PAPILIO

7 Hindwing somewhat lobate hehind. Colour black with greenish-blue discal and subterminal markings nireus lyaeus (p. 31) Hindwing not lobate behind, outer margin evenly undulated 8 8 Hindwing below with a sharply-defined basal brown area enclosing usually two blac.k spots above the cell and narrow black stripes in and below the cell echerioides (p. IS) Hind wing below without a sharply defined brown basal area 9 9 Hindwing above with oceUate patches of blue and reddish scales in subcostal and anal areas, the latter broadly bordered with orange-red below demodoclIs (p. 20) Hindwing without oceJJate patches dardanus (female) (See further keys on p. 7.) 10 Hindwing without a tail 11 Hindwing tailed 13 11 Forewing above with the hindmargin and the area above it white or greenish- white 12 Forewing above with the hindmargin brownish-black leonidas (p. 3~) 12 Abdomen with orange-yellow lateral bands from base to the 9th segment pylades angolanus (p. 33) Orange-yellow lateral abdominal bands reduced to spots on segment 2--l IHo/"ania (p. ~~7) 13 Hindwing above without discal spots colonna (p. 5~~) Hinclwing above with the discal spots present 1-l 1-l All light coloured cross-bars in the cell of forewing above straight 15 The three distal cross-bars in the cell of forewing above waved. . 16 15 The light markings on both wings above are bright green except in the costal )

1 area of hindwing. Discal spots of hindwing abo\"e all present. A small 1

0 crimson patch is present above the anal angle of hindwing 2

d pulicCIles (p . .,15) e t The light markings on both wings above are greenish white. Discal spots of a d hindwing reduced, those in areas CUI-ell! absent. :\'0 crimson patch ( r above anal angle of hinclwing jllllodi (p. -l~) e h s 16 Crimson spots present in areas A -CU of hinclwing above anthells (p. 4~)

i I 2 l b ;-.;ro crimson spots in areas AI - ,CU 2 of forewing 17 u

P 17 Light markings of both wings above bright green except in Obtai area of hind- e

h wing. Cross-bars in the cell only slightly waved polistrutus (p. 50) t

y Light markings of both wings above light greenish yellow. Cross-bars in the b

d cell strongly waved ?o/"ti1uO/1 (p. 51) e t n a r Subgenus PAPILIO s. str. g e c 1'1"1'011,.,,/1.' Scopoli. 1777. 11111". lIisl . .\"111. -t:l3. TI'p(": I'al'ilio lroillls L. l ~ ..\llll·rica; sl"h-ctl"d by n e Sl"l.dtler. 1~72 ) . c i l hiilccps I Ill., IHI)()-IS07, /exol. -"(it 1111'11. I, I In. (it'nl()/t:u ....· 1.., 176-t IH'C 17SH ~ f)l<' 1'1. '1'1'1'" I'(/I'liio r

e ~IH ' cil·"';. ( .. 1)0 pilifJ d,;nfOdo(us 1':~p.:1 d . /lIIal"vssus Palm., ISln, l\' '·ct. . l c. 111/1/(11. I (jO . IllachafJn L. t)rig . ( k:;i.~·,l. n Typ" : 1'"Pilio u () I Iphirli!!"" Ifh .. IS2:l. l'tI": 1i!"11 Sritllli"li. K2. Type 1'" I'ilio p,)tllllirill.' L. ( I':urop~ ,,·!cell."ll iJ ~. y

a Scud(ic-r, I~ni . w .I1/SOl/iud(,,, lib., ISZ:l, I.e. p. S3. '1''"1)''. I'al'ilio /,"'1111" f .. ( ~ .. \I]\eri",,; ,;dected h.l· Scudder, IS75). e t 1,"phUl,u!its Hb., IS2:l, U.· p. S:l. TI")": l'uPilil) !flllur"s I.. (~ ..\m crica; selected by Scudder, IH72). a

G lIerlll1idl's Ilh., I ~2:l, I.e.' p. ~:l. Tq)(·: I)apili" II/I)IIS L. I ~(,()t"')l'icnl rt'gi,",; ,d("'tl"d hy SClJ(lrlcrl t

e IS7:>j. n i b a S y b

d e c u d o r p e R PAPILIO s

;-.-:::-- c

.~~- . . ' ( . g

) '---:-.) 1 1 0 2 d e t op a

d vsC

( r

e o h s i l b u P

e 8 h t y b d e t n a r g e c n e c i l r e d n I. l>apilio (l'oPilio) dllrdalllls eel/ea Stoll: a, venation of forewing, b, antenna, c, palpu,;. 2. id., male genitalia, u

y ,;ide view, left valve removed: (lcd, al'<:locagus, "p, harpe, jxt, juxta, .

d e c u d o r p e R 6 PAPILIO

JJCJ wlll ;des HI> ., 1823, I.e. ; p.84. Type; r ftpi/io polytl's L. (E. Indil''', selected by Scudder, 1875) . .-l chil/ides Hb., 1823, l.c. · p.85. Type; Paplliv paris L. (E. ludic·s; sC'lccted b,· Scudder, 1875). ]l. cslor idcs Hb .. 1823, I.e.' p.86. Type; P(l/Jilio gmllul'i:; ills Cr. (E. Indies; sole' species). Or pltr. !des Hb .. 1823, l.r. p.86. Type; Papilin dfmolells L., 1764 nee I758; selected b,' Scudder, 1875)· (= Papilio demr,dO(IIS Esp.) Calaules Hb., IH23, l.r. · p. 86. Typ": P. «ni/youcII:; lr. ('\eotropical region; selected by Hothschild & Jordan, 1906) . !lieu/c:; Hb. , 1823, l.c .· p.88. Type': "uPilif) JJ!.e lll l1 0Jl L. (E. Indies; selected by Scudder, 1875). ThUll:; Swains, 18:l:3, /.{)f) 1. .11 r. (2) 3: 121. Type; f'(lpilio Ih(ws L. (by tautonymy) . .· lch illl/s Kirl'y, 1896, .1 IfNI'" Nal. His!. {Ialld". 1-1p. I, 111111.2; 286. 'I\'pc; ]'(lpilio m(lrfw ol/ I.. IEump" ; by original dc~ jg nati()n). X'IIIl'S Kirby, 1896, I. r.· 2~O. TYT"' : {'Clp ilio lI irrlls L. Wthinpi~n n·~i()l1; sclcctt'd by Kirln', 1891;).

Characters (fi[4. 1) ;':'c of forewing free; anal area of hindwin[.; in male without fold, smoothly scaled; fegllinell well-developed, uncl/s beak-shaped and closely united with tegllmen; signum of female an elongate, finely transversely striolate area divided by a narrow median groove, without any projecting part inside the bursa. Early larval stages with spiny proce,;scs bearing simple spines. ?\. oTE.-Prillceps Hb. and Jphielides Hb. haye been considered by many authors to be generically (or subgenerically) distinct from Papilio L.,* but a,; the characters of their type-species, P. delllOdo(IIS E,;p. and P. podalirills respectively (e .g. wing-venation, genitalia and early stages) agree with those of Papilio s. sfr. (type P . mac/won L.), there appears to be no reasoll for their separation, and. I therefore treat them a:; synonyms.

Papilio (Papilio) dardanus .B1'OWIl .

I~rrl\\)l. 1776, / fl. /.1/f)1 .. 1776; 52. J>. JlIcmp,. Cr., 177/, Fap. e.ro/.. 2; HI. 1'1. lSI ..\. H. I'. Imlllls r .. 1781 , SPec. /us,.,·/ .. 2; l :l. 11'0)' illll ~yn()I1\'!lly ~"l' Ilryk. 1930. {.cp . ClI/., pal',. :lH ' 517 .) ) 1

1 A forest species occllrring in \Vestern, Central, Eastern and Southern Africa, as well 0 2

as on ~Iadagascar and COmOH) bland:;. It is sexually dimorphic, and the females afford d e striking examples of polymorphism and mimicry. In more recent works such as Seitz, t a

d the South African specimens wC're regarded as belonging to two distinct subspecies, but

( continuity of range as well as complete intergradation are strongly in favour of recognising r e

h a single South African subspecies which varies somewhat locally for reasons other than s i l isolatioll. b u The resemblance of dry season males from various parb; of South Africa with those P

e of the nominotypical \Vbt African subspecies dardalilts (except for their smaller siz ) h t

seons to indicate that at least the male pattern i:,; subject to climatic influence (sec PL y b

I, fig. 2). The preponderance of certain female forms locally is in a significant relation­ d e ship with the frequency of occurrence of mode\;; which these female forms mimic. .For t n instance, in the southern parts of the range, w\Jere AI1I{tllris erlteria, albimacl/lafa and

a .'1. r g

Da'll(lus chrysipplls are the commonest models inhabitating the same localities as dar­ e c dUl1l1S, we find that the female forms cel1ea, ({cene and trophonills vastly predominate, n e

c whereas further north the influence of the large numbers of A mallris nia'i.'ills dominicanlls i l and have brought about the predominance of the black-and-white r A'lIIallJ'is lichtea hippo­ e

d comlides and fiblllllis-forms of female. n u y

a Papilio (Papilio) dardanus cenea Stoll (PI. I-I r. Jig:,. 1-1:-1) . w Cramc·r. 17~1l. "ap. ".1'01 .. Suppl.. p. 13-1 , I'\. 2~ , tj .~. I . 1.\. e t a G

* :-)<11)1<' authors place J phi(lid,,-, /I h. as " S\')lol)"m or (; 1 II plt i If , /I c; '0 J' . . hilt til<' .Ii fie-rl'II ,'", in the \\ ing­ t e \ 'VIlOItinll ;\Ild ,t,:"enitali C'1 (. rl~ :] .~ilinst :-..uch "it,\\" n i b a S y b

d e c u d o r p e R PAPILlO 7

Des(ription. - ~'vI ale: Light sulphur yellow above, with the costal, apical and outer­ marginal areas of forewing, a discat band and submarginal lunules of hindwing, velvety black. There is usually a single sq,bterminal spot of the ground colour in Rs of forewing. Cnderside of forewing a.s upper, but the dark markings are brownish instead of black (darker ill the proximal part of the outer-marginal area); hind wing with ground colour lighter from base to the discal band, with the veins and interneural streaks brown; the discal band is indicate(l by brown, with darker streaks between the veins and with op:des­

cent \\'hitish suffusions in :\r2 and Ma; subterminal area ochreous, with brown interneural

streak:; and marginal lunules. A spatulate tail is present at the end of vein M:l . Fenutle.-Tailless and very different in markings from the male, the ground colour being \\"hite, chrome yellow, or orange red, while in some forms the forewing is mostly black, with only spob of the ground colour visible. ))"0 detailed descriptions of the numerous female forms are given here, as they arc all dealt with in the keys. NCHE. - Stoneham, Bull. of the Stoneham JIlIseuln :\"0. 13 (1932) gives ,;ignitic

KEY TO SOCTH AFI:ZICAN FOR:'IS OF P. ])ARD~-LVU S CEi\ EA.

