examination (IEE) exercise is required. 2. Project Location The Magoo Dand Dam subproject is proposed on Aziz Khwar/stream. Magoo Dand Dam subproject site is located at a distance of 37 km from Jamrud Khyber merged District Head Quarter. The proposed Magoo Dand Dam is located at coordinates 71.4756° E and 33.7649° N. As per site observation there is no perennial flow in the Khwar/stream. 3. Project Categorization The height of the proposed Magoo Dand Dam is 15 m and is falling in the remit of small dams defined by the ICOLD. In addition, reference to the ICOLD definition of large dams, the gross storage capacity of the proposed dam is 0.3094 MCM, less than 3 MCM threshold of ICOLD standards for small dams. The Project Design and Supervision Consultants used “Guidelines of the US Army Corps of Engineers” for design1.These guidelines do not classify Magoo Dand Dam as “large dam” based on reservoir capacity, height and hazard potential classification. Accordingly, the recommended safety standards for 100-year flood to 50% of the Probable Maximum Flood was used in design. Based on environmental studies performed and dam classification, the subproject is categorized as environmental category B and thus an IEE report has been prepared. 4. Environmental Issues The subproject activities include construction of a dam, irrigation pipe and channel of about 316 m and 3.195 km respectively and development of culturable command area of 76 ha. This will cause some disturbance due to construction activities in the RoW at site and the allied sites involving borrow material, camp areas, material and machinery yard, link roads and necessary facilities for the staff and labor to be engaged for the execution of the subproject. Beside this, some agricultural and barren land will submerge in the reservoir which requires minor land acquisition/resettlement.

1 Dam height is 15m, as per US Army Corps of Engineer's definition, which states that height of dam is equal to total height from the streambed, see e.g Page 1-1. http://www.publications.usace.army.mil/Portals/76/Publications/EngineerRegulations/ER_1110-2-1156.pdf. This definition is followed by many other well-reputed Dam Design and Dam Safety organizations, such as United States Bureau of Reclamation Dams https://www.usbr.gov/tsc/techreferences/mands/mands-pdfs/SmallDams.pdf and https://www.fws.gov/policy/361fw2.pdf

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FATA Water Resources Development Project Magoo Dand Dam Sub Project

5. Policy Legal and Administrative Framework This report represents in accordance to Pakistan Environment Act, 1997, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa Environmental Protection Act, 2014 and the Asian Development Bank’s Safeguard Policy Statement (SPS) 2009 requires that environmental considerations be incorporated into ADB’s funded project to ensure that the project will have minimal environmental impacts and be environmentally sound. Occupational health & safety of the local population should also be addressed as well as the project workers as stated in SPS 2009. Because this project falls in the jurisdiction of Khyber Pakhtunkhwa EPA, therefore approval from the Provincial EPA will be required. 6. Project Description A 15 m high and 60 m long Magoo Dand Concrete Gravity Dam with reservoir capacity of 0.3094 Mm3 and design flood capacity of 97 cumecs is proposed at Magoo Dand area of Khyber Tribal District to collect water from the Aziz khwar and convey it to the barrani (rain-fed) command area. Cultivable command area of 76 ha will be irrigated at cropping intensity of 125 % and design discharge of 0.02473 m3/sec (24.73 liter/sec). Total length of delivery pipe irrigation network is 316 m and 3.195 km respectively. The subproject cost is estimated Rs. 252.427 million and anticipated to take 18 months period to complete. The results of the economic analysis show that the project is economically viable (EIRR 10.15 %). The financial analysis also indicates the safe investment with FIRR as 8.58%. 7. Project Alternatives Project siting alternatives were not considered as there is no other feasible site on Aziz khwar for construction of dam. However various technological aspects have been evaluated during design stage, such as: RCC Slab/Box Local Material Filled Dam, Rock filled dam with separate spillway, Stepped and single sloped abutments, providing of low-level outlet for sediment removal, Bridge over the axis with a gated outlet, Upstream and downstream operated inlets/outlets, Various types of spillways. Of the available alternatives the best economical and the most viable option Concrete Gravity Dam was adopted. 8. Environmental and Social Baseline To assess the baseline conditions for the physical, biological and social aspects of the environment of project area. The data were collected regarding the physical environment, biological environment and social aspects of the study area from field surveys, desk studies and visits to the Government

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FATA Water Resources Development Project Magoo Dand Dam Sub Project

departments, other relevant agencies and discussions with the main stakeholders of the area. 9. Physical Environment The topography of study area is rugged hilly terrain with moderate relief with an average slope gradient of about 3% to 5%. The khwar is steep and having slope gradient frequently changes at different location due to presence of hilly and rugged terrain. The nullah stretches to through a rugged terrain with frequent rock exposures and few piles of overburden on its both sides. The rock exposed at proposed dam site mostly belong to Murree Formation which consist of red maroon colour shale interbedded with purple colour. The subproject of Magoo Dand is situated in sub watershed Khyber-4 (K-4) and stretches between (Lon=71.474 and Lat=33.764) of Khyber Merged District. Mean annual isohyetal map (1981-2010) prepared by met. Department indicate that the proposed Magoo Dand Dam and its watershed lies in between contours of 400 to 600 mm. The subproject area experiences two rain seasons: winter and summer. Water supply is from rainfall, snow melt and groundwater during the dry periods. Area is a rain fed (barani) area. Depth to water table in the command area is in the range of 18 to 45 meters below natural land surface in subproject area. The ambient air and noise quality testing at site were conducted, the result reveals that the air and noise quality of the area is within the permissible limits of NEQS. The drinking water of dug well in the project area was collected and analyzed in the Laboratory. The results were compared with the NEQS and WHO drinking water standards which reveals that the water is fit for drinking purpose. 10. Biological Environment Ecologically, this area falls within the main group of dry subtropical broad- leaved forest. The sub–group is Monotheca Scrubs. Generally, the vegetation is thorny evergreen shrubs, which are capable of developing into small trees, even under harsh climatic conditions and social pressure (heavy grazing . The main tree species are, Morus alba (Tooth) Zizyphus nummularia (Ber), Acacia modesta (Phulai), Eucalyptus (Lachi), prosopis spp (mesquite), tamarix spp (Farash). Avifauna of the area is highly diversified and colorful, which is widely dispersed in gardens, cultivated fields, streams and hill slopes.

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FATA Water Resources Development Project Magoo Dand Dam Sub Project

In the past, there were no wildlife or forest laws enacted for erstwhile FATA. Governor KP had issued a notification, declaring all wetlands in erstwhile FATA as Community Game Reserves. Hunting shall only be allowed with joint agreement of local communities and authorities. Moreover, a separate notification has also been issued declaring trade in body parts (pelt, skin, stuffed bodies, trophies, etc.) of all wild fauna including migratory birds as illegal. However, more recently, the 25th Constitutional amendment like 18th Constitutional amendment which resulted in abolition of concurrent list and devolved 47 subjects to provinces, is a paradigm shift where under Federally Administered Tribal Areas (FATA) stand integrated with and merged in the province of Khyber Pakhtunkhwa. Now being part of the province, the executive authority is shifted to the Chief Minister and his cabinet. The Merged Areas have no longer special status or dispensation. All provincial laws shall equally be applicable to these areas. No threatened or endangered species were observed in the subproject area, as per IUCN red list classification of 2017. 11. Socio-Economic and Cultural Aspects Khyber District is bordered with Afghanistan, Peshawar city and the Kurram and Orakzai districts. The total area of the district is 2,576 square kilometers, with 8.22% of the total area of the district being forest. The colonial legacy in the form of political administration under the unbridled powers of Political Agent is no longer there. The office is renamed as Deputy Commissioner and Assistant Commissioner. Similarly, the century old FCR is no more applicable. The tribal people will have fundamental rights guaranteed by the Constitution and of which they were deprived till now. The introduction and presence of criminal and judicial system will ensure their fundamental rights like other citizens of rest of the Country. The population of the district, according to the 2017 census is 986,973 with an average annual growth rate 3.15. The subproject site is situated in south of Bara Tehsil. Afridi (Aka Khel) are the main tribe of the subproject area and are further sub divided into Mirgat Khel sub tribe. The total population of the subproject area is 2656 with 1375 males and 1281 females. The total number of households is 250. Approximately 22% out of total male population of Magoo Dand area is educated while there is no educated woman in the whole subproject area as there are no girls schools in the subproject area.

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FATA Water Resources Development Project Magoo Dand Dam Sub Project

Women headed households have not been identified in the subproject area and no indigenous people impacts are involved in the proposed subproject. There are no sites of physical, historical and cultural value. There are no resettlement issues; however, land acquisition is required of some agricultural as well as uncultivated land, which will be submerged in the reservoir. Other social issues like safety of general public and workers, security problems, risk of communicable diseases, vector borne diseases etc. are of temporary nature. 12. Public Consultation The public consultation process with various stakeholders has been carried out three times so as to create awareness, information dissemination and to involve them in the designing, planning and execution of subproject. During the field survey, significant efforts were made to identify the possible categories of stakeholders. Stakeholders at site were notified villagers, local residents, and government officials of irrigation, agriculture and forest departments, public representative and general public. All those stakeholders had different types of stakes according to their professions. Tribal society is dominated by men with final say in the affairs of all members of the family. Women, by comparison, play a subservient role and observe strict purdah (veiling). They are for the most part restricted to performing household work, and are excluded from decision-making both on the domestic front and at the community level. Due to the above cultural background, women of the subproject area were not consulted. All the stakeholders showed their willingness for the subproject and appreciated the efforts of government for the socioeconomic uplift of the area through irrigated agriculture. 13. Environmental Impact Assessment and Mitigation Measures The Initial Environmental Examination (IEE) study has disclosed that the subproject is not likely to have any severe negative impacts on the environment and people of the area. However, acquisition of permanent land will be involved for which Land Acquisition and Resettlement Plan (LARP) has been prepared and compensation will be made according to the Land Acquisition Act (LAA) 1894 and ADB Policies regarding Resettlement and Indigenous People. . There is no major adverse environmental impact of the subproject but the construction-related impacts will prevail such as air pollution, noise and use of community resources. These impacts can be well managed through proper implementation of the mitigation measures, which have been identified in this report. Also, there is no environmentally sensitive area in the vicinity of the project area.

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FATA Water Resources Development Project Magoo Dand Dam Sub Project

All the potential impacts which have been identified during the present assessment are associated with the construction stage of the subproject, are minor to moderate in severity, and can easily be avoided (through good design and construction planning) or mitigated (through proper implementation of the EMP). On the other hand, the subproject will create job opportunities particularly for the local population during construction stage and will be extremely beneficial for uplift of the socio-economic condition of the local population through irrigated agriculture i.e. development of 76 ha of culturable land. 14. Environmental Management Plan Environmental Management Plan (EMP) is produced as a complementary part of Detailed Design and as a free-standing document. It ensures incorporation of the relevant environmental factors into the overall subproject design and will identify linkages to other safeguard policies relating to the project. The EMP defines responsibilities for the implementation of mitigation measures, as well as defining a framework and responsibilities for the monitoring of each measure. The EMP shall be implemented following appointment of the contractor throughout the construction period. The EMP shall be supplemented by Site Specific Environmental Management Plan (SSEMP) to be prepared by the contractor at mobilization. Based on the preliminary assessment, key mitigation measures recommended under this Environmental Management Plan (EMP), the Contractor will submit the Site- Specific Environmental Management Plan (SSEMP) to the CSC and PMU for approval with endorsement by ADB at least ten (10) days prior to commencement of the physical works. Overall responsibility for Environmental Management and Monitoring will rest with the Project Management Unit (PMU) which is headed by a Project Director (PD) and assisted by the CSC. 15. Conclusion and Recommendations The assessment of potential impacts of the proposed Magoo Dand Dam subproject reveals that this sub project will generate minor to moderate adverse environmental impacts. These adverse impacts will be mostly confined to the construction areas and will be temporary in nature. The predicted adverse impacts will be minimized and reduced by implementing the prescribed mitigation measures and will be continually monitored by CSC and PMU. If required, the EMP will be updated. The overall finding is that the beneficial gains provided by irrigation project will by far exceed the negative impacts, most of which are short-term and without major interference to both the bio-physical and human environment. It is

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emphasized that the success of the EMP depends on the respective line agencies and institutions identified as key players in the implementation of the EMP. The timely and complete inclusion of the EMP’s compliance clauses in the Contractor documents is mandatory to ensure the success of all environmental safeguard measures. As the sub project is exclusively an irrigation system, all identified adverse environmental impacts during the construction works of the project will be of minor to moderate in nature, to be easily mitigated by adequate implementation of the Environmental Management and Monitoring Plans. The entire command area of the subproject components does not include any environmentally sensitive areas. The final conclusion is that, the subproject is environmentally safe and socially acceptable.

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FATA Water Resources Development Project Magoo Dand Dam Sub Project

INTRODUCTION

General 1. The environmental study is undertaken in accordance with Pakistan Environmental Protection Act 1997, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa Environmental Protection Act, 2014 and Asian Development Bank`s (ADB) Environment Safeguards Policy Statement (SPS), 2009 requirement and recommendations. The TOR requires: • An assessment of the environmental impacts of the project (i.e. IEE or EIA), preparation of the environmental management and monitoring plans (EMMPs), inclusion of costs for implementing recommended mitigation measures, and any capacity strengthening measures in the project development costs.

Project Background 2. The merged districts of Khyber Pakhtunkhwa have a scarcity of land and water resources. In spite of the land scarcity, the people are agriculturalist and livestock herders by occupation and practice agriculture. Encouraged by the salutary effects of schemes in water sector, the Merged Areas Secretariat has proposed to harvest the flood water in the streams by constructing small dams to bring more areas under irrigation and to recharge aquifers for supplementing groundwater reserve. Therefore, the main focus in recent years has been the construction of dams to conserve water in order to expand and intensify irrigated agriculture. The irrigated agriculture has evolved over many centuries and today, despite the decades of civil strife, there are still thousands of hectares being irrigated by traditional systems, which are managed, operated and maintained by communities with little or no involvement of the government. However, there is considerable opportunity for increasing agricultural production by construction of major infrastructure works, like construction of small dams, diversion weirs, lining of water courses and increasing awareness about latest farm practices and cropping patterns, which are beyond the technical and financial capacity of the farming communities. 3. FATA Water Resources Development Project (FWRDP) will be operational in the tribal territories of Khyber Pakhtunkhwa at the western borders of Pakistan with Afghanistan. It focuses on increasing irrigation supplies in three districts, namely Mohmand, Khyber and Bajaur, to increase crop production and harvest water sustainability. The project is being proposed as a result of the Water Assessment Study executed under the completed ADB supported FATA Rural Development Project of former FATA Secretariat. The study identified 40 watersheds where the groundwater

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FATA Water Resources Development Project Magoo Dand Dam Sub Project

aquifers are depleting at a high rate, even under average weather conditions due to unplanned water extraction for irrigation and other associated purposes. It recommends shifting from groundwater to surface water, which remains totally unutilized, and identified potential sites for small reservoirs and diversion weirs in the 40 watersheds of Mohmand, Khyber and Bajaur tribal districts of Khyber Pakhtunkhwa. 4. The Magoo Dand Dam subproject is proposed on Aziz Khwar/stream. Magoo Dand Dam subproject site is located at a distance of 37 km from Jamrud Khyber Merged District Head Quarter. 5. The proposed Magoo Dand Dam is located at coordinates 71.4756° E and 33.7649° N. As per site observation there is no perennial flow in the Khwar. 6. Magoo Dand Dam is proposed to collect water from the khwar and convey to the barrani command area. Cultivable command area of 76 ha will be irrigated at cropping intensity of 125% and design discharge of 24.73 liter/sec. Total length of irrigation network is 3.195 km. The dam will also contribute to ground water recharge beside the irrigation supply. Project Consultants 7. The proponent/client, FATA Water Resources Development Project, Merged Areas Secretariat entered into a formal contract in October 2016 with design and supervision consultants for the project with joint venture, led by BAK Consulting Engineers, AGES Consultants and Rehman Habib Consultants. Purpose of This Initial Environmental Examination (IEE) 8. The purpose of the IEE is to:

• Establish preconstruction environmental baseline of the subproject for construction and operation phases impacts evaluation;

• Predict positive and adverse impacts; • Find ways to minimize/manage adverse impacts; and • Enhance positive effects. 9. Initial Environmental Examination (IEE) study considers the natural environment (air, water, land, flora and fauna), human health and safety. This study evaluates the subproject’s potential environmental risks and impacts in its area of influence and outlines planning, designing and implementation by preventing, minimizing or mitigating for adverse environmental impacts and enhancing positive impacts throughout subproject implementation.

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FATA Water Resources Development Project Magoo Dand Dam Sub Project

IEE Methodology 10. In the present study, standard methods were followed for Environmental and Social Impact Assessment. All the methods were structured for collection and organization of environmental baseline data and identification of environmental impacts using different survey tools and discussions with different stakeholders. The information, thus gathered, has been analyzed and presented in the form of a number of visual formats for easy interpretation and decision-making. 11. The baseline data was developed and analyzed to identify potential environmental impacts of the subproject. A Rapid Environmental Assessment (REA) Checklist methodology was adopted to identify the high- risk activities and suggest appropriate mitigation measures. Where possible, eliminating the risk by altering the scope or method of execution of work was preferred rather than minimizing the risk with control measures. 12. The Social Assessment (SA) has been conducted to evaluate the subproject’s potential positive and adverse effects on the affected people and to examine subproject alternatives where adverse effects may be significant. The width, depth and type of analysis in the social assessment are proportional to the nature of the subproject and scale of its potential effects, positive or adverse, on the affected people. Study Area 13. The study area related to IEE of the subproject comprised the following areas and features / aspects:

i. Primary impacts zone where the proposed subproject components are located, including the area of dam axis, spillway, reservoir, along the alignment of the proposed irrigation system, Contractor’s camp and construction material storage area.

ii. The secondary impact zone is the command area of the subproject where beneficial impacts are anticipated as with the availability of water, the cultivated area will be increased and cropping pattern will be changed as well as intensified. Furthermore, there will be no impacts downstream as the Aziz stream/river is dry (having no water)

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FATA Water Resources Development Project Magoo Dand Dam Sub Project

Figure 1.1: The Sub Project Location Map

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FATA Water Resources Development Project Magoo Dand Dam Sub Project

Baseline Survey Methodology 14. A survey was carried out in the subproject area for field studies including physical, biological and social impact assessment in May, 2019. A summary of the main activities undertaken during the visit has been enlisted below: i. Collected information and required data from the project area for preparation of Initial Environmental Examination (IEE) report. ii. Identified site-specific issues of the proposed project. iii. Information obtained regarding existing infrastructure in and around the project area. iv. Identified requirements of necessary mitigation measures to be integrated into the overall plan. v. Consultations were held with the population settled in the vicinity of the project. vi. Survey of nearby environmentally sensitive receptors was carried out. vii. Vegetation survey was conducted. viii. Different forest classes were identified and the degraded areas and scrubs were delineated. The grasslands/ alpine pastures and agricultural areas were also identified and delineated. The non- forest land cover was also delineated. ix. Interviews of the locals for the presence and relative abundance of various animal species within each locality were also taken to have first-hand information. x. Data collection was carried out on habitat condition, animal presence by direct sighting and indirect evidences.

15. The section on climatology has been taken from the Project Hydrology Report prepared by project hydrologists. 16. The regional geology and seismo-tectonics of the region are discussed based on the various available data sources and reports. Particularly, the discussion on Project geology has been based on the data available in the Project Geology Report and field observations made in selective pockets of different project affected sites. 17. Land use and land cover mapping was carried out by standard methods of analysis of remotely sensed data followed by ground truthing. 18. Forest types and plant species were recorded during the field visits and the floristic data for the catchment were sourced from the published literature. Based on the field data and available literature, frequency, density and cover of each species were calculated. 19. Rare and endangered species were identified as per IUCN Red List, 2017.

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FATA Water Resources Development Project Magoo Dand Dam Sub Project

20. In order to collect the information on the fauna (mammals, avifauna, herpetofauna) in the area, primary as well as secondary sources were utilized. 21. The Forest Working Plans of the Forest Divisions falling in the project area were referred to for secondary information on the wildlife of the area. 22. The environmental testing (air, noise and water) at site has been carried out and the results are attached as supporting documents in Annex-I. Impact Assessment Methodology

23. Prediction of impacts has been based on a broad matrix group ‘ecosystem’ constituted by physical and biological components. The vulnerability of an ecosystem to various impacts resulting from an activity or multiple activities was identified and accordingly impacts predicted. The main theme of the ecosystem approach in visualizing impacts on various sets of environmental data revolves around the idea that natural processes and patterns are likely to be affected under impacts of a developmental activity. 24. The potential impacts at various stages of the project were predicted, identified and assessed according to their category of impact. They were classified as negligent, moderate or high. Each category is defined as under: Negligent: No or minimum impact Moderate: Potential impact but can be mitigated (Site Specific) High: significant adverse environmental impacts that are irreversible, diverse, or unprecedented 25. The moderate to high impacts were further described and mitigation measures were suggested accordingly. 26. The impacts identified, in detail, were noted with the help of maps. The Consultants utilized their own resources to carry out topographic survey of the project site. The survey activities had been performed under the supervision and guidance of expert survey engineers. 27. The mitigation measures and environmental monitoring have been worked out in the light of environmental impacts assessed. Interviews, field visits/surveys, scoping sessions with officials/notables and concerned stakeholders were also made for the accomplishment of the study. Committee on Seismic Aspects of Dam Design (ICOLD) 28. The use of meaningful seismic parameters is necessary to perform a satisfactory evaluation of the earthquake safety of dams. These Guidelines are intended to help the Engineer and Project Manager to select seismic evaluation parameters for dam projects, based on requirements mandated by

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FATA Water Resources Development Project Magoo Dand Dam Sub Project

the project location and its associated seismic hazard, the design selected, and the risk posed by the completed structure. Appropriate seismic evaluation will complement the use of sound design, high quality materials, effective construction control procedures, and continuous surveillance and monitoring of the performance of the completed structure. 29. This publication contains general guidelines for selecting seismic evaluation parameters to review the safety of existing large dams and provide an earthquake resistant design for any new structure. Such guidelines (which are only intended to apply to large dams according to the ICOLD definition - see below) cover the following subjects: I. Primary factors to consider in seismic design. II. Selection of design parameters according to seismic zoning III. Selection of seismic evaluation parameters. IV. Factors influencing the selection of seismic evaluation parameters. Note: A large dam according to the ICOLD definition is one more than 15 m high or one between 10 and 15 m high satisfying one of the following criteria: • more than 500 m long • reservoir capacity exceeding 1 hm3 (1 x 106 m3) • spillway capacity exceeding 2,000 m3/sec

30. ICOLD Bulletin 46 (Seismicity and Dam Design) mentioned the MCE – Maximum Credible Earthquake (evaluated with a deterministic approach) and the DBE - Design Basis Earthquake (evaluated with a probabilistic approach). In the present Guidelines it was considered better to follow the approach since in the Codes of some countries the deterministic approach for the Safety Evaluation Earthquake is not applied. 31. The height of the proposed Magoo Dand Dam is 15 m and is falling in the remit of small dams defined by the ICOLD. In addition, reference to the ICOLD definition of large dams, the gross storage capacity of the proposed dam is 0.3094 MCM, less than 3 MCM threshold of ICOLD standards for small dams. Moreover, the dam length is 60 m and the spillway flood capacity is 97 m3/sec, which is also less than 2000 m3/sec. Report Format Chapter A: Introduction consists of the background, project needs and objectives. It also explains the methodologies adopted for

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FATA Water Resources Development Project Magoo Dand Dam Sub Project

carrying out different environmental and socio-economic studies. Chapter B: The legal and institutional framework section provides in detail, an overview of the government laws and rules that apply to regulate and control the environmental impacts due to project implementation, operation and maintenance, together with the relevant guidelines, legislation and policies concerning the project. Chapter C: It provides details of the project components and study of different project alternatives. This chapter also includes, route selection studies to select most viable route with maximum socio-economic benefits with minimum environmental adverse impacts. Chapter D: It describes the baseline conditions like physical, biological and socioeconomic, and surrounding area people. It also provides information about the existing amenities like education, health, infrastructure, cultural heritage, water supply/availability, electricity, etc. in the area. Chapter E: It describes the different alternative options studied for placing the dam axis and type including No Project Option. Different options were considered and evaluated on the basis of technical, economic, social and environmental parameters. It also provides the justification of current dam axis. Chapter F: It provides the project impacts, both positive and negative/adverse, on the land, land-based assets, infrastructure, crops, forest and fruit trees, existing amenities, sewage, waste material generation etc. due to the construction of the project. This section also deals with the mitigation of the adverse impacts identified in the shape of the compensation, rehabilitation, capacity building, provision of livelihood resources and other needed amenities etc. Chapter G: This chapter ensures that healthy and friendly environment is created during the construction, operation and maintenance of the project by adopting effective Environmental Management Plan (EMP). Chapter H: This chapter deals with consultation with different stakeholders of the project as well as the study area. Chapter I: This chapter covers the Grievance Redress Mechanism from stakeholders and general public, and also includes required

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FATA Water Resources Development Project Magoo Dand Dam Sub Project

actions taken on any issue raised by them during construction or operational phases of the project. Chapter J: It summaries the positive and adverse impacts, mitigation measures of the adverse impacts and main recommendations based on the studies carried out and discussions/consultations with the affected persons, other stakeholders and notables of the project area. IEE Team 32. The IEE team for Magoo Dand Dam subproject consists of the following. ➢ Mr. Shabir Ahmad Khan Environment Specialist ➢ Mr. Ihsan Afridi Environmentalist ➢ Mr. Farhan Environmentalist ➢ Mr. Ibad Ullah Sociologist

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FATA Water Resources Development Project Magoo Dand Dam Sub Project

POLICY, LEGAL AND ADMINISTRATIVE FRAMEWORK

General 33. This section provides an overview of the policy framework and national legislation that applies to the proposed sub-project. The project is expected to comply with all national legislation relating to environment in Pakistan and ADB`s Environment Safeguards Policy Statement (SPS) 2009. National Policy and Legal Framework 34. National Environmental Policy (2005) (NEP) is the primary policy of Government of Pakistan addressing environmental issues. The broad Goal of NEP is, “to protect, conserve and restore Pakistan’s environment in order to improve the quality of life of the citizens through sustainable development”. The NEP identifies a set of sectorial and cross-sectorial guidelines to achieve its goal of sustainable development. It also suggests various policy instruments to overcome the environmental problems throughout the country. 35. Prior to the adoption of the 18th Constitutional Amendment, the Pakistan Environmental Protection Act (PEPA) 1997 was the governing law for environmental conservation in the country. Under PEPA 1997, the Pakistan Environmental Protection Council (PEPC) and Pakistan Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) were primarily responsible for administering PEPA 1997. After the adoption of the 18th Constitutional Amendment in 2011, the subject of environment was devolved and the provinces have been empowered for environmental protection and conservation. The Khyber Pakhtunkhwa Environmental Protection Act, 2014 36. The Khyber Pakhtunkhwa Environmental Protection Act, 2014 is the basic legislative tool empowering the provincial government to frame regulations for the protection of the environment. The act is applicable to a broad range of issues and extends to air, water, soil and noise pollution, as well as to the handling of hazardous substance. The key features of the law which are directly related to the proposed project area are: Section-11: Prohibition of certain discharges or emissions: (1) "Subject to the provisions of this Act and the rules and regulations made there under no person shall discharge or emit or allow the discharge or emission of any effluent or waste or air pollution or noise in an amount, concentration or level which is in excess of the National Environmental Quality Standards.”

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FATA Water Resources Development Project Magoo Dand Dam Sub Project

Section-13: Initial Environmental Examination and Environmental Impact Assessment: (1) "No proponent of a project shall commence construction or operation unless he has filed with the Federal Agency an Initial Environmental Examination (IEE) or, where the project is likely to cause an adverse environmental effect, an Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA), and has obtained from the Federal Agency approval in respect thereof". Section-14 and 15: Prohibition of Import of Hazardous Waste and Handling of Hazardous Substances: No person shall carry, import, bring, transport or deliver hazardous waste or cause to carry, import, bring, transport or delivery of hazardous waste into the territorial jurisdiction of the Province of the Khyber Pakhtunkhwa. Subject to the provisions of this Act, no person shall generate, collect, consign, transport, treat, dispose of, store, handle, deal in and use or import any hazardous substance except: (a) under a license issued by the Agency and in such manner, as may be prescribed; or (b) in accordance with the provisions of any other law for the time being in force, or of any International Treaty, Convention, Protocol, Code, Standard, Agreement or other instrument to which Pakistan or the Province of the Khyber Pakhtunkhwa is a party. Regulatory Clearances, EPA 37. In accordance with regulatory requirements, an IEE/EIA satisfying the requirements of the Khyber Pakhtunkhwa Environmental Protection Act, 2014 is to be submitted to Provincial Environment Protection Agency for review and approval, and subsequent issuance of NOC before the commencement of construction. Guidelines for Environmental Assessment, Pakistan EPA 38. The Pak-EPA has published a set of environmental guidelines for conducting environmental assessments and the environmental management of different types of development projects. The guidelines that are relevant to the proposed subproject are listed below: • Guidelines for the Preparation and Review of Environmental Reports, Pakistan, EPA1997;

• Guidelines for Public Consultations; Pakistan EPA May 1997;

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FATA Water Resources Development Project Magoo Dand Dam Sub Project

Pakistan Environmental Protection Agency Review of IEE and EIA Regulations, (2000) 39. The Regulation classifies projects on the basis of expected degree of adverse environmental impacts and lists them in two separate schedules. Schedule I lists projects that may not have significant environmental impacts and therefore require an IEE. Schedule II lists projects of potentially significant environmental impacts requiring preparation of an EIA. The Regulations also require that all projects located in environmentally sensitive areas require preparation of an EIA. It also lists projects not requiring either an EIA or an IEE. National Environmental Quality Standards (NEQS) 40. The National Environmental Quality Standards (NEQS) were first promulgated in 1993 and have been amended in 1995 and 2000. They have been revised and the latest NEQS were issued in 2010. These standards are also correlating with the International Regulation. The following standards that are specified in the NEQS are relevant to the proposed subproject. • NEQS for Ambient Air – November 2010 state the maximum allowable concentration of air pollutants. • NEQS for Vehicle exhaust –2000 Maximum allowable concentration of pollutants (02 parameters) in gaseous emissions from vehicle exhaust and noise emission from vehicles. • NEQS for Drinking Water Quality – 2010 describe the drinking water properties by outlining the defined physical and chemical parameters. • NEQS for Noise – November 2010 states the maximum allowable limit of noise arising from vehicles in decibels (dB) separately for day and night times. • NEQS for Waste Effluents –2000 states the Maximum allowable concentration of pollutants (32 parameters) in municipal and liquid industrial effluents discharged to inland waters, sewage treatment facilities and the sea. • These standards apply to the gaseous emissions and liquid effluents discharged by, campsites and construction machinery. The standards for vehicles will apply only during the construction phase of the Sub Project. Standards for ambient air quality have also been prescribed. (Reference Annex-II for NEQS).

Comparative Analysis of the National and International Standards 41. A comparison of applicable local and international guidelines for air quality has been provided in Table 2.1. In general, the NEQS standards for air

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FATA Water Resources Development Project Magoo Dand Dam Sub Project

quality are most stringent in comparison to USEPA, WHO and the World Bank standards. The only exception is the TSP parameter for the annual mean where the World Bank standard (100 ug/m3) is more stringent than the NEQS standard (360 ug/m3). Apart from this one exception, the NEQS standards will also be used for the proposed project. 42. Similar to the standards for air quality, the comparison of noise standards provided in Table 2.2 clearly shows that NEQS standards for noise in case of commercial areas are more stringent in comparison to the World Bank/IFC standards. In case of night-time standards for the residential areas, the IFC/WHO standards are more stringent as compared to Pak NEQS. Apart from this one exception, the NEQS will be used for the proposed project. 43. A comparison of National Standards for Drinking Water Quality (NSDWQ), Pakistan and World Health Organization (WHO) are given in Table 2.3. Maximum Allowable limits of all of the contaminates are almost same except for Lead and Arsenic. The NSDWQ will be used for the proposed project.

