DOCSLIB.ORG

R Eprod U Ced by Sabin Et G Atew Ay Und Er Licen Ce Gran Ted

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
R Eprod U Ced by Sabin Et G Atew Ay Und Er Licen Ce Gran Ted PAPILIO 7 Hindwing somewhat lobate hehind. Colour black with greenish-blue discal and subterminal markings nireus lyaeus (p. 31) Hindwing not lobate behind, outer margin evenly undulated 8 8 Hindwing below with a sharply-defined basal brown area enclosing usually two blac.k spots above the cell and narrow black stripes in and below the cell echerioides (p. IS) Hind wing below without a sharply defined brown basal area 9 9 Hindwing above with oceUate patches of blue and reddish scales in subcostal and anal areas, the latter broadly bordered with orange-red below demodoclIs (p. 20) Hindwing without oceJJate patches dardanus (female) (See further keys on p. 7.) 10 Hindwing without a tail 11 Hindwing tailed 13 11 Forewing above with the hindmargin and the area above it white or greenish- white 12 Forewing above with the hindmargin brownish-black leonidas (p. 3~) 12 Abdomen with orange-yellow lateral bands from base to the 9th segment pylades angolanus (p. 33) Orange-yellow lateral abdominal bands reduced to spots on segment 2--l IHo/"ania (p. ~~7) 13 Hindwing above without discal spots colonna (p. 5~~) Hinclwing above with the discal spots present 1-l 1-l All light coloured cross-bars in the cell of forewing above straight 15 The three distal cross-bars in the cell of forewing above waved. 16 15 The light markings on both wings above are bright green except in the costal ) 1 area of hindwing. Discal spots of hindwing abo\"e all present. A small 1 0 crimson patch is present above the anal angle of hindwing 2 d pulicCIles (p . .,15) e t The light markings on both wings above are greenish white. Discal spots of a d hindwing reduced, those in areas CUI-ell! absent. :\'0 crimson patch ( r above anal angle of hinclwing jllllodi (p. -l~) e h s 16 Crimson spots present in areas A -CU of hinclwing above anthells (p. 4~) i I 2 l b ;-.;ro crimson spots in areas AI - ,CU 2 of forewing 17 u P 17 Light markings of both wings above bright green except in Obtai area of hind- e h wing. Cross-bars in the cell only slightly waved polistrutus (p. 50) t y Light markings of both wings above light greenish yellow. Cross-bars in the b d cell strongly waved ?o/"ti1uO/1 (p. 51) e t n a r Subgenus PAPILIO s. str. g e c 1'1"1'011,.,,/1.' Scopoli. 1777. 11111". lIisl . .\"111. -t:l3. TI'p(": I'al'ilio lroillls L. l ~ ..\llll·rica; sl"h-ctl"d by n e Sl"l.dtler. 1~72 ) . c i l hiilccps I Ill., IHI)()-IS07, /exol. -"(it 1111'11. I, I In. (it'nl()/t:u ....· 1.., 176-t IH'C 17SH ~ f)l<' 1'1. '1'1'1'" I'(/I'liio r e ~IH ' cil·"';. ( .. 1)0 pilifJ d,;nfOdo(us 1':~p.:1 d . /lIIal"vssus Palm., ISln, l\' '·ct. l c. 111/1/(11. I (jO . IllachafJn L. t)rig . ( k:;i.