,Hales. 1 Forewing above, :-;ubapical yellow spot produced basad, reaching the basal ycllo\\'field f. extensijta1'{/ (p. 10) Forewing aboYE>, not so 2 )

1 2 Forewing aboye, a series of ~7cllo\\" subterminal spots present 1

0 L 'Illac1tiuills (p. 10) 2

d Forewing abo\'e, a single subapical spot present 3 e t a :3 Forewing above, a black cliscocellular streak present f. discopllnclaills (p. W) d

( Forcwing a bove, no black discocellIllar streak 4 r e 4 Hinelwing abo\'c, cliscal band irregular, narro\\'ed in :.ra and Cu 1 , or e\'en broken h s i up into separate spots f. cenea (p. 9) l b Hindwing above, cliscal band broad and of almost equal w'idth throughout u P

f. tiblllllls (p. 10) e h t FCII/ales. y b 1 All light marking,.; white, consisting in forewing of a \,vid e supra-marginal arc a d e t reaching CUI, a. wiele discal band in :'Jrl to Ma which is sOIl1etimes conti­ n a guous with spots in I~l and l{l' an oblique streak in the cell at ·1 from base, r g

subterminal spots in A 2 to CUl' and usually also a subapical spot in 1~5 2 e c Light markings, at least in hindwing, not white :3 n e c ,) Dark streaks between the veins in light area of hindwing long and prominent i l

r f. hippocoonides (p. 12) e d Dark strca ks between veins in ligh t area of hindwing short, indistinct or a bsen t n u

f. tiblllllls (p. 12) y a 3 Pail: area of hindwing orange-red or brick-red 4 w e Palt: area of hindwing light ochreous-yellow ;) t a 4 Forewing with the supra-m;lrginal area brick-red. or orange-red, which colour G t sam ·times penetrate<:. into the cell; a narrow oblique streak in cell at l e n i b a S y b

d e c u d o r p e R PAPILlO

from base, a wide discal band in areas MI to :\13, discal spots in R4 and l{s, subterminal spots in A2 to CUI' and all subterminal spots in hindwing, white f. tl'ophonius (p. 12) Forewing with supra-marginal area brick-red or orange-red, sometimes partly suffused with black; the discal band is of the same colour, sometimes orange or fulvous, the oblique streak in cell and the discal spot in R4 usually suffused with orange-red f. salaami (p. I:;) 5 Forewing with the discal spots not forming a continuous band; the spot in M2 is indistinct or absent 6 Forewing with a con tinuous band in areas MI to M:I 8 6 Most spots in forewing are yellowish 7 Most spots in forewing are white f. lIcene (p. 11) 7 Subapical spot present; discal spot in :'112 absent f. ce11ea (p. 11) Subapical spot absent; discal spot in :'112 present, but small; the discal spots forming a nearly complete band in !VII to .M:I .. f. hypolimnides (p. 11) 8 Forewing with a wide supramarginal area and all the other markings ill both wings, light ochreous f. natalica (p. 12) Forev"ing without, or with an indistinct pa.le supra-marginal area 9 9 All markings of forewing; except the subapical spot ill R; and the discal spot ill RI (which arc white) , bright fulvous or orange; pale area of hind wing whitish yellow towards costa f. leitfhi (p. 13) ~larkings of forewing yellowish or white hindwing pale area normal 10 10 Forewing discal band yelIo,,' .. f. cephonills (p. 12) Forewing discal band white f. syl,'icola (p. 11) '\"oTE.-··Sevcral uf the female forms are merely deviations from, or modifications of, a

) few main types, or transitional stages between them, and it is necessary to sa~' a 1

1 few words regarding their frequency of occurrence. 0 2

In the southcm part of the range, the dominant female form is that \vhich d e

t Stoll originally described under the name cenea, and which is a mimic of the a

d Danaid, Anumris echeria; h.ypolimnides is a modification of this form in which

( the subapical spot in is mis,;ing, while the uS:Jally obsolete discal spot in r H.[) :'112 e

h is present; as often as not, some or most of the spots in forewing are white, s i l especiall.y further north where two white-spotted species of Amauris (albimaClf­ b u lata and lobengllla) occur together with cenea and may have influenced the P

e development of this form which has been named acel/e. Transitions between h t cenca and acene arc very com mOll ; in rare cases the discal spots are enlarged y b

and fused, forming a continuous or nea rly continuous band, either yellow d e f. t (cePhonil/s) or white (sylvico/a nova), being a transition to the forms with a n

a broad discal band. Of the latter, hippocoont"des is the dominant form in the r g

1110re northern parts of the range where its model, Amallris niavius dominicanl/."; e c is common, as is its co-mimic, Hypolimlllls dllbia mima r wahlbergi. n e c i l It is of interest to note that the form lIlima of the above-mentioned Hypolin11lus is r e more frequent in the coastal belt than the form 'l£'ahlbergt" , and in such localities there is a d n definite majority of cenea and acene forms over hippocoollides, as in Pondoland and Natal. u

y A rare, but fairly constant form is natahca which has the exact pattem of hippu­ a coom:des, but the white has been replaced throughout by light ochreous yellow. The w e t writer obtained about a dozen specimens of this form in the :'I1alta Forest, Pietersburg a

G District, Transvaal, after more than six weeks of a,;siduous collecting, as this form t e hardly exceed" 5 per cen t. of the total number of "pecimens of females observed there. n i b a S y b

d e c u d o r p e R PAPILlO 9

The form trophonius is a mimic of Dana'lts chrysipp1ts and is not common anywhere, perhaps because its model is rarely "found within the denser growth favoured by females of P. dardanus cenea. The form is more often met within the southern part of the range where the species occurs in more open country, together with Danaus chrysipp1ts : salaami is a modification of trophonius in which the white markings of forewing are replaced by reddish yellow; it was originally described from East Africa, but is on rare occasions met with further south, as shown by two specimens fr011l Pondoland in the Transva,Li Museum collection. A still rarer form is leighi, which somewhat combines the characters of cema (hindwing) and salaami (forewing) ; it was reared in Durban by the late G. F. Leigh among hundreds of other females, and although he estimated ib rate of occurrence at 2 per cent., the late Sir Edward Poulton doubted whether under natural conditions such a high percentage was ever attained. An extensive account of the breeding experiments of (~ . F. Leigh is given by Sir Edward Poulton in the Proceedings of the Entomological Society of London, 1: xxxiii­ xli\" (1911), together with a discussion on the heredity of characters of numerous female­ forms. A more recent paper dealing with the genetics of Papilio dardanHs has been published by E. B. Ford in the Transactions of the Royal Entomological Society of London, Vol. 85, pp. 435-466 (1936). Although very important from the point of view of inheritance of varietal characters within limited populations, there is no additional light thrown on the subspecific problem which can only be adequately dealt with from the point of view of isolation. With regard to analogous forms found throughout the range, there is a gradual change in certain respects, which no doubt accounts for the splitting up of the South African forms into two subspecies by some authors. Southern specimens of the forms cellea and acene show a wider blackish basal suffusion on the upperside of hindwing than )

1 northern specimens, the transitional area being much further south at the coast than in 1

0 higher altitudes inland; southern specimens of hippocoonides have slightly smaller 2

d white markings than those from localities in the Transvaal and further north ; the area e t

a of transition appears to coincide with that of the above-mentioned transition in the d

( cenea and acene-forms. The explanation of this is obviously climatological : the tempera­ r

e ture and moisture conditions prevailing in the southern part of the Natal and Eastern h s

i Cape coastal belt arc but little altered alongside the high eastern escarpment which forms l b the western boundary of the distribution of P. dardanlts cenea in Southern Africa; but u P

the change along the coast of Natal, from about the mouth of the Tugela River northwards e h is very abrupt, the low-lying country rapidly widening and becoming much warmer and t

y drier almost at once. It would be very interesting to find Ollt in how far lo::al climatic b

d conditions have played their part in the origin of the numerous forms of Papilio dardanus e t

n throughout its range, and whether many of these forms should not be regarded as climatic a r instead of subspecinc. g e c n e c i l

Males. r e d f. cenea Stoll. (PI. I-lJ, lig. 1). n

u Cramer. 1791. I'ap. 1:" ... (>1 .. Suppl. p. 134. y a The oldest name given to the South African subspecies, described from a female. w e t The dominant male form in the Cape Province, greater part of Natal and Eastern Trans­ a

G vaal, but occasionally met with further north, especially in the early summer brood t e (September-November) (see PI. I-II, fig. 2). n i b a S y b

d e c u d o r p e R 10 PAPILlO

Cape P,'vvinee .' George, Knysna, Coldstream, Plcttenberg Bay, Storms River, Bathurst, East London, Grahamstown, King William's Town, Pirie ; Pondoland: Port St. Johns, Ngqeleni; Kaffraria : Bashee River, Manubie Fore:-;t. j\;atal.' South Coast, Pinetown, Durban, Maritzburg, Karkloof ; Zululand: Eshowc, St. Lucia. Transvaal.' Barberton, :\Iariepskop; Swai'.iland: Woodbush, :\Ialta Forest, Entabcni, Naboom­ spruit. *

f. tibullus Kirby (PI. I-I1, fig. 3).

Kirhy, ISS\),1'roc. H. Du/'!ill Soc .. I~) 2: 338.

The name was originally applied to ~pccimcn;; from Zanzibar, and :;ub;-;equently used a:; a ;;ub:;peciflc name. A" pointcd out previously, thE' :;ubspccific rank of this form is not rccognised here, but the name is retaincd to denote the male form of cenea in which the black markings arc hea vicr than ill most male:; from morc southeru localitics. Trim(::n (prot. Zoo!. Soc. p. 70: 1894) mention;; the Occurrence of Kirby's form in \Ianicalancl and even in the Cape Provincc ((;rahamstown). Natal.' North Coast; Zululalld: E:-;howe, St. Lucia, Kuzi Bay. Transvaal.' Wood­ hush and Malta Forest (dominant form in the wet :-;ummer montils, January-February), Entabclli (Zoutpansherg H.ange). SUlIthem Rhudesia.' Chirillda Forest (31eb;etter J)istrict); Umtali; Vumba J\Iollntain;-;; Christmas Pass. Portugllese I:'ast Africa.' Delagoa Bay; dominant form throughout the territory.

r. discopunctatus Sufi.. 19:)4, Iris 17: 9~ .

This form differs from tibllllw, only in the presellce of a black cliscocellular streak in forewing above und may be encountered a \l1ong normal hOl/fllls aud cenea, but is rarer ) 1

1 towards the southern limits of the range. 0 2

Cape Pl'Ul'illce.' ~gqeleni (Poncloiand), a single specimen with only a trace of the d e discocelhtlar streak. .\Tatal: Sarnia; Umgeni; the l'mgcni specimen has a very faint t a strcak. Trans1'(fal .' Barbcrton; Malta Forest (large series of specimens, almost half of d

( total number captured there). Southern. Rhudesia : Chirinda Forest, one specimen only. r e

h with a faint streak. Purtllguese East Africa.' I have secn no specimens of this form from s i l Portuguese East Africa, but as it has been origillally described from East Africa, its b u occurrence in Portuguese East Africa may be assumed. P e h t

y f. maculatus SlItf.. I9().t-, Iris 17 : 91 b d e A rare form. de:-;crihed from East Africa. It is easily recogni~able by the presence of t n it series of subterminal yellow spots in forewing above. a r g

Natal: No exact locality, July, 1903 (Burn), in the Trans\'aal :.V1u;-;eul11. Suuthern e c Rhodesia .' Chri;-;tmas Pass (Trimen, 1880). n e c i l r

e J. extensiflava Ie Cert. 1924. Bull. Hill Jlus. 1 : 378. d n u A rare aberration described from Natal, in which the usual subapical yellow spot of y

a fore ..... ing is produced inwards to fuse with the main ycllow field. I have seen no speci mens w

e of this form among the extensive series from South Africa examined by me. t a G • .\ ,iIl;.(1e "J>C<:il1l(;Il rec()rtIl'd b~' C. C. nark; pussihly introduced b~' train, a" nl> other r ' cord~ arc known t e from therc-. n i b a S y b

d e c u d o r p e R PAPILlO 11

Females. f. cenea Stnll. (PI. I-II, fig. 4) .. Cram!'r, 1791, Pop. E:wl., '<"/11>1'1.' 134. A somewhat variable form with regard to the size and colour of the light spots of forewing, which are either all yellow, or some of them (in the majority of case,;) are white, There exists a complete intergradation with the next form (acme Suff.) within the same localities. The basal blackish-bro\\'n suffusion in hindwing upper,;ide is ,,,,iciest ill more southern localities (Cape Province: Zuurberg ; Hogsback (\Iarch), Port l\\fred (\la~ ' ), Pondoland, South Coast of ~atal). Cape Pr07.'ince: Knysna, Plcttenberg Bay, Coldstream, Storms River, Port St. Johns. One :;pecimen from Port 5t. Johns with all spots yellow and the subterminal spots of forewing obsolescent, and a large series from the same locality with mo:;t spots

of forewing (except the discal spot in Cu 2 ) white (transitional to ((CClIe) , similar specimens from .East London. ~Vatal: South Coast; Durban. All specimens \vith most spots \\'hite, and a t~ pically wide blackish-brown basal suffusion in hindwing. Transvaal : .\Ialta Forest: 3 specimens agreeing with the typical form except in the :;maller blackish­ brown suffusion of hind wing, the last-mentioned character being also pre-cnt in all other specimens, the vast majority of which arc transitional to acene. Southern Rhodesia: Christmas Pass: recorded by Trimen (1894) who mentions that the spots of forewing are enlarged. Pv1'!ug1!ese East Africa: Dclagoa Bay; Trimcn mention,; transitional specimens with enlarged spots of forewing, and as he does not differen -.iate betwecn this form and acene, it is probable that some specimens from \)clago(l Bay are acme and s vl'u-ieol a. .

f. hypolymnides Le Ced. Ll' erf, 1f)24 , 1Iull. llill M us. I : 377. ) 1 1

0 A rare transitional form between cenea and cephonius: thc subapical spot i:; absent 2

d (present in acene), ap..