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FATA Water Resources Development Project Magoo Dand Dam Sub Project

Table 2.1 Comparison of International and local Air Quality Standards

USEPA2 WHO3 World Bank4 Pak. NEQS Pollutants Avg. Avg. Avg. Avg. Standard Standard Standard Standard Time Time Time Time 125 (Interim target-1) 24- 20 Annual 50 Annual Primary- hour 80 ug/m3 μg/m3 Mean (Interim Average 75 ppb mean 1 hr target-2) Secondary- SO2 20 0.5 ppm 3hrs (guideline) (1,300 10- 500 120 μg/m³) minute 24 hrs 3 ug/m3 mean μg/m 10 500 ug/m3 minutes Primary 35 1 hr ppm (40 mg/m³) 10 8 hrs 5 mg/m3 Primary 9 mg/m3 CO 8 hrs - - 8 hrs ppm (8.7 (10 mg/m³) ppm) 10 40 mg/m3 1 hr mg/m3 1 hr Primary & annual Annual 3 40 3 Secondary- mean 40 μg/m 40 ug/m Annual Annual (guideline) Average NO2 0.053 ppm Mean 200 Mean 200 (100 1-hour 24 hrs 80 ug/m3 μg/m3 (guideline) μg/m³) mean Primary & Secondary- 0.12 ppm 1 hr (235

μg/m³) 130 O3 - - 1 hr ug/m3 Primary & 8 hrs 100 3 8 hrs Secondary- mean μg/m 0.070 ppm (140 μg/m³) Annual Annual 360 100 ug/m3 150-230 Mean Mean ug/m3 TSP 24 hrs 260 ug/m3 24 hrs ug/m3 500 24 hrs 500 ug/m3 24 hrs ug/m3

2 Source- https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Ambient_Air_Quality_Standards retrieved on 15th January, 2018. 3 Source-http://www.who.int/mediacentre/factsheets/fs313/en/ retrieved on 15th January, 2018. 4 Source-IFC Environmental, Health, and Safety Guidelines-GENERAL EHS GUIDELINES: ENVIRONMENTAL AIR EMISSIONS AND AMBIENT AIR QUALITY, April 2007.

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USEPA2 WHO3 World Bank4 Pak. NEQS Pollutants Avg. Avg. Avg. Avg. Standard Standard Standard Standard Time Time Time Time 70 (Interim Annual 120 target-1) Mean ug/m3 50 (Interim target-2) 30 (Interim target-3) annual 1 year 20 20 mean 150 μg/m³ 3 (guideline) Primary μg/m PM10 24 hrs and 24- 50 150 (Interim 150 Secondary hour 24 24 hrs 3 3 target-1) ug/m mean μg/m hours 100 (Interim target-2) 75 (Interim target-3) 50 (guideline) -Primary Annual 15 ug/m3 - 12 μg/m³ annual 10 Average Annual Secondary mean 3 μg/m 24 hrs 35 ug/m3 15 μg/m³ PM2.5 - - Annual 24- Primary & hour 25 1 hr 15 ug/m3 24 hrs Secondary mean μg/m3 35 μg/m³ Note: I ug/m3 = 0.002ppm

Table 2.2 Comparison of International and local for Noise-Limit in dB(A) Leq

NEQS (Effective form July, 2012) IFC & WHO

S.No Category of Day time Night time Receptor Day time Night time Area/Zone (7-00:22- (22:00-7:00) 00)

1 Residential Area (A) 55 55 Residential; 55 45 institutional;

educational5

2 Commercial Area (B) 65 45 Industrial; 70 70 commercial

3 Industrial Area (C) 75 65

4 Silence Zone (D) 50 45

5 For acceptable indoor noise levels for residential, institutional, and educational settings refer to WHO (1999).

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Table 2.3 Comparison of International and local Standards for Drinking Water

National Sr. WHO Standards for Parameter Unit No. Guidelines Drinking Water Quality

Biological Analysis

1. Total Coliform No./100ml 0/100 ml 0

2. E. Coli No./100ml 0/100 ml 0

3. Fecal E. Coli No./100ml 0/100 ml 0

Chemical Analysis

1. pH - 6.5 – 8.5 6.5 – 8.5

2. Temperature 0C - -

3. Color TCU <15 <15

4. Taste …. Not Objectionable Not Objectionable

5. Odor ouE/m³ Not Objectionable Not Objectionable

6. Turbidity NTU <5 <5

7. Electrical Conductivity µS NA NA

8. Total Hardness mg/l <500 <500

9. TDS mg/l <1000 <1000

10. TSS mg/l NA NA

11. Ammonia mg/l NA NA

12. Arsenic mg/l 0.01 <0.05

13. Iron mg/l NA NA

14. Aluminum mg/l - <0.2

15. Sodium mg/l NA NA

16. Chloride mg/l NA NA

17. Sulphate mg/l 0.01 <0.05

18. Fluoride mg/l <1.5 <1.5

19. Nitrate mg/l <50 <50

20. Nitrite mg/l 3 3

21. Cadmium mg/l 0.003 0.01

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FATA Water Resources Development Project Magoo Dand Dam Sub Project

National Sr. WHO Standards for Parameter Unit No. Guidelines Drinking Water Quality

22. Chromium mg/l 0.05 <0.05

23. Copper mg/l 2.0 2.0

24. Manganese mg/l 0.5 <0.5

25. Nickel mg/l 0.02 <0.02

26. Lead mg/l 0.01 <0.05

27. Zinc mg/l 3.0 5.0

NA: Not Applicable

44. This class applies to the surface waters that are primarily used for agricultural irrigation and livestock watering, and industrial cooling waters: 6 UBSTANCE OR

CONDITION UNIT RECOMMENDED VALUE

Solids mg/L (TDS)

EC at 25 °C dS/m 1.5 Salinity Salinity SAR sodium adsorption 5 RSC residual sodium me/L 1.25 Boron mg/L 1.0 Chloride mg/L 100 pH Units 6.5 - 8.4 BOD mg/L 8.0 Dissolved Oxygen (D.O) mg/L >4.0 Coliform bacteria (fecal) No./100mL 1000 Aluminium mg/L 5.0 Arsenic mg/L 0.10 Beryllium mg/L 0.10 Cadmium mg/L 0.01 Chromium mg/L 0.01 Cobalt mg/L 0.05

6 National Surface Water Classification Criteria & Irrigation Water Quality Guidelines for Pakistan

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FATA Water Resources Development Project Magoo Dand Dam Sub Project

Copper mg/L 0.20 Cyanide mg/L 1.0 Fluoride mg/L 1.0 Iron mg/L 5.0 Lead mg/L 0.1 Lithium mg/L 2.5 Manganese mg/L 0.20 Mercury mg/L 0.01 Molybdenum mg/L 0.01 Nickel mg/L 0.20 Selenium mg/L 0.02 Vanadium mg/L 0.10 Zinc mg/L 2.0 Toxic substances and The water should not contain organic pollutants toxic substances and other organic compounds

in quantities that can accumulate in the soils to such

7 45. Proposed Irrigation Water Quality Guidelines

CONDITION UNIT RECOMMENDED VALUE

PROPOSED

mg/L

Solids (TDS)

EC at 25 °C dS/m 1.5 Salinity Salinity SAR 8 RSC mg/L 1.25 Boron mg/L 1.0 Chloride mg/L 100 pH Units 6.5 - 8.4 Aluminium mg/L 5.0 Arsenic mg/L 0.10 Beryllium mg/L 0.10 Cadmium mg/L 0.01

7 National Surface Water Classification Criteria & Irrigation Water Quality Guidelines for Pakistan

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Chromium mg/L 0.01 Cobalt mg/L 0.05 Copper mg/L 0.20 Cyanide mg/L 1.0 Fluoride mg/L 1.0 Iron mg/L 5.0 Lead mg/L 0.1 Lithium mg/L 2.5 Manganese mg/L 0.20 Mercury mg/L 0.01 Molybdenum mg/L 0.01 Nickel mg/L 0.20 Selenium mg/L 0.02 Vanadium mg/L 0.10 Zinc mg/L 2.0

ADB’s Safeguard Policy Statement (SPS), 2009 46. The Asian Development Bank’s Safeguard Policy Statement (SPS) 2009 requires that environmental considerations be incorporated into all ADB funded projects to ensure that the project will have minimal environmental impacts and is environmentally sound. Health and safety aspects for the project workers and the local population should also be addressed as stated in SPS. 47. All loans and investments are subject to categorization to determine environmental assessment requirements. Categorization is to be undertaken using Rapid Environmental Assessment (REA) checklists, consisting of questions relating to (i) the sensitivity and vulnerability of environmental resources in sub project area, and (ii) the potential for the subproject to cause significant adverse environmental impacts. Projects are classified into one of the following environmental categories: 48. Category A: A project is classified as category A if it is likely to have significant adverse environmental impacts that are irreversible, diverse or unprecedented. These impacts may affect an area larger than the sites or facilities subject to physical works. An Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA) is required. 49. Category B: A project is classified as category B if its potential adverse environmental impacts are less adverse than those of category “A” projects. These impacts are site-specific, few, if any of them are irreversible, and in most

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cases mitigation measures can be designed more readily than for category “A” projects. An Initial Environmental Examination (IEE) is required. 50. Category C: A project is classified as category C if it is likely to have minimal or no adverse environmental impacts. No environmental assessment is required although environmental implications need to be reviewed. 51. Category FI: A project is classified as category FI if it involves investment of ADB funds to or through a financial intermediary (FI).

B.10 ADB’s Access to Information Policy (AIP) 2018

52. ADB’s new Access to Information Policy (AIP), reflects the ADB’s ongoing commitment to transparency, accountability, and participation by stakeholders. The policy contains principles and exceptions to information sharing with external stakeholders, led by a new overarching principle of “clear, timely, and appropriate disclosure.”

B.11. ADB’s Accountability Mechanism Policy 2012

53. The objectives of the Accountability Mechanism is providing an independent and effective forum for people adversely affected by ADB-assisted projects to voice their concerns and seek solutions to their problems, and to request compliance review of the alleged noncompliance by ADB with its operational policies and procedures that may have caused, or is likely to cause, them direct and material harm. The Accountability Mechanism is a “last resort” mechanism.

B12. Project Categorization 54. The height of the proposed Magoo Dand Dam is 15 m and therefore it is falling in the remit of small dams defined by the ICOLD. In addition, reference to the ICOLD definition of large dams, the gross storage capacity of the proposed dam is 0.3094 MCM, less than the 3 MCM threshold of ICOLD standards for small dams. The Project Design and Supervision Consultants used “Guidelines of the US Army Corps of Engineers” for design8. These guidelines do not classify Magoo Dand Dam as “large dams” based on reservoir capacity, height and hazard potential classification. Accordingly, the recommended

8 Dam height is 15m, as per US Army Corps of Engineer's definition, which states that height of dam is equal to total height from the streambed, see e.g Page 1-1. http://www.publications.usace.army.mil/Portals/76/Publications/EngineerRegulations/ER_1110-2-1156.pdf. This definition is followed by many other well-reputed Dam Design and Dam Safety organizations, such as United States Bureau of Reclamation Dams https://www.usbr.gov/tsc/techreferences/mands/mands-pdfs/SmallDams.pdf and https://www.fws.gov/policy/361fw2.pdf

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safety standards for 100-year flood to 50% of the Probable Maximum Flood were used in design. Based on environment studies performed and dam classification, the subproject is categorized to category B and this IEE report has been prepared.

55. As per the Rapid Environmental Assessment (REA) checklist of ADB (Attached as Annex-III), the subproject is classified as Category B, which requires an IEE study to be conducted. Thus, a detailed and comprehensive IEE study, including the EMP, has been prepared. 56. Under Section 12 of the Pakistan Environmental Protection Act 1997 and Section 13 of Khyber Pakhtunkhwa Environmental Protection Act 2014, a project falling under any category specified in Schedule I (SRO 339, 10/2000) requires the proponent to file an Initial Environment Examination (IEE) report with concerned provincial or federal Environmental Protection Agency (EPA). Projects falling under any category specified in schedule II, the proponent shall submit an EIA with the Provincial or federal Agency, in this case Khyber Pakhtunkhwa Environmental Protection Agency (KP-EPA) Peshawar, as the project is located in Khyber Pakhtunkhwa. Within 10 working days of IEE or EIA having been deposited, the concerned agency will confirm that the document submitted is complete for the purpose of review. During this time should the empowered agency require the proponent for revision, clearly citing those aspects that need further discussion the proponent will carry out necessary revision. Subsequently, the concerned agency will make every effort to complete the process for an IEE review within 45 days and an EIA within 90 days of filing and issue an “Environmental Approval” to the project proponent. 57. This project falls under schedule-I of the Pakistan Environmental Protection Agency (Review of IEE and EIA) Regulations, 2000 in water management, dams, irrigation and flood protection heading which states that dams and reservoirs with storage volume less than 50 million cubic meters of surface area less than 8 square kilometers require an IEE.

IEE/EIA Regulations 2000, Schedule I IEE Required

Dams and reservoirs with storage volume Yes less than 50 million cubic meters or surface area less than 8 square kilometres

Irrigation and drainage projects serving less Yes than 15,000 hectares

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B.13 Other Environment Related Legislation 58. The Table 2.3 provides other legislations, guidelines, conventions and corporate requirements.

Table 2.3 Environmental Guidelines and Legislations

Legislation/Guideline Description The Forest Act (1927) The Act empowers the provincial forest departments to declare any forest area as reserved or protected. It empowers the provincial forest departments to prohibit the clearing of forest for cultivation, grazing, hunting, removing forest produce, quarrying and felling, lopping and topping of trees, branches in reserved and protected forests

The Antiquities Act It ensures the protection of Pakistan’s cultural resources. The Act (1975) defines “antiquities” as ancient products of human activity, historical sites, or sites of anthropological or cultural interest, national monuments, etc. The Act is designed to protect these antiquities from destruction, theft, negligence, unlawful excavation, trade, and export. The law prohibits new construction in the proximity of a protected antiquity and empowers the GOP to prohibit excavation in any area that may contain articles of archaeological significance. Under the Act, the project proponents are obligated to ensure that no activity is undertaken in the proximity of a protected antiquity, report to the Department of Archaeology, GOP, any archaeological discovery made during the course of the project. Pakistan Penal Code It authorizes fines, imprisonment or both for voluntary corruption or (1860) fouling of public springs or reservoirs so as to make them less fit for ordinary use. The Public Health These two laws cover the presentation and spread of human (Emergency diseases, safeguarding the public health and providing and Provision) Act 1954 maintaining adequate medical services and other services read with West essential to the health of the communities in the project area. Pakistan Epidemic Control Act 1958 Explosives Act 1884 Under the Explosives Act 1884, the Project Contractors are bound by regulation on properly and securely handling, transporting and using explosive during quarrying, blasting and other purposes. NATIONAL ENVIRONMENTAL AND CONSERVATION STRATEGIES National Before the approval of NEP, the National Conservation Strategy Conservation (NCS) was considered as the Government’s primary policy Strategy document on national environmental issues. At the moment, this strategy just exists as a national conservation program. The NCS identifies 14 core areas including conservation of biodiversity, pollution prevention and abatement, soil and water conservation and preservation of cultural heritage and recommends immediate attention to these core areas.

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Legislation/Guideline Description Biodiversity Action The plan recognizes IEE/EIA as an effective tool for identifying and Plan assessing the effects of a proposed operation on biodiversity. Environment and There is a well-established framework for environmental Conservation management in Pakistan. The Ministry of Environment deals with environment and biological resources. Within the ministry, the NCS unit established in 1992 is responsible for overseeing the implementation of the strategy. Two organizations, the Pakistan Environmental Protection Council (PEPC) and the Pak EPA are primarily responsible for administering the provisions of the PEPA, 1997. The PEPC oversees the functioning of the Pak EPA. Its members include representatives of the government, industry, non- governmental organizations and the private sector. The Pak EPA is required to ensure compliance with the NEQS, establish monitoring and evaluation systems, and both identify the need to an institution of legislations whenever necessary. It is thus the primary implementing agency in the hierarchy. The Provincial Environmental Protection Agencies are formed by the respective provinces.

ADB’s ENVIRONMENTAL GUIDELINES Safeguard Policy ADB’s Safeguard Policy Statement (SPS), 2009 provides Statement (SPS), guidelines for environmental assessments of development 2009 projects. These guidelines help prospective projects identify impacts they will have on various environmental receptors. The guidelines call for carrying out EIAs or IEEs of projects based on severity of their impacts. INTERNATIONAL CONVENTIONS The Convention on The Convention requires countries to take action to avoid Conservation of endangering migratory species. The term "migratory species" Migratory Species of refers to the species of wild animals, a significant proportion of Wild Animals whose members cyclically and predictably cross one or more (1981.21) national jurisdictional boundaries . The parties are also required to promote or cooperate with other countries in matters of research on migratory species. There are no endangered species of plant life or animal life in the vicinity of the Project. Convention on The convention requires Pakistan to impose strict regulation International Trade in (including penalization, confiscation of the specimen) regarding Endangered Species trade of all species threatened with extinction or that may become of Wild Fauna and so, in order not to endanger their survival further. Flora (1973) International Union Lists wildlife species experiencing various levels of threats for Conservation of internationally. Some of the species indicated in the IUCN red list Nature and Natural are also present in the wetlands of Pakistan. Resources Red List (2000) Convention on This Convention enjoins upon signatory factions to provide and wetlands of protect the habitats of migratory waterfowl.

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Legislation/Guideline Description international importance, especially as Waterfowl Habitat (RAMSAR 1971) Convention on This convention came up as a follow up to RAMSAR 1971 and took Conservation of care of the specifics Migratory species of Wild Animals (Bonn 1979), as a follow up to RAMSAR 1971

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FATA Water Resources Development Project Magoo Dand Dam Sub Project PROJECT DESCRIPTION

Project Features 59. The general layout of Magoo Dand dam subproject includes the dam, irrigation intake and outlet structures and irrigation network. 60. In locating the project features, the topography, geology and geological technical aspects play a major role, while the dam height, its sizing, design capacity of the main channel and their alignment also have their own importance. 61. The Aziz khwar /stream passes through a reach having comparatively mild slope at upstream and narrow gorge at the location of proposed dam. The average width of the gorge is 12 m, and at the downstream of the proposed dam axis, there is a relatively wide valley with steep slope, which provides a suitable location for placement of the dam. Upstream of the dam is a comparatively deep wide valley, which provides an ideal location for the reservoir to store water. 62. The preliminary geotechnical investigation revealed that that rock is exposed on both the abutments and river bed, however weathered surface to be removed at both abutments and river bed. As the moderate quality rock is exposed at dam axis therefore, a gravity dam will be a comparatively more suitable type at the proposed location. 63. The Aziz Khwar has an average bed slope of 0.0103 m/m at upstream of proposed dam axis which will result comparatively high velocity during floods, consequently it is essential to construct such a structure which can withstand high velocities therefore, a concrete gravity structure is more appropriate option then earthen embankment. Based on the above-mentioned parameters, a concrete gravity type dam has been proposed for Magoo Dand Dam sub project. 64. The main factors, which influence the adjustment of normal conservation level of the dam, are average annual runoff, reservoir capacity and water requirements. On the basis of hydrological studies, conservation level has been fixed at EL. 632.00 m asl and dam crest at EL. 634.50 m asl in addition of 1 m RCC parapet wall. The upstream face of the non-overflow section is vertical while the downstream face is inclined at a horizontal to vertical slope of (0.75: 1). The sloping face starts from 3 m below the dam crest. The total proposed top width of the dam crest is 3.5m for safe access of vehicle. The reasonable quality rock is exposed at both abutments and river bed, which create no issue for foundation placement, anyhow all-weather rock to be removed before placing of dam and stilling basin foundations.

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65. The justifications for the type of dam, dam height and other major parameters have been described in the previous sections. The sizing of the concrete gravity structure for Magoo Dand Dam Project has been done on the basis of the following design criteria. • The loads on the dam has been checked against the foundation conditions so that it should not overstress the foundation. Foundation has been strengthened by grouting or other means where required. • After determining the maximum surcharge level, an additional freeboard is provided to avoid the possibility of over toping. • Dam has been checked for all the practically possible destabilizing forces including uplift, sliding and over turning. • Seepage around and beneath the dam has been controlled satisfactorily to ensure that hydrostatic and seepage forces does not exceed the design limits.

66. A 15 m high and 60 m long Magoo Dand Concrete Gravity Dam with reservoir capacity of 0.3094 Mm3 and design flood capacity of 97 cumecs is proposed at Magoo Dand area of Khyber District to collect water from the Aziz khwar and convey it to the barrani (rain-fed) command area. Cultivable command area of 76 ha will be irrigated at cropping intensity of 125 % and design discharge of 0.02473 m3/sec (24.73 liter/sec). Total length of delivery pipe irrigation network is 316 m and 3.195 km respectively. 67. The subproject cost is estimated Rs. 252.427 million and anticipated to take 18 months period to complete. The results of the economic analysis show that the project is economically viable (EIRR 10.15 %). The financial analysis also indicates the safe investment with FIRR as 8.58%. 68. Magoo Dand Dam sub project on account of its construction volume would not require elaborate arrangements for construction of labour camps, as in all similar subprojects under FWRDP, local labour is being hired. However, Contractor will elaborate his own plan according to site situation in the Site- Specific Environment Management Plan (SSEMP), which is to be prepared and approved before the start of construction. Storage sheds for construction materials would be constructed in the vicinity of dam construction site. Non- technical labour to be engaged would be of local origin and as such would not require housing. 69. All the land required for different project components is community owned barren land which will be acquired as per prevailing laws; no land-based infrastructure will be affected during construction as well as operational phases of the project. The amount of land acquisition is part of project civil cost and is not added in Environmental Management Cost (details in Chapter G) to avoid duplication of cost.

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70. The salient features of the sub project are given in the table below.

Table 3.1: Salient Features of the Project

Catchment Area 7.80 square kilometers

Design Flood 97 cumec

Dam Type Concrete Gravity Dam

Dam Crest Length 60 m

Dam Height 15 m

Spillway Type Ogee Type

Spillway Crest Width 24 m

Energy Dissipater Type Stilling Basin

Dead Storage Level 621.50 m asl

Normal Conservation Level 632.00 m asl

Maximum Flood Level 633.53 m asl

Dam Crest Level 634.50 m

Total Culturable Command Area 76 ha

Present Irrigated Area 15 ha

Barani Area 61 ha

Irrigation Intensity 125 %

Irrigation Channel Type Pre-cast Parabolic Type-D

Irrigation discharge required 24.73 liter/sec

Length of irrigation pipe 316 m

Irrigation Chanel Type Precast Parabolic Chanel

Length of Chanel 3.195 km

Project Cost Rs. 252.427 Million

Construction Period 18 months

EIRR 10.15 %

FIRR 8.58 %

71. The location of the sub project is shown in the report “Introduction Chapter”, while the layout plan on satellite image in Figure 3.1:

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02 Km

1.7 Km

01 Km

Figure 3.1: Layout Plan on Satellite Image of the Sub Project Area

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Project Location 72. Khyber District is one of the tribal agencies, which was created in 1873 as Khyber Agency and was recently merged in Khyber Pakhtunkhwa province as a provincial district. It extends from the Tirah valley down to Peshawar, and borders Afghanistan’s Nangarhar Province in the west, Orakzai Tribal District in the south, Kurram Tribal District in the south-west and Peshawar District in the east. Jamrud is the headquarter of the Khyber Tribal District. Khyber Tribal District lies between latitudes 33˚ 43' to 34˚ 21' and longitudes 71˚ 27' to 71˚ 32', and is drained by tributaries of the Kabul and Bara rivers. It covers an area of 2,576 km2. 73. The Magoo Dand Dam is proposed on Aziz Khwar of Tehsil Bara of Khyber District. Magoo Dand Dam subproject site (Annex-IV Photo Log) is located at a distance of about 37 Km from district headquarter Jamrud. 74. The proposed Magoo Dand Dam is located at coordinates 71.4756° E and 33.7649°N. Project Objectives 75. The main objective of the Magoo Dand Dam subproject is to collect water runoff for assured irrigation supplies to Culturable Command Area (CCA) of approximately 76 ha downstream. The present cropping intensity is 23% and 50% in rainfed and irrigated conditions respectively. Regular and dependable irrigation water availability with the construction of Magoo Dand dam will greatly increase cropping intensity to 125% and production in the currently un- irrigated command area. Due to timely and regulated water supplies there will be substantial improvement in agricultural production. Provision of irrigation water with the construction of the dam, will transform the below subsistence level rain-fed farming lands into productive irrigated agricultural lands. Construction Planning 76. The main components of Magoo Dand Dam irrigation project include the: i. Geotechnical investigation; ii. Foundation preparation; iii. Main dam; iv. Spillway with stilling basin; v. Intake and outlet structure; vi. Irrigation system; and vii. On-Farm Water Management Works.

77. These components are proposed to be constructed in two stages. The geotechnical investigation will be carried out first, while construction of civil

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works will be carried out after design review. The stage wise break-up of components for construction purposes is briefly described below: Stage-I

Preparation of Foundation for Main Dam

78. According to preliminary geotechnical investigations, surface weathered rock needs to be removed for placement of dam foundation. Geologically the dam axis and reservoir area consist of shale/clayey silt stone inter bedded with sandstone and red marls. The shale/clayey siltstone are very thin bedded, moderately to highly weathered, moderately jointed and fragmented but also highly jointed at few places while the sand stone is light gray in color, coarse grained, thick to massive bedded, moderately weathered, moderately to high fractured and of medium strength. 79. The design of the foundation has been planned according to the geological site conditions obtained through geotechnical investigations. The main aspect in the design of the foundation is the depth of the excavation. The foundation preparation will involve excavation in khwar bed and abutments. Most of the excavation will be done without blasting, whereas in some places controlled blasting will be employed to avoid shattering of rock formation. The detail of excavation involved has been shown in the cross section provided in Chapter 5 of the Report. Stage- II

Main Dam Body

80. As the moderate quality rock is exposed at dam axis therefore, a gravity dam will be a comparatively more suitable type at the proposed location. 81. The main factors, which influence the adjustment of normal conservation level of the dam, are average annual runoff, reservoir capacity and water requirements. On the basis of hydrological studies, conservation level has been fixed at EL. 632.00 m asl and dam crest at EL. 634.50 m asl in addition of 1 m RCC parapet wall. The upstream face of the non-overflow section is vertical while the downstream face is inclined at a horizontal to vertical slope of (0.75: 1). The sloping face starts from 3 m below the dam crest. The total proposed top width of the dam crest is 3.5m for safe access of vehicle. The reasonable quality rock is exposed at both abutments and river-bed, which creates no issue for foundation placement. Anyhow, the all-weather rock is to be removed before placing of dam and stilling basin foundations. 82. Excessive seepage is undesirable for structural stability of a dam. Therefore, to make the reservoir rim watertight, seepage through foundation and

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abutments of Magoo Dand Dam has been minimized through control measures. 83. The joints between the concrete lifts and interface with structural elements are the major pathways for potential seepage through the concrete dam. This situation occurs primarily due to segregation at the lift boundaries and discontinuity between successive lifts. Seepage can also be due to surface contamination and excessive time intervals between lift placements. 84. To minimize the seepage through the foundation of dam will be done with the provision of curtain grouting along the upstream face of dam. 85. Construction of main dam is proposed to commence from left and right abutments and intake pipe would be placed near the left abutment in the dam. Construction of irrigation channel and outlet structure will be taken up as parallel activities of this stage. 86. A Concrete Gravity Dam has been designed with overflow spillways to route floods. The maximum height of dam at the deeper section is 15 m from khwar bed level to normal conservation level. The khwar flow section at dam site is16 meter wide and once the dam is constructed, the average depth of water near the dam axis will be 15 meters. The total length of the dam structure including spillway and non-overflow section is 60 m. 87. The dam clear crest is 3.5 m wide with a parapet walls at both upstream and downstream site and fixed at elevation 634.5 m asl while the minimum bed elevation is EL.617 m asl at proposed Magoo Dand Dam site. The normal reservoir level fixed at EL.632 m asl. A 2.5 m normal freeboard has been added over the normal conservation level. A 1.0 m high parapet wall over the Dam crest is provided to increase the freeboard above maximum surcharge level to cater for wave splashes and fixed at elevation of 635.50 m asl. With the combination of parapet wall total normal freeboard for dam becomes 3.5 m. 88. The upstream face of the dam is vertical from top of dam. The downstream face is inclined at a slope 0.75: 1 (H: V). A shear key is proposed to provide safety against sliding, and for interception of seepage through foundation. The bed rock is exposed at dam axis having moderate quality and therefore a grout curtain is proposed to intercept subsurface flow. The curtain grouting is also provided to reliable seepage barrier at the dam foundation.

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Figure 3.4: Schematic Layout of Main Dam Body

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Spillway and Stilling Basin

89. At Magoo Dand Dam site, spillway has been placed within the dam body about 15.50 m from the right abutment and 20.50 from the left side embankment. Due to the construction of concrete gravity dam structure, it is advantageous to keep the spillway within the dam body instead of providing a separate structure. 90. For Magoo Dand Dam, an overflow ogee spillway within the dam body has been adopted due to simplicity in design and construction, and economy. A gated spillway would have increased the overall project cost, and at the same time creates construction and operational complications resulting in a significant increase in construction time. Furthermore, trained technical staff need to be deployed full time at the site for proper gate operation and maintenance. Due to the local environment a self-operated spillway is proposed. 91. The spillway capacity and width has been optimized by routing 100-year return period flood (97 m3/sec) exercise. Ogee crested shaped overflow spillway has been designed to pass this flood. This flow will take place over crest structure made of reinforced concrete. The hydraulic design criteria for the spillway are in accordance with the guidelines of the US Army of Corps Engineers and US Bureau of Reclamation. 92. A spillway energy dissipater is proposed at the end of chute to prevent damages and scouring of the main dam, the spillway structure at the khwar downstream results high velocity of discharge. The selection of energy dissipater type and details for Magoo Dand Dam subproject are based upon the pertinent characteristics of the site, the magnitude of energy to be dissipated, and to a lesser extent upon the duration and frequency of spillway use. 93. In order to dissipate the energy of emerging flow over spillway different types of energy dissipators are considered i.e. flip / roller bucket, stilling basin, baffle chute, free fall etc. The dissipater type is chosen by considering layout condition of spillway and topographic condition of the downstream area. 94. The stilling basin type energy dissipater forms hydraulic jump to dissipate the kinetic energy of flow. It is hydrologically most stable method which does not alter the downstream water level after the formation of hydraulic jump therefore, stilling basin type energy dissipater is selected because it is more advantageous than the other type in terms of economic efficiency, workability, site suitability and geological conditions at the downstream of the spillway. 95. Therefore, in order to dissipate the kinetic energy of the emerging flow from spillway, USBR type III stilling basin with chute blocks, baffled piers and end

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sill is provided at the downstream of overflow spillway due to its less length requirement against Type II stilling basin. Hydraulic jump is the most effective way to dissipate the energy of flowing water. 96. Stilling basin design depends upon approach velocity and discharge per unit width. The cistern level has been kept at El. 615.50 m asl. The computed length of the stilling basin becomes 12 m. Top of the side walls in cistern have been fixed at El. 620.50 m asl allowing about 0.50 m freeboard at maximum discharge.

Irrigation System 97. Irrigation outlet works are provided to release the water impounded in the reservoir for irrigation purpose. At Magoo Dand Dam the main purpose of the outlet works is to deliver irrigation supplies downstream of the dam to the Magoo Dand village command area. 98. Outlet works comprise an intake structure, pipe conduit, and outlet control structure. The intake is a rectangular tower structure proposed with 0.5 m continuous openings having trash rack and stop logs to prevent interference from sediment. The intake tower will be top covered with RCC slab or steel wire mesh. Water from the intake structure will be conveyed through dam body by mean of steel pipe (outlet pipe) to the control sump or energy dissipater provided at RD 0+268 m. At RD 0+025 a control valve with control room arrangement is provided to regulate the flow from Magoo Dand Dam. The proposed alignment of delivery pipe is in a up and down and difficult terrain therefore flushing valve arrangement is made at RD 0+127m along with throughout plum concrete protection wall. The delivery pipe will be encased in concrete. 99. Generally, the irrigation water will be taken from intake tower having trash rack and stop logs arrangement at the upstream side. The delivery pipe will pass through dam body and at the right side of the Aziz stream to the energy dissipater at RD 0+268m from where the irrigation water will be off-loaded to the irrigation channel. One control valve and one flushing valve have been proposed in the alignment of delivery pipe. 100. The location and orientation of the intake structure is governed by topographical, geotechnical considerations, in addition a sediment free environment in front of the intake is also desirable. Irrigation outlet works for Magoo Dand Dam have been located in the dam body along the right abutment. The selection of this location is based on the gravity dam structure and irrigation channel route provided on the right bank due to the availability of whole command area at the right side.