~·,l. n Typ" : 1'"Pilio u () I Iphirli!!"" Ifh .. IS2:l. l'tI": 1i!"11 Sritllli"li. K2. Type 1'" I'ilio p,)tllllirill.' L. ( I':urop~ ,,·!cell."ll iJ ~. y a Scud(ic-r, I~ni . w .I1/SOl/iud(,,, lib., ISZ:l, I.e. p. S3. '1''"1)''. I'al'ilio /,"'1111" f .. ( ~ .. \I]\eri",,; ,;dected h.l· Scudder, IS75). e t 1,"phUl,u!its Hb., IS2:l, U.· p. S:l. TI")": l'uPilil) !flllur"s I.. (~ ..\m crica; selected by Scudder, IH72). a G lIerlll1idl's Ilh., I ~2:l, I.e.' p. ~:l. Tq)(·: I)apili" II/I)IIS L. I ~(,()t"')l'icnl rt'gi,",; ,d("'tl"d hy SClJ(lrlcrl t e IS7:>j. n i b a S y b d e c u d o r p e R PAPILIO s ;-.-:::-- c .~~- . ' ( . g ) '---:-.) 1 1 0 2 d e t op a d vsC ( r e o h s i l b u P e 8 h t y b d e t n a r g e c n e c i l r e d n I. l>apilio (l'oPilio) dllrdalllls eel/ea Stoll: a, venation of forewing, b, antenna, c, palpu,;. 2. id., male genitalia, u y ,;ide view, left valve removed: (lcd, al'<:locagus, "p, harpe, jxt, juxta, .<ae, ;;accus, sci, s."\cculus, seph, scaphium, a I,'g, tcgumen, 1I11e, uncus. 3. id., female genitalia: a, last three abdominal segments, "entral "iew: a ./., anal w lobes, an, anus, 0, ostium, o.p., processes of ostium, p .a., posterior apophyses, sg, signum. 4. P. (P.) eeheriuid<.s e t eeherioidcs Trim., male. 5. id., female: lI, last three abdominal segments, b, anal lobe, C, bursa. 6. P. (P.) a I'lIphrallor Trim., male: II, right valve, b, tegllmen, uncus and scaphillm, c, aedocagus. 7. id., female: a, last G three abdominal segments, h, anal lobe, e, part of bursa with signum. 8. P . (P.) COllstlll/linllS \\·ard.: II, male, t e h, female "estibulum, obliqlle view, c. anal lobe, tl, bursa. (All figll'·c .( of /(nlitolilt /Ire enlarged IIpp,·o.vimatelv n i 10 times.) b a S y b d e c u d o r p e R 6 PAPILIO JJCJ wlll ;des HI> ., 1823, I.e. ; p.84. Type; r ftpi/io polytl's L. (E. Indil''', selected by Scudder, 1875) . -l chil/ides Hb., 1823, l.c. · p.85. Type; Paplliv paris L. (E. ludic·s; sC'lccted b,· Scudder, 1875). ]l. cslor idcs Hb .. 1823, I.e.' p.86. Type; P(l/Jilio gmllul'i:; ills Cr. (E. Indies; sole' species). Or pltr. !des Hb .. 1823, l.r. p.86. Type; Papilin dfmolells L., 1764 nee I758; selected b,' Scudder, 1875)· (= Papilio demr,dO(IIS Esp.) Calaules Hb., IH23, l.r. · p. 86. Typ": P. «ni/youcII:; lr. ('\eotropical region; selected by Hothschild & Jordan, 1906) . !lieu/c:; Hb. , 1823, l.c .· p.88. Type': "uPilif) JJ!.e lll l1 0Jl L. (E. Indies; selected by Scudder, 1875). ThUll:; Swains, 18:l:3, /.{)f) 1. .11 r. (2) 3: 121. Type; f'(lpilio Ih(ws L. (by tautonymy) . .· lch illl/s Kirl'y, 1896, .1 IfNI'" Nal. His!. {Ialld". 1-1p. I, 111111.2; 286. 'I\'pc; ]'(lpilio m(lrfw ol/ I.. IEump" ; by original dc~ jg nati()n). X'IIIl'S Kirby, 1896, I. r.· 2~O. TYT"' : {'Clp ilio lI irrlls L. Wthinpi~n n·~i()l1; sclcctt'd by Kirln', 1891;). Characters (fi[4. 