e Very close to the form cenea and linked with it by all transitions. All spots of fore­ h t

wing are white. Some specimens from more northern localitic:; are transitional to f. y b

sylvicola described hereafter, in the enlarged discal spob ancl the presence of an ochreous d e supramarginal suffusion in forc-wing above. t n Cape Prot'ince: East London; POlldoland: Port st. Johns. Sa/al: Durban. a r g Trans'i.Jaal: Malta Forest, Pietersburg District, large series ; many specimens lack the e c subapical spot (about one-third of the whole series), and three specimens are transitional n e SVlIthern c to s)'lvicola., Rhodesia: U m tali and .Melsetter districts. Portllguese East i l Africa: Delagoa Bay. r e d n 1'. sylvicola f. 1l0\-a (PI. I-II, llg, 6), u y a This form differs from acene in the discal spots being enlarged and fused into a band w e . t which is only slightly narrowed in M2 a There is a supramarginal ochreous suffusion on forewing above. In the arrangement G t

e of markings, the present form is very close to cep/wl1ius, but the latter form has a yellow, n i b a S y b

d e c u d o r p e R 12 PAPILIO

not white discal band, whereas in natalica all markings are ochreous-yellow, and the discal band is much wider. Type: Malta Forest, Pietersburg district, Transvaal (January, 1928, G. van Son) in the Transvaal Museum collection. Trimen mentions a similar specimen from King WiIliam's Town (S.A. Butt. III, p. 249, var. j.), and also from Delagoa Bay. f. cephonius Hopff. Hopffer, lR66, Ent. Xc i i. Sldlin 27 : 132. Describeci without locality given, but included by Aurivillius under the forms of the subspecies cenea. It differs (rom the cenea form of female in the presence of the discal spot M2 which i!" fused with spots Ml and M3 to form a yellow subapical band. I have seen no specimens answering the description of cephonills among the material examined.

f. natalica Lc Cerf (Plates I-II, fig . 7) . I." Cerf. 1924. /Jull. Ifill .lIltS. 1 : :i77. A peculiar form with the pattern of the l11ppocoonides-type, but all the light markings are ochreous-yellow, including the submarginal spots of hindwing, which, however, are often lighter, but not white as in other forms. Natal: Durban : Zululand, St. Lucia Bay. Trtl1ls'iJaul: :\laJta Forest, Pictersburg district; Haenertsburg. Portu{!,uese East Africa: l>elagoa Bay.

f. hippocoonides Haase (Plates f-If. lig. 8). Haase, 1891 , /-JiI,l. 100/. R. l : 70. A striking mimic of Amallris niavius dominicalllls. The form is rare in the southern parts of the range, and specimens are often aberrant, showing reduction of the white markings, which are sometimes partly suffused with blackish-brown; the ground colour is alse less definitely black than in more northern specimens (see PI. 1-11, fig. 9) . Those

) from Northern Natal, Transvaal and Southern Rhodesia are fairly constant, and the 1

1 bl ' ~ck is more intense; the white markings are larger and slightly opalescent, which makes 0 2

the resemblance with the model much greater. In the greater width of the white area d e

t of hindwing above they incline towards tib1lU1Is, from which, however, they differ in a

d the presence of prominent interneural streaks and often blackened veins in that area.

( Cape PrDt,lJlce : Knysna; King William's Town (slightly aberrant); Ngqeleni r e

h (aberrant, with white markings reduced). "Vata!: Durban (slightly aberrant, with dark s i l suffusion in the white supramarginal area of forewing). Zullliand : ;'vlapllta. Transvaal: b u \Voodbush, Haenertsburg, Malta Forest, !viariepskop, etc. S'ollthem Rhodesia: Chirinda P

e Forest (Melsetter district); Lomagundi district. Portugllese F.ast Africa: Delagoa Bay. h t y f. b tibullus Kirll\·.

d Kirby, l8SU, J'roc. N . Duhli'l Soc. (2) 2: :~:~S. e t

n This form, described from Zanzibar, differs from hippocoonides in the greater width a r of the white markings, particularly of the basal field of hind wing which is of a purer g

e white, the internervular dark rays being either much reduced, or absent. c n

e Portu{;lIese East Africa: Aurivillius records this form as occurring from Delagoa c i l

Bay northwards. No specimens from the coast of ~lozambique are available to verify r e this record. Specimens from further inland do not differ from those of the eastern border d n of Sout1:ern Rhodesia and the North-Eastern Transvaal (sec under h1:ppocoonides). u y a f. trophonius Westwood (Plates I-II, fig 10). w e Ann. & May . .val. /fist. t Westwood, 1842, 9: 38. a A mimic of Normally, the streak in cell, the discal band and G Da1!ulIs chryslppus. t

e ~t1bterminal spots of forewing are white, as are the subterminal spots of hind wing, whereas n i b a S y b

d e c u d o r p e R PAPILlO 13

the wide supramarginal area of forewing and the whole light area of hinowing are reddish­ vello\\". Occasionally the discal banct of forewing is slightly suffused \vith reddish-yellow '(transition to the next form). A specimen from the ~lalta Forest is somewhat transitional to natalica, the discal band and upper part of the supramarginal area are light ochreous, and the remainder of the supramarginal area and the entire light area of hindwing are lighter than in normal trophonills ami inclining towards ochreous. In one specimen from Durban (August), the subterminal spots of hindwing arp tinged with reddish-yellow. Cape Province: Knysna, Plettenberg Bay, Port Elizabeth; Hogsback; Pondo­ land: Port St. Johns, ;\ gqeleni. S atal: South Coast; Durban; Mari tzburg. Trans­ vaal." \Voodbush; Malta Forest (a single specimen, transitional to natalicrz) (PI. I-II, ng. II). I have seen no specimens of this form from Southern Rhodesia nur P()rtugUf~sc East :\ frica, and I am not awart' of recoros from there.

f. salaami Suff. (Phtes 1-11, fig. 12). Suffert, 1904, Iris 17: 92 (I>ar-l's·Salaam). A modification of trophonills in which the discal band of forewing is reddish-yellow instead of white. Aurivillius states that the colour \'aries from yellow to brick red. Cape Province: Pondolancl: Port St. Johns, two specimens in which the discal band is of a lighter yellow, only slightly tinged with reddish-yellow; in one of these specimens the supramarginal area is redl'cecl by a wide blackish suffusion in the basal

half of area A2• No other specimem of this form were found among the South African material at my disposal. NOTE. - -The prbC'nt form is the eastern counterpart of the \Vest African form niobe Aur. (Rhop. Ethiopica, p. 465) which has been treated by Bryk as a synonym. )

1 In my opinion, unless the subspecific distinction between dardanlls cenea and dardanlls 1 0

2 dllrdallus is dropped, it is better to follow Aurivillius in keeping analogous forms of the d

e western and eastern subspecies separate. As T ha\'e pointed out already, the only satis­ t a factory way of settling this problem is to approach it from the point of view of isolation, d

(

and until it is definitely proved that no isolation exists, it is safer to retain the subspecific r e rank of both regional forms. h s i l b

u f. lei~hi Poulton (Plates I-II, fig. 13). P

Poulton, 1911, Proc. enl. Soc. LOlld. 1911: xxx\·iii. e h t

y A rare form which combines characters of salaami (broad fulvous discal band in M1- b

d M3 of forewing) with the paler yellow basal area of hinelwing as founel in the form ccllea. e t e;. F. Leigh bred this form on six occasions in Durban in 1910, and also succeeded in n a

r capturing two specimens in the field. The form is very similar to that captured by A. g

e '-I. Harrison near the north-east corner of Victoria :\'yanza, mcntioned by Poulton (I.c. : c n XXXIX). e c i }\'atal: Durban; a single specimen, bred bye;. F. Leigh, in the Transvaal Museum l r

e collection. d

n The following structural details apply to all forms found in Sou them Africa. u h'xpansc: 0', SO- 110 mm., ¥. 85--107 mm. .·lntenna-«·inR ratio: 0', ()'41, 'jJ, 0<39. y a Genita/z'a.-J'd ale (fig. rather short, slightly down curved at extremity; w 2).Ul1CUS e t scaphiun! formed of two lateral sclerotised processes produced above ano below into a

G flattened teeth; 'j)(llve large and broad, about twice the length of tegumen and uncus t e combined, with a raised sclerotised ridge running from a little before one-third from base n i b a S y b

d e c u d o r p e R 14 PAPILlO

to just below the rounoed apex, along the ventral edge, but sepnrateci from it by a little more than its own width; a long sinuate tooth pointing tr)wards the dorsal end of the base of the yalve: arises a little basad from the end of the ridge, and nearer to the middle of the valve; C!fdoengus a little longer than half the length of the valve, tapering and a little dOWnl'lT\ cd to ncar the tip where it is a littlp widened and abruptly pointed, the opening of the sheath facing \"(~ntrad. Fell/ale (Jig. 3).- Anal lobes almost rhomboidal, with the angles rounded; posterior

1 segment; of the setate processes, only the anterior pair and the last two posterior pairs 1

0 remain, a small inner pair on the first. and two ,;mall outer pairs on second and third; 2

d some lan·ae are greenish instead of brown; third illstal' \"Cry similar to second, from which e t it differs in the absence of the smaller setate processes of thc first three segments, and in a d

the pre,;encc of a doublc dorsal row of small blue tubercles on third, fourth and seventh (

r to ninth segments: the white mark on sixth segment is enlarged and extends laterally e h s o\·er the sides of the second and dorsally abo a little over the .. Hit segment; the posterior i l b white part i,; also a little ,;pread ovcr the 11 th segment; the back is lighter brown than u

P in the 2n(1 instar, and the sides and head are greenish; foltrth instal" with the ground e

h colour green, with the processes smooth, the second last pair is much reduced, and with t

y blue dorsal tubercles on all abdominal segments except the last, and additional rows of b the,;e on the thoracic segments; final instal' 35 mm. long, green, with all the white mark­ d e t ings broken up into small spots or lines; the body is much thickened and humped at n a 3rd segment, then tapering to the posterior end; first and last segments with pairs of r g small projections; ventral half of the sides light blue with oblique white lines ; blue e c

n tubercles as in -lth instar, but more prominent; anterior edge of fir;.;t segment rusty e c i yellow; third segment with two smalllatero-dorsal black spots edged with white; head l

r and thoracic legs yellowish-green, prolegs green. e d

n Pllpa.-AnteriorIy much attenuated, with the paired cephalic processes contiguous u along their inner edges; greatly widened at middle and attenuated posteriorly: thorax y a raised dorsally, abdomen dorso-ventrally flattened, the lateral edges forming a sharp w e t ridge ; colour yellowish-green dorsally, dull green ventrally, with rusty-brown medio­ a

G dorsal and lateral markings; a spot at middle of thoracic hump, a series of streaks on t e middle of abdomen, lateral patches on 5th to 7th segments and smaller ones on 9th and n i b a S y b

d e c u d o r p e R PAPILIO 15

10th segments; ventral surface with only few dark marking~ on abdomen near wing­ cases. Food-plants.' Toddaha awleata, T. natalensis and T. lanceolata .. Teder! Si~'YJ/1W'­ toni, Clausen a inaequalis and several varieties of cultivated Cit1'lls (Rutaceae). The above account is based on notes kindly supplied by Mr. G. C. Clark, who also ~ave the writer permission to reproduce his coloured plate. HABITS.· - The species is met with in the forests nearly the whole year round, the appearance and the number of broods varying with local climatic condition~; in the coastal and sub-tropical forest,; with a fairly constant average temperatllfe, it can be found even during the winter months, but at higher altitucies usually from September to ~1arch. The males fly in the sunshine, especially along the edges of forests anci kloois, and usually settle with the wings folded as soon as a cloUlI obscures the sun. At night they settle on a leaf, preferably on the undersurface, with the wings thus hanging down­ wards, and can then easily be spotted in the light of a strong lamp or electric torch; when disturbed, they often fly into the light like moths. The females prefer scmi-shacie and ,;eldom venture far beyond the edge of the undergrowth, tlw bottoms of kloofs and edges of forest roads being their fa"ourite haunts, where they may be ~een with their models, on the flowers of low-growing plants. Occassionally, especially on dull days, they circle slowly around the canopy of tree-tops. The males also visit flowers, but prdcr those of higher plants or creepers, although occasionally they may be found with the females, especially in the cooler time of the day.