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101. Commencement of activities for the construction of irrigation system will also take place after construction of intake structure. This activity will run parallel to other activities till final completion of the dam body and other appurtenant structures. Once the main irrigation channel has been completed, the beneficiaries will be provided with design and layout of field channels falling within the proposed subproject. The activity would be mostly carried out by the beneficiaries as part of their labour and land contribution.

On Farm Water Management Works

102. As most of the command is rain-fed, there is no existing network of field watercourses. A fresh alignment of watercourses will be carried out according to the slope of field and with the consultation of the farming community. 103. The command area activities are mostly initiated when main structure (dam) is completed and work on main conveyance structure starts. However, the land development and land leveling can be started when work on main structure is near to completion.

Table 3.2: Dam Works and Quantities

Item # Description Unit Quantity Excavation for core trench of Dam Embankment/Spillway/Intake Outlet Structure and Irrigation 1 System up to design depth in Soft Rock/Shale requiring 20% cu.m 8,150.98 blasting i/c removing of material from outside of the structure area. Excavation for core trench of Dam Embankment/Spillway/Intake & Outlet Structure and 2 Irrigation System up to a minimum depth of 35 ft in shingle cu.m 1,369.91 gravel including removing of excavated material by machinery in 1 KM radius Extra for every 25 m extra lead or part thereof for gravel, 3 shingle or rock. Transportation of earth all types beyond 250 cu.m 3,260.39 m and up to 500 m. (Total Lead = 500m) Extra for every 15 m extra lead or part thereof for gravel, shingle or rock. Transportation of earth all types beyond 250 4 m and up to 500 m. Transportation of earth all types for cu.m 1,304.16 every 100m extra lead beyond 500m up to 1.5 km. (Total Lead = 600m) Extra for every 15 m extra lead or part thereof for gravel, shingle or rock. Transportation of earth all types beyond 250 5 m and up to 500 m. Transportation of earth all types for cu.m 1,304.16 every 100m extra lead beyond 500m up to 1.5 km. (Total Lead = 700m) Extra for every 15 m extra lead or part thereof for gravel, shingle or rock. Transportation of earth all types beyond 250 6 m and up to 500 m. Transportation of earth all types for cu.m 1,304.16 every 100m extra lead beyond 500m up to 1.5 km. (Total Lead = 800m) Extra for every 15 m extra lead or part thereof for gravel, 7 shingle or rock. Transportation of earth all types beyond 250 cu.m 978.12 m and up to 500 m. Transportation of earth all types for

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Item # Description Unit Quantity every 100m extra lead beyond 500m up to 1.5 km. (Total Lead = 900m) 8 Structural backfill using Common Material available at site. cu.m 2,187.58 Providing and Laying stone pitching for top layer only: On 9 cu.m 535.50 slope PCC 1:3:6 in mass concrete less formwork using 50% 10 cu.m 762.69 boulders (with Low Alkali Cement) Lean concrete for use as thin layer underneath footings with 11 cu.m 146.10 cylinder compressive strength of 1423 psi on 28 days. PCC 1:2:4 in mass concrete less formwork using 50% 12 cu.m 3,826.27 boulders PCC 1:2:4 in mass concrete less formwork using 50% 13 cu.m 663.12 boulders (Low Alkali Cement) Reinforced cement concrete work as in dams, spillways, weirs, barrages, cross drainage works and other hydraulic structures using crushed stone aggregate(screening & washing) and coarse sand i/c cost of all labour and material 14 and all kinds of form works, moulds, shuttering Cu.m 1,335.45 lifting/pumping, curing, rendering and finishing the exposed surface, cast in situ/precast excluding the cost of steel reinforcement and labour for bending binding also excluding cost of additives which have to be paid separately. (1:1.5:3) Reinforced low alkali cement concrete work as in dams, spillways, weirs, barrages, cross drainage works and other hydraulic structures using crushed stone aggregate (screening & washing) and coarse sand i/c cost of all labour 15 and material and all kinds of form works, moulds, shuttering Cu.m 890.30 lifting/pumping, curing, rendering and finishing the exposed surface, cast in situ/precast excluding the cost of steel reinforcement and labour for bending binding also excluding cost of additives which have to be paid separately. (1:1.5:3) Supply & fabricate M.S. reinforcement for cement concrete 16 Tonne 270.82 (Hot rolled deformed bars Grade 60) Providing and Laying stone pitching/filling, dry hand packed 17 Cu.m 75.20 in pitching & aprons Grouting stone pitching or apron etc. in Low Alakali Cement, 18 Sq-m 2,230.00 sand mortar (1:3) Providing and fixing grating in opening including fixing at site 19 with flat iron 2" x 3/8" and 3/4" round bars at 4" center to Sq-m 2.21 center. Providing and Fixing steel windows 18 gauge with openable 20 Sq-m 1.30 glazed panels with 22 SWG wire gauze: Glass pane 3mm. Plain Cement Concrete including placing, compacting, 21 cu.m 445.67 finishing & curing (Ratio 1:2:4) Providing and Installation of stand pipe Casagrande 22 No 2.00 piezometer in all respects as Directed by Engineer In charge Providing and Installation of Gauge for measurement of 23 water surface level of reservoir in all respects as Directed by No 1.00 Engineer Incharge 24 Surface Markers for observation of Settlement No 3.00 Plain Cement Concrete including placing, compacting, 25 Cu.m 445.67 finishing & curing (Ratio 1:1.5:3) Erecting & removing formwork to concrete in any shape / 26 Sq.m 1,599.44 position (Vertical) Providing and fixing steel grated doors, with 1/16" thick 27 sheeting including angle iron frame 2"x2"x3/8" and 3/4" sq.m 2.00 square bars 4" center to center with locking arrangement.

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Item # Description Unit Quantity 28 Providing and Fixing Flushing Valve No. 1.00 29 Providing and Fixing Regulating Valve No. 2.00 Fabrication of heavy steel work with angle, tees, sheet iron 30 Tonne 0.61 etc for making trusses, girders etc. Plain wood work sawn, wrought, planed & fixed in position, 33 cu.m 7.19 including nails & screws: Shisham wood Rm/3 34 Providing and fixing GI pipe railing (3 feet high) 100.80 rows Formation of Embankment from Borrow Excavation in Common Material including compaction Modified AASHTO 35 Cu.m 2,040.00 90% by power roller. (Clay Blanket) The sand/gravel and other material like cement, steel etc will be supplied from Peshawar. While the stone of local origin will be utilized from the nearby mountains. Commissioning of Dam

104. The dam and its associated structures will be commissioned on completion of Stage-II works. Magoo Dand Dam Subproject Implementation Period 105. The project implementation would be carried out in accordance with Project Administration Manual (PAM) framed under FWRDP PPTA by Asian Development Bank. The project construction would be completed in Eighteen (18) months.

Table 3.3: Personnel Requirement

Sr. No Position Nos 1 Project Manager / Project Engineer 01 2 Construction Supervisor 02 3 Site Engineer 01 4 Environmentalist 01 5 Health and Safety Officer 01 6 Surveyor 02 7 Quantity Surveyor 01 8 Site Inspector (Environment) 01 9 Skilled Labor 05

Table 3.4: Equipment Requirements

Sr. No Equipment/Machinery Type Nos 1 Front End Loader 01 2 Excavator 01

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3 Dumper 02 4 Water Tanker 02 5 Mixer 01 6 Generator 02 7 Tractor along with Trolley 01

Executing Agency 106. The Merged Areas Secretariat will be the Executing Agency. A Project Management Unit (PMU) will be established in the Planning and Development Department (P&D Department) of the Merged Areas Secretariat. Project implementing agencies include the Directorate of Irrigation, which will be responsible for the improved irrigation infrastructure and on-farm water management components with the latter effort supported by the Department of Agriculture. The Department of Forests will be responsible for the watershed management component. Design Consultant 107. The design and residency supervision of these subprojects would be carried out by FWRDP design consultants. The consultants will carry out screening of the subprojects as per selection criteria. Accordingly, feasibility study of the subprojects fulfilling the selection criteria would be framed. Provincial Development Working Party 108. The Provincial Development Working Party (PDWP) would approve the feasible subprojects of FWRDP. The PDWP would be delegated special powers to approve FWRDP subprojects costing more than the threshold approval limit of PDWP. The project will also be implemented in cooperation with local Community Organizations (COs) established under the FWRDP and will be key partners in the new project. The COs will enter into Terms of Partnership (TOPs) with the Merged Areas Secretariat for the preparation and implementation of all subprojects to be financed under the project. Such TOPs were already signed with COs for 3 pilot subprojects, and are the model to be followed for subsequent subprojects. The COs also would be responsible for maintenance of completed subprojects under the main project. Prior to the commencement of each proposed subproject, the Merged Areas Secretariat and the relevant CO will have entered into a Terms of Partnership (TOP) setting forth, among other relevant terms, the details of the preparation and implementation of such subproject (including information on any land to be voluntarily contributed by the community for such subproject) and subsequent operation and maintenance of the facilities financed under such subproject, for which such TOP will have been approved by the District Administration.

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Terms of Partnership 109. TOPs for a subproject involving construction of a dam will stipulate that the Merged Areas Secretariat, through its Irrigation Department, will carry out at least four annual inspections of such dam and its appurtenant structures. Repairs to the dam and appurtenant structures, if required, would be carried out by the Merged Areas Secretariat, through its Irrigation Department, using its own maintenance and rehabilitation funds Operation and Maintenance 110. The project has been designed to minimize manual operation to a minimum but the main canal can be regulated for flows through vertical steel gate. 111. The beneficiaries have signed Terms of Partnership (TOP) with the District Administration of Khyber District and Irrigation Directorate. The TOP clearly states the roles and responsibilities of each stakeholder. Most of the operation and maintenance (O & M) activities at secondary and tertiary levels would be carried out by the beneficiaries through Village Organizations/Community Organizations (Cos).

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DESCRIPTION OF ENVIRONMENT

General 112. The purpose of this chapter is to establish baseline conditions for the physical, biological and social aspects of the environment of project area. The data were collected from field surveys, desk studies and visits to the government departments, other relevant agencies, and discussions with the main stakeholders of the area. The purpose of the baseline study is to fulfill the following objectives: a. Obtain data about the physical, biological and socio-economic environment of the project area; b. Understand the current environmental situation of the area comprehensively; and c. Rationalize the decisions for the subproject implementation according to the ground realities. 113. Information sources for this IEE also include: i. Water Assessment Study & Management Plan, Bajaur, Khyber and Mohmand, published by ADB and former FATA Secretariat, produced under the ADB FATA Rural Development Project (FRDP); ii. Forest Atlas of Pakistan; iii. GIS Database developed by the GIS Specialist; iv. Primary Surveys conducted under PPTA by Environment Specialist; v. Hydraulic Design Feasibilities conducted under PPTA by Hydraulic Design Specialist; and vi. Agriculture and Geological Studies conducted under PPTA by Agricultural Specialist and Geologist. 114. The main environmental conditions, likely to be affected due to project execution are: a. Physical Environment b. Biological Environment c. Socio-economic Environment Baseline Survey Methodology 115. A survey was carried out in the project area for field studies including physical, biological and social impact assessment in May, 2019. The visit was made to the project area to understand the terrain, environment and social issues, and vegetation of the study area. During the visit, the

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preliminary interpreted data were tested and necessary corrections made after proper ground-truthing. The physiographic features on the satellite imagery appearing in different tones and textures were used to correlate image elements and ground features for accurate identification. 116. The purpose of the site visits was to familiarize with the physical, biological and socioeconomic environment of the proposed project area and the areas in the vicinity. Critical areas with respect to environmental and social concerns were identified and assessment of positive as well as adverse impacts of the project on the environment was done. A summary of the main activities undertaken during the visit have been enlisted below: i. Collection of information and required data from the project area for preparation of Initial Environmental Examination report. ii. Identification of site-specific issues of microenvironment of the proposed project. iii. Information obtained regarding existing infrastructure in and around the project area. iv. Requirements of necessary mitigation measures to be integrated into the overall plan were identified. v. Consultations with the population settled in the vicinity of the project. vi. Survey of nearby environmental sensitive receptors. vii. Interviews with the locals were also undertaken to have primary data for the presence and relative abundance of various animal species within each locality.

viii. Data collection was carried out on habitat condition, animal presence in the area. 117. Spatial database on the physiographic features was prepared based on the various data sources, including survey map of the project and topographic sheets. These data were extracted and presented in accordance with the standard IEE methodology used for such studies. 118. The section on climatology has been taken from the Project Hydrology Report made by project hydrologists. 119. The regional geology and seismo-tectonics of the region are discussed based on the various available data sources and reports. Particularly, the discussion on project geology has been based on the data available in

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the project geology report and field observations made in selective locations of different project affected sites. 120. Land use and land cover mapping was carried out by standard methods of analysis, including remotely sensed data followed by ground truthing. 121. Forest types and plant species were recorded during the field visits and the floristic data for the catchment were sourced from the published literature. Based on the field data and available literature, frequency, density and cover of each species were calculated. 122. Ecological status of species was identified as per IUCN Red List, 2017 and other available literature. 123. In order to collect the information on the fauna (mammals, avifauna, herpetofauna) in the area, primary as well as secondary sources were utilized. 124. The environmental testing (air, noise and water) at site has been carried out to determine the baseline conditions of the area. Study Area 125. The studied area for this IEE was broadly the Khyber District and more specifically subproject location including Magoo Dand settlement and the catchment on which Magoo Dand Dam is proposed to be constructed with 0.5 km Area of Influence (AoI) in vicinity. 126. The project study area primarily includes the settlements on the left side and upstream of dam axis in the immediate vicinity. 127. The AoI includes all those areas in the region within 0.5 km from the project site and which may be affected directly or indirectly by the project activities. 128. For the purpose of this IEE, detailed deliberations were held with relevant stakeholders from the state, civil society and academia. A focused primary survey was also conducted in May 2019 to ascertain species distribution and abundance along with a very basic social mapping exercise. 129. As a result, an effort was made to establish a baseline of environment for the district, with a focus on subproject site location. Having stated the above, there are still limitations to the accuracy and authenticity, since in numerous cases, sources for data are singular and cannot be cross- verified due to paucity of reliable sources.

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Physical Environment Topography 130. Khyber District is a tribal area in Khyber Pakhtunkhwa Province of Pakistan. It is one of the eight tribal areas merged in Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, formerly known as agencies in Pakistan. It ranges from the Tirah valley down to Peshawar, and borders Nangarhar Province of Afghanistan to the west. Orakzai District lies to the south, Kurram District to the south-west and Peshawar District to the east. An interesting feature in the topography is a mountain spur from the Kunar range, which, curving eastwards culminates in the well-known peak of Koh-i-Mor, which is visible from the Peshawar valley. The topography of this pass is prevailingly hilly, with rugged barren mountainous terrain, including narrow strips of bottom valleys and sub valleys. The primary ecological factors which determine the plant communities/association in this eco– zone are rainfall, temperature, topography, soil and elevation. 131. The topography of study area is rugged hilly terrain with moderate relief with slope gradient of about 3% to 5% average. The khwar is steep and having slope gradient frequently changes at different location due to presence of hilly and rugged terrain. There are also small and large tributaries existing in reservoir area which joins the main nullah at different location in reservoir area. The nullah stretches to through a rugged terrain with frequent rock exposures and few piles of overburden on its both sides. Climate 132. The project area lies within annual precipitation contours of 400-600 mm. The climate stations of Peshawar and Kohat are the nearest climate stations with mean annual rainfall of 463 mm and 565 mm. These figures are adopted for water availability assessments without any adjustment factor. From October to June rainfall at both stations is almost the same; 83 mm higher rainfall occurs in July to September in Kohat as compared with Peshawar. Mean annual isohyetal map (1981-2010) prepared by the Meteorological Department indicate that the proposed Magoo Dand Dam and its watershed lies in between contours of 400 to 600 mm. Winds are generally from a northerly direction in winter and from the southwest in summer. The climate station of Kohat being nearest climate station with mean annual rainfall of 565 mm is adopted for water availability assessments without any adjustment factor.

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Figure 4.1: Mean Monthly Rainfall

133. The project area has a variable climate with cold winters and hot summers. During summer months there isa great fluctuation in diurnal temperature in the open and in the shade of hilly areas. During summer, temperatures can reach 40 °C but summer nights are relatively cool. In the winter at higher elevations the project area may experience snow from late December to mid-February. 134. The mean maximum temperature during the hottest months of June and July are 38 °C and 28 °C respectively. December and January are the coldest months with mean minimum temperatures of about 12 °C and 9 °C9. 135. The nearest meteorological station to the project area is Peshawar. The graphical presentation of mean monthly with minimum and maximum temperatures for Peshawar is provided in figure 4.2 below.

9 Hydrological studies Feasibility Report (Data Source: Met office Peshawar & Kohat)

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Figure 4.2 Mean Monthly Temperature10

Regional Geology 136. The regional geology and structure setting study was conducted in detail for geological evaluation of Magoo Dand Dam site. The regional geology and tectonics of Khyber District is divisible into five tectonic blocks from North to South: • Mohmand-Warsak Igneous-Metamorphic Complex (Upper Paleozoic) • Ghundai-Sar Reef Complex (Lower Paleozoic) • Khyber-Landikotal Slate-Carbonate Complex (Precambrian) • Shagi Shale-Carbonate Complex (Precambrian-Upper Paleozoic) • Muree Formation (Miocene) 137. These tectonic blocks are juxtaposed together as south-verging thrust sheets but are involved in a younger phase of NNE-SSW trending major fold structures comprising a series of synclines and anticlines. The dominant regional structure in the Khyber District is NE-SW oriented anticline with a closure at the Kabul River west of the Warsak Dam. The core of this anticline occupied by the Khyber Limestone stretches over 20km from a point midway between Jamrud and Shagai fort in the East to short of Landikotal in the West. The structure tapers to the NE until it

10 Data Source: Met office Peshawar

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closes at the Kabul River, west of the Warsak Dam. Whereas the western limb of the mega-anticline is straight, the eastern limb is occupied by several pairs of anticlines and synclines (as parasitic folds), until it merges into a major syncline with axis passing through the Warsak-Ghundai Sar- Ghund Ghar areas. The western limb of the Warsak-Ghundai Sar-Ghund Ghar syncline is well developed, oriented NW-SE, with several NS fluctuations. The eastern limb of this major syncline is only locally developed as it is cut by N-S oriented mountain front separating the Khyber Range in the west from the Peshawar Plain in the east. 138. The Khyber District in which Magoo Dand Dam has been proposed lies in the region, which is close to the collision zone of the Indian and Eurasian Plates. The collision process started in the late Eocene to Early Oligocene with the formation of Himalayan Ranges and this process is still going on. Relative to Eurasia, the Indian Plate is still moving northward at a rate of about 4 cm/yr. The subduction of the Indian Plate beneath the Eurasian Plate has resulted in folding and thrusting of the upper crustal layers near the collisional boundary. The thrusting has been depicted from north to south in the shape of Main Karakoram Thrust (MKT), Main Mantle Thrust (MMT) and Salt Range Thrust (SRT). Geology of the Project Area 139. The topography of study area is rugged hilly terrain with moderate relief with slope gradient of about 3% to 5% average. Geologically the subproject area is mostly covered with consolidated deposit of sedimentary rock of Miocene to Eocene age rock and the rock body are mostly covered by the unconsolidated deposited mostly of slope washed and flood plain deposit of the area is recent to sub recent in age, comprising gravel, silt sand and clay. The area is tectonically active due which the extensive folding and shearing is quite common. 140. The rock in nullah bed is exposed at shallow depth. The khwar is steep and having slope gradient frequently changes at different location due to presence of hilly and rugged terrain. The nullah width at proposed dam site is narrow which is suitable for construction of concrete dam. 141. There are also small and large tributaries existing in reservoir area which joins the main nullah at different location in reservoir area. The nullah significantly broadens at upstream site of dam axis due which creating enough storage capacity for creating well the reservoir area. 142. The nullah stretches to through a rugged terrain with frequent rock exposures and few piles of overburden on its both sides. The rock exposed at proposed dam site mostly belong to Murree Formation which

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consist of red maroon color shale inter bedded with purple color. The shale is thinly bedded, weak to very weak, slightly to moderately weathered but highly weathered a few places, moderately jointed and fracture but also highly jointed at few places. It is frequently observed during field studies that the quartz vein frequently intruded the surrounding rock body. The shales are inter bedded with sand stone and red marl. The sand stone are light gray to dark gray find to medium grain size, thin to medium bedded, slightly to moderately weathered, moderately jointed and fragmented. 143. Geologically the dam axis and reservoir area consist of shale inter bedded with sandstone and red marls. The shale is very thin bedded, moderately to highly weathered, moderately jointed and fragment but also highly jointed at few places while the sand stone is light gray in color, coarse grained, thick to massive bedded, moderately weathered, moderately to high fractured and of medium strength. 144. The rock exposed at right abutment is steeply dipping which comprises red maroon shale inter bedded with purple color sand stone which are belong to Murrer formation. The shale is very thin bedded, moderately to highly weathered moderately jointed and fragment but also highly jointed at few places. The quartz vein is also instructed the shale at few places. The sand stone are light grey to dark grey find to medium grain size, moderately weathered, moderately jointed and fragmented which are covered by slope wash material comprising silty gravel which are light grey sub rounded to angular terraces mostly comprising silty clay with minor amount of gravels are exposed at higher elevation and these are cultivated land. Investigation shall have to be planned for finding out the geotechnical design parameters. Four number of test pits proposed at different location to a depth of 3m for finding out the bed rock characteristic and overburden soil, field determination of permeability and penetration resistance in soil. 145. The rock exposed at left abutment having same lithology that of right abutment but the only difference that rock slope is little slightly gentle dipping which comprised of red maroon shale inter bedded with purple color sand stone and red marls covered by slope washed material and talus deposit at higher elevation. The rock exposed at left abutment comprises red maroon shale inter bedded with sand stone which belong to Murree formation. The shale is very thin bedded, moderately to highly weathered, moderately jointed and fragment but also highly jointed at few places. The quartz vein is also instructed the shale at few places. The sand stone are light grey to dark grey find to medium grain size,

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moderately weathered, moderately jointed and fragmented. Slope is slightly gently dipping which are covered slope wash material comprising silty gravel which are light grey sub rounded to angular terraces mostly comprising silty clay with minor amount of gravels are exposed at higher elevation and these are cultivated land. 146. In the stream bed the strata comprise of rounded to sub rounded boulder and gravel with sand and appreciable amount of fine (RBGM). In the nullah bed rock conditions will be confirmed during detail sub surface investigation11. Soil 147. A fair to good soil cover is present on the mountain slopes. Here the soils are shallow/moderately deep, calcareous, slightly/moderately alkaline, gravelly, medium textured and excessively drained. 148. Unconsolidated rocks constitute the alluvial fill of the command area comprise of uppermost clayey layer, followed by gravels, boulders and sand as soil classified strata at various depths. Seismology 149. Figure 4.3 shows the tectonic map of the area. The project area falls in minor to moderate seismic zone. The seismic consideration for the dam has been taken into the account while designing the dam structure. Formations in the study area are highly folded and faulted due to tectonic movement. A large variety of rocks occur together in a very disturbed manner. The country rocks are diorites, granite phyllites and amphibolite with limestone, schist and phyllites.

11 Geological Studies Section of Feasibility Report

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Figure 4.3: Tectonic Map of Pakistan12

12 Source: Pakistan Meteorological Department

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Ambient Air Quality and Noise 150. Sources of air and noise pollution around the subproject area are minimal. The area is predominantly rural, with no major industrial setups. The NEQS for noise in residential areas is 55 dB (A) in the day-time and 45 dB (A) at night. Traffic is low, with heavy traffic being minimal. The ambient air quality and noise at site was conducted at a 10 m distance (Figure 4.4) from the main subproject axis as most of the construction activities will be done here while the residential area is at distance of more than 300 m at higher elevation where the impact of all the construction activities will be minimum. The sampling locations were selected keeping in view: i. The sensitive receptors; and ii. Magnitude of construction activities. 151. These locations will be helpful for construction phase impacts monitoring and comparison of the results with the baseline situation. The ambient air quality and noise monitoring results (Table 4.1) reveal that the air and noise quality of the area is within the permissible limits of NEQS.

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Figure 4.4: Environmental Testing and Sampling Map

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Table 4.1: Ambient Air Quality and Noise of Magoo Dand Dam

S. Parameters NEQS Limits IFC Results Method used No.

3 01 PM 2.5 15 ɥg/m 75 6.3 -β Ray Absorption method

3 02 PM 10 150 ɥg/m 150 11.7 -β Ray Absorption method

40 CFR Part 50, App. D 03 CO2 3 -- 729 -mg/m (US-EPA)

04 CO 3 -- 0.0 Non-Dispersive Infra-Red 10 mg/m (NDIR) method

Gas Phase 05 NO2 3 -- 75.6 80 ɥg/m Chemiluminescence

3 06 SO2 120 ɥg/m 125 0.00 UV fluorescence (UVF)

07 NO 3 -- 22.68 Gas Phase 40 ɥg/m Chemiluminescence

3 08 NOx ɥg/m -- 98.28 Addition

09 Noise 55 dB(A) 52.2 55 Digital Sound Meter BS 7445:2003

Hydrology 152. The catchment area of Aziz Khwar up to proposed dam axis is 7.80 square kilometers (3.01 square miles). 153. Since surface flow has not been gauged in the past, no flow record exists within the watershed and at the proposed dam axis. As per locals the Aziz Khwar is a dry nullah, which brings floodwater during the rainy season i.e. March-April and July-August. As no gauge data exists at the project site, water availability is estimated indirectly from daily rainfall data by Soil Conservation Services (SCS) curve number method. The climate stations of Peshawar and Kohat being the nearest climate stations with mean annual rainfall of 463 mm and 565 mm are adopted for water availability assessments without any adjustment factor. From October to June rainfall

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at both stations is almost the same, 83 mm higher rainfall occurs in July to September in Kohat as compared with Peshawar. Curve number is estimated using land use and soil maps. The estimated curve number is 51, 70 and 85 for antecedent moisture conditions AMC- I, AMC-II and AMC-III respectively. 154. Design flood have been estimated using SCS Unit hydrograph technique. US Army Corp of engineering design criteria is adopted. Basic parameters like time of concentration, time of peak, duration, temporal distribution of rainfall and curve number have been adopted. Flood estimation for 100- year return period has been carried out for both climate stations i.e. Kohat and Peshawar. 155. As the floodwater is not utilized downstream for irrigation or any other purposes, therefore lower riparian issues are not anticipated.

Surface Water

156. Aziz Khwar, where Magoo Dand Dam will be constructed, falls within the Khyber-4 (K-4) watershed. The Water Assessment Study & Management Plan, published by former FATA Secretariat and ADB in 2010 is the most detailed and reliable study conducted for water resources development and management for the three former agencies of erstwhile FATA. There are a number of rivers and their tributaries in the project area of Khyber District that have perennial flow from snow melt. 157. The following major rivers flow through the project area of Khyber District: i. Kabul River originates from Chitral, and enters Afghanistan at Arandu, making a semi-circle around Kabul City and reaches the vicinity of Jalalabad where it is called Kunar River. Of late, the Government of Afghanistan has planned a multipurpose dam at Kama village near Jalalabad. The proposed Kama dam is expected to irrigate about 40,486 ha in Kunar province. The proposed Kama dam will reduce the flows in Kabul River by 15%. The construction of proposed Munda dam on Swat River, which is a tributary of Kabul River will mitigate the effects of 15% reduction of flows in Kabul River due to Kama dam in Afghanistan. Kabul River re-enters Pakistan in Mohmand District and after traversing a few kilometers it turns into a boundary river between Mohmand and Khyber Districts. ii. Bara River originates in the southeast of Khyber District from Rajgal and Malik Din Khel watersheds. It drains into the Kabul River near Nissata, after passing through the settled areas of KPK. There are three canals off-taking from the river, within and outside Khyber District.

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158. Drainage pattern plays key role in the ground water system. The Semi perennial nullah on which the Dam is proposed is flowing near the command area of the sub-project of Magoo Dand Dam. The nullah is flowing from North to South- East, originates in the Northern Mountains further joining the Bara River which finally leaves the district at village Tarha Kat.

Groundwater

159. Ground water in the command area occurs in the alluvial fill, deposited by the flashy flood carrying suspended and rolled materials from the nearby highlands. The sub-surface lithological sequence could not be established due to non-availability of sub-surface lithological data, however from the cuts of nullah it is assumed that the lithological sequence is top clayey layer, alternated by boulders, gravels and sandy layer. This type of situation i.e. thick clay deposits is specific for the particular command area of proposed Magoo Dand Dam. 160. In the command area of Magoo Dand Dam 10 No. open well / pressure pump privately owned were measured in the field. The coordinates are mentioned against each open well. Depth to water level in the command area is in the range of 18 to 45 meters below natural land surface. 161. Rain and snowfall are the main sources of recharge in the command area. The command area of the sub-project area is situated on the recharge boundary of the sub-watershed K-4, which is located on the right side of the semi perennial nullah namely Aziz Khwar and where recharge is 4.513 cubic meter per year. Moreover, the area may have some connection to the snow-covered mountains of Tirah valley. Presumably recharge to the system is not an issue. 162. The project area experiences two rainy seasons: winter and summer. The area is rain-fed (barani) and the water supply is from rainfall, snowmelt, and groundwater during the dry periods. The water table depth of the subproject area is provided in the table below.

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Table 4.2: Water Table Depth at Magoo Dand Dam

Depth Water Level Co-ordinates S.No Name of Well (m) (m) (UTM) 729655 1. Gul Sher Khan 18 7.5 3739292 729692 2. Haji Jalil Khan 20 8.5 3739290 730011 3. Gul Por Rahman 35 25 3739261 730144 4. Niaz Ali 26 20 3739102 730635 5. Sabz Ali 45 18 3739950 730719 6. Sher Gul Khan 35 30 3740055 730947 7. Socha Gul 35 30 3740431 731043 8. Jalil Khan 30 25 3740507 731054 9. Ibad Gul 45 25 3740547 731205 10. Rahmat Khan 25 20 3740630

Water Quality 163. The drinking water of open well (Figure 4.4) in the subproject area was collected and analyzed in the laboratory. The results were compared with the NEQS and WHO drinking water standards which reveals that the water is fit for drinking purpose. Table 4.3: Water Quality analysis result for Magoo Dand Sr.# Water Unit Reference NEQS WHO Result quality method STANDARD Drinking parameters Water 1. Color - Sensory ≤ 15 TCU ≤ 15 TCU colorless evaluation 2. Odor - Sensory Non – Non – N-O evaluation objectionable objectionable (N-O) (N-O) 3. Taste - Sensory Non- Non - N-O evaluation objectionable objectionable 4. EC uS/cm APHA.21th < 1000 < 1000 541 Edition 5. pH - APHA.21th 6.5-8.5 6.5-8.5 7.5 Edition 6. Turbidity NTU APHA.21th <5 <5 3.2 Edition 7. Alkalinity mg/l APHA.21th < 500 < 500 4.98 Edition 8. Bicarbonate mg/l APHA.21th -- -- 249.26 Edition

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9. Calcium mg/l APHA.21th -- -- 15.95 Edition 10. Carbonate mg/l APHA.21th -- -- BDL Edition 11. Chloride mg/l APHA.21th <250 250 17.44 Edition 12. Hardness mg/l APHA.21th <500 <500 229.32 Edition 13. Magnesium mg/l APHA.21th -- -- 46.03 Edition 14. Potassium mg/l APHA.21th 12 -- 3.09 Edition 15. Sodium mg/l APHA.21th 200 -- 40.87 Edition 16. Sulphate mg/l APHA.21th -- 250 27.31 Edition 17. TDS mg/l APHA.21th <1000 <1000 -- Edition 18. Nitrate mg/l APHA.21th ≤50 ≤50 2.29 Edition 19. Fecal Coli CFU/ Delagua Kit 0 CFU/100ml <1 CFU/100ml 0 form 100ml 20. E. coli CFU/ Compact Dry -Ve <1 CFU/100ml 0 100ml EC Plates

Biological Environment

164. The natural environment of the project area has undergone severe degradation due to intensive use of groundwater resources, mis- management of watershed resources, overgrazing of rangelands and uncontrolled cutting of forest trees13. The agriculture, irrigation, forest range, and forestry interventions in terms of tree plantation in the project area will restore the lost ecosystems. Land use and Land Cover 165. The data pertaining to land use are required to understand the extent of area, which is put directly under different crops. Culturable area, cultivated and uncultivated areas are also known to see the extent of increase in cropped area, which may be achieved with the provision of the project. Similarly, culturable waste and forest, if any, are also known and taken into consideration. Supply of irrigation water would increase the cultivated areas. Some areas may be cultivated more than one time resulting in increased cropping intensity. The statistics regarding the present land use in the study area at agency level are presented in Table 4.4.