1) ;':'c of forewing free; anal area of hindwin[.; in male without fold, smoothly scaled; fegllinell well-developed, uncl/s beak-shaped and closely united with tegllmen; signum of female an elongate, finely transversely striolate area divided by a narrow median groove, without any projecting part inside the bursa. Early larval stages with spiny proce,;scs bearing simple spines. ?\. oTE.-Prillceps Hb. and Jphielides Hb. haye been considered by many authors to be generically (or subgenerically) distinct from Papilio L.,* but a,; the characters of their type-species, P. delllOdo(IIS E,;p. and P. podalirills respectively (e .g. wing-venation, genitalia and early stages) agree with those of Papilio s. sfr. (type P . mac/won L.), there appears to be no reasoll for their separation, and. I therefore treat them a:; synonyms. Papilio (Papilio) dardanus .B1'OWIl . I~rrl\\)l. 1776, / fl. /.1/f)1 .. 1776; 52. J>. JlIcmp,. Cr., 177/, Fap. e.ro/.. 2; HI. 1'1. lSI ..\. H. I'. Imlllls r .. 1781 , SPec. /us,.,·/ .. 2; l :l. 11'0)' illll ~yn()I1\'!lly ~"l' Ilryk. 1930. {.cp . ClI/., pal',. :lH ' 517 .) ) 1 1 A forest species occllrring in \Vestern, Central, Eastern and Southern Africa, as well 0 2 as on ~Iadagascar and COmOH) bland:;. It is sexually dimorphic, and the females afford d e striking examples of polymorphism and mimicry. In more recent works such as Seitz, t a d the South African specimens wC're regarded as belonging to two distinct subspecies, but ( continuity of range as well as complete intergradation are strongly in favour of recognising r e h a single South African subspecies which varies somewhat locally for reasons other than s i l isolatioll. b u The resemblance of dry season males from various parb; of South Africa with those P e of the nominotypical \Vbt African subspecies dardalilts (except for their smaller siz ) h t seons to indicate that at least the male pattern i:,; subject to climatic influence (sec PL y b I, fig. 2). The preponderance of certain female forms locally is in a significant relation­ d e ship with the frequency of occurrence of mode\;; which these female forms mimic. .For t n instance, in the southern parts of the range, w\Jere AI1I{tllris erlteria, albimacl/lafa and a .'1. r g Da'll(lus chrysipplls are the commonest models inhabitating the same localities as dar­ e c dUl1l1S, we find that the female forms cel1ea, ({cene and trophonills vastly predominate, n e c whereas further north the influence of the large numbers of A mallris nia'i.'ills dominicanlls i l and have brought about the predominance of the black-and-white r A'lIIallJ'is lichtea hippo­ e d comlides and fiblllllis-forms of female. n u y a Papilio (Papilio) dardanus cenea Stoll (PI. I-I r. Jig:,. 1-1:-1) . w Cramc·r. 17~1l. "ap. ".1'01 .. Suppl.. p. 13-1 , I'\. 2~ , tj .~. I . 1.\. e t a G * :-)<11)1<' authors place J phi(lid,,-, /I h.