Papilio (Papilio) echerioides Trimen. Trilllt'I1, 18GI:l. TI'lIJl s. mi. Soc. LMld . 18Gi\ : 72. PI. \'1, Ji~ . 1.2 . .- \ forest species described from South Africa ((afiraria) and extending northward,.;

) to Kenya in its nominotypical form, hut represented in Abyssinia by two distinct sub­ 1

1 species. 0 2 d e

t Papilio (Papilio) echerioides echerioides Trimen (PI. I-II. fig. 14, O. 15. ¥.) a d

( male

The sexes are dissimilar. The is black on the tipper side. Forewing with a row r e of elongated, very light yellowish white spob forming a band gradually narrowed from h s i a little outwards from the middle of inner margin where it is about ~ mm. broad, to a l b ~ u I ittle below apex, the last spot in area H'5 measuring only about ·5 mm. Hindwing with P a continuous band of the same colour, forming a continuation of the band of the forewing, e h t and slightly widened to the anal margin; its inner boundary is sharply delimited and y

b straight, while the (Hlter edge is undulated and diffuse. A marginal series of small

d yellowish-white spots between the veins in a~eas CU to RS. The light markings are e z t

n strongly fluorescent in ultra-,'iolet light. The female is black above. Forewing with a r slightly opalescent white spob; a large elongate discal spot in area (liz tOllching the g

e cell; a small oblique spot in the upper part of the cell before upper angle; two discal c n e spots in areas 31 2 and :\1\, separated from the discocellulars by a little less than their own c i l

width; a marginal spot just below apex, and a series of four small subterminal spots in r e areas Az, (uz, CUI and M2 . Hindwing with a broad continuous ochreous band, narrowed d n at costa and "cry much widened from RS to ,\12, equally broad from thcre to the anal u

y margin; as in the male, the inner edge of the band is sharply delimited from the black a

w base of the wing, while the outer edge is diffuse and undulated. e t The underside of both sexes is blackish-brown in the forewing, with the apical por­ a G

tion lighter, greenish-brown in the hindwing; the main differences between the sexes t e being in the arrangement of the light spots which correspond to those in the upperside ; n i b a S y b

d e c u d o r p e R 16 PAPILIO

there is in addition a small spot in the area M2 midway between the cell and the outer margin. The base of the hind wing is characterised by the conspicuous brown coluur, by which the female can at once be separated from the somewhat similar female form acene of Papilio dardanus cenea. On wing the male is vcry different from the female and somewhat resembles Char axes brutllS lIatalensis, while the female closely resembles A mauris albimaculata and A. loben­ {!.ltla. When at rest, the wings an~ folded up in such a way as to hide the white markings of the forewings, and in this position both sexes ~trikingly resemble the distasteful Acraeids, Bematistes u{!.allice and Acraea esebria protea. This amazing case of " double" mimicry i;; apparently uniqu(·~ among South African butterflies. Expanse: 6,80- 96 mm. : ¥ 73·-98 rnrn. Antenna-wing ratiu: 6, () ·43, ¥ 0 ·39. Genitalia.-Male (fig. 4) .- [ I1C/1S small, sharply pointed, a little downcurved; scaplzilllll sclerotised, laterally forming two undulated projections, concave at middle: l'ait'e very hroad, with a long ventral sclerotisation above ventral rim, ending in a long denticulate tooth, the denticle:; being confined to two row:; along the dorsal face of the tuoth, the distal half of which is smooth, and the tip of which points towards the distal end of the thickened ventral rim of the valve. Female (fig. 5) .-The basal part of the vaginal plate forming a raised hollow process open basad, the lateral walls of ,vhich are continued hackwards as narrow scierotisations, folded inwards and connected distally with two very long triangular flat projections, pointing ventrad on either side of the posterior end of the vaginal orifice. Aoallobes with shallow but elongate pockets opened posteriorly. LIFE-HISTORY (Plate VIII). Egg spheroidal, with flattened base, pale yellow with a few small reddish-brown spots, 1 ·2 mm. in diameter by I mm. high, smooth: laid singly on the underside of a leaf. Egg stage about five days. )

1 Lan'a.- There are 5 larval instars. First: lan'a:1 mm. long, black, with the first 1

0 and the two last segments white, structurally resembling the first stage of P. darduIlIIs 2

d cenea, but with the setate processes a little ;;horter: second and third instars light brown, e t

a with the setate processes somewhat reduced and with shorter setae; fourth : olive brown d

( "ariegatecl with white and greatly resembles a bird's dropping; it has no setate processes r e and only a pair of slight ele"ations on the 8th segment; final instal' reaches 32 mm. in h s

i length, bright green, with a bro,vnish transver;;e band along the posterior half of the 4th l b segment, widened laterally to merge with the similarly coloured lower half of body, and u P

a peculiar band resembling two brown triangles, the apices of \\'hich are touching in the e h mid-dorsal line, and the posterior sides of which are deeply and roundly excised; this t

y band also merges laterally into the yellowish-brown sides which become abruptly lighter b

d below the spiracles; both bands are finely edged with whitish; the anterior one has a e t

n trans,'erse row of small bluish-pupilled ocellate spots and has a larger median incision a r between the inner two spots, and a smaller one on each of their ou ter sides ; the posterior g

e band has two similar ocellate spots near the middle line, and hoth bands are variega ted c n posterioriy with small whitish clots. Osmeterillll/ bright pink throughont. Larval stage e c i l lasts about 35 days. r e Pllpa.- Resembks a partly-detached piece: of lichen, variegated with greenish, d n brown, pinkish and whitish markings. There are two diverging, shortly furcate anterior u

y processes; the dorsum is highly raised, with its anterior part forming a sharply raised a keel, rounded in side-view; wing-cases laterally expanded in the posterior half, with w e t the edges crenulate: the whole body is curved in an S-shape as seen from the side; a

G abdominal segments with raised tubprcles, except at posterior end. Pupal stage lasts t e about two weeks. n i b a S y b

d e c u d o r p e R PAPILlO 17

Food-plants: Clausena inaequalis: F agara capensis. (The above particulars and the plate were kindly supplied by Mr'. G. C. Clark, of East London). H!\BITs.·-- The species is commonly met with in the moist mountain forests, in the ~llmmer months; both sexes fly near the ground, visiting low flowering plants sllch as Impatiens and Pleclranlh1ts, and are very easily captured. Flight pt'riod: Septcmber to !\-[arch. S01tthern African records. Cape Province: Stuttcrheim, Hogsback; Pirie Forest, King-williamstown: Katberg; Caffraria: Tsomo River. Natal: Upper districts: Tunjumbili, Tllgela River. Trans­ wtal: Barberton; Mariepskop; Haencrtsburg; Woodbush; Malta Forest; Zoutpans­ berg: Louis Trichardt (Hangklip Forest), Entabeni. SOllthern Rhodesia: Ea~teru Border di~tricts: Chirinda Forest, ;\Ielsetter; Cmtali: \'llmba \Iountains. Remarks: In spit( ~ of the often i~olatcd habitah of P. echerioides, it iIa~ remained \'ery constant in markings, no distillct races having been formed within tht' limits of South Africa. There is very little individual variation in the male, while the female~ \'ary slightly in the size of the white ~pots, the large discal SP()h being- more variable, aIld

that in area C1l 2 occasionally ~hows traces of a yellowish slltfll~ioll, which, howe\?r, doe~ not fluoresce in ultra-violet light.

SPECr~[E~S l':X ,\\II~EJ): 31 mal'~ ;wd 17 females from: Barberton, \\'oodbush, :'I'lariepskop, :Ylalta Fore~t, !\Ialelan(' and \\'aten'al Onder, Tr

Papilio (Papilio) euphranor Trimen. (Pl. If I 1 \'. fig. 1. S ..} ; ), Trimen. ISG~. Tralh. 1' 111. Suc. L owl. IH)~ 7f! 5\'11. ~m hsp. ",,,;·allt.' 1.1; CI". f , 1924. null. HIli .1I " s. 1 . :ll'\\. )

1 ,\ high moun tain forest species endemic in Sou til ,\ frica, describer! fro III tile Tsomo 1

0 I~iver, in Caffraria; a·lso fonnd in the Drakensberg in :\atal and the Tr;ub\'aal. Its 2

d near(?~t relative is P. p elodltrllS Btl., fro m )l ya"alancl and Ea"t ,-\frica, which is also e t a found at higher altitudes. There arc a" ~: et no record" of t'lIphml1oi' from either Soutllern d

( Rhodesia or :'Ilozambique, but ib occurrence is sllspected in the fore"t:; of several \'er~' r e high mountain ranges like Inyanga in the U mtali district, P3.rlS of the \1 :.' b~tt~r range in h s i I~hodesia, and Corollgoza an:! Chimallimani in :Vlozamhiclile. none of which have bee n l b "ufticien tl y explored. u P Both spxes are tailed and similar in pattern, with an interfllplcc\ lig'ht yellow discal e h

t llalld in forewing and a continuous, much narro\V,~r band in hind wing. Tilt' rennie differs y ill having a comple te subterminal row of yellow spot:;, which in the male are limite:1 to b

d areas R:! - Ro' the spot in area R;\ is often connected \vith the discal ~pot of the same area. e t

n In the hindwing, there i,; a ~mal\ ydlow spot just outside the discocellular below vein a r :'III' better de\'eloped in the male; in the female there are often some minute yellow spots g

e in the areas; CUI and i\l;l near the cell. Fmther, the male has a single row of submarginal c n

e spots in the hiudwing, \\'hile thE" f('male has a double ro\\', be~ides there is a submarginal c i l

orange lunule in area A2 (absent or vesti~ial in the male). The tails of both sexes have no r e yellow lunules, but are uniformly black (male) or blackish brown (female). The light d n yellow markings of both sexes are fluorcsc('nt in ultra-violet light. The underside is u

y blackish-brown in the forewing except towards tile apex; apical part of forewing and a

w the hinclwing dull yellowish-brown tinged with light grey, The discal band of the forewing e t shows through very distinctly and is yellowish and fluorescent in ultra-\'iolet light, while a G

the bancl of the hindwing only sho\\'s through incompletely, being partly invaded by the t e ground colour along the edges except near costa, and is whiti"h; the submarginal spob n i b a S y b

d e c u d o r p e R 18 P.'\PILIO

show through very dully, and in the female the outer row of these hardly shows through at all. The species somewhat resembles P. constcmfinlls, but differs in the greater width of the cliscal markings, in the absence of submarginal spots below R5 in the forewing of the male and their position much nearer to the discal row in the female; and on the underside, by the uniformly dark colour of the cell in the forewing (striped with yellowish in c011s!rwf1"ulls). In some specimens from Natal and Transvaal, 0.specially females, there is a yellow spot at the apex of the cell of forewing, ane! the discal spots are slightly produced basad in ar as }1] - :\,1;); this form was described by Le Cerf a." a distinct subspecies moratus, which view is not shared by the writer for rea~ons which follow. One female from ?lIariepslwp ancl another one from Town Bush, Pietermaritzburg, shO\v a distinct yellow suffllsion at the apex of the cell of fore\ving, vcr " nearly resemhling the form moratus I.e Cerf. The latter was describecl from the Alfred District, Natal, a locality much nearer to the type-locality of ClIphrallOI' than arc the recorded localities in ?\atal and Transvaal. where the majority of specimens belong to the typical form: for this reason, and becall~e of the \',uiability within the same localities., the slIb~pecific rank of lIIoratlls cannot he maintained, bllt the name i:-i retained as a varietal namt'. Expanse: ]()()-- l~~ 111m. ,·lntel11la-' I" i71g ratio: 6,0.38,9,0,37. Gellilalia.- Jlale (fig. 6).-Teglllnen very broad, IIncus short and rounded at tip, which is ~lightly' spatulate and a little downcurved; 'i'Clh'e very large, ear-~haped, c1or~al margill arched, \'entral margin only little excurvcd; a ~traight narrow scler(')tized ridge extends from the end of the saccul1ls to a little beyond half the distancc to apex near, hut not at, the ventral edge \\'here it is expanded into a subquadrangular incurved plate and continued from there as a dorsally excurved, denticulate and wider ridge ending at the dorsal ba~e of the \'al\'(' . . 1edt?aglls stout, about half the length of the valve, slightly uowncurved and with a \videned and acuminate tip. Scaphill11t rather \\'eakly sclerotized ) 1

1 into a distally suhtruncate elongate plate with bi.-;inuate edges. S/leCIIs vestigial, only 0

2 represented by a slight widening of the mid-ventral part of the l'il1c1I11I11I. d

e Feillale (fig. 7).-Anallobes a little wider than long, posterior apophyses only a little t a longer than the greatest width of th(' lobes. VestibltlllJJl large, trans\'erscly elongate when d

(

eV

l movably articulated there and closing the orifice when the ve' tibulum is retracted; b

u the anterior walls of the \'estibulum then overlap this process; a peculi

b occupying almost the whole length of the bursa.

d L1FE-I1hTORY: e the species has apparently been bred by some amateur entomologists t n in Picrermaritzburg, :\'atal, but no account has been published as yet. a r

g H.\BlTs. - The males usually fly at a considerable height in sunny openinf,rs between e

c tall fore~t tree~ hordering deep kloofs or waterfalls, and ha\'(: often been observed by the n e writer to remain in such limited area~ for many day,.;, flying to and fro during ~unll~' c i l

weather and occasionally settling on a favourite branch in the canopy, sometimes feeding r e on the flow(-'fs of some tall tree or creeper. This habit has already been noted and recorded d n by Trinwn, whose account of the specimens seen by him in the Tunjumbili forest lea\'es u

y no doubt as to the identity of the species. On rare ()cca~ions the males may be found a

w pursuing females nearer the grouIld, or feeding Oil flo\\'ering shrubs \vhen no ftO\\'E'rs arc e t

a available higlier up. Like many otlier butterflies, Pap ilia euphranor docs not tolerate G

intrllder~ upon its fa\'ourite beat, and in\'ariably chasc~ them away, after which it t e resumes its regular flight. n i b a S y b

d e c u d o r p e R PAPILlO 19

DISTRIBUTlo:-;.-Cape Pro1 'ince: Tsomo River. Caffraria (November, February) (type locality). lVatal: Upper Districts: Tunjurnbili, Tugcla River; Karkloof; Town Bush, Pietermaritzburg. Transvaal: Barberton District; Mariepskop; Wood bush ; :\lalta Forest (October; January). SPEcnlENs EXAMIKED: Male and females, Mariepskop; male and female, Town Bush (Pietermaritzburg); females, Malta Forest, Woodbush and Barberton District.