13 PC-I Proforma for FATA Water Resources Development Project (FWRDP)

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Table 4.4: Land Use Statistics of Project Area14

Khyber Tribal District Area in Hectares Total Reported Area 257676 Cultivated Area 21578 (i) Net Sown 15850 (ii) Current Fallow 5728 Cropped Area 21037 Un-Cultivated Area 236098 (i) Culturable Waste 51672 (ii) Forest 2077 (iii) Not Available for Cultivation 182349

166. Agriculture is limited in the region due to rocky soils, steep slopes, lack of suitable land and limited water supply. Scanty shrub vegetation along slopes and other areas are used for grazing and fuel wood gathering. Land use and land cover mapping (Figure 4.7) of the subproject area revealed that agricultural land is 27.2%, forest is 7.7%, sparse forest is 4.5%, built up area is 1.7% and rangeland is 58.5%.

14 Source: Development Statistics of FATA (2012-13 to 2014-15)

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Figure 4.5: Land use Map of Magoo Dand

Flora 167. The forests being an integral part of rural economy provide critical ecological services. Healthy forest cover helps water retention, controls flash floods and soil erosion, provides a habitat for flora and fauna and contributes to a clean environment. Due to more dependence of the rural population on the available scanty forest resource, the environmental services provided by natural ecosystems have also diminished. The water retention capacity of the soil has fallen; the area suffers both from flash floods and long period of drought.

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168. Ecologically, this area falls within the main group of Dry Subtropical Broad-leaved Forest15. The sub–group is Monotheca Scrubs. Generally, the vegetation is thorny evergreen shrubs, which are capable of developing into small trees, even under harsh climatic conditions and social pressure (heavy grazing /browsing). 169. The main tree species are, Morus alba (Tooth), Zizyphus nummularia (Ber), Acacia modesta (Phulai), Eucalyptus (Lachi), prosopis spp (mesquite), tamarix spp (Farash). Some important shrubs are, Adhatoda vasica (Bahker), Calotropis spp (ak), Rhazya spp (vena), Rumex hastatus (khatumaal), Carrisa spp (granda) and Capparis spp (karir). The common grasses are Heteropogon, Cymopogon, Saccharum clumps (munja). The ground vegetation makes appearance after the spring rains in the month of January and February. Some of the tree species, which have been planted by the forest department and local community are, eucalyptus, bakian, mulberry, shisham and poplar. 170. No endangered species have been reported in the project area by the locals. Overall natural vegetation, including shrubs, bushes and grasses can be aptly termed as potential rangelands, which provide grazing habitat for livestock. Following are some species of trees and shrubs found in the sub project area:

Table 4.5: Common Trees Species in Project Area

Local Botanical IUCN Local Status Picture Name Name Status

Shisham Dalbergia NE Common sissoo

Ber/ Zizyphus NE Rare Karkanrha Nummularia

Phulai Acacia modesta NE Common

15 (Forest Types of Pakistan by Champion, Seth and Khattak, 1965)

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Local Botanical IUCN Local Status Picture Name Name Status

Kikar Acacia nilotica LC Common

Toot Morus LC Common (Mulberry)

Bakain Melia LC Common (dhraik) azedarach

Palosa Acacia Modesta NE Rare

NE: Not Evaluated; LC: Least Concern DD: Data Deficient as per IUCN Red List, 2017d.

Table 4.6: Common Grasses Species in the Area

Common Botanical IUCN Picture Name Name Status

Baruwa Saccharum NE grass clumps (munja)

Suryalla Heteropogon NE ghass contortus

Lemon Cymbopogon LC grass

NE: Not Evaluated; LC: Least Concern as per IUCN RedList,2017.

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Table 4.7: Common Shrub Species in the Project Area

Local / Botanical Name IUCN Staus Picture Common Name

Baikar Adhatoda vasica NE Justicia adhatoda

Ak Calotropis spp NE

Vena Rhazya spp NE

Khatumaal Rumex hastatus NE

Granda Carrisa spp NE

Karir Capparis spp NE

Karkanrha Zizyphus NE Nummularia

*NE: Not Evaluated; LC: Least Concern as per IUCN Red List, 2017. Fauna 171. No baselines on wild mammals, birds and fish species are available for Merged Areas of KP. No comprehensive survey has ever been conducted in the territories by any line department or NGO. For the purpose of this IEE, a primary survey was conducted by project environmentalist during August 2019 to ascertain the distribution of species, and to collect

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evidence of any sightings in consultation with local residents, the following animals have potential to be in the area:

Table 4.8: Fauna of the Project Area

S No. Common Name Scientific Name 1 Mammals Jackals Canis aureus (LC) Foxes SSP. Vulpes (LC) Field rats Rattus norvegicus (LC) Hare Lepus nigricollis (LC) Porcupine Hystrix indica (LC) Hedge Hog Erinaceinae (LC) Wild cat Felis chaus (LC) 2 Reptiles Cobra snake Naja (LC) Rat eating snake Colubrinae (NE) House gecko Hemidactylus frenatus (LC) 3 Amphibians Common Toads Bufo bufo (LC) 4 Others Scorpions Scorpiones (NE) Spiders Araneae (NE) *LC: Least Concern NE: Not Evaluated NT: Near Threatened as per IUCN Red list, 2017. Avifauna 172. Avifauna of the Khyber District is highly diversified and colorful, which is widely dispersed in gardens, cultivated fields, streams and hill slopes. Common species are given in Table 4.9.

Table 4.9: Avifauna of the Khyber District

Common Name Scientific Name

Tawny Eagle Aquila rapax (LC)

Long Legged Buzzard Buteo rufinus (LC)

Sparrow Hawk Accipiter nisus (LC)

Rose Finch Carpodacus erythrinus (LC)

Indian Blue Robin Luscinia brunnea (LC)

Red Headed Bunting Emberiza bruniceps (LC)

Crested Bunting Melophus lathami (LC)

Grey Tit Melaniparus afer (LC)

Red Crowned Eurasian Grus japonensis (EN)

Blue Throated Fly Catcher Cyornis rubeculoides (LC)

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White Throated Dipper Cinclus cinclus (LC)

Green Warbler Phylloscopus nitidus (LC)

Himalayan Tree Creeper Certhia himalayana (LC)

Magpie Robin Copsychus saularis (LC)

Rosy Pastor Pastor roseus (LC)

Common Babbler Turdoides caudata (LC)

Rufous Backed Shrike Lanius schach (LC)

Hoopoe Upupa epops (LC)

Red Vented Bulbul Pycnonotus cafer (LC)

White Cheeked Bulbul Pycnonotus leucotis (LC)

Grey Partridge Perdix perdix (LC)

Black Partridge Melanoperdix niger (VU)

See See Partridge Ammoperdix griseogularis (LC)

Grey Lag Goose Anser anser (LC)

Wigeon Mareca penelope (LC)

Pintail Anas acuta (LC)

Mallard Anas platyrhynchos (LC)

Grey Heron Ardea cinerea (LC)

Black Winged Stilt Himantopus himantopus (LC)

Great Egret Ardea alba (LC)

Flamingo Phoenicopterus roseus (LC)

Sand Plover Charadrius mongolus (LC)

Curlew Numenius phaeopus (LC)

Red-Wattled Lapwing Vanellus indicus (LC)

Crested Lapwing Vanellus vanellus (NT)

Little Ringed Plover Charadrius dubius (LC)

Yellow Wagtail Motacilla flava (LC)

Night Heron Nycticorax nycticorax (LC)

Little Egret Egretta garzetta (LC)

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White Breasted King Fisher Halcyon smyrnensis (LC) *LC-Least Concern: VU-Vulnerable: EN-Endangered as per IUCN Redlist, 2017 NT-Near Threatened. 173. Black and grey partridges as well as quails are also commonly seen. 174. The hotspots for these birds and waterfowls are irrigation dams, khwars and river-beds and banks. 175. The key avifauna species in the project area are Crested Lapwing (Vanellus vanellus), which is near threatened, Red Crowned Eurasian (Grus japonensis) declared as endangered species and Black Partridge (Melanoperdix niger) classified as vulnerable species in accordance to the Redlist of IUCN. These species are reported beyond the corridor of the subproject and; no habitat of these species was observed or reported in the corridor of the subproject. 176. Any human-wildlife interface is very rare in the subproject area, as most faunal species are likely to have shifted their niche to higher altitude due to significant anthropogenic footprint in the area. 177. No threatened or endangered species were observed in the subproject area, as per IUCN red list classification of 2017. Fisheries 178. No endangered fish species or commercial fish habitat is reported/ found in the subproject area. D 5.6 Protected areas / National sanctuaries 179. After merger of Tribal district with KP the wildlife and forest laws are extended to the district. In the past there were no wildlife or forest laws enacted for erstwhile FATA. However, more recently, Governor KP has issued a notification, declaring all wetlands in the former FATA as Community Game Reserves. Hunting shall only be allowed with joint agreement of local communities and political authorities. However, no game reserves are located in the vicinity of the project site. Moreover, a separate notification has also been issued declaring trade in body parts (pelt, skin, stuffed bodies, trophies, etc.) of all wild fauna including migratory birds as illegal. Both of these are attached as Annex-IV. There are 03 wetlands, as per Governor`s notification, which are far away from the site. The nearest wetland Spera Dam is at distance of approximately 14 Km. Socio-Economic Environment 180. Khyber District is the most famous district amongst seven others in the newly merged districts of KP. Khyber District derives its name from the

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famous Khyber Pass, which has served as a historical trade route, connecting the Asian sub-continent with the rest of Central Asia, via Afghanistan. Because of its geographical location, the agency has a history dating back thousands of years. The Khyber Pass has been used by the Aryans in 1600 B.C., the Persians in 600 B.C., Alexander in 326 B.C. and subsequently, by Changez Khan, Taimurlang, the Mehmood of Ghazni and the Mughals. 181. Khyber district is bordered with Afghanistan, Peshawar city and the Kurram and Orakzai districts, the total area of the district is 2,576 square kilometers, with 8.22% of the total area of the district being forest. The Khyber district consists of three tehsils; Bara, Landi Kotel and Jamrud. Khyber district has a barren and rugged mountainous terrain. It consists mostly of hilly tracks and mountains, with narrow strips of valleys. It is the meeting place of a series of ranges, such as the Koh-e-Safaid, an off- shoot of the mighty Hindukush Mountains. Lacha Ghar, Karagah Ghar, Surghar, Tor Ghar, Morgah and Kalauch; are some of the mountains located in the district. Administrative Set Up 182. Under the Constitution, erstwhile FATA is included among the territories of Pakistan (Article 1). It was administered by Governor of the KP in his capacity as an agent to the President of Pakistan, under the overall supervision of the Ministry of States and Frontier Regions in Islamabad. The KP Governor Secretariat played a coordinating role for interaction between the federal and provincial governments and the Merged Area Secretariat. 183. The 25th Constitutional amendment like 18th Constitutional amendment which resulted in abolition of concurrent list and devolved 47 subjects to provinces, is a paradigm shift where under Federally Administered Tribal Areas (FATA) stand integrated with and merged in the province of Khyber Pakhtunkhwa. 184. The executive authority previously exercised by the Governor Khyber Pakhtunkhwa in respect of FATA under Article 247 of the constitution has been done away with. Now being part of the province, the executive authority is shifted to the Chief Minister and his cabinet. The Merged Areas have no longer special status or dispensation. All provincial laws shall equally be applicable to these areas and on mainstreaming of erstwhile FATA due representation (about 16 general seats) shall be given in the Provincial Assembly. 185. The colonial legacy in the form of political administration under the unbridled powers of Political Agent is no longer there. The office is re-

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named as Deputy Commissioner and Assistant Commissioner. Similarly, the Century old FCR is no more in the field and replaced with Interim Governance Regulation. The tribal people will have fundamental rights guaranteed by the Constitution and of which they were deprived till now. The introduction and presence of criminal and judicial system will ensure their fundamental rights like other citizens of rest of the Country. Demographic Profile 186. Erstwhile FATA had a unique governance status in the recent past, whereby all land is owned by tribes inhabiting the areas since generations. Any physical activity hence carried out needs the agreement of the locals, as well as land donation by them. Since it is an egalitarian society, chances of elite capture are minimum and major decisions are taken by Jirga, the tribal administrative and management body. 187. The Malik (chief/elder) serves as an intermediary between the tribe and the political administration, in exchange for a regular allowance with which to meet social and leadership obligations. The more weapons at a Malik’s disposal and the more men he can command to bear arms when needed, the greater is his stature within the tribe. The jirga plays an important part in tribal society as a traditional mechanism for conflict resolution. 188. Tribal people are accustomed to managing their own resources and solving disputes without outside intervention. They act collectively to assist others in the group and help fulfill social obligations. Marriages and deaths, for example, draw support from all members of the tribe, as do everyday activities such as harvesting and threshing, laying and clearing irrigation channels, carrying out flood protection, maintaining paths, cutting grass, and constructing hujras (meeting places), mosques or other buildings. Population 189. The population of the district, according to the 2017 census is 986,973 persons, out of which 51% are males and 49% are female. Average household size is around 8.84 persons per family with an average annual growth rate of 3.15. 190. The subproject site is situated in south of Bara Tehsil. Afridi (Aka Khel) are the main tribe of the subproject area and are further sub divided into Mirgat Khel sub tribe. The total population of the subproject area is 2656 with 1375 males and 1281 females. The total number of households is 250.

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Table 4.10: Population Details of Khyber District16

Households Population Male Female Sex Population 1998-2017 2017 Ratio 1998 Average Annual Growth Rate

111,558 986,973 505,475 481,487 104.98 546,730 3.15

Family Size 191. The average household consists of 8.84 individuals. The male and female ratio is 104.98 males to 100 females17. Dwelling 192. Mostly the houses are made of mud throughout the district. The houses are called Qila that is fortresses, which encompasses a number of houses inside. A house generally consists of two or three rooms with a verandah in the rear and front. Joint family system is in vogue in the district. Every cluster of houses has a common sitting place called hujra where the male members daily meet, discuss and share views on variety of local, national and inter-national issues with each other’s. It is a common place and is also used as a guest room. The young spend winter nights in hujra and arrange for themselves music programs or food dishes as a pass time activity. It is an important part of Pakhtoon culture, which is unfortunately changing with the modern times as people have begun to prefer using personal guest-room. 193. According to the primary social survey, majority of the houses (93%) of the sub project Magoo Dand area have ordinary construction (Kutcha structure) with timber roof and mud mortar, whereas moderate standard buildings with cement masonry (pacca structure) and dry-stone masonry (semi-pacca structure) are 02% and 5% respectively. Language 194. Pashto is the main language of the area, with a softer form spoken in the north and a harder dialect in the south.

16http://www.pbscensus.gov.pk/sites/default/files/DISTRICT_WISE_CENSUS_RESULTS_CEN SUS_2017.pdf

17http://www.pbscensus.gov.pk/sites/default/files/DISTRICT_WISE_CENSUS_RESULTS_CEN SUS_2017.pdf

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The Family System 195. Majority households are compound type where one or extended families18 are living. Both joint and nuclear family systems19 exist in the compounds. The area of the house and number of persons living in a house is irrelevant in the context of tribal society. The household data shows that a middle-sized compound is housed with 25 persons as one extended family. Another same sized compound is housed with 3 small sized families. The construction material used for the compound is an indicator of economic status of the occupants. 196. Men are the dominant force in the household, with final say in the affairs of all members of the family. Women, by comparison, play a subservient role and observe strict purdah (veiling). Although divorces or separations are extremely rare in tribal households, a husband is free to take on additional wives. Livestock 197. Livestock not only provides milk, meat, eggs for daily human consumption but also provides hides/skins and wool/hair and bones/blood for industrial products and manure /urine for soil fertilization. Livestock is also a source of rural transport and draft power in agricultural farming and provides an easy source of income to majority of the rural population. 198. The erstwhile FATA, being mostly dry hilly terrain, has little land for crops production whereas sizeable land is available for grazing. The land-less and small holders (more than 85% of farmers) are mostly dependent on livestock production. Livestock provides employment to 50% of the population either directly or indirectly. About 80% of the income of trans- hum ant families accrues from livestock. 199. There is a good enough network of veterinary institutions in merged districts established since years, providing veterinary services to the poor livestock farmers; but due to meager amount of operational funds, lack of access to appropriate know how the Safety Data Sheet (SDS) is not up to the required level.

Conflicts Resolution Mechanism 200. Erstwhile FATA region is traditionally based on the principle of close association by tribe or kinship. The people of erstwhile FATA have long been accustomed to witnessing violent conflict between the members of different tribes and clans. Inter- or intra-tribe conflict may range from

18 a family which extends beyond the nuclear family to include grandparents and other relatives. 19 A nuclear family, elementary family or conjugal family is a family group consisting of two parents and their children (one or more).

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minor family disputes that create tensions and uncertainty to full-blown armed clashes that result in irreparable losses. While for many generations the people have managed to build their lives in this climate of instability, today there is growing awareness that internecine conflict of this sort is a waste of resources and a major obstacle in the way of development. 201. The tribal elder (Malik) often serve as an intermediary between people and the local administrative structures for identifying the priorities. The tribal council of elders (Jirga) is the main mechanism for decision making on behalf of the local population and is also considered the key entity for conflict resolution and providing judgment for punitive actions. The Jirga is essentially the only mechanism for out-of-court settlements over enmities that span generations. The tribe’s identity is the key to how local communities exercise their right to and ownership of natural resources and other assets. The tribal identity as depicted through the Malik and Jirga is therefore essential for access , use of resources and is often seen as the only safety net available to poorer segments of the population. This intricate community system has survived for centuries with adequate legitimacy by the local authorities as well as acceptance by local communities as it continues to exert its influence on communal life. In more recent times, some development projects20 working in the district have invested in forming local community-based groups and local organizations that have cooperated with the local Jirga as well as the political administration for implementing their programs.

Religious Beliefs 202. A primary survey was conducted as part of the Social Feasibility Study carried out in April 2019. All the respondents of the Social Assessment Primary Survey, reported to be Muslim. People generally have conservative outlook on life and are particular in observance of religious ceremonies. Majority of the respondents normally offers prayers and keep fasts during the month of Ramzan. Religious extremism was in full swing for last few years, but the situation is relatively better now. Majority of the population belong to Sunni sect of Islam. They believe in Hanafi interpretation of Shariah. Majority has a religious disposition and practice Islam according to its fundamental principles. Inheritance is divided according to the Islamic principles and daughters are given their property right accordingly.

20 For example, the ADB supported the FATA Rural Development Project in Khyber, Bajaur and Mohmand agencies that implemented the project interventions through Community Organizations for delivering services including drinking water supply schemes; irrigation and small dams; natural resource management e.g. raising forest nurseries; etc.

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Water Supply and Sanitation 203. Springs, streams, rivers and perennial watercourses serve as the primary source of water for drinking and domestic use. In mountainous areas, where natural surface and ground sources are not available, people rely on rain-water ponds. In the plains where surface water is scarce, shallow wells allow the people to meet their basic requirements. A combination of factors, including the large-scale movement of displaced persons from neighboring Afghanistan, has adversely affected forest reserves which are critical for watershed protection. The depletion of forest resources has reduced the water retention capacity of the soil, while ecological and climatic conditions have led to the low recharge of groundwater sources. As a result, many springs, streams and perennial watercourses have dried up, forcing people to turn to deep groundwater sources. Official records for 2014–15 show that 60.04 21 per cent of the population is covered by water supply schemes, mainly through community tanks and taps. Just 27 per cent of supply through these schemes consists of individual residential connections. Some 85 per cent of public-sector schemes rely on groundwater, while the remaining use surface sources22. The majority of groundwater schemes consist of tube wells, while dug wells and infiltration galleries using electric or diesel pumps are few in number. The normal water table in most parts of erstwhile FATA is between 91.44 and 152.4 meters. Surface schemes are gravity-based, using slopes and gradients to carry water to distribution points. Sources developed by the works and services department are analyzed for physical and chemical properties alone, and these results show that the water is fit for human consumption. 204. Traditionally, settlements in the tribal areas have always been widely dispersed. For reasons of security, meanwhile, communities have generally preferred to build their houses on mounds and hill-tops. In such areas, the drainage of rainwater and domestic wastewater was never a problem. Perhaps as a result, most communities failed to pay much attention to sanitation infrastructure. But as the population has grown and settlements have expanded, this arrangement is no longer safe or practicable. 205. The physical growth of settlements without any provision for basic sanitation is degrading the living environment and polluting water sources. Commerce, trade and business activities, and related services, add to the congestion. Today, the lack of adequate sanitation infrastructure poses a

21 Source: Important Agency/FR wise Socio-Economic Indicators of FATA 2016 FATA Secretariat 22 Environmental and Social Assessment (ESA); Rural Livelihood and Community Infrastructure Project, FATA Secretariat.

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serious health hazard. Children, women and the elderly are particularly vulnerable. 206. Results from the primary social survey of the subproject area show that 45 per cent of houses have “separate” latrines without flush system, 10 per cent of houses have flush system and 45 per cent have no access to latrines and use open fields. Overall, it appears that half of the total population has no access to adequate sanitation in the form of toilets, sewerage, drainage and solid waste disposal.

Poverty 207. The erstwhile FATA region has historically remained amongst the poorest parts of Pakistan. There are serious disparities in service provision as compared to the rest of the country. The absence of visible progress and the perceived lack of interest by both sub-national and federal governments in redressing the disparities have consequently deteriorated citizens’ trust in the ability of government institutions to meet the basic needs of the population. The general lack of basic services and weak institutional capacity to provide these have been recognized as drivers of crisis creating conducive environment for opportunistic militant groups whose economic incentives for potential recruits greatly outweighed the alternatives available to the people for their livelihoods. 208. The militancy crisis in KP and erstwhile FATA is a key contributor to stagnant growth and high unemployment. The ranks of the unemployed have risen with the intensification of the crisis in 2009/10, and even are likely to continue rising. These conditions have created a conducive environment for opportunistic militant groups whose economic incentives for potential recruits greatly outweigh alternative available options. Many are dependent on the black economy, drug trafficking and criminal activity for survival. 209. Official statistics on rural income and poverty in the area are quite weak. Factors underlying the region's poverty include (i) historical, political, and social isolation; (ii) a legal system reliant on executive and judicial authority administered through civil servants preferring to maintain the status quo; (iii) poor quality and coverage of institutions responsible for the provision of basic services; (iv) social practices that preclude women’s participation in economic life; and (v) lack of effective institutions for skill training to enable the labor force to shift from low to high-productivity sectors. 210. Poverty has to some extent made the population vulnerable to extremist tendencies and criminality. In the absence of viable options to earn a living, the lure of illicit activities such as smuggling (consumer goods,

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weapons) and drug trafficking is as difficult to resist as the call of extremist elements.

Health facilities 211. Health indicators for district are incomplete and, in many cases, only estimates are available. These highlight the poor state of the health care system. Health facilities in project area are inadequate. District Headquarter Hospital (Landikotal), Type-D hospital (Jamrud) and Dogra hospital (Bara) are main hospitals. Other than that, there are a number of private doctors and hakeems present in the area. 212. Access to health services is severely limited, with 26 dispensaries, 04 T.B clinic/hospital, 13 Basic Health Units (BHU), 02 Mother Child Health Centers (MCHs) and 17 Community Health Centers reported in the year 2016 in District Khyber23.

Social Organization 213. Society is structured on kinship basis in the project area. Most of the decisions are made at the household level. The rich and influential people are accepted as community leaders, especially in collective welfare and development of the area. Also, the traditional leader in the village is the “Malik”, the elder who commands respect in the community. Agriculture 214. Only 8.6 per cent of the total geographic area of Khyber district is cultivated, with other two percent recorded as fallow, accounting for roughly half of all potentially cultivable land. A little over 4.3 percent of the cultivated area is irrigated, while the remaining farmland relies exclusively on rainfall. In irrigated areas, water is provided through a combination of delivery systems, including tube wells, dug wells, lift pumps and traditional communal canals.

23 Source: Directorate of Health Services, Merged Area Secretariat, Peshawar

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215. The total cultivated area of Khyber district is about 24,153 hectares, whilst uncultivated land is 233,523 hectares, with 2050 hectares as forest area. The total cropped area is 24,148 hectares24. 216. The agricultural status of the project area at present is very poor. Currently two cropping systems are followed by the farmers. Firstly, agriculture in rainfed area and secondly agriculture in irrigated area. In rainfed conditions maize and wheat are grown in summer and winter seasons respectively. The crop yields in both the rainfed and irrigated areas are extremely poor as compared to normal crop yields obtained in agriculturally developed areas where timely and regular irrigation water supplies are ensured. Rainfall in the area is too low and erratic. 217. In irrigated areas, although some irrigation water is available in the command area but it is quite insufficient for normal crop raising. The supply is irregular and undependable. Therefore, some cropped fields go without water, resulting in crop loss due to insufficient erratic supply. At present mainly two crops are grown i.e. maize and wheat in summer and winter seasons respectively. Some area is cultivated, whereas rest of it is left uncultivated which presents a shabby look and barren look covered by keekar used for fuel by the residents. 218. The major constraint in the way of obtaining normal yields is non- availability of irrigation water supply. Due to the above-mentioned problems the farmers are reluctant to apply all the required inputs according to the recommendations resulting in low crop yields being obtained at present. Eventually the project recommended crops with availability of irrigation water will be encouraged and adopted. 219. In areas where timely and regular irrigation water supply is available through civil channel or tube well etc. vegetables and fruit trees are also grown in addition to staple food crops. These high value crops are used for home consumption and surplus are sold in the open market for cash. Milking animals are reared and fodders are grown in both the growing seasons on a negligible scale. 220. By sure supply of irrigation water through construction of dam, these areas could be as good for crop production as normal agriculturally developed areas. It will also help in changing cropping pattern of the area gradually spreading over a period of 5 – 6 years or more. Eventually the cropping intensity will also be increased.25.

24 Source: FATA Development Statistics, 2015-16 25 Source: Agricultural Studies Feasibility Report Magoo Dand Dam

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Education 221. Bearing in mind that Khyber district has a traditional society, with low economic development and limited facilities, education is not a priority for them. The prevailing security situation over the last few years has retarded the pace of growth in education sector. The number of functional Govt. Schools and enrolment of boys and girls are provided in the Table 4.11 shows a negative picture of the situation.

Table 4.11: No. of Functional Govt. Schools and Enrolment in Khyber (2014-15) 26

Educational Institutes No. of Schools Enrolment

Total Boys Girls Total Boys Girls

Primary Schools 327 198 128 59188 33827 25361

Middle Schools 26 14 12 1782 1301 481

High Schools 27 23 4 6441 5428 1013

Higher Secondary School 4 2 2 2118 1446 627

Govt. Degree College 4 3 1 3346 3076 270

Technical School 2 2 - 231 231 -

222. Entries to education in Khyber district normally starts from primary level and children of age five years and above are entitled to be formally enrolled. The overall literacy rate in Khyber district for both sexes was 49.40%, which is far less than the national average of 58% (2013-14). Similarly, the adult literacy rate in the region is 28% as against the national average of 75%. 223. The development statistics show a marked gender gap in literacy ratio as male adult literacy ratio in Khyber district stands at 76. 30% compared to just 16.60% female literacy rate. Primary level net enrolment rate for boys and girls is 52.1% compared to 65% across Pakistan. 224. Females are particularly unable to access middle and secondary schools. These schools are far away from the population or the majority of hamlets. Female mobility is restricted in Khyber district due to cultural limitations. Transport facilities are often not available, while the road network is non- existent or badly constructed. These are the major factors hampering access to middle and secondary education for girls.

26 Source: Directorate of Education, FATA, Peshawar

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A primary school for boys is present in the sub project area which is non- functional. The school is about 1.5 KM from site. 225. Approximately 22% out of total male population of Magoo Dand area is educated while there is no educated woman in the whole project area as there are no girl’s schools in the subproject area. Economic Features 226. The people of the subproject area are not widely educated. They migrate to down districts in search of jobs or any other labor. Government services are a cherished source of livelihood for many. Employment in public sector is 03% while 05% are employed in private sector. Agricultural farming (45%), 01% poultry farms, small scale business (05%) and working on daily wages basis (35%) are also major providers of job and sources employment in the subproject area. About 02% of the employed population which is predominantly male works as migrant workers in Gulf countries while just less than 04% of the population is reported as employed in other provinces of Pakistan.27

Food 227. Simplicity is the hall-mark of the food of the people of the area. Rice is a staple dish especially for dinners. Maize bread with local vegetable saag and lassi is offered to guests as a seasonal specialty in summer.

Dress and Ornaments 228. People wear the traditional Pakhtoon dress of Shalwar Kameez and head- wear. Generally, the people wear handmade Dir caps while notables wear Pugri and Kula, but this tradition is gradually fading out. Women folk wear Shalwar Kameez generally use black printed cloth and Chadder/veil and for Purdah they use Burkas (veil). 229. Their working and festival dresses are all the same with the exception that they wear new dress on festival. In winter season a chaddar or woolen blanket is used by the males. While in the case of females their dress remains the same. 230. Women use ornaments such as bangles, bracelets, pazeb, karah, nath, golden rings and earrings.

Mining 231. The mineral deposits in Khyber district include soapstone, limestone, dolomite, ciliate, silica sand, barite, mica, graphite and marble. Mullagori

27 Primary Social Survey of the Sub Project, 2019.

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marble is one of the largest deposits in the world. Soapstone is the second largest mineral found in the area. 232. Extensive deposits of marble are found at several places in Khyber district. The marble is associated with the calcareous rocks in the Mullagori area. The marble is processed in different green and black colors. The marble is processed in different marble factories in KP, and in other parts of the country.

Roads 233. According to the Socio-Economic Indicators of FATA 2016, total coverage extends to 662.96 kilometers of blacktop and another 218.74 kilometers of shingle roads in the year 201628. The subproject area is accessible through all-weather road.

Telephone Facilities 234. Landline telephone facilities are not available in the subproject area while cellular networks are available in the area with limited service.

Sites of Historical Significance 235. The prime attraction in this region is the Khyber Pass situated some 5 kilometers to the west from Jamrud. It runs to a length of about 40 kilometers up to Torkham check post at the Pak- Afghan border. For centuries this pass has been witnessing numerous kings, generals and preachers passing through it. Khyber is associated with numerous events in history, which have brought about momentous changes in the annals of mankind. It is a collection of mountain ranges, barren and crazily piled hills; forts of steel and rock stop every vantage point and naked road. 236. Baab-e-Khyber, the gateway to Khyber, has been constructed at the entrance of the historic Khyber Pass near Jamrud. The platform, for visiting dignitaries and containing useful and authenticated information which present in a nutshell, the historical background of the pass, the

28 Important Agency/FR Wise Socio-Economic Indicators of FATA 2016, FATA Secretariat.

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secrets of its magical charm and strategic importance, have also been constructed. 237. Jamrud Fort is visible from a distance like an old battleship. Looking ruggedly majestic with its jumble of towers and loop hole walls, the fort contains the grave of its builder, the famous Sikh General Hari Singh Nalwa, who died here in action against the forces of the Amir of Kabul in 1837 AD. The fort; coarsely constructed of stone daubed with mud plaster, was built by the Sikhs in 1823 on the site of an earlier fort. The modern stone arch spanning the road dates from 1964. 238. Near the narrowest point of the pass, about 15 Km from Jamrud is Ali Masjid and a large fort and a British cemetery. The valley walls bear insignia of British regiments that have served here. In the cemetery here are the graves of British soldiers killed in the Second Afghan War of 1879. This was the famous battle of Ali Masjid. Regimental insignia are carved and painted on to the rock faces at several places along the road, with the Gordon Highlanders, the South Wales Borderers, and the Royal Sussex, Cheshire and Dorset regiments standing in one doughty group. After the gorge, the pass opens out into a wide fertile valley dotted with Pashtun villages. True to form, however, these villages look more like forts, with high, crenellated mud walls running between watch-towers pierced with narrow gun slits. 239. Ali Masjid Fort is located at the narrowest portion of the Khyber Pass, through which only a loaded mule or camel could pass till as late as the mid nineteenth century. The fort was built by the British in 1890. The ruins of a Buddhist Stupa can also be seen in the area. There is also a mosque and a shrine in the memory of Hazrat Ali (RA), who visited this place according to a local tradition. There is also a huge boulder which carries the marks of a hand believed to be that of Hazrat Ali (RA). Even Khyber was named after the Khyber of Arabia, where Hazrat Ali (RA) accomplished a great deed of valour.