Papilio (Papilio) constantinus WMd. (PI. III-IV, fig. 3, ~). \\arei, 187J, rnt ..H ollih . .1f

An open forest species de~crib e d from East Africa, but fairly widely distributed from tIle warmer parts of the bushve\d of ~ outlt .\irica, the Rhodesias and Congl) northward to Abyssinia. The sexes are very similar. the female beillg on awrage larger. :\ntennae black with yellow tips. Groulld colour black (brownish-black in older specimens), minutely irrorated wi th greenish-yellow scales in the basal areas of both willgs and in the costal area of

forewing. :VIah~ with silky hairincss in thc discal area on veins .\2 to .\-1 2 , sometimes abo

on :\1 1, The light yellow markings of forewing consist of an interrupted discal band of transversely elongated spots. those in :\11 and R" being really post-disctl, the lattcr is broken up into two spot!;. thc outer spot heing narrowly produced outwards. Thcre is ~l large rounded yellow spot near the end of cell. a series of small. lIsually double. submarginal

spots in areas A2 to MI , and small marginalltmulcs on the H'in:" that on win R:; usually absent. Hindwing with a narrower and continuous yellow band from costa to vein :\2

1 in the cell of forewing and dark brown veins and interneural rays, The light markings 0

2 of the upperside arc showing through. yellow in the forewing. white in the hindwing d

e except the marginal lunules which are tinged with orange. particularly so in the anal t a area of hindwing. The tails have a slight yellow :,uffusion on II\(' inner and outer margins. d

(

Expanse: ~)O-- I IS mm. A IIIclIIlil-\l'illg ratio: 0.3(,. r e (;ent'/alia. - J]ale (fig. 8a) .- UnclIs about two-thirds of the lcngth of legllll/en, slender. h s i

l ('venly downcurved from base. Scaphilll1l weakly sclerotized, widened distally where it b

u ends in a pair of upright flattened processes almost reaching the uncus. Vahle large anrl P broad, with the co:,ta short and arched. the wntral margin long and almost straight, and e h t a \-ery short sacCI/Ills; there is a broad and long sclcrotized ridgc from a little beyond the y

b sacculus to near the apex, raised ane! strongly dentate along its free outer border which d

e is widened and curved dorsad near the tip . .-ledueag1ts about two-thirds of the length of t n the valve, a little dowllcurved beyond middle and widened before it:-; shortly acuminate a r vinCl/IIIIII g tip. Saccus vestigial. the being only a little widcned ventrally ncar middle. e

c Female (fig. Rb).- .1na./ lobes semicircular. posterior apophyses ollly a little longer n e than lobes and curved . Veslibllllll'li longer than broad. laterally forming two scleroti7,ed c i l

folds. a narrower allll almost smooth-edged outer one ami a broader and strongly serratc­ r e edged inner one. OS!7:It111 bursae at about JIliddle of the vestibulum and is bound d n anteriorly and laterally by a narrow rim of sclcrotized membrane; posteriorly there is a u

y pair of asymmetrical bifurcate processes. with a median sOl1wwhat pcar-shaped structure a

w bdween them. Bursa large. almost spherical. with a narrow lanccolatc slgnltm ab(lllt e t

a two-thirds the length of the bursa, lying longitudinally on thc left side. G

LIFE-HISTOHY : unknown. t e H .\I3JTs .- This butterfly is not uncommon throughout the bush\'Cld districb. froll1 n i b a S y b

d e c u d o r p e R 20 PAPILlO

the sea-level to 4,000 feet. It usually flies rather l,)w and can be easily capt ured when feeding on flowers or drinking at mudholes. Flying period: Septcmber- Febrnary, but there are specimens in the Transvaal Museum taken in Rikatla in May.

DISTRIBUTlO:-.! IN SOUTl-IEI{N AFRICA. Natal: Durban (November); L,tcomt; there are no further records, but the species is presumabl." not uncommon in the northern parts of Natal and Zululand. Trans'i)aal: Barberton, Lydenburg and Pietershurg districts; Brits; Rtlstenburg; Pretoria District (north of the :\'[agaliesb'~ rg range). Bechlltlnaland: Bamangwato territory; Palapye Road (March) . .'-;ollllzern Rhodesia: general. PorlllRllese E, Africa: Dclagoa Hay, l~ikatla, Beira.

Papilio (Papilio) demodocus Esper (PI. [[[- 1\', Jig. 4.3'),

I':spl'r, 17~~ • .·/IIS/. Sell/lit'll., p. 2()S, li,C(. I. l'aPi/io d""",leus I .. , 176~ (11"f 17S.~). Tt"illlen, 1~6~, N!wp. ,'//1'. ,/lIslr. I: 17. j'apilil! demO/I'll.,· "il1'. riI'I'IIOr/(J(IIS, Bcyk. Ifl:lO, Ll'p. Cal., par.'. ;;/: 151) ( Sl'C' fvr ftlll 'Yll()n,':ny)

An African spccies resembling the Pahearctic anci Oriental P. demoleus L. (1758), but although quoted by Bryk as a variety of the latter, it is undoubtedly specifically cli,;tinct, a,; i,; evident from a compari,;on of the genitalia (Text-fig. 9). It is unnece,;sary to give a detailed description of the pattern which can he readily ~een from the plate. The ,;exes are very similar. Tile ground colollf is hlacki~h-brown, lighter uncierneath, closely irroratecl with minute ~ulphur-yellow scales except in the distal part of the cdl of forewing and in the terminal area~ of both \yings. Basal area of forewing a~ far as the discal markings mottled \vith numerous irregular sulphur-yellow transverse strigae, All the markings are ,.;ulphur-yeIlO\\' except the blue ocellate patches in the co,;tal and anal areas of hindwing, the adjacent lunule; of the ocellate patch in the ) 1

1 anal area in both sexes (browni,;h-rcd) and the adjacent lunule of the ocellate patch of 0

2 the costal area in the female (suffused with orange except along its distal edge), All d

e sulphur-yellow marking~ of both sexes fluoresce in ultm-\'iolct light, tho~t' of the male t a particularly strongly, d

(

The species is but little variable \vithin the limits of SOllthern Africa and has not r e produced any sub,;pccies on the whole of the African continent, a fa~t easily explailled by h s i

l its continliollS distribution. Papilio Ilennctti Dixey (Proc. /:00/. Soc., 1898, p. 381) from b

u the island of Socotra. although treated by Auri\'illius a-; a subspecies of donodoms, i~ P mo~t probably a distinct species, a,; it Ilot only differ~ from the latter in its markings, but e h t has a short tail. Cnfortunately I have 110 specimens of bennelli and am unable to compare y

b the genitalia with those of demodocus, Pllt ha\'c little dOllbt that they \vill prove to be d

e distinct. t n Se\'eral aberration~ have been described from \\"est and East .-\frica, none of which a r

g appear to be represented in Southern Africa, although some South African specimens e

c show a slight approach tow'ards such aberrations. A sillgle aberration has been described n e from Bechuanaland : c i l r e

d abo epunctatus L<' ('erf. 1927, linc, Enl. 8, III. 2. Lep.: 58. n u

y I was unable, up to the present time, to see the description which was published in a

w a work unobtainable in this country, or to obtain a reply from the author on the subject e t of this and other forms described by him. It would appear from the name that there is a G

a redllction of some spot or spots, which is consistent with drought conditions existing t e in that part of the country, n i b a S y b

d e c u d o r p e R PAPILIO 21 11 g !;~( 1:I , \ ) 1 1 0 2 d e t a d

( r e h s i l b u P e h t y b d e t n a r g e c n e c i l r e d n u y a w e t 9a, Papi/io (P ,pi/io) demodocus Esp" male genitalia; b, p, (P.) (lemo/eus L., right valve. 10. P. (P.) demodocu.s a Esp.: a, female genitalia, b, bursa. II. P. (P.) ophidicepha/14s Oberthur, male, 12, id., female: a, last three G

t abdominal segments, b, bursa. 13. P. (P.) 'Iireus lyaeus Dbld., male. 14 . id ., female: a, last three abdominal e segments, b, bursa. (All figures of genitalia are enlarged approxima!ely 10 times.) n i b

a 3 S y b

d e c u d o r p e R PAPILIO

The following aberrations, described from outside the limits of Southern Africa, are mentioned here: abo docusdemo Suffert, 1904, D. Ent. Zeit., "Iris" 17: 101, is characterized by tbe enlargement and partial fusion of the light yellow discal markings in forewing and the presence of di::;cal spots arollnd the end of cell in hindwing. I have seen no specimens among the material from Southern Africa, but as the aberration was described from Tahora, Tanganyika Territory, there is a possibility of its occnrrencp in tropical localities within our limits; Trimen recorel::; a somc\\'hat similar aberration from Plettcnberg Bay (S ...!. BIIII., :~ : 226) . abo conflua Strand, 191.t, Archi~· . f. lYafurgeschichte 80, A, 2: ISR {Cameroons) . Distinguished by the confluence of the two light yellow spots in the distal thinl. of the cell of forewing. One male taken br tIle writer at Kabulabula, Chobe River, in July, 1930, shows a partial fusion of these spob, and is in the collection of tbe Transvaal yluseum; an asymmetrical aberration of similar tvpe is mentilHwd h~ : Trimen (!. e .. Pi>. 2~6-227).

ab, karema Strand, WI I, JIiIl. Zon/. MilS. ]-Jer/. 5: 294 (~ltang

transverse hand of hindwin~ only 6 mill. wide in the ccll, and discal spot CU 2 in forewing only 10- 11 mm. long. I may point out that thc last t\\"o charactcrs appear to havc \'pry little significance, as in South African specimens (which reprcs('nt the typical form). the measurements given hy Strand art' very seldom exceeded, while the position of the spots in area Rs is variable, although I ba\'t~ as yet st'en no specinwns from South Africa in which they are connected. )

1 A peculi;!.f aoerration, of a melanic nature, was obtailled by }Ir. C. (;. c. Dicksoll 1

0 in Cape Town, ;lmong specimens bred by him from the egg. Tile specimen, which W3S 2

d kindly sC'nt to me for examination, is a male which emerged on the 17th Octobpr, I~X~2. e t

a Its pcculiaritirs are noted hereunder. d

( Uppel'side.-The ring of the ocellate blue spot in the subcostal arca of hindwing is r

e diffuse internally and helow, its outer edge inwardly oblique, and the adjoining yellow h s

i lunule is hea\'ily suffused with orange except at its lo\-\'er extremity; hrownish-red l b bordering of the anal ocellate spot enlarged bf.'low, the upper part of the black ring u P

obliterated and replaced by an ochreous suffusion: yellow irroration of the postdiscal e h arf'a of forewing much reduced. C lIderside.- Dasal yellow streaks of both wings much t

y reduced; hindwing with the median yellow band very' narrow and creamy, the adjoining b

d !'pot at the end of cell replaced entirely by an ochreous suffllsion cJged inwardly by a e t narrow black line; the usual blue-edged ochraceolls streaks of the postdiscal area arc n a r absent altogether, the whole area being black, irroratecl with ochracc()us scales. g

e Aberrations of this kind are not usual even among specimens hred under artificial c n conditions, ancl are certainly very rare in nature. e c i Expa11se: mm. Antenna-'wing rat£o: 0,34. l 8S- 112 r U"/ICIIS e Genifalia.-Male (fig. 9a).-Tegu11le1/ moderately long, as long as tegumen, d

n attenuated from a broad base towards the acute and down curved tip; scaphiw1t about u half the le/lgth of UIlCUS, rounded and slightly raised distaUy; valve very broad, costa y a and ventral margin parallel and at right angles to the distal margin, with the angl s w e t rOllmled : there is a slender sclerotizE'd ridge curved along the \'entral side of the valve a