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240. Shpola Stupa, a Buddhist ruin dating from the second to the fifth centuries AD, stands to the right of the road and above the railway at the village of Zarai, 25 kilometers (16 miles) from Jamrud. The Stupa has a high hemispherical dome resting on a three-tiered square base. Some beautiful Gandharan sculptures were found here when the site was excavated at the beginning of this century. Some of the finds are now in the Peshawar Museum. The side of the Stupa lacing the road has been restored. 241. On a hilltop to the left of Torkham is the ruined Kafir Fort, a Hindu relic of the ninth century AD. On this ridge in 1919, the British and Afghans fought one of the last engagements of the Third Afghan War. The top of the hill is now Afghan territory, with a commanding view down on Pakistani installations and forts. 242. No sites have been reported around the Magoo Dand dam site of any cultural and historical significance.

Sensitive Receptors 243. A field survey of the subproject area was carried out to identify the location of all the sensitive receptors and their distance from the dam body which is the main construction site. No sensitive receptor exists near the dam site and hence no impacts are envisaged. The details of the sensitive receptors are provided in the table below:

S. No Sensitive Receptors Distance from the site

1 House 01 Km

2 Graveyard 01 Km

3 Basic Health Unit 02Km

4 Madrassa 1.7km

Gender Issues 244. Tribal society is dominated by men. Cultural tradition, social practices and low female literacy have left women in a vulnerable position. They are for the most part restricted to performing household work, and are excluded from decision-making both on the domestic front and at the community

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level. Women’s access to education and health care is limited because such services are not available close to home. 245. The male domination in total population is consistent. Although the women about ½ of the population but they are not visible in public life of the villages due to strict purdah/veil system. The FGDs confirmed that women’s role in the tribal system is limited to unpaid housekeeping and very small-scale productive activities at household level and they are not involved in any economic activity 246. Women in the area play a dominant role in running the household, rearing and guiding children, managing household finances, and providing much of the labor for agriculture and animal husbandry. They do not normally have a public role, particularly in interactions with the broader society.

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PROJECT ALTERNATIVES

No Project Option 247. Project alternatives have been considered with consideration of their ability to match immediate demand and then keep pace with emerging demand while ensuring capture of available yield in the stream. With an increased awareness of the scarcity of water as a resource, short-term supplies may be achieved through demand management strategies water use efficiency, combined with research and development programmes that reduce consumption. 248. Agricultural demand has the potential to be met through the use of currently unutilized, or under-utilized, water resources. 249. The use of groundwater within the area is limited to primarily stock and domestic purposes and supplies to small towns and is not considered to be a feasible alternative supply to the project. 250. Inability to support the project increases inherent risk of supply from a single source. The primary objective of the project is to increase the agricultural production. The ‘no project’ option has the potential to inhibit to increase the crop production. Limiting agricultural production in particular has the potential to adversely impact on the area economy with large-scale agricultural development potentially seeking alternative locations interstate due to this water supply constraint. With the implementation of project leading to increase in agricultural yields and production, the additional generating benefits are: • Additional revenues directly from the project output. • Crop diversification: The introduction of irrigation enables farmers to diversify their crops based on local markets demand and export. • Employment opportunities: During the construction phase there will be improved employment opportunities for local people and new comers. • The project will provide water for cultivation of crop, irrigated fodder development, domestic purpose, livestock etc.

• Food security further improved. In this case, the proposed small dam’s irrigation will have a paramount importance in further improving the overall living conditions of the people residing in and around the project environment and will plays its own role in alleviating food shortage. • Improved forage varieties provided and increase • Animal productivity and production.

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• Increase the opportunities to nursery site establishment and forest seedling production. • Forest tree plantation.

251. There will be no change in the future agriculture “without project”. The present situation will continue and there will be no improvement in the present agriculture scenario for a long time to come unless the intervention with the project. The crop cultivation would remain static without the implementation of the project activities. The farmer would be getting same yields and get frustrated. Therefore, supply and management of irrigation water may only improve his agricultural status. No change could occur in the cropping pattern, cropping intensity, crop yields and production under the present conditions. 252. Water availability is scarce in area hence the proposed project will contribute positively to the project area. The no project option is not viable option. Project Siting Alternatives 253. Technically there is no other place for storing floodwater for irrigation purposes. The stream/Khwar without perennial flow like Aziz Khwar in Khyber district, is the only option, where water is available during rainy season. Therefore, to provide year-round water supply to irrigate the culturable command area is the most suitable option to produce agricultural cropping with intensity of 125 percent in both the cropping season. This will boost up the local economy. Location of the dam has been fixed, by considering the natural conditions i.e. topography and geology of the area. 254. The Aziz khwar passes through a reach having comparatively mild slope at upstream and narrow gorge at the location of proposed dam. The average width of the gorge is 12 m, and at the downstream of the proposed dam axis, there is a relatively wide valley with steep slope, which provides a suitable location for placement of the dam. Upstream of the dam is a comparatively deep wide valley, which provides an ideal location for the reservoir to store water. 255. The preliminary geotechnical investigation revealed that that rock is exposed on both the abutments and river bed, however weathered surface to be removed at both abutments and river bed. 256. The detailed considerations for the selection of dam site are as follows. • Suitability of the dam structure type • Geological and topographic conditions

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• Technically most suitable site to command the irrigable area • Minimum environmental degradation 257. By considering the above-mentioned parameters and keeping in view the placement of irrigation intake and spillway. The Magoo Dand Dam is located 1.5 Km in west of Megi Dherai village in district Khyber and have 45 minutes’ drive from Peshawar. Technological Alternatives 258. Various technological aspects have been evaluated during design stage, such as rock filled dam with separate spillway, stepped and single sloped abutments, providing of low-level outlet for sediment removal, bridge over the axis with a gated outlet, upstream and downstream operated inlets/outlets, and various types of spillways. 259. Selection of the dam type at Magoo Dand site has been accomplished on following basis:

• Size and shape of valley (topographic survey) • Geological and foundation conditions • Availability of construction materials • Ease in construction • Cost of construction 260. Site visits of geologist and geotechnical investigation at proposed dam axis indicates that rock is exposed on both the abutments and river bed, however weathered surface to be removed at both abutments and river bed. 261. As the moderate quality rock is exposed at dam axis therefore, a gravity dam will be a comparatively more suitable type at the proposed location. Furthermore, due to less reservoir capacity based on height limitation and separate spillway requirement embankment dam is not recommended at the proposed Magoo Dand Dam location. Other benefits in favor of the selected type are listed below: • Gravity dams are quite strong, stable and durable. • Gravity dams are well adapted for use as an overflow spillway section. Earth dams cannot be used as an overflow section. Even in earth dams, the overflow section is usually a gravity structure. • The gravity dam has low cost, rapid construction and is less prone to flood damages during construction. • The dam is safe against overtopping. • The sedimentation in the reservoir on the upstream of a gravity dam can be somewhat reduced by operation of a set of under sluices.

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• Maintenance of the dam is almost negligible and associated cost for other types can be considered as a saving. • Gravity dam does not have potential for internal erosion.

262. The Magoo Dand Stream has an average bed slope of 0.0103 m/m at upstream of proposed dam axis which will result comparatively high velocity during floods, consequently it is essential to construct such a structure which can withstand high velocities therefore, a concrete gravity structure is more appropriate option then earthen embankment. Based on the above- mentioned parameters, a concrete gravity type dam has been proposed for Magoo Dand Dam sub project. 263. The justifications for the type of dam, dam height and other major parameters have been described in the previous sections. The sizing of the concrete gravity structure for Magoo Dand Dam project has been done on the basis of the following design criteria. • The loads on the dam has been checked against the foundation conditions so that it should not overstress the foundation. Foundation has been strengthened by grouting or other means where required. • After determining the maximum surcharge level, an additional freeboard is provided to avoid the possibility of over toping. • Dam has been checked for all the practically possible destabilizing forces including uplift, sliding and over turning. • Seepage around and beneath the dam has been controlled satisfactorily to ensure that hydrostatic and seepage forces does not exceed the design limits. 264. A Concrete Gravity Dam has been designed with overflow spillways to route floods. The maximum height of dam at the deeper section is 15 m from khwar bed level to normal conservation level. The khwar flow section at dam site is16 meter wide and once the dam is constructed, the average depth of water near the dam axis will be 15 meters. The total length of the dam structure including spillway and non-overflow section is 60 m. 265. The dam clear crest is 3.5 m wide with a parapet walls at both upstream and downstream site and fixed at elevation 634.5 m asl while the minimum bed elevation is EL.617 m asl at proposed Magoo Dand Dam site. The normal reservoir level fixed at EL.632 m asl. A 2.5 m normal freeboard has been added over the normal conservation level. A 1.0 m high parapet wall over the Dam crest is provided to increase the freeboard above maximum surcharge level to cater for wave splashes and fixed at elevation of 635.50 m asl. With the combination of parapet wall total normal freeboard for dam becomes 3.5 m.

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266. The upstream face of the dam is vertical from top of dam. The downstream face is inclined at a slope 0.75: 1 (H: V). A shear key is proposed to provide safety against sliding, and for interception of seepage through foundation. The bed rock is exposed at dam axis having moderate quality and therefore a grout curtain is proposed to intercept subsurface flow. The curtain grouting is also provided to reliable seepage barrier at the Dam foundation. 267. Of the available alternatives the best economical and viable option has been opted.

ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT ASSESSMENT AND MITIGATION MEASURES

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Impact Assessment - Overview 268. The environmental assessment study has disclosed that the subproject is not likely to have any severe negative impacts on the environment and people of the area. All the potential impacts, which have been identified during the present assessment are associated with the construction stage, are minor to moderate in severity, and can easily be avoided (through good design and construction planning) or mitigated (through proper implementation of the EMP). On the other hand, the subproject will be beneficial particularly for the local population on creation of job opportunities and extremely beneficial for irrigation. Significant social indicators of the subproject benefits are mentioned below: ▪ Reduction in water losses. ▪ Most beneficial impacts associated with the improved channel condition, management and efficient and equitable water distribution are of long-term in nature. ▪ Additional area will be brought under cultivation for wheat, fodder, vegetables and other crops ▪ Increase in cropping intensity ▪ Increase in crop yield with improved water supplies will boost the agriculture and improve the living standard of the community in the project area. ▪ The project will also help to regulate the groundwater abstraction to neutralize the lowering trend. ▪ The subproject will also provide unskilled jobs during the construction phase and a limited number of jobs in operations. This will be a bonus for the people of the area, many of who are used to having to travel down country for employment.

Impact Area 269. The subproject impact area mainly comprises of dam axis, irrigation channel, command area, borrow/quarry areas and labor camps. Exhibit below demonstrates the location of dam axis along with irrigation channel and command area that will be developed by using the irrigation water. The area as can be observed is vegetated; however, no felling of trees is involved.

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Figure 5.1: Sub Project Impact Area

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FATA Water Resources Development Project Magoo Dand Dam Sub Project 270. Table 5.1 considers the potential impacts at various stages of the project, and assesses the category of the impact, classifying them as negligent, moderate or high. Each category is defined as under: Negligible: No or minimum impact Moderate: Potential impact but can be mitigated (Site Specific) High: significant adverse environmental impacts, which are irreversible, diverse, or unprecedented 271. The section further goes on to explain the table, by describing those impacts that have moderate to high impact, but can be mitigated.

Table 5.1 Screening of Environmental Impacts; Construction and Operation Stages

Potential Environmental Impacts Project Stage Impact Categorization N=Negligible M=Moderate H=High 1. Land resources 1.1 Excavation and Blasting Construction M 1.2 Waste generation and disposal Construction N 1.3 Labor camps, storage, approach roads Construction M 1.4 Soil pollution due to fuel and oil spillage (related Construction M to construction machinery) 1.5 Agriculture land damage Construction N 1.6 Earth Borrow Site Construction M 1.7 Installation of cement mixing plants Construction N 1.8 changes in Soil Characteristics due to labour Construction N camps, and machinery yards 1.9 Leaching of soil nutrients and changes in soil Post Construction N characteristics 1.10 Soil pollution due to excessive application of Post Construction M fertilizers and pesticides 2. Hydrology and Water Resources 2.1 Contamination of surface water due to washing Construction M (machinery and other related materials) 2.2 Drinking water supply Construction M 2.3 Municipal waste disposed into the stream Construction N 2.4 Excessive use of irrigation water for cultivating Post Construction M high delta crops 2.5 Contamination of water due to farm runoff Post Construction N 3. Air Quality and Noise Pollution 3.1 Dust, smoke and other pollutants from Construction M plants and equipment 3.2 Smoke from burning of waste or firewood Construction N 3.3 Noise control from use of old and/or outdated Construction M machinery a. Dust Emission from Stone quarrying and Construction M transportation 4. Biological Resources

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FATA Water Resources Development Project Magoo Dand Dam Sub Project 4.1 Damage to flora and fauna Construction N 4.2 Habitat fragmentation Post Construction N 5. Socioeconomic and Cultural Issues 5.1 Tribal tensions and rivalries All stages M 5.2 Impact on civic infrastructure (education, Construction N health, roads, water supply, electricity) 5.3 Community safety risks due to both accidental Construction and M and natural hazards Post Construction 5.4 Health and safety of labor and employees at Construction H construction site 5.5 Aesthetic/scenic value Post Construction N 5.6 Employment of alien labor Construction N Negligent: No or minimum impact, Moderate: Potential impact but can be mitigated, (Site specific) High: significant adverse environmental impacts that are irreversible, diverse, or unprecedented

Pre Construction Stage Assure Compliance with Relevant Construction Field Legislation 272. There are certain laws and regulations in the country before undertaking any construction work of developmental project. Therefore, No Objection Certificates (NOCs) will be required as legal complications may lead to delay in sub project construction. Mitigation • Acquire construction permit/ Environmental Approval/ NOC from local authorities as required. • Preparation of SSEMP by contractor and approval of same by the Consultant before the construction works start. • Provide water management guidelines if subproject is executed near surface watercourse. Development of Strategies 273. Some strategies need to be developed prior to the construction of the project as problems may arise due to non-compliance. It will help the project staff to carry out the construction and of the sub project in organized manner. This will be highly beneficial in long terms.

274. An ‘Operation Environmental Action Plan’ (OEAP) needs to be prepared demonstrating the manner in which the Contractor/Operator will comply with the requirements of management plans proposed in EMP/SSEMP. 275. The following strategies and procedures will be developed prior to the commencement of Project operations: • Project specific security and public access control strategy; • Project specific waste management strategy;

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FATA Water Resources Development Project Magoo Dand Dam Sub Project • Project specific air and noise control strategy; and • Project specific traffic control strategy. Permanent Land Acquisition 276. The total identified land is 18.5 acres which will get submerged after the construction of the dam. The 4.17 acres land is agricultural land and remaining uncultivable land. The 4.17 acres agricultural land will need compensation, while remaining will be free of cost being the common & uncultivable land. The total number of affectees are approximately 04 households. No infrastructure /building will be damaged nor will any relocation of the population be required. All the land required for different subproject components is community owned which may lead to social issues at construction stage which needs to be resolved before the commencement of physical work. Mitigation

277. The permanent land for subproject components such as dam, water channels, offices, etc. will be acquired according to prevailing laws i.e. LAA 1894 and ADB Policy 2009.

278. Entitlement provisions for APs losing land, houses, and income losses and rehabilitation subsidies will include provisions for permanent and temporary land losses, house and buildings losses and trees losses and a business losses allowance based on their average income as per Census survey and/or lump sums.

279. Based on the eligibility criteria described above, the entitlement matrix for LARP Magoo Dand has been developed in Table 7.1 below. Consultation/negotiation between the APs and the government for acquisition of land about 4.17 Acres. No livelihood losses are anticipated, as their partial land are affected. Therefore, based on the Land Acquisition Act 1894 and ADB SPS 2009, cost of land has been calculated. The land price has been calculated as per Market rate.

Table 7.1: Entitlement Matrix Asset Specification Affected Compensation People Entitlements

Land Land owners 4 Cash Compensation @ (4.17 Acres Rs 20, 00,000 per Acre Agricultural land) plus 15% land Acquisition charges.

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FATA Water Resources Development Project Magoo Dand Dam Sub Project Construction Stage Impacts Impacts on Land Resources Excavation and Blasting 280. Being located in a hilly terrain, the dam will require excavation and blasting for alignment of abutments, irrigation channel and land leveling. Such physical work has the propensity to alter the landscape, due to leveling mounds and hills, and also create dust pollution. In case of Magoo Dand Dam, there will be no tree cutting required at the dam axis. 281. Approximately 9,520.89 m3 material will be excavated most of which will be reused after approval of quality control engineer. The rest will be dumped safely and leveled to avoid any harm to aesthetic sense. Disposal sites will be identified by the contractor and be approved by the Consultant before being used. No sites will be used without prior approval of the Consultant to ensure compliance with environmental considerations. 282. Any excavation work during the construction activities, whether permanent or temporary, may lead to loss of soil. Erosion of soil can also occur from removal of vegetation cover, runoff from unprotected excavated areas, etc. Excavations on slopes would also decrease their stability. It is expected that minor level of short-term risk is associated with the type of construction activities that are likely to take place. The current land formation is fairly stable therefore no major impact is associated with regards to slope stability. The duration of the risk is expected to be short and the spatial scale of risk is small because the excavation effects are not likely to affect areas further than 200 meters from the Project facilities. Mitigation

283. Vegetation loss will be avoided as much as possible and limited to demarcated construction area. 284. Slope stabilization measures will be adopted such as adequate vertical and horizontal drains, cross drainage etc. Slope movements will be monitored around excavation work areas. 285. Excavated material will be reused after approval from quality control engineer. The rest of excavated material will be safely dumped and levelled and location of the dumping area should be provided in the contractor’s SSEMP. 286. Top six inches soil should be protected through stockpiling before excavation and should be placed back after completion of construction work.

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FATA Water Resources Development Project Magoo Dand Dam Sub Project Prior starting any blasting, the contractor will prepare and submit a Blasting Action plan to CSC for approval.

287. Blasting may be done where it is absolutely necessary, use safety measures in handling explosives, prepare blasting schedules along with warning sirens, blasting mats and ensure minimum damage to the landscape, any damage to settlements is not anticipated as nearest settlement is at the distance of 500 m approx. at a higher elevation where no damage is anticipated 288. In compliance to the IFC standards, the Contractor will be strictly advised for controlled blasting like use of explosives for relatively hard rock in order to shatter and break the rock. 289. These blasting activities are for a short time period and anticipated are

disturbing the ambient air level in particular the Emissions of NO2, CO, and NO are generated during the explosions. However; the Contractor will be strictly advised to implement the following pollution prevention and control techniques: • Alternatives to blasting, such as hydraulic hammers or other mechanical methods are preferred wherever applicable;

• The correct burning of the explosive,

• A consistent blasting schedule by Contractor, minimizing blast- time changes; specific warning to alert all workers and third parties in the surrounding areas (e.g. local communities).

• Trained personnel are handling explosives and safety management has been considered;

• Blasting-permit procedures has been followed; and,

290. Blasting sites are checked post-blast by qualified personnel of Contractor for malfunctions and unexploded blasting agents, prior to resumption of work. Waste Generation and Disposal 291. During the construction phase, most of the waste generated will be related to construction. Construction waste will involve debris due to cutting of stones and blasting, residual RCC material and other associated waste. The domestic waste generated from kitchen etc. will be less than 01 cubic meter as no large-scale labor camp will be established bearing in mind the quantum of work. This is a significant impact but can be mitigated.

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FATA Water Resources Development Project Magoo Dand Dam Sub Project Mitigation 292. To minimize environmental impacts and avoid any need for disposal of earthwork materials or the importation and unnecessary storage of earth, the project will maximize the reuse of excavated materials. All of the construction activity will be contained inside the construction area. Solid waste generation should be reduced and solid waste should be reused and recycled. Any residual spoil will have to be disposed in environment friendly manner, where it will be leveled and landscaped. The dumping sites must be approved by CSC environment specialist. 293. Waste from the project construction area and office area shall be segregated and collected by the Tehsil Municipal Corporation for dumping at approved land fill site or if small amount then a natural gully or uncultivable land for dumping. All these provisions will be incorporated in Site Specific EMP for construction. Prior utilization, all the disposal sites will be approved by CSC Environment Specialist. 294. The preparation of a Site-Specific Environmental Management Plan (SSEMP) will be made contractor’s obligation through contract document. The SSEMP will be prepared by the contractor and various topic specific plans such as waste management plan, health and safety plan, emergency response plan etc. will be a part of it. Labor camps, storage and approach roads 295. Due to availability of ample community owned barren land, location, material yards, equipment yards and approach roads will not cause any serious problem. Therefore, this is a matter of moderate significance and can be easily mitigated and managed through proper mitigation measure. Mitigation

296. The contractor will, in consultation with RE, resolve the exact location of all these facilities within the barren land owned by the local community that will be provided by the community temporarily and free of cost. The location of these facilities will be at least 500 m away, from the community. The contractor will not locate and construct any facilities without the written approval of the CSC. Soil pollution due to fuel and oil spillage from construction machinery 297. Leakage of oil from machinery, vehicles and the dumping of oil will permanently create contamination along with allied physical, biological and social losses. This can be mitigated through effective application of the maximum spill regulations.

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FATA Water Resources Development Project Magoo Dand Dam Sub Project 298. “Guidelines for Oil Spill Waste Minimization and Management issued by International Petroleum Industry Environmental Conservation Association29 are as follows: - 299. Soil contaminated by minor spills/ leakages (defined as leaks from vehicles, machinery, equipment or storage containers such that the area and depth of contaminated soil is less than 0.92903 sq. meter. and 0.0762 meter respectively) is to be scraped and disposed of accordingly in environmentally friendly manner to ensure protection of water sources. 300. Moderate spills defined as spills of volume less than or equal to 200 liters is to be contained and controlled using shovels, sands and native soil. These equipment’s and materials are to be made available at camp sites during the operation. The contaminated soil is to be excavated and stored in a burn area lined with an impermeable base. Depending on the volume, the contaminated soil is either disposed-off through by specialized treatment such as bioremediation or through approved contractor. 301. Major spills (defined as spills of volume much greater than 200 liters) require initiation of Emergency Response Procedures and Oil Spill Contingency Plan. These spills are to be handled and controlled according to the Plan and require special treatment such as bioremediation and through approved contractors. Mitigation

302. Strict rules will be imposed on workers and labour to ensure that no such spills are caused. If the spills take place, it must be followed by treatment prescribed above as per the degree of spill. An Oil Spill Management Plan containing specific mitigation measures is to be part of Contractors site- specific environmental management plan. The measures may include but not be restricted to: • Spill prevention trays will be provided and used at refuelling locations • On-site maintenance of construction vehicles and equipment will be avoided. A vehicle maintenance area with impermeable floor will be designated. • Regular inspections will be carried out to detect leakages in construction vehicles and equipment. • Fuels and lubricants will be stored in covered and diked areas, underlain with impervious lining. • Spill control kit (shovels, plastic bags and absorbent materials) will be available near fuel and oil storage areas.

29 http://www.ipieca.org/resources/good-practice/oil-spill-waste-minimization-and-management/

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FATA Water Resources Development Project Magoo Dand Dam Sub Project • Contaminated soil will be removed from the site and disposed in a manner to ensure protection of water sources • Emergency plan for spill management will be prepared and inducted to the staff for any incident of spill. • The bottom of any soak pit or septic tank will be constructed at least 100 meters away from springs and water bores • Record of spills and volume of removed contaminated soil will be maintained. • Record of remedial measures taken will be maintained.

Agriculture Land Damage 303. Construction of dissipation chamber, land leveling/ land development for on-farm water management works, excavation and construction of channels may cause damage to agricultural land. Mitigation

304. It is contractor’s obligation not to cause such damage and strictly follow the design and avoid use of heavy machinery within agricultural land. If such damage occurs to crops and agricultural land compensation will be paid to the affected person. 305. Top six inches soil will be protected and land will be restored to its previous condition after completion of construction works. Impact of taking borrow material from earth borrow site 306. There is likelihood for obtaining the earth fill material for dam body and for channel and land development and levelling as a result of on farm managements works. Identification of borrow areas location is not possible at this stage but it will be provided by the contractor in the SSEMP. Excavation and cutting activities could cause adverse environmental impacts including sliding, soil erosion and drainage on the surrounding areas. Mitigation

• No private land will be acquired for the borrow areas. • The Contractor will ensure that selected borrow areas on irrigation land are clearly demarcated and approved by the engineer including the allowed depth of the excavation before starting excavation. • The borrow areas will be levelled. The Contractor will not leave the borrow pits in such a condition that they are unsuitably filled with rain water and cause the problem for the community.

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FATA Water Resources Development Project Magoo Dand Dam Sub Project • If the borrow area is near to the settlements, then it should be fenced completely. • If agriculture land needs to be used as borrowing area, then the Contractor will adopt the following methods during the digging process. o Fix the location of excavation. o Remove thirty centimetres of the top soil and keep it on reserved site for re-spreading in the field. o Excavate up to one-meter depth. o Maintain the slope as far as possible. o Place the top soil back during the restoration process. o Pay compensation for any damages/ crop losses. o Following the above criteria, after identification and approval by the Engineers, the Contractor will mark borrow areas location in his Site- Specific Environmental Management Plan (SSEMP).

Construction material leftovers and site restoration 307. Construction material leftover may likely happen after the closure of temporary construction sites. This might have short term and minor impact on the project area. Mitigation • All material that remains after the closure of temporary construction sites is to be removed from the location and re-used/re-cycled where possible. • All remains are to be disposed of in a manner that will not be harmful to environment. Impacts on Hydrology and Water Resources

Drinking Water Supply for Contractor’s Crews 308. Since the subproject site is away from adjacent settlement and also from springs, therefore potable water is to be supplied from nearby well. Well water will be tested to ensure it is fit for drinking purposes. Mitigation

309. Contractor, under the guidance of Environment Specialist, will get well water tested in accordance to the parameters of NEQS determined for drinking water quality and assist in providing filtration to make water drinkable. There are numerous cost-effective water treatment models available in order to mitigate chemical and/or biological contamination.

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FATA Water Resources Development Project Magoo Dand Dam Sub Project Sand filtration, chlorination, UV treatment and oxidation are a few such methods. Municipal waste disposed into the Khwar 310. Municipal waste generated due to human activity is a concern if it is disposed and drained into the non-perennial khwar. Mitigation

311. Solid waste bins will be placed at labor eating and resting areas. 312. Latrines and washing areas with septic tanks will be erected by the contractor at the construction site. Impact on Air Quality and Noise Pollution Dust from construction and smoke from plants and equipment 313. Due to nature of the construction, involving excavation, land leveling and clearing, a lot of dust will be produced. Heavy machinery will be used to carry out these activities, which will result in vehicular emissions as well as other exhaust fumes. 314. Dust or other pollution from stored material is also inevitable, moderately significant and can be mitigated. Mitigation

315. Contractor’s contractual obligation will include keeping dust and smoke within permissible levels by using machinery, which is well maintained and with low noise; sprinkling all Katcha roads and paths with water after regular intervals. 316. The contractor must avoid/ control the dust and smoke by carefully storing and distributing the construction material so as to cause minimum dust which again should be within the acceptable limits. Noise from use of old/and or outdated machinery 317. Old and poorly maintained machinery generates higher decibels of noise and causes noise pollution for workers in the close vicinity of heavy machinery. Mitigation

318. Contractor’s contractual obligation is to use new, well-maintained and low noise machinery preferably during day-time. The drivers, operators and workers working on or near the heavy machinery must be provided ear- plugs. 319. The contractor will ensure use of newer, well-maintained machinery that creates minimum noise and emissions, as per NEQS. Environment

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FATA Water Resources Development Project Magoo Dand Dam Sub Project Specialist will ensure that this clause is added into the bidding and contract documents. Night-time construction activities will be strictly discouraged, and may only be carried out in exceptional cases, with prior permission of Resident Engineer. Noise monitoring will be carried out near sensitive receptors on a monthly basis. The NEQS for noise in residential areas is 55 dB (A) in the day-time and 45 dB (A) at night. It is recommended that noise levels close to sensitive receptors do not exceed 55 dB (A) during the day-time as required by the NEQS. Dust Emission from Stone quarrying and Transportation 320. This will not cause any impact on the immediate project area except that the vehicles carrying the stone shall exert additional traffic load on the roads leading to the project. Crushed stone will fall on roads. Mitigation

321. Contractor shall use the road network carefully and repair any damages immediately. During transportation, water sprinkling on construction material and covering of vehicle with sheet will be done. Unloading of vehicles will be done on designated sites. Impact on Biological Resources Flora, Fauna (Biota) 322. As discussed in the baseline section, the key avifauna species in the project area are Crested Lapwing (Vanellus vanellus), which is near threatened, Red Crowned Eurasian (Grus japonensis) declared as endangered species and Black Partridge (Melanoperdix niger) classified as vulnerable species in accordance to the Red List of IUCN. These species are reported beyond the corridor of the subproject; no habitat of these species was observed or reported in the corridor of the subproject. 323. Therefore, no major change is expected in the habitat of the natural flora or fauna at the construction stage. Small readjustment of place may be made by some birds and rodents. Similarly, negligible impact on aquatic life is anticipated. Mitigation

324. Environment Specialist together with line departments will ascertain the status of the site area in terms of occurrence of wildlife species and flora and accordingly recommend a watch and ward system that will be based on partnership between communities, wildlife & forest and district administration. Each partner’s roles will be specified at the onset, and responsibilities will be assigned. Till the completion of the survey, contractor will ensure no extraction takes place from the surrounding vegetation for fuel wood or hunting of any birds by the labor employed. If

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FATA Water Resources Development Project Magoo Dand Dam Sub Project such a case is witnessed, it will be brought to the notice of the project management as well as the concerned district administration.

325. It is the Contractor’s obligation to strictly respect the limits of construction site. Cutting of trees will be strictly prohibited and if no alternate is available plantation of trees will be done in case any tree is cut/damaged for project activities. Tree cutting will be mitigated by planting four trees against each tree cut. 326. As per Environmental Safeguard Policy of the project sufficient amount has been allocated for tree plantation for better environment. For this purpose, a tree plantation plan will be prepared including the type of species, location for plantation and other necessary information. Other considerations are: • This plan will also compensate any unlikely tree cutting involved during project implementation. • Selection of borrow area with least vegetation cover. • Soft start for allowing time to reptiles to move away from the project site • Restriction and prohibition on hunting, shooting, trapping, and poaching of wild species. • No night-time activity will be carried out. Photographs of the project area will be taken at pre and post project stage. • Continuous inspection of the area will be carried out jointly with other agencies involved in maintenance of protected areas. Impacts on Socioeconomic, Cultural and Archaeological Issues Tribal Tension and Rivalries 327. Since the project will benefit a certain number of beneficiaries and their agricultural land, a tendency of rivalry exists which can cause tensions amongst neighboring tribal households. Although terms of partnership have been signed with the intended beneficiaries, the risk will still remain. 328. Other socio economic cultural and archaeological impacts can be: • Disturbance to existing services: education, health, electricity, water supply or signboards. • Aggravation of any disputes on land ownership. • Any need for land acquisition. • Access to other construction materials. • Adverse effects on known archaeological sites. • Dealing with chance finds.

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FATA Water Resources Development Project Magoo Dand Dam Sub Project • Problems to Health and Safety of labour and employees on construction work and provision of safety equipment to workers on site. • Employment of locals on the project. • Possibility of spread of HIV/AIDS amongst the project labour and adjoining population. • Rise in prices of essential commodities. • Gender Issues. • Recreational facilities for public. • Any spots of religious significance e.g. Mosques, Tombs and Shrines etc. • Discovery of Antiquities

Mitigation

329. For matters pertaining to social obligation and benefits of the communities, if needed, a Social Framework Agreement shall be signed by the RE with communities to ensure their participation and full satisfaction in matters pertaining to them. All matters where contractor is involved should be made his contractual obligations. 330. Project team along with the Social Development Specialist will ensure continuous liaison with the communities throughout the construction phase of the project, so as to identify any incident or cause of dispute/grievance in time. Relevant political authorities will be kept abreast of the progress, as well as any such issue if in making. 331. If, during the execution of the activities or excavation, any material is discovered onsite, which may be considered of historical or cultural interest, such as evidence of prior settlements, native or historical activities, evidence of any existence on a site, which may be of cultural significance, all work shall stop and the supervising contracting officer shall be notified immediately. The area in which the material was discovered shall be marked and the evidence preserved for examination. The contractor is required to develop Chance Find Procedure as part of the SSEMP. Impact on Civic Infrastructure 332. Construction activities will cause additional wear and tear of roads and cross drainage. Such situation can arise through carelessness of the heavy machinery drivers / operators. A considerable damage to paths, roads, water supply and drainage structures may occur if the drivers/operators are not made aware, trained and bound to be careful. It

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FATA Water Resources Development Project Magoo Dand Dam Sub Project is a concern of minor significance but can be mitigated through care and regulation. Mitigation

333. Contractor’s contractual obligations to impose strict control over operators and drivers of all types of vehicles/machinery. Awareness may be given to them. The position of infrastructure and underground installation should be precisely located to avoid any damage. Should the damage take place, the contractor must contractually be bound to carry out repair immediately. Community safety risks due to accidental or natural hazards 334. Although there are no settlements near the construction site, there is always some risk involved with construction activities. Also, since the area is prone to natural hazards including floods, earthquakes and drought, the construction team will pay heed to this risk as well. Mitigation

335. The contractor will ensure proper signage and fencing in order to limit public access to the construction site. Access will be strictly restricted especially during activities such as blasting and excavation. Construction site will have a first aid facility with certain staff trained to handle emergencies. The design of the dam has been tested for a 38 years flood return period, but at the same time, an emergency response plan (Annex- VI) will be prepared by project in order to respond to any hazard caused naturally or otherwise. Health and safety of labourers at construction site 336. Since the project is being constructed at a remote site in the tribal areas, safety of labor will be of prime concern. In addition, adequate measures related to Health, Safety and Environment (HSE) will have to be provided for the labor employed. Mitigation

337. The contractor will ensure that proper HSE protocols are in place, including protective gear, drinking water, sanitation, energy supply and overall safety for the labor. Evacuation plans in case of fire or any other accidents will also be prepared, and drills carried out to ensure the labor is aware of responding to such a situation.

Operation Phase Impacts

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FATA Water Resources Development Project Magoo Dand Dam Sub Project 338. Various operational activities will invariably create environmental disturbances, which may have impacts on the people working in the area nearby communities and flora and fauna. Such impacts include the following: Change in visual character and soil erosion 339. There will be a long-term visual impact due to the construction of the dam and the creation of the reservoir, so it is necessary to retain as much natural vegetation as possible supplemented with arrangement of additional vegetation where possible. 340. The construction phase visual impact will be local and temporary. The construction will take place at the dam site. The activities during construction that will affect the aesthetics of the area include excavation, stacking of material into stockpiles and dumping at the waste disposal areas. Borrow pits and quarry areas are to be excavated, useful material will be stacked to stockpiles whereas waste and spoils will be dumped to waste disposal areas. These activities will result in the creation of artificial and unnatural features in the landscape. Mitigation

• Restoration and environmental enhancement plan to be prepared.

• Use of borrow areas with Engineer’s approval at specified depth. • Limited movement of machinery. • Documentation of area including photographs. • Ensuring areas under crops are not used as borrow areas. • Leveling and dressing of borrow areas; water sprinkling. Soil pollution due to excessive application of pesticides and fertilizers 341. Pesticides and herbicides are applied to agricultural land during operational phase, to control pests that disrupt crop production. Soil contamination can occur when pesticides persist and accumulate in soils, which can alter microbial processes, increase plant uptake of the chemical, and also cause toxicity to soil organisms. Pesticide leaching occurs when pesticides mix with water and move through the soil, ultimately contaminating groundwater. The amount of leaching is correlated with particular soil type and pesticide characteristics and the degree of rainfall and irrigation. 342. Only a fraction of the nitrogen-based fertilizers is converted to produce and other plant matter. The remainder accumulates in the soil or lost as runoff. High application rates of nitrogen-containing fertilizers combined

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FATA Water Resources Development Project Magoo Dand Dam Sub Project with the high water-solubility of nitrate leads to increased runoff into surface water as well as leaching into groundwater, thereby causing groundwater pollution. The excessive use of nitrogen-containing fertilizers (be they synthetic or natural) is particularly damaging, as much of the nitrogen that is not taken up by plants is transformed into nitrate, which is easily leached.

Mitigation

343. Agriculture Directorate shall introduce agriculture extension programs targeting use of Integrated Pest Management (IPM), green manure, and limiting use of pesticides/ fertilizers to required levels only, and will target farmer communities to inform and train them. In general, in subproject area the farmers mostly use farmyard manure or green manure. Pesticide use is also rare because of less vegetables and fruit production. Use of additional irrigation water for cultivating high delta crops 344. With additional guaranteed supply of irrigation water, there is strong likelihood that the farmers will cultivate high delta crops. Such practices will not be sustainable in longer term since the capacity of the reservoir is dependent limit the irrigation efficiency of the project. In such a situation, high water demand crops will consume maximum share of irrigation water supply, and leave the farmers unattended for future cropping seasons. Water balance models for the area will need to take heed of this factor, and cropping pattern will have to be developed. Mitigation

345. Cultivation of high delta crops will be strictly discouraged keeping in mind the appropriate use of the water for maximum under cropping, and the water balance model30. Cropping pattern in accordance with the water balance model will be suggested and promoted with the help of the Agriculture Department. Monitoring Programmes 346. The following monitoring programmes will be developed prior to the commencement of project operations; • Landslide monitoring • Water quality monitoring • Watershed and flood telemetry monitoring

30 Water balance models were prepared as part of the Water Assessment Study and Management Plan, 2010

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FATA Water Resources Development Project Magoo Dand Dam Sub Project Training/ Educational programmes 347. The following educational programmes will be developed prior to the commencement of project operations; • Employee induction programme on environmental awareness • Employee code of conduct • Health and Safety training programme

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ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT PLAN (EMP)

General 348. This EMP document is produced as a complementary part of Detailed Design, as a free-standing document. It ensures incorporation of the relevant environmental factors into the overall project design and will identify linkages to other safeguard policies relating to the project. Mitigation Measures 349. Based on the preliminary assessment, key mitigation measures recommended under this Environmental Management Plan (EMP) are listed as follows: a. Identify and locate on project plans any sensitive natural resources in the project area including but not limited to patches of natural habitat, bird colonies, and wetlands, unique plant communities etc. (consult with local nature protection authorities). b. Identify local access routes through and around cultivated land and pasture. c. Minimize requirements for temporary or permanent alteration of lands. d. Provide zones for preliminary accumulation of wastes that will cause no damage to the vegetation cover and other components of the environment. e. Transport and disposal of construction concrete rubble, debris and spoils in approved paths and landfills/ dumpsites. f. Delineate access roads/ work areas carefully and prevent their expansion. g. Rehabilitate access roads and work areas after work completion (scratch soil with special engine, put fertile topsoil in place, etc.). h. Use closed/covered trucks for transportation of construction materials. i. Clean the surrounding area from dust by water sprinkling, removal of excess materials and cleaning of sites upon completion of activities. j. Restoration to original conditions of landscape after completion of construction and rehabilitation works. k. Arrange necessary preservation measures (establish protection zones, by-pass these areas during transportation and other). l. Cease the works at once if historical and cultural monuments are encountered during earthworks and provide relevant information to

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the State Agency for Historical and Cultural Monuments Protection. m. Conduct mid-term and end-of-project inspections to the sites during construction works. 350. The parameters, mitigation, monitoring and responsibility will be discussed in detail in the EMP. Residual Impact 351. Residual impacts are defined as those impacts that remain following the implementation of the mitigation measures proposed. Residual impacts refer to those environmental effects predicted to remain after the application of mitigation outlined in this IEE. The predicted residual effects are considered for each project phase (construction, post construction, pre-operations and operation, as per the impact screening presented in Table 5.1, the significance has been determined for each residual adverse effect. Institutional Arrangements

352. The Merged Areas Secretariat is the project’s executing agency (EA). It established a Project Management Unit (PMU) in the Planning and Development Department of the Merged Areas Secretariat. The PMU will be responsible for: (i) sub-project preparation including feasibility studies; (ii) monitoring implementation of all project activities; (iii) undertaking all procurement activities; (iv) coordinating and monitor the required civil works and project facilities; (v) undertaking financial accounting and reporting; and (vi) ensuring the project is implemented in compliance with ADB’s safeguard policies and procedures. 353. Project Implementation Units (PIU) are established in each of the three districts for execution of the project at agency level. The three PIUs will have core staff comprised of a project manager assisted by account and administration officer, monitoring and evaluation coordinator, and social organizers. Project implementing agencies include the Directorate of Irrigation, which will be responsible for the improved irrigation infrastructure and on-farm water management components with the latter effort supported by the Department of Agriculture, and the Department of Forests, which will be responsible for the watershed management component. The IAs will coordinate with the PMU and PIUs to ensure project activities are reflected in their annual work plans, along with requisite financial and human resources.

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Management Responsibilities

Environment and Social Management Unit

354. For an effective compliance of an EMP, roles and responsibilities need to be defined at the onset, with relevant professionals hired as project team members at the executing or implementing agency (EA/IA) levels. Moreover, these professionals are to be placed in the project hierarchy in such a way whereby they cannot be influenced by the operational teams (engineers, procurement, contractors, etc.) in order to lessen their compliance monitoring responsibilities. 355. For the Project, an Environmental and Social Management Unit (ESMU) is proposed to be set up within the Project Director’s (PD) Office at the E/IA level, with direct reporting line to the PD. An Environment Specialist and a Social Development Specialist will be engaged as part of the ESMU so as to ensure compliance to both parts of the EMP. 356. The responsibilities of ESMU will be the following, but not limited to: o Ensure effective compliance of EMP as per ADB Safeguards Policy requirements o Provide technical assistance to the project team, in matters related to EMP in particular, and to environmental and social safeguards as a whole o Put in place reporting mechanism and monitoring regimes of project staff as well as contractors o Ensure that EMP related clauses specifically, and environment related clauses in general, are part of all the tender/bid/RFP documents. o Provide technical input to the various training programs proposed as a part of the EMP o Ensuring that all regulatory clearances (for example, Pak EPA) have been obtained before starting civil works for the sub project. o Conduct on site spot checks to check the compliance level, as well as for any outstanding issue not being covered by the EMP o Regularly report to PD as well as ADB and EPA on progress related to EMP Compliance; and

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o Immediately report any unanticipated environmental impact to ADB.

The Consultant

357. The Construction Supervision Consultant (CSC) will ensure the implementation and regular monitoring of the EMP in true letter and spirit during execution of the civil works and shall submit periodic reports to ESMU of IA regarding the EMP implementation status. The Consultant will engage qualified Environmental Specialist and Social Specialist who will be responsible for EMP implementation and reporting any non- compliance to the Engineer of the project and the ESMU. a. The Contractor

358. The contractor will be responsible for on-site implementation of the EMP of the sub-project environmental protection liabilities. They will be responsible for compliance of EMP provisions under contractual obligations. The contractor will train their crew/ staff in implementation of the EMP though capacity building interventions. 359. The EMP will be an integral part of the contract document. The bid should include a detailed environmental mitigation budget as part of the engineering costs of the respective works. Contractor will engage social and environmental Specialists to ensure implementation of the above requirements. 360. A Site-Specific Environmental Management Plan (SSEMP) will be prepared and submitted to CSC by the contractor at least 10 days before the commencement of civil work. Civil work will not be commenced on site before the approval of the SSEMP by the CSC and its endorsement by ADB. b. Environmental Management Plan

361. The mitigation plan, being a key component of EMP includes measures to mitigate potential negative impacts and enhance its positive impacts during construction phase of the subproject. The contractor is responsible for implementation of EMP with the cooperation of executing and implementing agencies, client staff, social and environmental consultants and local community of the project. 362. The Environmental Management Plan shown in Table 6.1, which also covers monitoring, will therefore form the basis of the environmental and social protection measures implemented by ESMU/PMU and Engineering, Procurement and Construction (EPC) contractor that will be employed. The implementation of the EMP ensures that environmental,

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health and safety (EHS) and social performance is in accordance with national/provincial (PAK/KPEPA),international (ADB Safeguard Policies) standards and best practice. 363. The Table 6.1 depicts the environmental management plan for the impacts along with mitigation plan, as well as the institutional responsibility.

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Table 6.1: Environmental Management (Mitigation) Plan (Pre-construction, Construction & Operation)

Activity Problem / Impact Mitigation Measures Timing to Performance Residual Impact ImplementationSupervision Implement Indicator Negligent: No or ResponsibilityResponsibility MM minimum adverse impact Moderate: Site specific Potential impact but can be mitigated High: significant adverse environmental impacts that are irreversible, diverse, or unprecedented Pre-Construction Stage Assure Legal • Acquire construction permit/ Before the Minimization and EPC ESMU/ compliance complications and Environmental NOC from local construction Number of reported continued improvement in Contractor Consultant with relevant delay in project authorities. of the project non-compliances number of reported non- construction • Preparation of SSEMPs for activities. compliances field each site and get them legislation. approved by the Consultant. • Provide Water management guidelines if subprojects are executed near surface watercourse. Development Problems arising • An ‘Operation Environmental Pre- Implementation Beneficial in long terms ESMU PMU & ADB of Strategies. due to non- Action Plan’ (OEAP) needs to Operations. Operation with the implementation of compliance be prepared demonstrating the Environmental Action Operation Environmental manner in which the Plan’ (OEAP) Action Plan’ (OEAP) Contractor/Operator will comply with the requirements of management plans proposed in EMP/SSEMP. Land Legal • The permanent land for Before the Due Diligence Not Significant (Minimal) ESMU PMU & ADB Acquisition complications and subproject components such as construction Report Target = zero for Reservoir social issues and dam, water channels, offices, of the project delay in project etc. will be acquired according activities. to prevailing laws. The amount of land acquisition is part of subproject civil cost and is not added in Environmental Management Cost (details in

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Activity Problem / Impact Mitigation Measures Timing to Performance Residual Impact ImplementationSupervision Implement Indicator Negligent: No or ResponsibilityResponsibility MM minimum adverse impact Moderate: Site specific Potential impact but can be mitigated High: significant adverse environmental impacts that are irreversible, diverse, or unprecedented Chapter G) to avoid duplication of cost. Construction Stage Impacts Impacts on Land Resources Excavation • Noise & • Vegetation loss will be avoided During • Implementation Not Significant (Minimal) EPC ESMU/ and Blasting Vibration as much as possible and limited Construction of SSEMP Target = zero Threshold Contractor Consultant • Air emissions to demarcated construction before start of 1, with agreed mitigation • HSE issues area. works • Fatalities/acci • Slope stabilization measures • Annual reports dents will be adopted such as and • Legal issues adequate vertical and horizontal documentation of due to permits drains, cross drainage etc. safety inspection • Slope movements will be • Workforce monitored around excavation /Community work areas. complaints • Top six inches soil should be protected before excavation and should be placed back after completion of construction work. • Excavated material shall preferably be reused after approval of quality control engineer of CSC. • Non-reusable excavated material shall be safely dumped and leveled in barren land with approval from Environment specialist of CSC and dumping location should be provided in SSEMP.

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Activity Problem / Impact Mitigation Measures Timing to Performance Residual Impact ImplementationSupervision Implement Indicator Negligent: No or ResponsibilityResponsibility MM minimum adverse impact Moderate: Site specific Potential impact but can be mitigated High: significant adverse environmental impacts that are irreversible, diverse, or unprecedented • Blasting may be done where it is absolutely necessary. Prior starting any blasting, the contractor will prepare and submit a Blasting Action plan to CSC for approval. • Use safety measures in handling explosives • Prepare blasting schedules along with warning sirens, and ensure minimum damage to the landscape. • Alternatives to blasting, such as hydraulic hammers or other mechanical methods are preferred wherever applicable; • The correct burning of the explosive, • A consistent blasting schedule by Contractor, minimizing blast- time changes; specific warning to alert all workers and third parties in the surrounding areas (e.g local communities). • Trained personnel are handling explosives and safety management has been considered; • Blasting-permit procedures has been followed; and,

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Activity Problem / Impact Mitigation Measures Timing to Performance Residual Impact ImplementationSupervision Implement Indicator Negligent: No or ResponsibilityResponsibility MM minimum adverse impact Moderate: Site specific Potential impact but can be mitigated High: significant adverse environmental impacts that are irreversible, diverse, or unprecedented • Blasting sites are checked post- blast by qualified personnel of Contractor for malfunctions and unexploded blasting agents, prior to resumption of work. • Disposal sites will be identified by the contractor and be approved by the Consultant before being used. • No sites will be used without prior approval of the Consultant to ensure compliance with environmental considerations. Waste • Waste • To minimize environmental During • EPC’s Site Not Significant EPC ESMU/ CSC Management Pollution impacts and avoid any need for construction officer and EHS (Minimal) Contractor disposal of earthwork materials stage officer in place or the importation and • SSEMP unnecessary storage of earth, including Waste the project will maximize the Management reuse of excavated materials. Plan All of the construction activity • Zero Complaints will be contained inside the from Community construction area. & Workers • Solid waste generation should • Internal auditing be reduced and solid waste and reporting by should be reused and recycled. EPC Any residual spoil will have to be disposed in environment friendly manner, where it will be leveled and landscaped. The dumping sites must be

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Activity Problem / Impact Mitigation Measures Timing to Performance Residual Impact ImplementationSupervision Implement Indicator Negligent: No or ResponsibilityResponsibility MM minimum adverse impact Moderate: Site specific Potential impact but can be mitigated High: significant adverse environmental impacts that are irreversible, diverse, or unprecedented approved by CSC environment specialist. • Waste from the project construction area and office area shall be segregated and collected by the Tehsil Municipal Corporation for dumping at approved land fill site or if small amount then a natural gully or uncultivable land for dumping. All these provisions will be incorporated in Site Specific EMP for construction. Prior utilization, all the landfill sites or disposal sites will be approved by CSC Environment Specialist. • The preparation of a Site- Specific Environmental Management Plan (SSEMP) will be made contractor’s obligation through contract document. The SSEMP will be prepared by the contractor and various topic specific plans such as waste management plan, health and safety plan, emergency response plan etc. will be a part of it. Labor camps • Cultural & • The contractor will, in During • Monthly Reports Not Significant Contractor ESMU/ and material Social issues consultation with RE, resolve construction (EPC) (Minimal) Consultant storage the exact location of all these

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Activity Problem / Impact Mitigation Measures Timing to Performance Residual Impact ImplementationSupervision Implement Indicator Negligent: No or ResponsibilityResponsibility MM minimum adverse impact Moderate: Site specific Potential impact but can be mitigated High: significant adverse environmental impacts that are irreversible, diverse, or unprecedented • Water & facilities within the barren land • Supervision by Sanitation owned by the local community Consultant issues that will be provided by the • EHS officer community temporarily and free implementing of cost. The location of these SSEMP facilities will be at least 500 m Information away, from the community. The Events for work contractor will not locate and force construct any facilities without the written approval of the CSC. Soil pollution • Soil pollution • Avoid servicing and re-fueling at Because the Spill contingency Not Significant Contractor ESMU/ due to oils • Water the site. area can be plan is available at (Minimal) Consultant and lubricants pollution • A vehicle maintenance area subject to un site / equipment with impermeable floor will be seasonal Properly poor designated heavy rain paved/cemented maintenance • Use protective foils and spill plan before mechanical and repairs / prevention trays during possible and during workshop refueling at vehicle re-fueling and construction No water bodies the maintenance at the construction (cut and fill, near the working construction site. land area site. • Regular inspection will be reclamation Staff Training over oil carried out to detect leakages in etc.) while spillage construction vehicles and considering All the vehicles and equipment. the climatic machinery seals are • Fuels and lubricants will be conditions. intact stored in covered and dike Containers are areas, underlain with impervious available for used oil lining. • Spill control kit (shovels, plastic bags and absorbent materials)

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Activity Problem / Impact Mitigation Measures Timing to Performance Residual Impact ImplementationSupervision Implement Indicator Negligent: No or ResponsibilityResponsibility MM minimum adverse impact Moderate: Site specific Potential impact but can be mitigated High: significant adverse environmental impacts that are irreversible, diverse, or unprecedented will be available near fuel and oil storage areas. • Contaminated soil will be removed from the site and disposed in a manner to ensure protection of water resources. • Provide absorbing material in case of fuel spills. • Used oil/ oily materials and agents should be managed in line with the Waste management plan. • Procedure in place for actions in case of incidental oil and lubrication spills. • Prepare and implement the Construction Site Organization Plan that incorporates good construction practice measures, measures from water management documents and measures from the Water management plan. Heavy • Agriculture • It is contractor’s obligation not to Construction • Monthly Reports Not Significant Contractor ESMU/ CSC Machinery Land Damage cause such damage and strictly and post (EPC) (Minimal) near follow the design and avoid use construction • Supervision by agricultural of heavy machinery within Consultant land agricultural land. If such • EHS officer damage occurs to crops and implementing agricultural land compensation SSEMP

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Activity Problem / Impact Mitigation Measures Timing to Performance Residual Impact ImplementationSupervision Implement Indicator Negligent: No or ResponsibilityResponsibility MM minimum adverse impact Moderate: Site specific Potential impact but can be mitigated High: significant adverse environmental impacts that are irreversible, diverse, or unprecedented will be paid to the affected Information Events person. for work force • Top six inches soil will be protected and land will be restored to its previous condition after completion of construction works. Earth borrow • Land owner • No private land will be acquired Construction Top soil Minor Contractor ESMU/ CSC problems for the borrow areas. and post management \Reduced • Levelling of • The Contractor will ensure that construction Government land after selected borrow areas on approved site borrowing irrigation land are clearly Approval for any • Issues to the demarcated and approved by other site by RE and local the engineer including the Government community allowed depth of the excavation Borrow area • Compensation before starting excavation. management difficulties • The borrow areas will be generated and leveled. The Contractor will not implemented leave the borrow pits in such a Agreement in case of condition that they are private land owner unsuitably filled with rain water Grievance redress and cause the problem for the Mechanism community. Leveling of Borrow • If the borrow area is near to the Area settlements, then it should be fenced completely. • If agriculture land needs to be used as borrowing area, then the Contractor will adopt the following methods during the digging process.

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Activity Problem / Impact Mitigation Measures Timing to Performance Residual Impact ImplementationSupervision Implement Indicator Negligent: No or ResponsibilityResponsibility MM minimum adverse impact Moderate: Site specific Potential impact but can be mitigated High: significant adverse environmental impacts that are irreversible, diverse, or unprecedented • Fix the location of excavation. • Remove thirty centimeters of the top soil and keep it on reserved site for re-spreading in the field. • Excavate up to one-meter depth. • Maintain the slope as far as possible. • Place the top soil back during the restoration • Pay compensation for any damages/ crop losses. Construction Waste generation • All material that remain after the Completion of • Site Inspection Not Significant Contractor ESMU/ CSC material due to closure of closure of temporary Construction • Implementation (Minimal) leftovers and site construction sites are to be of Environmental Short term during site removed from the location and Enhancement construction phase Occupation of restoration re-used/re-cycled where Program usable land. possible. Beneficial in long terms

• All remains are to be disposed with the implementation of of in a manner that will not be Environmental harmful to environment. Enhancement Program

Impacts on Hydrology and Water Resources Drinking • Water borne • Contractor, under the guidance Before • Documentation Not Significant Contractor ESMU/ CSC Water supply diseases & of Environment Specialist, will construction of audit and (Minimal) get well water tested in and during the

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Activity Problem / Impact Mitigation Measures Timing to Performance Residual Impact ImplementationSupervision Implement Indicator Negligent: No or ResponsibilityResponsibility MM minimum adverse impact Moderate: Site specific Potential impact but can be mitigated High: significant adverse environmental impacts that are irreversible, diverse, or unprecedented other water accordance to the parameters project remedial actions related issues of NEQS determined for activities. where necessary drinking water quality and assist • Grievance’s in providing filtration to make record water drinkable. There are (Target=0, numerous cost-effective water Threshold 1 with treatment models available in agreed order to mitigate chemical mitigation) and/or biological contamination. Sand filtration, chlorination, UV treatment and oxidation are a few such methods. Municipal • Nuisance and • Solid waste bins will be placed During • Implementation Not Significant Contractor EMU/ CSC solid and Soil Pollution, at labor eating and resting construction of SSEMP (Minimal) liquid Waste diseases due areas. • Site auditing Generation to dumping • Latrines and washing areas with • Grievance’s septic tanks will be erected by record the contractor at the (Target=0, construction site. Threshold 1 with agreed mitigation) Impacts on Air Quality and Noise Pollution Dust/smoke • Air pollution • Compact deposited earth During • Water sprinkling Not Significant Contractor ESMU/ CSC Emission • Lung material. Construction. Records (Minimal) from plants Diseases • Sprinkling all Kutcha roads and Water • Monthly reports and dust sources with water in order sprinkling to EPC equipment to reduce impacts on the be done on • Site Inspection surrounding population and regular/daily and Audits vegetation. basis. • Monthly • Control the speed of vehicles in Monitoring order to reduce dust rising. Reports by EPA

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Activity Problem / Impact Mitigation Measures Timing to Performance Residual Impact ImplementationSupervision Implement Indicator Negligent: No or ResponsibilityResponsibility MM minimum adverse impact Moderate: Site specific Potential impact but can be mitigated High: significant adverse environmental impacts that are irreversible, diverse, or unprecedented • Prepare and implement a plan certified for the construction site Laboratory organization that includes good construction management practices. • The stock piles should be covered or kept moist in dry weather and to be located in such a distance, so that the communities are not affected by upwind of the stockpiles. • Use earth material with the approval of the Engineer. • Procure shingle/ stone from quarry site approved by the Engineer. • Regular inspection, tuning, and maintenance of transport vehicles. • Material transport in closed containers or covered with canvas (Tarpal) sheets. • Regular equipment maintenance. • The contractor is obliged to submit evidence of vehicle roadworthiness in line with the regulations on the hazardous gasses’ emission. • Prepare and implement the construction site organization

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Activity Problem / Impact Mitigation Measures Timing to Performance Residual Impact ImplementationSupervision Implement Indicator Negligent: No or ResponsibilityResponsibility MM minimum adverse impact Moderate: Site specific Potential impact but can be mitigated High: significant adverse environmental impacts that are irreversible, diverse, or unprecedented plan that incorporates good construction practice measures. Operation of Noise pollution • The contractor will ensure use During • EPC Site Not Significant Contractor ESMU/ CSC heavy and vibration of newer, well-maintained Construction Manager and (Minimal) mechanizatio machinery that creates stage EHS Officer in n and minimum noise and emissions, Place generators. as per NEQS. • Audit and • Environment Specialist will Inspection record ensure that this clause is added of heavy into the bidding and contract mechanization documents and generators. • Observe law-defined working • Monthly Noise hours at the construction site. level Monitoring • Make the generator casings Reports by EPA sound proof if they are located certified near residential units. Laboratory • Ensure mufflers for heavy • No. of machinery. Grievance’s • Prepare and implement the (Target=0) construction site organization plan that incorporates good construction practice measures. Regular inspection of equipment and machineries Stone • Dust Emission • Using trucks with awning and During • Recording of Not Significant Contractor ESMU/ CSC quarrying and and lungs special vehicles depending on construction. violations and (Minimal) Transportatio diseases. the type of materials. corrective n of material • During the transportation of soil, measures the trucks must be covered with • Performance of Tarpaulin. Regular Driver Training (target

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Activity Problem / Impact Mitigation Measures Timing to Performance Residual Impact ImplementationSupervision Implement Indicator Negligent: No or ResponsibilityResponsibility MM minimum adverse impact Moderate: Site specific Potential impact but can be mitigated High: significant adverse environmental impacts that are irreversible, diverse, or unprecedented • Use earth material with the 100% approval of the Engineer participation of • Procure shingle/ stone from drivers) quarry site approved by the • Instruction and Engineer. Information • Regular inspection, tuning, and Events for maintenance of transport workforce vehicles. • No. of accidents • Material transport in closed (Target=0) containers or covered with canvas (Tarpal) sheets. • Avoid night time activity. • Maintain liaison with communities; Repair of damaged roads/ other infrastructure. • Transportation of material during off peak hours. Impacts on Biological Resources Multiple Damage to Flora • Environment Specialist together Rerouting and • EPC internal Not Significant (Minimal) Contractor ESMU/ CSC project and Fauna with line departments will site monitoring and during construction phase activities ascertain the status of the site identification monthly reports area in terms of occurrence of during design • Site auditing Beneficial in long terms wildlife species and flora and stage and • Photographic with the implementation of accordingly recommend a watch other matters record of pre and Environmental and ward system that will be during post project Enhancement Program based on partnership between construction • Implementation communities, wildlife & forest of relevant of Environmental and district administration. Each activities Enhancement partner’s roles will be specified Program at the onset, and responsibilities

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Activity Problem / Impact Mitigation Measures Timing to Performance Residual Impact ImplementationSupervision Implement Indicator Negligent: No or ResponsibilityResponsibility MM minimum adverse impact Moderate: Site specific Potential impact but can be mitigated High: significant adverse environmental impacts that are irreversible, diverse, or unprecedented will be assigned. Till the completion of the survey, contractor will ensure no extraction takes place from the surrounding vegetation for fuel wood or hunting of any birds by the labor employed. If such a case is witnessed, it will be brought to the notice of the project management as well as the concerned district administration. • It is the Contractor’s obligation to strictly respect the limits of construction site. Cutting of trees will be strictly prohibited and if no alternate is available plantation of trees will be done in case any tree is cut for project activities. Tree cutting will be mitigated by planting four trees against each tree cut. • As per Environmental Safeguard policy of the project sufficient amount has been allocated for tree plantation for better environment. For this purpose, a tree plantation plan will be prepared including the type of species, location for plantation and other necessary

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Activity Problem / Impact Mitigation Measures Timing to Performance Residual Impact ImplementationSupervision Implement Indicator Negligent: No or ResponsibilityResponsibility MM minimum adverse impact Moderate: Site specific Potential impact but can be mitigated High: significant adverse environmental impacts that are irreversible, diverse, or unprecedented information. Other considerations are: • This plan will also compensate any unlikely tree cutting involved during project implementation. • Selection of borrow area with least vegetation cover. • Soft start for allowing time to reptiles to move away from the project site • Restriction and prohibition on hunting, shooting, trapping, and poaching of wild species. • No night-time activity will be carried out. Photographs of the project area will be taken at pre and post project stage. Continuous inspection of the area will be carried out jointly with other agencies involved in maintenance of protected areas. Impacts on Socioeconomic and Cultural Issues Project • Tribal • For matters pertaining to social Before and • Continued Not Significant Contractor ESMU/ CSC Activities tensions and obligation and benefits of the During Community (Minimal) rivalries communities, if needed, a social construction Consultation Framework Agreement shall be Records signed by the RE with • Implementation communities to ensure their of Community participation and full satisfaction Liaison Plan by in matters pertaining to them. EPC

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Activity Problem / Impact Mitigation Measures Timing to Performance Residual Impact ImplementationSupervision Implement Indicator Negligent: No or ResponsibilityResponsibility MM minimum adverse impact Moderate: Site specific Potential impact but can be mitigated High: significant adverse environmental impacts that are irreversible, diverse, or unprecedented All matters where contractor is • No. Of involved, these should be made Grievance’s as his contractual obligations. (Target=0) • Project Team along with the Social Development Specialist will ensure continuous liaison with the communities throughout the construction phase of the project, so as to identify any such incident in time. Relevant district authorities will be kept abreast of the progress, as well as any such issue if in making. • If, during the execution of the activities or excavation, any material is discovered onsite, which may be considered of historical or cultural interest, such as evidence of prior settlements, native or historical activities, evidence of any existence on a site, which may be of cultural significance, all work shall stop and the supervising contracting officer shall be notified immediately. The area in which the material was discovered shall be marked and the evidence preserved for examination.