G from the base a little above the'apex of sacCl/llts to about one-seventh of the length of t e the valve frem the upper olltcr an~le where it forms an elongate-triangular blade, serrate n i b a S y b

d e c u d o r p e R PAPILlO 23

along the distal edge, the serrations largest at the tip; aedoeagus a little more than two­ thirds of the valve, slightly downcu'rved from middle, broad and truncate at tip; anellus rather weakly sclerotized, ventrally forming a small gutter-like shield, obtusely angled at middle. Female (fig. lO).-Anal lobes rather large, evenly rounded, the posterior apophyses about a quarter longer than broad, with the sides almost parallel; ostium bursae near the anterior end, between two somewhat cuneiform sclerites with their apices curved towards each other on the anterior side of the ostium; there is a tongue-like process from the posterior end of the vestibulum, projecting anteriarl; the sirles of the vestibulum are narrowly sclerotizcd, the anterior wall a little more widely so, with numerous longi­ tudinal wrinkles; the whole anterior part of the vestibulum is invaginated and pocket­ like, the posterior sclerotized parts of the sides are widened into triangular plates with their surface wrinkled longitudinally, and which are separated by a narrow membranous space from the inner erlges of the sclerotized posterior sides of the 8th segment: the btter have a trans\'crse fold between the less strongly sclerotizcd posterior portion and the anterior one which is \\'crlge-shaped, irregularly serrate along the edge facing the posterior edge of the widened sclerites of the \'cstibular wall, and is produced anteriorly into a slender process evidently' homologous with the anterio/' apophyses often found in connection with sclerotized parts of the 8th segment in females of Lepidoptera. L1FE-IIIsToln: (Plate IX).-Egg spherical, smooth, with a flattened base, 1.3 mill. in di;.llneter by 1.1. mm. high, white when laid, later turning to pale yellow, and after 24 hours variegated with light brown markings. It is laid singly 011 the underside of leaf or of a ,:>'ollng shoot. Shortly before hatching the eggs turn black. Egg-stage about five days. Lan'n.- There are five instars lasting about 24 days. First instar larva brownish­ black, with a whitish marking at middle, and also on first and two last segments; the body is covered with numerous setose processes, there being three pairs on f'trst segment, )

1 four pairs each on second to fourth segment, two pairs eaell on the fifth to tenth scgmcIl t. 1

0 the lower processes being much shorter than the upper (dorso-lateral) ones, and one pair 2

d each on the last two segments. The longest processes are the dorsa-lateral ones on the e t

a first and last segmen ts. \\'ith each consccu tive instar these processes become smaller, d on]~'

( and in the final ins tar they are absent. there being an anterior and a posterior pair r

e of small plain tubercles on first and last segments. h s There are two distinct colour forms, depending npon the food-plant. Larvae feeding i l b un Citrus and other H.utaceae are at first nearly black \vith conspicuous whitish markings u P

at middle and on posterior abdominal segments, giving them a resemblance to a bird-drop­ e h ping; the head and posterior extremity of body yellowish; in the final ins tar the larva is t

y green, irrorated at sides with purplish reticulated lines and small ocel\ate reddish spots; a b

d broad white lateral line above spi.racles; anterior edge of the swollen third thoracic e t .segment with a transverse row of small black rings, the two central ones circular, complete n a

r and separate, those next to them nearly quadrangular, followed by small anteriorly g

e rounded ones, then by a trace of a smaller ring, beyond which is a large oceJlate black c n spot crossed by a narrow longitudinal white line; the two central rings are bordered e c i anteriorly by 1\"\"0 narrow black semi-circular lines united at middle and continued l r posteriorly to constitute the sides of the nearly quadrangular rings mentioned above; e d the whole of these markings are bordered anteriorly by a transverse purplish stripe along n u the posterior edge of the second thoracic sement; a transverse vclvety black line along y a the anterior edge of the first abdominal segment; paired reticulate oblique purplish or w e

t blackish fasciae from the upper edge of the white lateral line of the 3rd abdominal segment a to the upper side of the 4th segment and from there backwards to the posterior edge of G t

e the 5th segment; similar but smaller fasciae at lower sides of the 5th abdominal segment. n i b a S y b

d e c u d o r p e R 24 P.l.PILIO

This colour··form was known to Trimen, and the description given here i~ largely based upon his. Larvae feeding OIl Umbelliferae, such as Fennel, are white with brownish or blackish longitudinal stripes which in the final stage are broader and are edged Clnd spotted with light orange red. Anterior and posterior tubercles brownish: osmeterium crimson, with a ~hort base and long, horizontally spreading branches. Length of full-grown larva, about 40 mm. PlIpa.--I reproduce Trimen's excellent description: " Elongate, tapering anteriorly, head deeply bifid, the cephalic procbses blunt, serrate internallv, with a minutely denticulated ridge abo\'e, inclining outwards; dor~al thoracic projection acute, strongly elevated anteriorly; abdomen gradually widened from base to tile posterior end of the third segment, slightly angulated thcre and then tapering towards the posterior end, with four rows of tubercl c~, the two inner rows more prominent from third segment back\\'ards ; second abdominal segment with a single dorsal tubercle and a tuberculated ridge margining from base to the widest parts." The ""hole surface is rough, with scattered :;mall acute tuhercles anteriorly on the under­ side. Length about ~l6 111m. The colour of the pupa varies accordingly to the col om of the snpport, making it diff1cult of detection (green, urown, black or grey, or a combination of th6e. colours). Pupal stage lasts two week,; under favourable conditions, but may be protracted COII­ :-; idcrably by acl\'crse conditions. Food-plallts.--Rutaceae: C/allsena inaeljuahs, 'l'oddulia (lwleata, laneeolata and uatalel1sis; Teelfa sLfTnuertunii; Caludendrull capense; Citms (many cultivated \'arieties) ; Cmbelliferae : Foeniwillm vlIlgare (I'ennel); Bllbon galbal1l1m and gmnnllfeml1l; )

1 Sapindaceae: Hippobmmlls .:tlata. 1

0 DlSTlOIH'T\O:-: 1:-: SOl:TIlEH:-: AFRICA.- The species has been recorded from tht· 2

d whole of SOllthefll A frica throughout the summer months, and in warmer parts through­ e t

a out the year. d Habits. --Both sexes can be easily observed visiting flowers even in town gardens; ( r

e like most Papilios, they do not close their \\'ing:> when feeding, but, with the wings in h s motion, remain poised for a :>hort time at each flower before resuming their flight. In i l b the warmest part of the day specimens of P . demodocus can be observed patrolling the u P

:;ummits of hills, like many other butterflies. The species prefer:> open country and is e h seldom found in densely-wooded areas. t

y Economic importance.---In certain seasons, when the species is unusually numerous, b

d damage to Citrus trees has been recorded, especially to young plantations. e t SPECn1E1\S EXA)II~ED .- Large series of both sexes from the Cape Province, Trans­ n a

r vaal, Natal, Bechuanaland Protectorate and Southern Rhodesia. g e c n Papilio (Papilio) ophidicephalus Oberthur. e c i

l Oherthur, 187!l, Eludes d' E~'lomologie II I. 1:1.

r 1'. mencstheus auct. (nee Drury, 17n). e

d For fuJI synonymy, see Bryk, 1930, LI,pid. CIlI., pars. 39: 554. n u This species, the largest of all South African butterflies, was originally described from y a the Shumba Mountains, Tanganyika. The nominotypical form does not occur in Southern w e t Africa where it is replaced by several distinct subspecies, some of which bear a super­ a ficial resemblance to Pap-ihomenestheus Drury (1773) and P. lormieri Distant, which no G t

e doubt accounts for the confusion which formerly prevailed in this group. n i b a S y b

d e c u d o r p e R PAPILIO 25

The species was first recorded from South Africa by Trimen wh() mistook it for menesthe1ls (Rhop . Afr. Austr., 2:' 320, 1866), but subsequently corrected his mistake and referred the ~pecies figured by him (I.e., Plate 2, fig. I) to ophidicephalu.s (Ty. enl. Soc. Land., 1879: 345) . Trimen noticed the peculiar form taken by Ayres in the Lydenburg District, Trans­ vaal, as well as the form from the Umtali District, Southern Rhode~ia, taken by Selous in 1892, but at that time the conceptions of different categories of " forms" were not so sharply delimited as at present, and therefore Trimen merely mentioned them as " vars ". ~€'vertheless, Trimen correctly 'recognised the South African forms as belonging to ophid1:cephalus, but later Aurivillius gave Oberthur's species tbe rank of a variety of the West-African P. menestheus and accorded similar rank to Distant's lormieri, without giving any valid reasons. Suffert in 1904 described phal1lsco as an aberration of ophidi­ cephalus. Le Ced (Bull. Hill .1/1/$ ., Vol. I, part 3 : 387) recognised phaillscu as a sub­ species, but referred it to the" dimorphic speci(~s JIlenestheus-lormieri "; he also mentioned specimens in Trimen's collection from Natal, labelled by Trimcn a~ " specimens varying in the direction ()f the nearly allied menestheus." Bryk in the Lepidopterorulll Catalogus, pars. 39, p. 554 treats ophidicephalus as a variety of lIIrmestheus. I have shown ill a previous paper (Ann. Transl'aal Mlts. 19: 53--64) that all South African forms were subspecies of the East African ophid1'cephallls Oberthur and that the latter was. sFecifically distinct from both menestheus and lor11lieri, all three species show­ ing very good specific distinctions in the male g(~ nitalia. Descriplivn. -Both sexes arc tailed anel birl:\' similar in pattern, the females being g nerally larger and with duller light markings. The ground colour is black, the light markings are sulphllf-yellow in the male and tilloresce in ultra-violet light; in the females, they are a duller vellow, less ~harply delimited, clo llot fluoresce in ultra-violet light, and in s.ome subspecies are broader than in the male and partly coalesce. On the )

1 upperside the light markings consist of a tran:-;verse bar in thc cell at thrce-quarter~ 1 0

2 from its base (sometime~ broken up into two separate parts), a cliscal se rie~ of spots in d

e forewing (sometimes partly fused together), a continuous trans\'crSe band in hindwillg t a intersecting th cell near its end, a series of subterminal :-;pots and marginal lunules in d

(

both \\"ings, but larger in hindwing ; an ocellate :-;pot in area :'III' alld a similar one in r e the anal area of hinuwing. irrorated with bright. light blue stales anu edged distally by h s i orangp. lunule~. l'nuersiclc with lighter marking~ than al O\'e, augnwllted by irroration l b

u along the \'eins, four longitudinal streaks in th ~ c('lIs of both wings, alld a ~cries of light P bltle diffu~e lunllies ill hindwing, excun'ed in area~ :'112 to CUI' e h t y b

d SOl'TH AFRICA~ Sl'BSPEUES OF e KEY TO PAPILlO OPHIIJIC'J:'PlJALUS' t n Oberth. a r g e

c Discal spot R5 fu~ed for morc than half it~ length witll both discal :-;pots R, and n e :vII .. 2 c i l

Discal :-;pot Rr, not fused \\"ith both discal spots R~ and :'1-11: Jiscal spot :'Ill being r e either shortly fused with spot \(;. or is separate :, d n 2 Discal spot R~ mil' h longer than either discal spot:-; :VII and Cu~, and is u~ually u

y contiguous with ~pot R. to it:-; end or almost to its end phaillsw (p. 28) a w l>iscal spot R~ not or only little longer than discal spots M1 and Cu 2, and is usually e t

a not contiguous with spot R. to its end. . :mlllellsis (p. 27) G

3 At least discal spots ?I'I" to R fu~ed into a continuou:-; band 4

t t e

n Discal spots :'113 to RJ not fused into a band 5 i b a S y b

d e c u d o r p e R 26 PAPILIO

4 Proximal side of the very broad discal band is almost even in areas MJ to M3, the ground colour not, or only very little projecting ou twards along veins ~'lJ and II'12 . . chirinda (p. 26) Proximal side of the discal band in areas Ml to M3 deeply incised by the ground colour projecting outwards along veins Ml and Mz ; discal spots R4 and :M;l in the male, and all discal spots in the female, fused into a not very broad band which in the female is much constricted on veins (1 to Az entabeni (p. 26)

5 Discal spots (uz and Az are much longer than spots Ml to M3 ; discal spot Az usuall larger than discal spot (uz

s\lbsp. chirinda \',1Il Sun. (Pla':es III- I\', fig. 5, -5; 6. ~').

va n SOil, 19:N .. / rdl. TY{/l/ ..: ·(w l.\1 ,, ·. 19: '=;9.