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Activity Problem / Impact Mitigation Measures Timing to Performance Residual Impact ImplementationSupervision Implement Indicator Negligent: No or ResponsibilityResponsibility MM minimum adverse impact Moderate: Site specific Potential impact but can be mitigated High: significant adverse environmental impacts that are irreversible, diverse, or unprecedented • The contractor is required to develop Chance Find Procedure as part of the SSEMP. Excavation Impact on the • Precisely situate the position of Before the • Continued Not Significant Contractor CSC activities existing civil infrastructure and underground construction Community (Minimal) Consultant / infrastructure and installations at the local works in of the dam Consultation ESMU in facilities, cooperation with the relevant and all other Records cooperation especially institutions at all levels of structures, the • No. Of with underground authority. APs should be Grievance’s concerned installations • Close liaison with local relevant given (Target=0) Department. (water supply and authorities sufficient time • Monthly Reports I-e, Public sewerage pipeline • Should the damage take place, and on Information Health etc. etc.) which cause the contractor must compensation activities and obstacles in the contractually be bound to carry to satisfy response from provision of out repair immediately. them. community services to • Liaison Records consumers with local relevant authorities Multiple • Risk of • Demand from all workers to Prior to • Site Inspection Not Significant Contractor ESMU/ CSC project injuries at abide by the Protection at work commenceme • Monthly EPC (Minimal) activities work measures. nt and during Reports related to • Provide protective equipment; construction • PPEs issuance HSE install warning signs at the records construction site. • Health and • Prepare and implement the safety Plans in Construction site Organization Place and Plan and Protection at work Implemented measures plan. • Implementation of Construction

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Activity Problem / Impact Mitigation Measures Timing to Performance Residual Impact ImplementationSupervision Implement Indicator Negligent: No or ResponsibilityResponsibility MM minimum adverse impact Moderate: Site specific Potential impact but can be mitigated High: significant adverse environmental impacts that are irreversible, diverse, or unprecedented Site Organization Plan

• Accident risks • Preparation and implementation Prior to • Monthly EPC Not Significant Contractor ESMU/ CSC of HSE Plan. commenceme Reports (Minimal) • Provision of PPEs. nt and during • PPEs issuance • Provision of first aid kits and construction records emergency vehicle. • Health and • Emergency response teams. safety Plans in • Preparation of emergency Place and response plans Implemented • Implementation of Construction Site Organization Plan • Accident/Incident Record • Health risks • Preparation and implementation During • Workplace Risk Contractor ESMU/ CSC due to unsafe of HSE Plan. Safety measures construction Assessment and taken by the contractor such as before start of unhygienic installation of firefighting works living equipment, safe storage of • Health and environment. hazardous material, fencing, safety Plans in provision of first aid facilities Place and etc.; Contingency measures in Implemented case of accidents; Obligatory insurance of contractor’s staff and laborers against accidents; Provision of adequate sanitation, washing, lighting, cooking and dormitory facilities.

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Activity Problem / Impact Mitigation Measures Timing to Performance Residual Impact ImplementationSupervision Implement Indicator Negligent: No or ResponsibilityResponsibility MM minimum adverse impact Moderate: Site specific Potential impact but can be mitigated High: significant adverse environmental impacts that are irreversible, diverse, or unprecedented HSE trainings to construction and camp staff. • EHS Training • Arrange training, guidelines and During • EHS Trainings Not Significant Contractor ESMU/ CSC brushers in Urdu to staff and construction and Events (Minimal) laborers about the Environment, Record Health and Safety. Operation Stage Impacts and Maintenance (O&M) Earth and • Change in • Restoration and Environmental Pre • Implementation Not Significant Contractor ESMU/ CSC Borrowing visual enhancement plan to be Operations of Environmental (Minimal) Consultant activities, character and prepared. enhancement Short term during EPA fertilization for soil erosion • Use of borrow areas with plan construction phase ADB crops Engineer’s approval at specified • EPC depth. Construction Beneficial in long terms • Limited movement of Completion with the implementation of machinery. Report Environmental • Documentation of area. • Site Inspection Enhancement Program • Ensuring areas under crops are not used as borrow areas. • Leveling and dressing of borrow areas; Water sprinkling. • Rescue of any encountered species. • Soil pollution • Agriculture extension programs Post • Agriculture Minor Agriculture PMU due to targeting use of Integrated Pest Construction extension Directorate excessive Management (IPM), green program application of manure, and limiting use of developed fertilizers and pesticides to required levels before pesticides only will target farmer completion of communities to inform and train construction them

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Activity Problem / Impact Mitigation Measures Timing to Performance Residual Impact ImplementationSupervision Implement Indicator Negligent: No or ResponsibilityResponsibility MM minimum adverse impact Moderate: Site specific Potential impact but can be mitigated High: significant adverse environmental impacts that are irreversible, diverse, or unprecedented • Use of • Cultivation of high delta crops Post Agriculture extension Not Significant Agriculture PMU irrigation will be strictly discouraged. construction program developed (Minimal) Directorate water for Cropping pattern in accordance with before completion of cultivating the water balance model will be construction high delta suggested and promoted. crops

Monitoring Mitigation plan The following monitoring Operational Site Inspection Beneficial in long terms Irrigation PMU programmes implementation programmes will be developed prior stage Monitoring Reports with the implementation of Department cannot be gauged to the commencement of Project Operation Environmental operations: Action Plan’ (OEAP) Landslide monitoring; Water quality monitoring Watershed and flood telemetry monitoring

Effect on The following educational Operational Implementation of Highly Beneficial Irrigation PMU Training/ employees` programmes will be developed prior stage Training Events and Department educational efficiency during to the commencement of Project Programs programmes. project operations: • Employee induction programme on environmental awareness; • Employee code of conduct; • Health and Safety training programme

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Monitoring Activities 364. For each of the environmental components, the monitoring plan specifies the parameters to be monitored, location of the monitoring sites and duration of monitoring. The monitoring plan also specifies the applicable standards, implementation and supervising responsibilities. 365. In addition to the critical locations selected during design stage, the environmental monitoring will also be done at the construction camp-site and any other plant site as determined relevant during rehabilitation works stage. Performance Indicators 366. A key aspect of monitoring is defining relevant indicators. A Performance Indicator is a measurable value that demonstrates how effectively the EMP is achieving its key objectives, evaluated against the criteria defined in Environmental Management Plan.

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Table 6.2 Environmental Monitoring S Monitoring Parameters Frequency Duration Location of Monitoring No. of No. Samples 1 Water Quality pH Quarterly - Drinking water sample from 01 Color Labor camp Odor Electrical Conductivity Turbidity Alkalinity Bicarbonate Carbonate Calcium Sodium Potassium Hardness Sulphate Nitrates TDS Total Coliforms & E-Coli

2 Air Quality Carbon Monoxide (CO) Quarterly 8 Hours 10 m from the main 01 Sulfur Dioxide (SO2) construction site Nitrogen Oxide (NO) Oxides of Nitrogen (NOx) PM10 Suspended Particulate Matter (SPM)

3 Noise Level As per NEQS Quarterly 8 hours 10 m from construction site 02

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Project Enhancement Plans Restoration Plan 367. If during construction, further material is required or contractor needs to borrow material from any other site, then the contractor can acquire private land in accordance with the lease agreement with the landowner. Photographic record will be kept before and after the land use as borrowing area. The contractor will not leave borrowing pit in such a condition that they are unusable and could be filled with rain water and provide breeding place for mosquitoes or cause any health and safety issues. Agricultural land should be restored such that it can be re-used for the agricultural purpose. The topsoil of agricultural land, if used as borrow area, should be removed up to 6 inches and kept separate on site for its re-spread back on the leveled borrow area. Then the site area should be leveled for placing the topsoil back. Reports 368. The Environmental Specialist of the Construction Supervision Consultant (CSC) shall produce periodical reports as well as inspection notes based upon the visits to the subproject site. The contractor will submit weekly checklist report to CSC on the basis of which CSC will prepare monthly report and submit to PMU. Similarly, CSC will prepare Semi iAnnual Environmental Monitoring Report and submit to PMU and ADB. 369. This information shall make a basis for Project Management Unit (PMU) for their further reporting or visiting the site. All reports shall be location and activity specific. The reports shall especially identify areas of contractor’s noncompliance with the EMP and provide guiding remarks on actions to be taken. The significance of the non-compliance shall also be noted. Copies of these reports shall be sent to the Resident Engineer (RE) who shall forward them to the team leader, Head PIU and the contractor for their action(s). The RE will include in routine reports a summary status of activities relating to the EMP. Supplemental reports on issues should also be prepared as and when required.

370. The consultant’s environmental team will produce daily, monthly reports, as well as a final report of the project based on the information collected. The Table of Contents (TOC) is annexed as Annex-VII. The list of distribution reports is given in Table 6.3.

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Table 6.3: Distribution of Reports

Report Prepared by Reviewed by Distribution

Weekly Checklist Contractor’s Contractor`s Environment Resident Engineer HSE/Environment officer Officer and Consultant’s Environment Specialist

Monthly Environment team of the PMU`s Environment Project Director Design & Construction Specialist Supervision Consultants

Effects Environment team of the PMU`s Environment Project Director Monitoring Design & Construction Specialist Supervision Consultants

Change Environment team of the PMU`s Environment Project Director Management Design & Construction Specialist Supervision Consultants

Semi -Annual Environment team of the PMU`s Environment ADB through Design & Construction Specialist Project Director Supervision Consultants

Final Environment team of the Reviewed by PMU`s ADB through Design & Construction Environment Specialist of Project Director Supervision Consultants ESMU

Training Schedule 371. Environmental training will form part of the Environmental Management Plan. The training will be conducted for all personnel involved in the project works. The key objective of training program is to ensure that the requirements of the EMP are clearly understood and followed throughout the subproject. The trainings to the staff will help in communicating environmental related restrictions specified in the EMP. The contractors will be primarily responsible for providing environmental training to all project personnel on potential environmental issues of the subproject. Responsibility of trainings related to public safety lies with PIU. In addition to the training specified in the training log, special/ additional trainings will be provided during the subproject activity. Estimated Budget for EMP Implementation 372. Contractor will be responsible for the implementation of environmental mitigation plan. Most of the mitigation measures are covered in the engineering costs of the respective works. The following EMP Cost reflected in Table 6.4 deem to covered in the engineering cost, the contractor will not claim this amount as a direct cost, while the environmental monitoring cost (Table 6.5) to be claimed as a direct cost,

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when to be carried out at site. The appointment of Environment Health & Safety (EHS) staff is already included in the contractor Employees/personnel requirement. The afforestation cost will be covered as part of Watershed Management component for the project catchment area.

Table 6.4: Estimated Budget for Environmental Management

Serial Description Amount in Pak Rs No. 1 PPEs 1,00,000 2 Safety Banners & Sign boards 25,000 3 Medical facility at site 1,00,000 4 Water sprinkling 5,00,000 5 Fire protection equipment’s 50,000 6 HSE Training 1,00,000 7 Misc. (Unforeseen) 75,000 Total Amount 9,50,000

Table 6.5: Estimated Budget for Environmental Monitoring31

Item No Item Parameters Frequency Rate As per Contract Description (Rs) Amount Quantity Amount 1 Air Testing 1. Carbon Quarterly 8000 6/18 48,000 at site Monoxide for one Months (CO) hour 2. Sulfur Dioxide (SO2) 3. Nitric Oxide (NO) 4. Nitrogen Dioxide (NO2) 5. PM10 6. PM2.5 2 Noise 1. Noise Quarterly 500 12/18 6,000 Testing at for one Months site hour

31 Note: All the budgets are calculated in 2019 without any escalation rates and taxes. Actual budget will be provided by the Contractor at the time of implementation.

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3 Water 1. Total Coli Quarterly 11000 6/18 66,000 Testing in form Months Lab 2. E. coli 3. pH 4. Total Dissolved solids (TDS) 5. Total Hardness as CaCO3 6. Sodium 7. Potassium 8. Sulphate 9. Chloride 10. Alkalinity 11. Color 12. Odor 13. Taste 14. Nitrogen- Nitrates 15. TSS GRAND 125,000 TOTAL

Third Party Monitoring 373. The purpose of third-party monitoring is to ensure that the project is implemented with the due concern for Environment and Social Safeguards according to ADB’s Safeguards Policy Statement (SPS) 2009, and specifically to ensure that these issues are adequately addressed in compliance with the approved EIA/IEE reports and Environmental Management Plan (EMP). The third-party monitoring consultant will check / validate these reports during the construction phase of the project to ADB and also the Project Completion Report. 374. As per TOR of the Contract the Third-Party Consultant will perform the following key tasks. i. Review the sub-project's environmental performance to ensure that it complies with the national environmental legislation, requirements under Pakistan Environmental Protection Act, ADB's environmental safeguards as stipulated in Safeguard Policy Statement (SPS) and relevant environmental documents (IEE, EIA, Site specific EMP, Environmental Assessment and Review Framework); ii. Monitor and participate in selected sub-projects' design and construction stage consultations;

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iii. Monitor the performance of consultants in delivering the services and the performance of EA/PMU/PIUs and IAs in delivering their roles and responsibilities so that the project stays compliant with ADB environmental safeguards; iv. Monitor on sample basis EMP compliance at a construction site; v. In the case of unpredicted environmental impacts occurring during project implementation, provide guidance on the preparation of a corrective action plan, and monitor its implementation; vi. Support the PMU in information sharing and disclosure of environmental safeguard documents, training on environmental management, and health and safety aspects to project staff; vii. If required, participate in the ADB project review missions to assist in due diligence reviews and analyses; viii. Identify implementation capacities gaps, recommend improvements and troubleshooting to address bottlenecks and emerging issues that affect project management;

375. The Consultant will deliver (a) third party monitoring detailed plan in consultation with the EA, PMU, PIU and IAs; (b) biannual external environment safeguards monitoring report; and (c) collate and provide input to the final TA report. The Consultant will report to ADB Project Team Lead in PRM Islamabad.

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General 376. Public consultation is a process to disclose project information to the local communities and other concerned stakeholders and record feedback regarding the proposed subproject. It brings new ideas and information in a dynamic and integrated way. It also educates the community towards type and objectives of the subproject and persuades them to be rational to participate in the subproject activities. 377. The public consultation process was commenced in the initial feasibility stages (prior to construction) in order to disclose the project information to the stakeholders. The stakeholders involved in the process, were the population likely to be impacted, the village leaders and relevant departments. 378. Prior to the implementation of the subproject, the consultations have been carried out to support this EMP. The focus of attention has been the population near the subproject area that may be affected by the subproject. The level of engagement varied from the stakeholder to stakeholder with some registering no major comment but it is noted that none registered any outright opposition to subproject. 379. The disclosure of the subproject intervention and subsequent consultation with stakeholders is imperative for the environmental assessment and mitigation of impacts. Public consultation can also provide a conduit for the improvement of the subproject implementation to better serve the stakeholders. In this EMP, the consultation process was performed to achieve the objective of ADB’s Safeguard Policy Statement 2009. 380. The main objectives of public participation and consultation are to achieve the following: • Ensure public and community participation in the subproject environmental policy objectives and decision-making. • Ensure public confidence in the administration of the environment by demonstrating the role of government to enforce the environmental stewardship of government agencies and organs, corporate citizens and elite organizations; • Grant the citizenry access to environmental information and data, thereby promoting the quality of environmental management and compliance monitoring. • Provide key project information and create awareness among various stakeholders about project intervention;

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• Have interaction for primary and secondary data collection with project affectees and other stakeholders; • Begin establishing communication and an evolving mechanism for the resolution of social and environmental problems at local and project level; • Involve project stakeholders in an inclusive manner; and • Receive feedback from primary stakeholders on mitigation and enhancement measures for environmental and social impacts. 381. Community engagement provides a valuable link between the stakeholders of the subproject and serves by: • Enabling the community to be better informed • Reducing the level of misconception/ misinterpretation or deception • Ensuring commitment and greater ownership of the final decision by the community • Strengthening relationships between project cycle and the community • Encouraging the community to put forward ideas • Assembling better understanding of local needs • Helping to identify issues which may not otherwise have been considered Identification of Stakeholders 382. Stakeholders are persons or groups who are directly or indirectly affected by a project as well as those who may have interests in a project and/or the ability to influence its outcome, either positively or negatively. Stakeholders of the subproject include locally affected communities, local government authorities, and civil society organizations, groups with special interests, the academic community, or businesses (Figure 7.1). 383. During the field survey, different stakeholders identified, were the villagers, local residents, government officials, farmers, public representative and general public. All those stakeholders had different types of stakes according to their professions. 384. Two types of the stakeholders were identified: the primary stakeholders, who would be directly affected by the subproject; and the secondary stakeholders, who would be indirectly affected by the subproject.

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Figure 7.1: Identification of Stakeholders

385. These stakeholders were contacted by the Construction Supervision Consultants (CSC) in April to October 2019. Their views and reservations/ concerns about the subproject were taken into consideration. Construction Supervision Consultants also interacted with the community-based organizations that can support the community during the execution of the subproject. 386. Tribal society is dominated by men with final say in the affairs of all members of the family. Women, by comparison, play a subservient role and observe strict purdah (veiling). They are for the most part restricted to performing household work, and are excluded from decision-making both on the domestic front and at the community level. Due to cultural background, women of the sub project area could not be consulted. Methodology 387. To carry out stakeholder consultations, the survey team adopted a strategic and flexible approach, where the local influential were earlier briefed and taken

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into confidence for holding community level meetings followed by candid meetings with residents and small group meetings with locals. 388. A total of 05 number of comprehensive consultations were carried out with the subproject stakeholders at various locations i.e. Mirgat Khel and zawa villages during the preparation of environmental and social impact assessment. The consultation and scoping sessions were designed specifically to provide subproject information to the public. These sessions were informal so as to encourage friendly social environment in which participants may feel comfortable in raising questions, expressing their opinion and concerns about the subproject besides seeking clarification regarding their concerns. The focus group discussions were instrumental in the process, whereas one-to- one meetings were also held with the institutions. 389. The subproject survey was carried out to cover socio-economic condition of the area and to assess the farmer community’s demands and difficulties with the consideration of the following protocols: 390. The meeting was freely formatted so as to avoid any uneasiness of local farmers and to provide them maximum freedom of speech. • Survey team has highlighted the potential benefits of project implementation and noticing any aspects, which would need to be covered in greater detail during execution stage. • Discussions were also made regarding the proposed rehabilitation of irrigation system and feedback /suggestions based on historical knowledge of area were recorded. • Preliminary assessment of community’s willingness was assessed to contribute to project implementation in the form of local labour with the civil works Contractor.

Agenda of Consultative Session 391. The agenda for the consultative session with local farmers was prepared after investigating all existing irrigation infrastructure in the area. Similarly, an informal interview guide was used to obtain views of key informants on the issues of irrigation in the project area. Data obtained helped the facilitator in drafting and adopting the following agenda for the community meetings. ➢ Assess the apprehensions and aspirations of the local farmers regarding improvements to the existing irrigation infrastructure;

➢ Assess indigenous knowledge of potential improvements in irrigation system

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➢ Knowledge and experience of any similar works undertaken by government agencies, NGOs and other technical institutions.

Local Farmer Views 392. The local farmers openly expressed their views that farmers understood fully that improved and ensured surface water supply is the only way to improve agriculture and rural livelihood. As entire command is rain-fed, there is no existing network of field watercourses. A fresh alignment of watercourses will be carried out according to the topographic site condition and with the consultation of farming community. The improved surface water supplies will contribute to minimize reliance on ground water abstraction thus, resulting into improved income and regulated ground water regime. As discussed with local people, the farmers of the area are well aware of benefits of On Farm Water Management (OFWM) activities. They were fully convinced that lining of watercourses significantly reduces the conveyance losses between source and the field. The farmers of the area are also well aware of the high efficiency irrigation systems and welcome inclusion of these systems in the project. The peoples told that the tail end users will not receive water, as experience of surrounding irrigated area. Farmers termed the uncertain and unreliable supply of the canal water. No one has directly or indirectly indicated any negative feelings towards the proposed intervention. 393. Relations between farmers and Irrigation Department officers are generally poor. Rural farmers have little trust in government generally and in the Irrigation Department in particular. Therefore, the proposed dam will be supervised by the farmer community. The irrigation Department will arrange only the major repair in future.

394. When asked whether a Farmers’ Organization (FO) would be useful or not, respondent answers were largely in favor (90%). Farmers want FOs to share the resolution of issues like water theft, cementing of watercourse etc., agricultural issues (e.g. marketing) and credit etc. 395. The participants were in complete agreement about the benefits of the project and expressed full support to the project. Qualitative assessment during the field survey indicates that the community is willing to contribute to sub-project implementation by working as unskilled labor. The preference is to work during the agricultural off-season. Training in labor-based construction works will be needed in order to implement the project efficiently. This will also result in necessary basic skills transfer for future maintenance of the scheme.

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Consultation with Other Stakeholders and Their Response 396. The potential stakeholders were inhabitants, field staff of Irrigation Department and other relevant departments working in the subproject area. During the consultation, maximum information about the subproject was shared. A list of Government official consulted is enlisted in Table 7.1 and local Notables/beneficiaries farmers are in Table 7.2. 397. All the stakeholders including the local community were consulted about the proposed subproject. Salient features of the subproject and requirement of ADB SPS were discussed. Subproject does not require land acquisition and no resettlement of the people is involved. There is no major issue related to the RoW of the subproject, which was provided by Irrigation Department. Public consultation was also made with the local people residing in the adjacent and surveyed villages in the subproject area. The discussion was focused on the impacts of the proposed subproject. 398. The people were pleased to know about the proposed subproject. They appreciated the efforts of taking-up the subproject for providing benefits to the public. 399. The stakeholders were asked about the likely impacts of the proposed subproject during construction/ execution phases. Most of the people have knowledge about the subproject. People of the area were demanding some basic facilities like drinking water supply, electricity, Schools and Basic Health Units (BHU) etc. however they were told that the project focuses only on improving irrigation and efficient use of water resources. They also demanded for flood protection wall. Their concerns were noted and were shared with the line department and their queries about the subproject were answered to their satisfaction. Suggestions were also sought from the locals for incorporating mitigation measures in the EMP. Table 7.1: OUTCOMES OF FGD WITH APs and LOCAL RESIDENTS Sr. Comments Responses Responsibility No.

1 Representatives overwhelmingly Noted down No action Required welcomed the government’s initiative to Infrastructure projects like Irrigation project and were hopeful that the project would increase socio economic uplift activities in the area.

2 Due to local geo political situations This concern is related to Irrigation Dept. during in tribal region, especially Irrigation Department Operation and unemployment in the area, most of during operation phase the people of the area depends on and during construction

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Sr. Comments Responses Responsibility No.

Agriculture. With the development of phase the contractor will contractor/consultant during the Barani land into Irrigated land prefer the local peoples construction phase the people of area facilities the for employment as per employment opportunities beside project policy. Therefore, the other Socio-economic benefits. it is noted down.

3 Affected peoples of the area Compensation of the FWRDP/ADB demanded that there may be the affected structures will be loss of their livelihood and they will paid as per ADB policy not be able to fulfill the basic needs SPS, 2009. of their family. Therefore, locals demanded fair compensation to be All compensation will be provided so that they can start their announced and paid business easily. before the start of civil works.

4 A few people said that their skilled Noted down and it is the FWRDP/Contractor children should be given responsibility of the employment opportunities during the contractors that un skilled construction and operation stage of job opportunities should the proposed project. be provided to the locals.

5 They said that during the Noted and will be FWRDP/ construction and operate stage, the implemented as EMMP. Consultant/Contractor mobility of the locals will suffer, and therefore, proper arrangements should be made to ensure their mobility to the project.

6 Generally, the local inhabitants do The Contractor will FWRDP/CSC not foresee any environmental ensure that all damaged hazards to their area due to the resources will be restored project. However, they mentioned or replaced by the project. shortage of potable water in the project area and apprehended that Contactor will arrange exploiting water from existing water separate water supply for sources for execution of civil works the construction and may further aggravate local water camp. supplies and suggested for avoiding use of local water supply during execution of the project.

7 They were concerned about the Noted down and FWRDP/CSC/Contractor limitations of the existing roads and Contractor will develop when construction will begin and alternative options to there will be an influx of construction minimize this impact vehicles; they feared there would be before the start of the more delays for departure/arrival of construction activity. their goods. It was suggested that construction activities should not interfere the free movement of traffic passing through the existing roads

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Sr. Comments Responses Responsibility No.

and the movement of construction vehicles should be regulated in such a way to avoid any road blockades and interruption.

8 There should be a continuous The GRC /GRM will be FWRDP/CSC/Contractor community consultation program established for complaint throughout the project registration and implementation period; resolution.

9 There should be employment Noted down FWRDP/CSC/Contractor opportunities for skilled and unskilled local people, preference should be given to the affected persons;

10 Vocation training / educations needs Noted down FWRDP/CSC/Contractor to be provided to local women, so that they could support their families by supplementing their household income;

400. During discussion, farmers showed full willingness to grow all type of crops, vegetables and fruit trees. 401. This will be a dream came true for the beneficiaries of sub-project. Despite non-availability of perennial water, farmers of the area are trying to do agriculture based on rain showers. This project and projects like this are rewards for such communities for their endeavor. We are optimistic that after the completion and handing over the sub-project to farming community, they will take full benefit of it, and hand it over to their next generation in good running condition.

Table 7.2: List of Government Official Contacted

Sr. No Name Designation. Department Contact No 1 Nasrat Agricultural Agriculture Shaheen officer 091 2211998 2 Abdurahman XEN 03009065647 Irrigation 3 Fazal Ilahi DFO 091 9213830 Forest 03009034468

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Table 7.3: List of Community Consultation Participants

S/No. Name CNIC No. Cell No.

1. Mohammad Darwish 21201-6401909-3 0303-9678353

2. Khalid Zada 21201-5437238-3 0323-9322845

3. Gullfan 21201-3596267-5 0345-9019534

4. Abdul Jalil 21201-4475856-5 ______

5. Samiullah 21201-1103688-1 0321-9806202

6. Khyal zaman 21201-7740553-5 0300-4269403

7. Abdul Mohid 21201-7597701-1 0347-3332553

8. Noor Gulab 21201-3433270-7 ______

9. Mohammad khan 21201-4188931-7 0316-0994228

10. Khan amen 21201-9807593-5 ______

11. Sameen 21201-5190881-7 0311-9354332

12. Zulfiqar 21201-8077734-9 ______

13. Aurang Zeb Khan 21201-7075675-5 0320-9086141

14. Sakhi Mohammad 21201-6749665-3 ______

15. Zeenat Khan 21201-2996670-1 0340-1092355

16. Sawal Gul 21201-3857454-7 0346-8905200

17. Naiz Rahman 21201-5667796-7 0345-9062472

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18. Zar Bacha 21201-4891098-1 0341-7541618

19. Bagh Shah 21201-4891098-1 0302-1959816

20. Arabistan 21203-971242-1 0346-0995355

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General 402. A Grievance Redress Mechanism (GRM), consisted with the requirements of ADB safeguard policies will be established to prevent and redress community concerns, reduce risks, and assist the project to maximize social and environmental benefits, in addition to serving as a platform to resolve grievances. For this purpose, a Public Complaint Centre with Public Complaint Committee will be established in all concerned districts where the project activities are in progress. Generally, all project staff, management staff involved in the project, and government administrators will take on grievance handling as a responsibility. The GRM members should be qualified, experienced, and competent personnel who can win the respect and confidence of the affected communities. Criteria for selecting members of GRM could include the following knowledge of the project, its objectives, and outcomes; technical knowledge and expertise, e.g., irrigation, engineering, environmental, geological; understanding of the social, economic, and cultural environments and the dynamics of the communities; capacity to absorb the issues dealt with and to contribute actively to decision-making processes; social recognition and standing; and an equitable representation of the community. 403. Following committee members are being proposed for Public Complaint Centers at concerned districts where project activities are prevailing, 1. Chairperson, Project Director-FWRDP. 2. Member, Community elder/Malak, Religious leader. 3. Member, Social Development Officer/ Resettlement officer - FWRDP. 4. Member, Environment Officer - FWRDP 5. Member from Village Organization (one for Executive body and one for General body) 6. Member, PIU (Project Manager, Monitoring Officer and Social Organizer) 7. Member from Contractor/Environment Specialist/Manager 8. Member, District Representative 9. Member from Line Department

Objectives of Grievance Redress Mechanism 404. The main objective of establishing GRM is to resolve problems in an efficient, timely and cost-effective manner in a cordial environment with the participation of all stakeholders including affected parties. The GRM shall describe the options available to the project for grievance redress. Any environmental or 143 | Initial Environmental Examination

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social impacts that would be adversely affecting the general public in the project area should be resolved through the GRM. 405. The PIU shall indicate how these would be disseminated and accessible to affected parties in a way that should be clear and understandable to the Implementing Agency (IA) also. The Grievance Redress Mechanism should also have an in-built monitoring mechanism to check on responsiveness to complaints or grievances lodged. The different forms of receiving the complaints should be clearly described together with the different stages of going through the process. In addition, the redress mechanism shall indicate alternatives, in case the proposed mechanism, for any reason, does not respond to all grievances and complaints. GRM should be able to provide benefits to both the project and affected parties by setting up following objectives; • Provide a forum for redressing grievance and disputes at the lowest level. • To build up productive relationship among the all stakeholders including affected parties. • Provide access to affected parties to negotiate and influence the decisions and policies of the project which might affect them adversely. • Mitigate or prevent adverse impacts of the project on communities and produces appropriate corrective or preventive action.

• To harmonize both project and affected parties’ activities. • Open channels for effective communication, including the identification of new social and environmental issues of concern arising from the project: • Be accessible to diverse members of community, including more vulnerable groups such as women and youth • Provide opportunities for confidentialities and privacy for complainants be

honored where this is seen as important.

Awareness of GRM 406. GRM should be widely publicized among stakeholder groups such as the affected Communities, government agencies, and Community organizations. Lack of knowledge about GRM results in people not approaching and using it, and they eventually lose the importance and the validity of the purpose for which they were created. People should also be informed about their options, depending on the types of complaints, but should not be encouraged to submit false claims. Criteria for eligibility need to be communicated. An effective

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awareness campaign should be launched to give publicity to the roles and functions of the GRM and should include the following components: • How complaints can be reported in the GRM and to whom, e.g., phone, postal address and email addresses, of the GRM as well as information that should be included in a complaint; procedures and time frames for initiating and concluding the grievance redress process; boundaries and limits of GRMs in handling grievances; and roles of different agencies such as project implementers and funding agencies.

407. A variety of methods can be adopted for communicating information to the relevant Stakeholders: • Display of posters in public places such as in government offices, project offices, community centers, etc.; distribution of brochures; • P.O BOX number should be established to receive the grievance of the affected community through mail Community-based organizations; and print and electronic media, including radio.

Implementation of GRM Stage 1:

408. When a grievance arises, (social & environmental and or any other) the affected person may contact directly with the contractor/operator and the project manager to resolve the issue of concern, if the issue is successfully resolved, no further follow up is required. Stage 2: 409. If solution is not found the affected person/s will submit an oral or written complaint to the Public Complaint Centre (PCC) in case of, an oral complaint the PCC must make a written record. For every complaint PCC must investigate the complaint, assess its eligibility and identify an appropriate solution. It will provide a clear response in five working days to the complainant. The PCC will instruct the contractor to take corrective action. It will than review the contractor’s response and undertake additional monitoring. During the complaint investigation, the PCC will work in close consultation with the contractors and the supervising engineer (during construction). The contractor during construction and the IA during operation should convey the outcome to the PCC within seven working days.