Di::;cal spots elll to R~ in the male, and all cli,.;cal ~pot~ in the female, fuse:! into a continuous broad band. Cell-bar moderately wiue except at the (liscal end where it is abruptly widened (typical form), or extremely broad and gradually widened towards the discal end (f. barnesi van Son, I.e., p. 60) (PI. III-IV, fig. 7) ; both forms occur together throughout the range of the subspecies, but the form bamesi is more commOll in the Vumba MOllntains, Cmtali District. t.'xpallsl': male, rW-12S mm.: female, 1:30 mm. DISTRllWTIO:\.- This subspecies is peculiar to the mountains of the Eastern border of S. Hhodesia and to the adjoining Portuguese' territor.". It \\"as nrst taken in 1892 by Selous at Christmass Pass, in the Cmtali District (sec Trimen, P. X. S. Lund., 1894 : 69.).

) SPECI~JE:\S EX:\:>II"EI): A large series in the Transvaal :-IIuseum (including holotype 1 1

0 and paratypc~ of the typical form) from Chirinda Forest, jlebetter District, S. Rhodesia, 2 Decemoer and Jililuary .: a s ~ ri e s from Vumba Mountains (including types of f. barncsi) , d e t December-February; numerous specimcns in the collection of Capt. R H. R a d

Ste,'cnson from Chirinda Forest, "umba ylountains anu Dondo (Portugucse East Africa). (

r The females examined show generally a wider cell-bar than the male". and the f. l)({.rne.~i e h

s can be regarded as a male-form only. i l b u

P sllbsp. \"an Son. Plates Ill- I\". jig. 8, 6, ~ ). entabeni d"; e h \";\11 SOil, 19:19, /,.' ()II. t y b

Discal spots smaller than in chil'11Ida, in the male only the spots }I~ to R4 are fused d e along th 'ir middle, in the female all discal spots are fused, those in areas \1 to 'u only t 2 n for a short distance, their free portions strongly projecting, especially on the inner side. a r g Expanse: male, 120 111m., female, 130 mm. e c DISTImH.'TIo:\: Zoutpansberg Range, ~()rthern Transvaal. n e SPECI::IIE:\S EXA;\lI:\ED: holotype male, Entabeni (October) ~\lId allotype female, c i l same locality (November); a series from the saml~ locality and from ?l1ooiplaats, N. of r e

d Louis Trichardt (March). n u

y SllCsp. transvaalensis \"an SOil. (Phltl"s II 1- 1\' hg. liJ, .5 ; 11 , Q). a w yall SOil, 19:19, I.e.: 61. e t a

G Discal spob altogether separated in the male; in the female, spot:; Rs and RJ are t e fused, and ~ometimes spot M) is Shortly connected with spot R;. n i b a S y b

d e c u d o r p e R PAPILla 27

The discal spots Az and CU z are distinctly larger tllan the other discal spots. The c1iscal area of hindwing is very heavily irrorated with yellow scales, and the females often show a strong yellow irroration along the veins between the discal and subterminal series. Expanse: male, 125 mm., female, 128 mm. DISTRIBI'noN: Transvaal Drakensbcrg on the northern side of the Olifants River valley. SPECIMD:- EXAMIl'iED: large series of both sexes, includin~ the types, from Wood­ bush and Malta Forest, Pietcrsburg District. October-March.

sllbsp. ayresi \'

\·,,11 Son. 19:-19, / ... . : Ii:!.

A large subspecies, with the uiscal spots small and separate in both sexes, of rather uniform size and arranged in a more straight line than in the more northern slIbspecies, but agreeing in this respect with phalusco and zuluellsis. The cell-bar is narrowed at middle and sometimes broken up into two separate spots. Expanse: male, 130 mm., female, up to 140 mm. DrsTHIIH'T101\ I: Transvaal) Drakensberg on [he <.;outitern side of the Olifants H.iver Valley. SPECDIE:-

SlIbSJl. zuluensis \ 'an Son. (Pbte::> ' "- V I, iig. 1,6). ""11 Son, J9:l!l. /f. ; (;:1 .

) .- \ large and rather variable subspecies with an apparently very limited range, and 1 1

0 ill appearance somewhat transitional between ayresi and pltalusco, although distinctly 2 nearer to the latter. d e t 'Vhen originally described, only two males were at hanel, but since then I have a d

received a series of specimens from the type locality, collected by !\Ir. D. A. Swanepoel. (

r 1. nfortunately all these specimens are males, and I am as yet unable to compare the e h phalltsco. s female with that of On the whole the specimens agree ",ith the description of i l

b the Itolotype, to which I may add that another difference from ph allis co i::; the com­ u "\2' P parati\'ely 10llger spots CU 2 and analogous with the distinction between lransvaalensis e and ay-resi. Olle of the specimens rather nearly approaches phalusco in the spot H..I being h t ), y produced further distad than usual (almost to the end of spot Rs bllt differs from b phalusco in the much larger spots CU2 and .'\2' Expallsc: male 132- 138 mm. d e t DISTRIB 'nol'.' .- So far only known from the type-Iocal"ity: Eshowe, Zululand. n a

r SPECIMEl\S EX.'\~\fI!\E\).--6 males, including the types, December and February: g

e the February specimens, collected in the first week of that month, are very worn and c n dama·Iell and must have hatched during January. e c i l NOTE. - Although certain specimens of P. !? zuZ'IIensis show a tendency to vary in r

e the direction of ~ . phalltsco, there appears to be no evidence of the opposite being the d

n case, all material of phalusco seen being remarkably constant in spite of the very exten­ u "i\"e range. It seems, therefore, that the population of zulllellsis is, or has been, subject to y a occasional hybridization with pha/llsco, a hypothesis well within practical possibilities, w e t if the extremely pO\verful ,. South-Easters" arc taken into account, which periodically a

G sweep the coast of Natal. t e As Eshowc is protected by high hills from the north-western winds (which blow n i b a S y b

d e c u d o r p e R PAPILlO

mostly in August), there is less likelihood of specimem of wlllensis being blown over into the arE'a of phalusco. A more detailed investigation of this problem would be of considerable interest.

subsp. phalusco ('-'llfiert. (Plates V- VI, fig . 2t d"; 3. :."). P 1Il"n ::slhws Trimen Hhup . .-lfr .., lu.slr., II : :i20 (nee Drury, Ii/:i) I'. "phidiuphnltls abo pilaillsco Suffert, 1904 , Iris 17 : 103. I ' . )}u n ,·.

The largest subspecies of P. vphid1'cephatus, distinguished by the greatest length of the discal spots near the costa of forewing, the spot Rl being particularly long; the discal spots are arranged in a nearly straight iillC, ~hcr('bv difiprillg from all ot .er sub­ species except z/{/lIel1sis. A'xpal1se: male, up to 1:~8 mm., female, up to l-lS mm, ])ls·rHll wTlo ~. -Coastal area of the Eastern Cape Province and Natal, and inland to the Ama tola and Drakcnsberg ranges ; the followillg records are ;1\'ailabIc : Cape PJ't)('illce: Gonuhie River, East London ; Bashee Ri,'er ; Tsomo River ; Pirie Forest, KingwilliamstowlI; Katberg; Hogsback, Amatola I\lolilltains; Stlltter- 11l'im ; POl1doland : Port St. Johns, :'\gqeleni. Sa/at : coastal belt between Tugela and l'mkomai'.i Rivers ; Karkloof ; Pictermaritzburg ; Balgowan. SPECD1EXS EXA~II:\EJ) : a series of both sexes from POlHloland, Pirie Forest, Hogs­ back, Stlltterheim and Balgowan. The follO\ving structural characters ha "e been foulld to be common to a II Sll bspecies stlltlied and, tlt('rcfore, apply to the species a,., a whole. A l1/em/{HCillg ratio: male () ·35, female () -:~~~ . (;eJli/afia.-- '\ialc (fig. \\).- Teglll1lel! rather short, 11I1CIIS about the length of tegll/1len, (·venly arched, slightly serrulate below, downcurvcd at t\t(' acute tip; scaphilllll- weakly )

1 sclerotiz~cl along the upper edges, raised and emarginate distally; m/"e \'ery large, 1

0 dongatc, mor(' than three times th(' length of unCllS, costa arched, n'ntral margin straight, 2

d the apex lleing thus situated at the clld of the ventral margill; a narrow, but strongly e t

a sclerotized harpe runs a little above ventral margin from base to near apex and is d

( expanded ill the distal quarter illto a raised blade which projects a little beyond the apex r

e of the "al\,c; sacwllls rather small, distally trllncate ; jux/a sderotizeo into a broadly h s wedge-shaped shield, emarginate distally ; aedoeaglls about half the length of tlte ,"alve, i l b arched, obliquely cxci,.;ed 011 the \"l~ ntral side h(1th at base ami at tip, the latter angularly u P

emarginate on the right side; sacClls vestigial. e

h I'emale (fig. 12) .- . 111al lobes rather small, evenly rounded, posterior apoph_"ses t\\"ice t

y the kngth of the lobes, \'pry slender; ,Icstibn/llm broad, rounded antnioriy whell not b

d c"aginated; allterior part thro\\"n into numerous pleated folds allowing considerable e t extellsion when eyaginated; the larger part of the vestibulum is sclerotized in the shape n a

r of a broad" l" .. with the middle oCCllpied by a raised scl(:rotizd semicircular ridge, g

e edged anteriorly by a slightly ,.;maller swclling and produced at sides into distally widened c n trnncatc plate,.; with deep cmargillatiolls between these alld the central part of the ridge ; e c i beyond the plates, and connected with them, arisc large elollgate hifurcate processes l r hasally connected with the middle of each side of the"' C ,. ; these proce~ses are normally e d directed obliquely backwards and inwards, their longer posterior prongs lying across n u each other, but \\"11('11 the n'stibulum is evaginatecl, they diverge; a pincer movement is y a thlls the result of an out- and im"agination; os/illm bllrsae situated directly behind the w e

t middle of the raised central ridge mentioned above ; dllc/us bursae about as long as the a vestibulum, bllrsa almost twice as long, elongate-ovate, with a very elongate signlllll G t

e occupying most of its length on the left side. n i b a S y b

d e c u d o r p e R - PAPILlO 29

LIFE-HISTORY (PI. X).--The first account of the early stages, by ~I'Iiss r...largaret E. Fountaine, appeared in the Transactiol1s of the Entomological Society of London, 1911, pp. 48--49 (1911), and recently the life-history has heen studied by ~Ir. G. C. Clark, whose notes and paintings were kindly put at my disposal. Egg.--l ·3 111m. in diamter by 1 ·3 mm. high, spherical, ~mooth, \\'jth a flattened base, light watery yellow when laid, later darkening to pale dull yellow. It i:; laid singly on either the upper or the lower surface of the leaf of the footi-plant, preferably on young sapling~. Egg-stage duration a ...; yet unrecorded. Lar1.'a .-F1·rst instal' black, witii white marking at the po~teri()r end; structurally :-;imilar to the larva oi P. demodoclIs, but thoracic segments comparatively wider, and setose processes more blunt. Seco11d instar clark olivaceous-browlI, with the la..;t three segments white, and ~ometim e s showing traces of a central white marking 011 6th to 8th :;cgments; setos!:' processes a little reduced, but present on all segm~nts, these on dorsal pair on 8th se.~ment more prominent than the rest. Third instar with setose processes reduced to mere tubercles, except the largest anterior pair which, however, is milch reduced as comparee! with previous stage and the pair of dorsal tubercles 011 8th segment is larger; the thoracic segments arc conspicuollsly swollen, and the white m'lrkings more extensive and giving the larva a strong resemblance with a hird-dropping, especially when it lies cmlecl up on the upper surface of the leai. FOllrth i1lstar show~ a further reduction of the anterior processes, but the paired dorsal tul>~rcles on 8th se~mcnt are becoming more prominent: the white markings are still more con.;picuolls, the central one:-; extended forward at sides to form a V-like patch, ·with paire:l ~'dl()wish maculae near middk of Stlt and 6th segments. Fifth instar (flllal sta~e) hlui~h gre~l1, with narrow transverse blackj~h bands on first three segments, and a large, somewhat H-shapell marking on 6th to 10th ~cgl11enb, the cros~-bar occupying the posterior half of the 8th segment, and tlte sidc~ produced obliquely downwards both in front and behind; IInder­ )

1 :;ick of the ~ix anterior :.;cgments blackish, the [t~maind(>r, including all prolegs except the 1 0

2 first pair, whitish tinged with pinkish; the tuberclt's of the 8th segnwnt are \·ery pro­

d minent, blunt and coriac('ous at tips and of the same colour a." the clark band on which e t a they are sitllated; there arc t\\"o small dob of whitish colour placed dirc'ctly behind the d

( tubercles. Osmetcr-llll1l blackish, the branches spreading obliquely, IIpc\l[\"cd distally ann r e with yelIowi:;h tips. h s i ~1iss FOllntaine describe;:. the dark markings a~ b;~ing ru~set-hrown and not blackish; l b thi~ discrepancy may be due to individual variability, hut as her specimens came from u P