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410. If no solution can be identified by the PCC or if the complainant is not satisfied with the suggested solutions under stage 2, the PCC will organize within two weeks a multi stakeholders meeting under the auspices of the irrigation department, where all relevant stakeholders (i.e. the complainant, IA, contractor/operator, relevant local government offices) will be invited. The meeting should result in solution acceptable to all, and identify responsibilities and action plan. 411. The contractor during construction and IA during operation should implement the agreed upon redress solution and convey the outcome to the PCC within seven working days. Stage 4;

412. If the multi stakeholder hearing process is not successful, the PCC will inform the Project Steering Committee (PSC), A Project Steering Committee headed by Additional Chief Secretary (ACS), Planning and Development Department (P&DD) KP, will provide policy guidelines for smooth running of the project activities, the Members of PSC include the Secretary, P&DD, KP, Secretary finance KP, Secretary Irrigation KP, Secretary Agriculture KP, Secretary Forest KP, Director General Projects Merged Areas , Representative of Planning & Development Division Government of Pakistan, Islamabad, Deputy Commissioner of Khyber, Bajaur, Mohmand Districts, representatives of all concerned line departments and representative of ADB, PRM Islamabad. The Project Director will participate as PSC Member cum Secretary. The PSC will meet at least twice a year or more frequently, whenever issues requiring resolution are submitted for its consideration. The PSC will organize special meetings to address the problem and identify its solution. Stage 5:

413. If the affected people are still not satisfied with the reply in stage 4, he or she can go through local Tribal Jirga and or judicial proceedings. Disclosure of Information and Stakeholder Engagement 414. Stakeholder consultations must be continued during the construction and operational stages of the project. The institutional responsibilities for construction and post-construction stage consultation lie with the Executing Agency, through the contractor. 415. For future stakeholder engagement during project implementation the following initiatives are recommended: 416. Public Consultations: The process of public consultation must continue throughout the project cycle. Public consultation meetings should be widely

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advertised in the media. Attendants normally include government agencies, informed/identified PAP’s, village elders, civil society’s representatives and concerned citizens. 417. The focus of the consultations is the population living near the proposed subproject. The disclosure of information to the stakeholders beforehand has advantages in the environmental assessment and mitigation of impacts. Public consultation can also provide a conduit for the improvement of the project implementation to better serve the stakeholders. 418. Public Information Brochure: This is often developed outlining the details of the Project, its location, potential impacts, entitlements and compensation for AP’s, the Grievance Redress Mechanism (GRM) and contact persons for any queries about the Project activities. 419. The process of consultation is expected to continue through all stages of the project in order to accommodate stakeholders' desires and to orientate the stakeholders positively towards the project implementation and where possible to harness cooperation over access issues in order to facilitate timely completion.

Flow Chart

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Registration of Grievance through PO BOX 023

Assessment and action taken directly by the

contractor/operator and the project manager Stage 1

Yes

Grievance Resolved

No

Public Complaint Centre (PCC)

Stage 2

Yes

Grievance Resolved

No

Multi stakeholders meeting under the auspices of the irrigation department

Stage 3

Yes Grievance Resolved

No

Project Steering Committee (PSC)

Stage 4

Yes Grievance Resolved

No

Grievance Local Jirga and or Judicial Proceedings Stage 5 Settled

Figure 8.1: Proposed GRM

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FATA Water Resources Development Magoo Dand Dam Sub Project CONCLUSION, FINDINGS AND RECOMMENDATIONS

Findings and Recommendations 420. The assessment of potential impacts of the proposed Magoo Dand Dam subproject reveals that this subproject will generate only minor to moderate adverse environmental impacts. These adverse impacts will be mostly confined to the construction works and will be temporary in nature. The predicted adverse impacts will be minimized and reduced by implementing the prescribed mitigation measures and will be continually monitored by implementing and updating the EMP. 421. The overall finding is that the beneficial gains provided by irrigation project will by far exceed the negative impacts – most of them being short-termed and without major interference to both the biophysical and human environment. All mitigation measures proposed in the Environmental Management Plan are deemed to be appropriate. The Environmental Monitoring Plan represents the basic verification tool for ensuring the effectiveness of the proposed measures. 422. It is emphasized that the success of the EMP depends on the respective line agencies and institutions identified as key players in the implementation of the EMP. The timely and complete inclusion of the EMP’s compliance clauses in the Contractor documents is mandatory to ensure the success of all environmental safeguard measures. Conclusion 423. As the project is exclusively an irrigation system, all identified adverse environmental impacts during the construction works of the sub project will be of minor to moderate in nature, easily to be mitigated by adequate implementation of the Environmental Management and Monitoring Plans. Entire command of the project components does not include any environmentally sensitive areas. The measures taken to adequately mitigate negative impact in the construction phase will be the most important task. Implementation of proposed mitigation measures are deemed to be sufficient for negating the potentially identified impacts. The supervision of the mitigation measures provided in the contractor’s documents is the key for completing this project in an environmentally sound manner. 424. The final conclusion is that, the project is environmentally safe and socially acceptable project. 425. A few, essentially minor, negative residual impacts identified in the Impact Assessment during the feasibility study design are all unavoidable and there are no technically or economically feasible alternatives which would remove them altogether.

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ANNEXURES

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ANNEX – I Environmental Testing

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FATA Water Resources Development Magoo Dand Dam Sub Project ANNEX-II - National Environmental Quality Standards (NEQS)

Table 1: Effluent Discharge Standards (NEQS 2000) Applicable to the Works

Sr. No. Determinant NEQS 1 Temperature 40 OC =≤3 deg. 2 pH 6 – 9 3 BOD5 80 mg/l 4 Chemical Oxygen Demand (COD) 150 mg/l 5 Total Suspended Solid (TSS) 200 mg/l 6 Total Dissolved Solids 3500 mg/l 7 Grease and Oil 10 mg/l 8 Phenolic compounds (as phenol) 0.1 mg/l 9 Ammonia 40 mg/l 10 Chlorine 1.0 mg/l 11 Chloride 1000.0 mg/l 12 Sulphate 600 mg/l 13 Manganese 1.5 mg/l 14 Fluoride 10 mg/l 15 Cyanide (as CN’) total 1.0 mg/l 16 An-ionic detergents (as MB As) 20 mg/l 17 Sulphide (S-2) 1.0 mg/l 18 Pesticides 0.15 mg/l 19 Cadmium 0.1 mg/l 20 Chromium trivalent and hexavalent 1.0 mg/l 21 Copper 1.0 mg/l 22 Lead 0.5 mg/l 23 Mercury 0.01 mg/l 24 Selenium 0.5 mg/l 25 Nickel 1.0 mg/l 26 Silver 1.0 mg/l 27 Total Toxic metals 2.0 mg/l 28 Zinc 5.0 mg/l 29 Arsenic 1.0 mg/l 30 Barium 1.5 mg/l 31 Iron 8.0 mg/l 32 Boron 6.0 mg/l

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Table 2: National Environmental Quality Standards (NEQS) for Gaseous Emission (mg/Nm3, Unless Otherwise Defined)

Sr. Existing Revised Parameter Source of Emission No. Standards Standards 1 2 3 4 5 40% or 2 Ringlemann 40% or 2 1. Smoke Smoke Opacity not to exceed Scale or Ringlemann Scale equivalent smoke number (a) Boilers and Furnaces (i) Oil fired (ii) Coal fired (iii) Cement Kilns 300 300 Particulate 500 500 2. Matter (b) Grinding, crushing, clinker 200 200 (I) coolers and Related processes, Metallurgical Processes, 500 500 converter, blast furnaces and cupolas. Hydrogen 3. Any 400 400 Chloride 4. Chlorine Any 150 150 Hydrogen 5. Any 150 150 Fluoride Hydrogen 6. Any 10 10 Sulphide Sulfuric acid/ Sulphonic acid

plants Sulphur Oxide 7. (2) (3) Other plants except power 400 1700 plants operating on oil and coal Carbon 8. Any 800 800 Monoxide 9. Lead Any 50 50 10. Mercury Any 10 10 11. Cadmium Any 20 20 12. Arsenic Any 20 20 13. Copper Any 50 50 14. Antimony Any 20 20 15. Zinc Any 200 200 Nitric acid manufacturing unit. Other plants except power Oxides of plants operating on oil or coal: 16. Nitrogen Gas fired 400 400 (3) Oil fired - 600 Coal fired - 1200 Explanations: - 157 | Initial Environmental Examination

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1. Based on the assumption that the size of the particulate is 10 micron or more. 2. Based on 1 percent sulphur content in fuel. Higher content of Sulphur will case standards to be pro-rated. 3. In respect of emissions of sulphur dioxide Nitrogen oxides, the power plants operating on oil and coal as fuel shall in addition to National Environmental Quality Standards (NEQS) specified above, comply with the following standards.

Table 3: National Environmental Quality Standards (NEQS, 2009) for Vehicular Emission

Sr. Standard (Maximum Parameter Measuring Method Applicability No. permissible Limit) 40% or 2 on the To be compared with Ringlemann Scale during 1 Smoke Ringlemann Chart at a distance Immediate effect engine acceleration of 6 meters or more mode. Carbon Under idling condition: Non- 2 Monoxide 6% dispersive infrared detection (CO) through gas analyzer. Sound Meter at 7.5 meters from 3 Noise 85 dB(A) the source

Table 4: National Environmental Quality Standards (NEQS, 2010) for Noise

Effective from 1st July, Effective from 1st July, Sr. Category of Area / 2010 2013 No. Zone Limit in dB (A) Leq* Daytime Night-time Daytime Night-time 1 Residential Area (A) 65 50 55 45 2 Commercial Area (B) 70 60 65 55 3 Industrial Area (C) 80 75 75 65 4 Silence Zone (D) 55 45 50 45 Note: 1. Daytime hours: 6:00 a.m. to 10:00 p.m. 2. Night-time hours: 10:00 p.m. to 6:00 a.m. 3. Silence Zone: Zones which are declared as such by the competent authority. An area comprising not less than 100 meters round hospitals, educational institutions and courts. 4. Mixed categories of areas may be decided as one of the four above mentioned categories by the competent authority. *dB (A) Leq: Time weighted average of the level of sound in scale “A” which is relatable to human hearing.

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Table 5: National Environmental Quality Standards (NEQS, 2010) for Drinking Water

Sr. Standard Values for Properties/Parameters WHO Standards Remarks No. Pakistan BACTERIAL All water is intended for Must not be Must not be Most Asian Countries drinking (E.Coli or 1 detectable in any detectable in any also follow WHO Thermotolerant Coliform 100ml sample 100ml sample Standards bacteria) Treated water entering the distribution system (E.Coli Must not be Must not be Most Asian Countries 2 or Thermotolerant detectable in any detectable in any also follow WHO Coliform and total Coliform 100ml sample 100ml sample Standards bacteria) Must not be Must not be detectable in any detectable in any 100ml sample. In 100ml sample. In case of large case of large Treated water entering the supplies, where supplies, where distribution system (E.Coli Most Asian Countries sufficient samples sufficient samples 3 or Thermotolerant also follow WHO are examined, must are examined, Coliform and total Coliform Standards not be present in must not be bacteria) 95% of the samples present in 95% of taken throughout the samples taken any 12-month throughout any 12- period. month period. PHYSICAL 4 Colour ≤15 TCU ≤15 TCU Non Non 5 Taste Objectionable/ Objectionable/ Acceptable Acceptable Non Non 6 Odour Objectionable/ Objectionable/ Acceptable Acceptable 7 Turbidity <5 NTU <5 NTU

8 Total hardness as CaCO3 <500mg/l --- 9 TDS <1000 <1000 10 pH 6.5-8.5 6.5-8.5 RADIOACTIVE 11 Alpha Emitters bq/L or pCi 0.1 0.1 12 Beta Emitters 01 01 CHEMICAL Essential Inorganics mg/liter mg/liter 13 Aluminum (Al) mg/l ≤0.2 0.02 14 Antimony (Sb) ≤0.005 0.02

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Sr. Standard Values for Properties/Parameters WHO Standards Remarks No. Pakistan Standard for Pakistan 15 Arsenic (As) ≤0.05 0.01 similar to most Asian developing Countries 16 Barium (Ba) 0.7 0.7 17 Boron (B) 0.3 0.3 Standard for Pakistan 18 Cadmium (Cd) 0.01 0.003 similar to most Asian developing Countries 19 Chloride (Cl) <250 250 20 Chromium (Cr) ≤0.05 0.05 21 Copper (Cu) 2 2 Toxic Inorganics mg/liter mg/liter Standard for Pakistan 22 Cyanide (CN) ≤0.05 0.07 similar to most Asian developing Countries 23 Fluoride (F) ≤1.5 1.5 Standard for Pakistan 24 Lead (Pb) ≤0.05 0.01 similar to most Asian developing Countries 25 Manganese (Mn) ≤0.5 0.5 26 Mercury (Hg) ≤0.001 0.001 27 Nickel (Ni) ≤0.02 0.02

28 Nitrate (NO3) ≤50 50

29 Nitrite (NO2) ≤3 3 30 Selenium (Se) 0.01 0.01 0.2-0.5 at 31 Residual Chlorine consumer end 0.5- --- 1.5 at source Standard for Pakistan 32 Zinc (Zn) 5.0 3 similar to most Asian developing Countries Organics PSQCA No. 4629- 2004, Page No.4, Pesticides 33 --- Table No. 3, Serial Annex-II mg/L No. 20-58 may be consulted Phenolic Compounds (as 34 --- ≤0.002 Phenols) mg/L Poly nuclear aromatic 0.01 (By GC/MS 35 hydrocarbons (as PAH) method) g/L ***PSQCA: Pakistan Standards Quality Control Authority

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Table 6: National Environmental Quality Standards (NEQS, 2010) for Ambient Air

Concentration in Ambient Air Time-weighted Method of Pollutants Effective from Effective from average Measurement 1st July 2010 1st January 2013 Sulphur Annual Average* 80µg/m3 80µg/m3 Ultraviolet Dioxide (SO2) 24 hours** 120µg/m3 120µg/m3 Fluorescence Method Oxides of Annual Average* 40µg/m3 40µg/m3 Gas Phase Nitrogen as 24 hours** 40µg/m3 40µg/m3 Chemiluminescence (NO) Oxides of Annual Average* 40µg/m3 40µg/m3 Gas Phase Nitrogen as 24 hours** 80µg/m3 80µg/m3 Chemiluminescence (NO2)

3 3 Non disperse UV Ozone (O3) 1 hour 180µg/m 130µg/m absorption method High Volume Suspended Sampling, (Average Particulate Annual Average* 400µg/m3 360µg/m3 flow rate not less than Matter (SPM) 1.1m3/minute)

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ANNEX-III Rapid Environmental Assessment Checklist

The projects are screened through Rapid Environmental Assessment (REA) checklist to determine environmental categorization. The environmental and social rapid screening depicts that:

(i) the subproject will not require any land acquisition;

(ii) the subproject will not involve any involuntary resettlement; and

(iii) the subproject does not fall in any protected area.

Screening Questions Yes No Remarks A PROJECT SITING

IS THE PROJECT AREA ADJACENT TO OR WITHIN

ANY OF THE FOLLOWING ENVIRONMENTALLY SENSITIVE AREAS? ▪ PROTECTED AREA  ▪ WETLAND  ▪ MANGROVE  ▪ ESTUARINE  ▪ BUFFER ZONE OF PROTECTED AREA  ▪ SPECIAL AREA FOR PROTECTING BIODIVERSITY  B POTENTIAL ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACTS

WILL THE PROJECT CAUSE… ▪ loss of precious ecological values (e.g. result of encroachment into forests/swamplands or historical/cultural buildings/areas, disruption of  hydrology of natural waterways, regional flooding, and drainage hazards)? ▪ conflicts in water supply rights and related social  conflicts? ▪ impediments to movements of people and A Katch track will submerged in animals? the reservoir area however an  alternative route will be provided for the locals to cross the khwar. ▪ potential ecological problems due to increased soil erosion and siltation, leading to decreased  stream capacity? ▪ Insufficient drainage leading to salinity intrusion  ▪ Over pumping of groundwater, leading to Limited use of water for sub- salinization and ground subsidence?  project activities which will not be significant ▪ Impairment of downstream water quality and therefore, impairment of downstream beneficial  uses of water?

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Screening Questions Yes No Remarks ▪ Dislocation or involuntary resettlement of A house near the reservoir will people? be engulfed which needs to be  relocated which requires minor resettlement/land acquisition. ▪ Disproportionate impacts on the poor, women and children, Indigenous Peoples or other  vulnerable groups? ▪ Potential social conflicts arising from land tenure A house and a small piece of and land use issues? agricultural land will be  submerged in the reservoir area which may lead to social issue. ▪ Soil erosion before compaction and lining of N. A

canals? ▪ Noise from construction equipment? It will be managed through  mitigation measures and will be documented in EMP ▪ dust during construction? It has moderate Impact for labors during construction, but It will be managed by water sprinkling. Dust generated will  be managed through sound planning and good management practices with implementation of EMP ▪ Waterlogging and soil salinization due to  inadequate drainage and farm management? ▪ Leaching of soil nutrients and changes in soil characteristics due to excessive application of  irrigation water? ▪ Reduction of downstream water supply during  peak seasons? ▪ Soil pollution, polluted farm runoff and groundwater, and public health risks due to  excessive application of fertilizers and pesticides? ▪ Soil erosion (furrow, surface)?  ▪ Scouring of canals?  ▪ Clogging of canals by sediments?  ▪ Clogging of canals by weeds?  ▪ Seawater intrusion into downstream freshwater  systems? ▪ Introduction of increase in incidence of  waterborne or water related diseases? ▪ Dangers to a safe and healthy working The subproject does not have environment due to physical, chemical and usage of any hazardous biological hazards during project construction chemicals during construction. and operation? However, health and safety  measures for laborers will be taken to implement HSE Plan that will be developed and documented in EMP

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Screening Questions Yes No Remarks ▪ Large population influx during project Local people will be employed construction and operation that causes increased as much as possible from close burden on social infrastructure and services  by villages/ towns and the (such as water supply and sanitation systems)? same will be documented in EMP ▪ Social conflicts if workers from other regions or Priority will be given to local for countries are hired?  employment and the same will be documented in EMP ▪ Risks to community health and safety due to the Earth work will not lead to any transport, storage, and use and/or disposal of risk for community during materials such as explosives, fuel and other construction time, however, chemicals during construction and operation? Health and safety Plan and  Emergency response procedures will be prepared and implemented. The same will be documented in EMP. ▪ Community safety risks due to both accidental Safety measures for community and natural hazards, especially where the will be taken to avoid any risk structural elements or components of the project and consequence. It will be (e.g., irrigation dams) are accessible to members documented in EMP. However, of the affected community or where their failure it has major positive impact,  could result in injury to the community throughout because the construction of the project construction, operation and dam will save decommissioning? community/infrastructure downstream from flood threat if any. Climate Change and Disaster Risk Questions The following questions are not for environmental Yes No Remarks categorization. They are included in this checklist to help identify potential climate and disaster risks. • Is the Project area subject to hazards such as earthquakes, floods, landslides, tropical cyclone  winds, storm surges, tsunami or volcanic eruptions and climate changes? ▪ Could changes in temperature, precipitation, or extreme events patterns over the Project lifespan affect technical or financial sustainability (e.g., increased glacial melt affect delivery volumes of  irrigated water; sea level rise increases salinity gradient such that source water cannot be used for some or all of the year)? ▪ Are there any demographic or socio-economic aspects of the Project area that are already vulnerable (e.g., high incidence of marginalized  populations, rural-urban migrants, illegal settlements, ethnic minorities, women or children)? ▪ Could the Project potentially increase the climate or disaster vulnerability of the surrounding area (e.g., by diverting water in rivers that further  increases salinity upstream, or encouraging settlement in earthquake zones)? Note: Hazards are potentially damaging physical events.

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ANNEX –IV Photo Log

Reservoir upstream of dam axis

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Katcha Track at the tail of Reservoir

Right Abutment at Dam Axis

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Dam Axis

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ANNEX – V Governor’sMagoo DandNotifications Dam upstream on Protected View Areas & Wild Fauna

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FATA Water Resources Development Magoo Dand Dam Sub Project ANNEX- VI: Emergency Response Plan for Breach of Dam and Canal Bank

A. EMERGENCY RESPONSE PLAN FOR BREACH OF DAM

DAM EMERGENCY PLAN Magoo Dand Dam Sub-Project

1. Dam Emergency Plan

The purpose of this Dam Emergency Plan (DEP) is to reduce the risk of human life loss and injury and minimize property damage during an unusual or emergency event at Magoo Dand Dam.

This DEP has been prepared with the intent of coping and responding to the disaster in case of dam failure or breaching.

2. Basic Dam Description

Dam Name: Magoo Dand Dam Dam Location Khyber Tribal District, KP, Pakistan Dam Type: Concrete Gravity Dam Height: 15m Spillway 24 m (width) Storage Volume: 30.94 Ha. m Coordinates (i.e. lat/long or 33.7649° N 71.4756° E UTM):

3. Disaster Risk Management

Disasters can be divided into four major phases:

1. Non-Disaster Phase 2. Pre-Disaster Phase 3. During-Disaster Phase 4. Post-disaster phase

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1. Use Guidance notes provide as Annexure A of this document, to quality of emergency. 2. In the event of any emergency / disaster, inform the relevant following departments:

Contact Person Details Level Agency (to be updated) National National Disaster Management Prime Minister’s Office,2nd Floor Level: Authority (NDMA) Sector G-5-1, Constitution Avenue, Islamabad Post Code 44000

Phone: Director Response 051-9205035 UAN#: 051-111-157-157 Tel#: +92 51 9205037 Fax#: +92 51 9205086 Email: [email protected] Provincial Administration, Infrastructure & Secretary 091-9214013 Level Coordination Department (AI&C) Director Irrigation 091-9212149

Provincial Disaster Management 24/7 Emergency Helpline # 1700 Authority (PDMA) 091-9211854 091-9214095 091-5274340 091-9213959 Merged Areas secretariat Secretary AI&C 091-9214013

District Administration such as Deputy Deputy Commissioner (PA) Level: Commissioner and Khyber Tribal District +92-91- Assistant Commissioner 9211901-5 AC Bara

Dam Dam Operators Director Irrigation 091-9212149 Level

3. Provincial Disaster Management Authority and its field office in Khyber Tribal District and District Administration of the Khyber Tribal District, to prepare Evacuation Plan for events such as Dam failure including evacuation area and route. They should have an idea of the population that will need to be evacuated. 4. Provincial Disaster Management Authority (PDMA) and District Administration should also initiate capacity building and train local community for such events.

DISASTER PHASE

The following are the basic emergency planning and response roles and responsibilities for the key agencies involved when an emergency occurs.

1. Merged Areas Secretariat to undertake appropriate remedial actions as given in Annexure B of this document. 2. Issue immediate evacuation warnings to people in the vicinity of the dam likely to be affected,

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FATA Water Resources Development Magoo Dand Dam Sub Project 3. Merged Areas Secretariat to provide updates of the situation to the press and local emergency authority to assist them in making timely and accurate decisions regarding warnings and evacuations. 4. Provincial Disaster Management Authority support and coordinate the overall emergency response activities within its geographical or functional jurisdiction.

POST DISASTER PHASE

1. Khyber Tribal District administration to undertake DEP exercises as appropriate. 2. Provincial Disaster Management Authority to provide leadership to assure the DEP is reviewed and updated annually and copies of the revised DEP are distributed to all who received copies of the original DEP including the records for the local emergency authorities. 3. Provincial Disaster Management Authority will decide when to terminate the emergency.

Appendix A: Guidance for Determining the Emergency

Event Situation New seepage areas in or near the dam Seepage New seepage areas with cloudy discharge or increasing flow rate Seepage with discharge greater than 10 gallons per minute Observation of new sinkhole in reservoir area Sinkholes Rapidly enlarging sinkhole Instruments Instrumentation readings beyond predetermined values Measurable earthquake felt or reported on or within 50 kilometers of the dam Earthquake resulting in uncontrolled release of water Earthquake from the dam Earthquake resulting in visible damage to the dam or appurtenances Earthquake resulting in uncontrolled release of water from the dam Verified bomb threat that, if carried out, could result in damage to the dam Damage to dam or appurtenances with no impacts to the Security functioning of the dam 1 threat Detonated bomb that has resulted in damage to the dam or appurtenances Damage to dam or appurtenance with no impacts to dam function Modification to the dam or appurtenances that could adversely Sabotage/ impact the functioning of the dam vandalism Damage to dam or appurtenances that has resulted in seepage flow Damage to dam or appurtenances that has resulted in uncontrolled water release

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Appendix B: Emergency Remedial Actions

The following emergency remedial actions should be considered and immediate implementation of these remedial actions may delay, moderate, or prevent the failure of the dam.

Several of the listed adverse or unusual conditions may be apparent at the dam at the same time, requiring implementation of several modes of remedial actions.

Close monitoring of the dam must be maintained to confirm the success of any remedial action taken at the dam.

Seepage and sinkholes

1. Open the low-level outlet gate to lower the reservoir level as rapidly as possible to a level that stops or decreases the seepage to a non-erosive velocity. If the gate is damaged or blocked, pumping or siphoning may be required. Continue lowering the water level until the seepage stops. 2. Cover the seepage exit area(s) with several feet of sand/gravel to hold fine-grained embankment or foundation materials in place. Alternatively, construct sandbag or other types of ring dikes around seepage exit areas to retain a pool of water, providing backpressure and reducing the erosive nature of the seepage. 3. Prevent vehicles and equipment from driving between the seepage exit points and the embankment to avoid potential loss from the collapse of an underground void.

Earthquake

Although risk related with the seismic activities has been taken into account while designing the structure and type of dam, yet there is risk in the case of unexpected earthquake of high magnitude. In case of earth quake;

1. Immediately conduct a general overall visual inspection of the dam. 2. Perform a field survey to determine if there has been any settlement and movement of the dam / spillway, and low-level outlet works. 3. Drain the reservoir, if required.

Adverse or unusual conditions that can cause the failure of a dam are typically related to aging or design and construction oversights. Extreme weather events that exceed the original designed conditions can cause significant flow through the spillway or overtopping of the embankment. However, accidental or intentional damage to the dam may also result in emergency conditions. The conditions have been grouped to identify the most likely emergency-level condition. The groupings are provided as guidance only. Not all emergency conditions may be listed, and the dam operator is urged to use conservative judgment in determining whether a specific condition should be defined as an emergency situation at the dam.

Pre-existing conditions on this dam: There has been a small seepage area near the downstream toe on the north side of the release channel. This was first noticed in the 1990s, but has not changed since that time.

Urgent; dam failure appears imminent or is in progress

Seepage and Sinkholes

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FATA Water Resources Development Magoo Dand Dam Sub Project

Potential dam failure situation; rapidly developing:

1. Cloudy seepage or soil deposits are observed at seepage exit points or from internal drain outlet pipes. 2. New or increased areas of wet or muddy soils are present on the downstream slope, abutment, and/or foundation of the dam, and there is an easily detectable and unusual increase in volume of downstream seepage. 3. Significant new or enlarging sinkhole(s) near the dam or settlement of the dam is observed. 4. Reservoir level is falling without apparent cause. 5. The following known dam defects are or will soon be inundated by a rise in the reservoir: • Sinkhole(s) located on the upstream slope, crest, abutment, and/or foundation of the dam; or • Transverse cracks extending through the dam, abutments, or foundation.

Urgent; dam failure appears imminent or is in progress:

1. Rapidly increasing cloudy seepage or soil deposits at seepage exit points to the extent that failure appears imminent or is in progress. 2. Rapid increase in volume of downstream seepage to the extent that failure appears imminent or is in progress. 3. Water flowing out of holes in the downstream slope, abutment, and/or foundation of the dam to the extent that failure appears imminent or is in progress. 4. Whirlpools or other evidence exists indicating that the reservoir is draining rapidly through the dam or foundation. 5. Rapidly enlarging sinkhole(s) are forming on the dam or abutments to the extent that failure appears imminent or is in progress. 6. Rapidly increasing flow through crack(s) eroding materials to the extent that failure appears imminent or is in progress.

Potential dam failure situation; rapidly developing:

1. Settlement of the crest, slopes, abutments and/or foundation of the dam that may eventually result in breaching of the dam. 2. Significant increase in length, width, or offset of cracks in the crest, slopes, abutments, and/or foundation of the dam that may eventually result in breaching of the dam.

Urgent; dam failure appears imminent or is in progress: 1. Sudden or rapidly proceeding slides, settlement, or cracking of the crest, slopes, abutments, and/or foundation, and breaching of the dam appears imminent or is in progress.

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FATA Water Resources Development Magoo Dand Dam Sub Project B. EMERGENCY RESPONSE PLAN FOR BREACH OF CANAL BANK

Flood-fighting measures are emergency measure deployed in the event when flood protection / control structures and flood proofing measures have failed or rendered ineffective with a sole objective of mitigating flood impacts

Reasons of Flooding:

• Reduced capacity of river channels, flood ways, and flood bypass channels;

Emergency Responses for flood-fighting in a typical case of failure of flood protection / control structures include the following:

• Closing of gaps in flood walls by sand bags or other available methods; • Protection of river banks by sand bags, stone, or other available methods; • Protection of bridge piers, weirs, barrages and dams against erosion by rockfill, sand bags and other available methods; • Construction of temporary non-structural protection measures to prevent the propagation of flood on non-protected land; • Removing obstacles from active or potential flood ways, relief and flood bypass channels; and • Protection of structures exposed to strong wind wash action.

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FATA Water Resources Development Magoo Dand Dam Sub Project

ANNEX-VII Table of Content Environmental Compliance Monitoring

Monthly Progress Report

CONTENTS OF MONTHLY ENVIRONMENTAL MONITORING REPORT

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FATA Water Resources Development Magoo Dand Dam Sub Project CONTENTS

Part I Introduction ......

Description of the Subprojects…………………………………………….…………….…………….

Environmental Monitoring………….……………………………………………………..……………

Part II Environmental Monitoring ......

Environmental Monitoring Summary......

Environmental Trainings………………………………………………………………………………..

Noise and Vibration ......

Water Quality ......

Air Quality ......

Flora and Fauna Monitoring ......

Fuel Consumption ......

Water Consumption ......

Solid Waste Management ……………………………………………………………………………

Part III Environmental Management ......

Site Inspections and Audits ......

Non-Compliances Notices, Corrective Action Plans ......

Table

Table-I Oustanding Issues ......

Conclusion ……………………………………………………………………………………………..

Annexure

Weekly Monitoring Checklist

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FATA Water Resources Development Magoo Dand Dam Sub Project ANNEX-VIII WHO Standards

Ambient Air Quality Standards

CO NOx SO2 PM10 PM2.5 Average (24 hrs) µg/m3 µg/m3 µg/m3 µg/m3 µg/m3 NEQS 10 80 120 250 35 IFC - - 125 150 75

Noise Levels

Description Day Time Avg Night Time Avg

NEQS Limits 55 45 IFC/WHO Limit 55 45

Drinking Water Standards

Sr. WHO Parameter Unit NSDWQ Method No. Guidelines

1. Total Coliform No./100ml 0/100 ml 0 Culture

2. E. Coli No./100ml 0/100 ml 0 Culture

3. Fecal E. Coli No./100ml 0/100 ml 0 Culture

Field Test- 4. pH - 6.5 – 8.5 6.5 – 8.5 ExStik EC500 5. Temperature 0C - - Field Test- ExStik EC500 6. Color TCU <15 <15 US EPA 110.1 Not Not 7. Taste …. Taste Panel Objectionable Objectionable 8. Odour ouE/m³ Not Not Dilution Objectionable Objectionable 9. Turbidity NTU <5 <5 US EPA 160.1

Electrical Field Test- 10. µS NA NA Conductivity ExStik EC500

11. Total mg/l <500 NA US EPA 130.2 Hardness 12. TDS mg/l <1000 <1000 US EPA 160.1

13. TSS mg/l NA NA Filtration

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Sr. WHO Parameter Unit NSDWQ Method No. Guidelines

14. Ammonia mg/l NA NA US EPA 200.8

15. Arsenic mg/l 0.01 <0.05 US EPA 200.8

16. Iron mg/l NA NA US EPA 200.8

17. Aluminum mg/l - <0.2 US EPA 200.8

18. Sodium mg/l NA NA US EPA 200.8

19. Chloride mg/l NA NA SMEW

20. Sulphate mg/l 0.01 <0.05 SW-846 Test Method 9035 21. Fluoride mg/l <1.5 <1.5 US EPA 340.1

22. Nitrate mg/l <50 <50 US EPA 352.1

23. Nitrite mg/l 3 3 US EPA 354.1

24. Cadmium mg/l 0.003 0.01 US EPA 200.8

25. Chromium mg/l 0.05 <0.05 US EPA 200.8

26. Copper mg/l 2.0 2.0 US EPA 200.8

27. Manganese mg/l 0.5 <0.5 US EPA 200.8

28. Nickel mg/l 0.02 <0.02 US EPA 200.8

29. Lead mg/l 0.01 <0.05 US EPA 200.8

30. Zinc mg/l 3.0 5.0 US EPA 200.8

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