Eshowe and, therefore, were of the sllhspccies~1l11/el/sis, whereas i\lr. Clark's material e h

t wa:; of tlw !>ubspeeies plta/lIsco, til(! difference may b~ sub.;pecific and further study will

y he required to sNtle this point. L<:>ngth of full-grown larva -W to -l:~ mm. The w;lOle b

d lan'al period laSh about five weeks. e t

n Pupa.-Rathcr narrow and elongate, ventrally convex, dors:t1ly concave, with the a r ~ides parallel from head to -ltl! segment, thence evenly widened to th8 8~h scgm2nt, g

e hehind which it gradually tapers to the broadly truncate posterior end. Dorso-thoracic c n prominence rather inconspicllous, straight in side view, with its anterior :-;Iope at right e c i l angles to the dorsal edge; cephalic processes widely separated, parallel, broad and r e slightly d()wnclI\"\"ed at tips. Cpper ~l\rface of abdomen with four rows of tubercles, the d n dorsal one~ of the 8th segmellt very prominent and curved backwards. The whole surface u

y of the pupa is rather rough, with numerous small tubercles, and the colour i:-; a mixture of a grceni:-;h, brownish and pinkish-white designs giving it an extraordinary likeness to a w e t piece of rotten wood or lichen-coverecl bark. a

G Length of pupa about 34 mm., the pupal stage lasts about two weeks, but the period t e may be extended o\"Cr three months; hibernation is in the pupal stage. n i b a S y b

d e c u d o r p e R PAPILlO

F oud-plant: Clausena inaequalis (R u taceae). There are two main broods, the first from early spri"ng (sometimes as early as August) to November, the second from December to March, but there appears to be a certain amount of overlapping, and in warmer localities with a moist climate the species may be observed almost the whole year round. HABITS. ·-P. ophidicephalus is a true forest insect and is seldom seen in open country, even in the vicinity of forests, a fact which accounts for the patchy and often quite isolated distribntion which has favoured the development of the numerous subspecies. It may commonly be obserwd in forests where it prefers kloofs, particularly those with a stream flowing at the bottom. Males are much more often seen than females, and are in the habit of flying up and down the same kloo£, occasionally visiting flowers such as Impatiens, Pleclranthus, HypoiNes or Plumbago; in the hot hours of the day they are fond of settling on the mud along edges of streams or on wet spots on the forest roads, and while absorben in sucking t he moisture, are easily netted. Females may occasionally he ohserved in similar circumstances, but are generally less conspicuous and prefer the half-shadt' wher(' the fooci-plant grows. ~ o"l"E. - I t is of considerable importance to note that very little varia tion, either ~easonal or incli\·idual, is observable within the limits of each subspecies, and what little \·ariation there may be found (such as the size, width of light yellow markings and small details of their shape) is apparently unaffected by differences of altitude and consequent variation in relative moisture and temperature: specimens collected at th'e extreme lower and upper limits of the subspecitic areas, with altitudes ranging from less than ~,OO(l feet to over 6,000 fect , do not show any difference at all, and the same is the case with specimens collected at the furthest removed localities within the range of the same subspecies, which, in the case of phalusco and ayresi, may be hllndreds of miles apart;

) ;It the same time, an (:\·en small but efficient barrier preventing interbreeding results in 1

1 \·ery considerable and constant differences between specimens on either side of the gap, 0 2

as for instanC(~ in the case of eniabeni and tmllst'{u.ilensis, or of the latter and ayresi : d e :~O t in the latter casC', the subspecific areas are separated by only a little o\'er miles, and the a

d climatic conditions, while varying within each area, do not show any difference bet\\'een

( each of the two areas, as a wholL The geological formations arc also similar on both r e

h :,ides and. therefore, there is no reason to suspect any chemical changes in the food-plant s i l which is abo the same in each case. Therefore, we have every reason to assume that the b u constant subspecific characters of each area arc not caused by external influences, but are P

e strictly genetic and are brought about by internal changes (possibly mutational) which h t have arisen independently in each area and arc maintained there by virtue of their y b

hereditary nature and the absence of interbreeding with other subspecic~, a condition d e

t pro\·idcd by complete isolatioll. The only exception appears to be the case of Z7Iluensis, n

a where a certain amount of variation in the direction of phalusco (but not reaching it r g

altogether), 'may indicate that specimens of the latter subspecies may have been, on rare e c occasions, accidentally brought into the area of wluensis by strong S.E. winds, ann n e

c affected the purity of this subspecies. i l r e d

n Papilio (Papilio) nireus L. u

y l.in:1, 175~, Svsl. Xal., d. III : ·H;4 a w e t An Ethiopian species with three subspecies, of which only one occurs in Southern a

G A.frica. The nominotypical suhspecies is distributed from Sierra Leone to the northern t e part of Angola. n i b a S y b

d e c u d o r p e R PAPILlO 31

Papilio (PapiIio) nireus lyaeus Doubleday. (Plates V-VI, fig. 4. d'; 5, ~ ). I),,"hleday, 1845, .11111. Nllt. H ist. 16 : 17H.

A fairly common butterfly whose range extends from the Cape Province (east of Knysna) northwards to Kenya. It is absent from the Karroo and Little Namaqualand District of the Cape Province and also from the southern part of South-\;Vest Africa, but has been recorded from the Great Waterberg range in the northern part of the S.W.A. Protectorate, as well as from southern Angola. Description.-.l1 ale.- Velvety black above, with metallic greenish-blue markings: a straight continuous discal band from the lower side of the distal end of cell in forewing to near the anal angle of hind wing from which it remains separated by a narrow space of the ground-colour; small patches on either side of the upper discocellular ()f fore'vving ; usually a minute spot directly above the outer spot at the base of area H.~; a small spoi

a t middle of area E'5 and a slightly smaller subapical one in area RI . Sometimes small

double submarginal spots occur in areas A1- ;VI 2. Hindwing with a series of subterminal

spots in areas Cu 2--HS, those in areas Cu2- ;.\I3 being double and separated by some black along the interneural folds, the remainder are reduced to one (upper) spot or are absent. Cilia black with white interneurallunulcs. The greenish-hlue markings fluoresce in ultra­ violet light. Underside dark brown in the forewing except in the apical and outer area, often variegated with opalescent lighter patches beyond the cell and before apex in forewing and in the medial area of the hindwing, especially in the specimens from the coast. Occasionally small, whitish submarginal spots occur in areas AI - -M~, of forewing. A light ('reamy-yellow shiny subterminal band in hindwing from costa near apex to very near the hindmargin in area ru~, and two small spots of the same colour along anal margin in area A~ , Veins blackish. Cilia blackish-brown with traces of interneural white lunules. Felllale.-Grouncl colour blackish-brown, with the markings above more greenish )

1 and less brilliant than in the male. Subterminal markings usually better developed. 1 0

2 Underside strongly variegated with opalescent patches and bands, which are also present

d in the postdiscal and subterminal areas of the hindwing, but the creamy-yellow sub­ e t a terminal band is absent. d

( <38, Expanse: 90- 115 mm. (both sexes). Antenna-win!{ ratio: 3, () .,0·35. r e Genitalia.- l11ale (fig. 13).- Te

u distally and projecting a little beyond the tip of the uncus, Villculu1Jl. much widened P ventrally, forming a deep pouch, triangular in side-\ iew. e h t Valve very large; ventral part of the base sclerotized, narrow and almost entirely y

b t-nclosed within the pouch of the vinculum; the remaining greater part of the valve is

d subtriangular, with the costa slightly arched, ventral margin only a little excurveu, e t n (~xcept at the junction with the basal part of the valve, where there is an incision a r by

g caused the sclerotized ventral margin of the latter being curved away from the e

c ventral edge of the distal portion and continued as the ventral edge of the harpe; the n e latter i" flattened, strongly scl~rotized, distally muitidcntatc and projecting a little c i l

beyond the apex, while at its base th re is a broad nearly rectangular dorsal dentate r e process, the teeth being curved hasad and those situated at the angles are bifid. Aedoeapts d n about half the total length of the valve, straight, rather weakly sclerotized. u

y Female (fig. 14) ,- inallobes rather small, posterior apophyses nearly twice the length a

w of the lobes. Veslibulu111 comparatively shallow, anteriorly rounded, posteriorly widened; e t

a the walls are strongly wrinkled, especially in the anterior part where they are tranwersely G plicate, the ridges being sci erotized ; ostium b1lrsae bordered anteriorlv and at sides by a t e

n high foliaceolls sclerotized rim, highest at the sides where it spre~ds outwards, and i b a S y b

d e c u d o r p e R P:\PILIO

which is connected with two posterior prongs of sclerotized membrane, leaving a membranous space between them; two shorter prongs arise near the middle of the posterior side of the rim, osti1tm being situated between their bases; both pairs of prongs are only sclerotizations of the ve:stibular wall and not processes. Bursa very elongate, with a very narrow :strand-like signulIl occupying almost its whole length. LIFE-HISTORY (Plate XI).- An incomplete account of the life-history has been given by Trimell, but tlw species has been bred recently hy ~-rr. G. C. Clark who kindly :s upplied his notes and iILustration:-;. Egg.- Spherical, with a flat base, I ·15 mm. in diameter and ·95 mm. hi gh, pale cream-coloured when laid, later with reddishbroyn spots aroIlnd the sides; surface plain, but slightly rough, giving the appearance of very fine pubescence. The f'ggs are laid ~ing:l '. Egg-stage five days. Larva.- There are five larval instars. First instar hlack and brown with two plirs of setose proce:-;ses on each of the first four segments, and a single pair on each of the remain­ ing segments; second and third instars are yellow with black, fourth instar green with black, white and salmon markings; the final in:-;tar is green, finely irrorated with white, with a yellowish latero-dorsal streak and a white lairrallinc from second to last abdominal segments, and with a hrown, black or white tliagonalline cutting acro,;s the 7th, Rtlt and ~th segments (-tth to 6th abdominal segment:-;); there is a bluish-green, broad ,;lIbovate patch on the last thoracic and fIrst abdominal segments, irrcgularly irrorated with whitish lines and bordered anteriorly by a transverse row of ,;ix posteriorlY'incomplete narrow hlad; rings, the two lateral ones enclosing \\"hite-pupilled black circIllar spots ; postrriorly the tI or:' a I patch is horde red with a narrow tranS\'crse purpIi,;h or reddish line; osmeterill111 rrddish-purplc, with the hrallche~ spreading horizontally ; paired proces,-;es on first ,.:,egment yellow, short and blunt, those of the II th segment \'cry light yellow, sharp and spreading horizontally. Head and sclerotized parts of the leg,.:, and ) 1

1 proleg,; light hluish-green or yellowish-green. The colour of the larva is ,"ariable in arlapta­ 0

2 tion to the colour of the leaves of the food-plant. d

e Pllpa.- .\ little o\'er all inch in length, ventrally strongly c()\lV(~X, dorsally almost t a straight along the ahdomen, bllt \vith a high oor,.:,o-thoracic prominence. Head with d

(

la terally spreading projectiolls. Abdomen much widened up to the end of tlte wingcases r e where the margins are roundly excurved, thence attenuate to thc posterior cnd. Colour h s i

l ra ther \·ariable, bu t usually Jigh t bluish-o·reen , the ventral surface of the abc!:lll1 :: n more b

u yellowish; the dor,.:,o·thoracic prominence, two spots on anterior part of thora;.;, two P similar spOb Oil first aboominal segment ancl the exp3.nded parts of the lateral \lIarsin e h t are pak reddi,.:,h; two rows of small black spots along the dorsal side of abdomen. The y

b colour of the pupa \'arie,; in adaptation to the colour of the objects on which the lar\'a d

e pupate,.:,. t n Food-Pll1l1ts. -- Rutaceae: '{oddalia laJ1ceol-ata, acltlea!tt aucl lIatalensis; Calodentiron a r

g CClPell.~e (Cape che,.:,tnut), Teclea s'l~\'/1l1ertonii, Fagara capensis; ("itrus (many cultivated e

c \·arie·ties) . n e H.-\BITs.-·Thc species is common in wooded districts and call he o\)sen·ed \·isiting c i l

flowers even in town garden,.:,; in areas where it i,.:, c,;pecially Ilumerou,.:" hul\tlreJs of r e ,.:,pecimens may be ,.:,een drinking on the mud at the edge.~ of ,.:,treams or poob in hot d n weather. The male,.:, lIsllalIy predominate in these gathering. .;. u y a ])ISTRIHl·TIO\: I\: Son·HEI{\: .-\FRICA. w e t Cape Proi'ince: Tsitsikama Fore,.:,t belt (Kny~na, Plettenberg Bay), Citellhage, a G

(;rahamstO\vn, East Lonoon, Pondoland, Katherg, etc. Transvaal: Pretoria District, t e \\'nterherg District, the whole of the Eastern and :\orth-Eastern districts, particularly n i b a S y b

d e c u d o r p e R