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Mt Mabu, Mozambique: Biodiversity and Conservation
    Darwin Initiative Award 15/036: Monitoring and Managing Biodiversity Loss in South-East Africa's Montane Ecosystems MT MABU, MOZAMBIQUE: BIODIVERSITY AND CONSERVATION November 2012 Jonathan Timberlake, Julian Bayliss, Françoise Dowsett-Lemaire, Colin Congdon, Bill Branch, Steve Collins, Michael Curran, Robert J. Dowsett, Lincoln Fishpool, Jorge Francisco, Tim Harris, Mirjam Kopp & Camila de Sousa ABRI african butterfly research in Forestry Research Institute of Malawi Biodiversity of Mt Mabu, Mozambique, page 2 Front cover: Main camp in lower forest area on Mt Mabu (JB). Frontispiece: View over Mabu forest to north (TT, top); Hermenegildo Matimele plant collecting (TT, middle L); view of Mt Mabu from abandoned tea estate (JT, middle R); butterflies (Lachnoptera ayresii) mating (JB, bottom L); Atheris mabuensis (JB, bottom R). Photo credits: JB – Julian Bayliss CS ‒ Camila de Sousa JT – Jonathan Timberlake TT – Tom Timberlake TH – Tim Harris Suggested citation: Timberlake, J.R., Bayliss, J., Dowsett-Lemaire, F., Congdon, C., Branch, W.R., Collins, S., Curran, M., Dowsett, R.J., Fishpool, L., Francisco, J., Harris, T., Kopp, M. & de Sousa, C. (2012). Mt Mabu, Mozambique: Biodiversity and Conservation. Report produced under the Darwin Initiative Award 15/036. Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew, London. 94 pp. Biodiversity of Mt Mabu, Mozambique, page 3 LIST OF CONTENTS List of Contents .......................................................................................................................... 3 List of Tables .............................................................................................................................
    [Show full text]
  • The Butterflies of Taita Hills
    FLUTTERING BEAUTY WITH BENEFITS THE BUTTERFLIES OF TAITA HILLS A FIELD GUIDE Esther N. Kioko, Alex M. Musyoki, Augustine E. Luanga, Oliver C. Genga & Duncan K. Mwinzi FLUTTERING BEAUTY WITH BENEFITS: THE BUTTERFLIES OF TAITA HILLS A FIELD GUIDE TO THE BUTTERFLIES OF TAITA HILLS Esther N. Kioko, Alex M. Musyoki, Augustine E. Luanga, Oliver C. Genga & Duncan K. Mwinzi Supported by the National Museums of Kenya and the JRS Biodiversity Foundation ii FLUTTERING BEAUTY WITH BENEFITS: THE BUTTERFLIES OF TAITA HILLS Dedication In fond memory of Prof. Thomas R. Odhiambo and Torben B. Larsen Prof. T. R. Odhiambo’s contribution to insect studies in Africa laid a concrete footing for many of today’s and future entomologists. Torben Larsen’s contribution to the study of butterflies in Kenya and their natural history laid a firm foundation for the current and future butterfly researchers, enthusiasts and rearers. National Museums of Kenya’s mission is to collect, preserve, study, document and present Kenya’s past and present cultural and natural heritage. This is for the purposes of enhancing knowledge, appreciation, respect and sustainable utilization of these resources for the benefit of Kenya and the world, for now and posterity. Copyright © 2021 National Museums of Kenya. Citation Kioko, E. N., Musyoki, A. M., Luanga, A. E., Genga, O. C. & Mwinzi, D. K. (2021). Fluttering beauty with benefits: The butterflies of Taita Hills. A field guide. National Museums of Kenya, Nairobi, Kenya. ISBN 9966-955-38-0 iii FLUTTERING BEAUTY WITH BENEFITS: THE BUTTERFLIES OF TAITA HILLS FOREWORD The Taita Hills are particularly diverse but equally endangered.
    [Show full text]
  • Mgambo Forest Reserve: a Biodiversity Survey. East Usambara Conservation Area Management Programme, Technical Paper No
    TECHNICAL PAPER 59 Mgambo Forest Reserve A biodiversity survey Frontier Tanzania 2002 East Usambara Conservation Area Management Programme Technical Paper 59 Mgambo Forest Reserve A biodiversity survey Oliver, S.A., Bracebridge, C.E., Fanning, E., and Howell, K.M. (eds.) Ministry of Natural Resources and Tourism, Tanzania Forestry and Beekeeping Division Department of International Frontier-Tanzania Development Co-operation, Finland University of Dar es Salaam Metsähallitus Consulting Society for Environmental Exploration Tanga 2002 Suggested Technical Paper Citation: Frontier Tanzania (2002). Oliver, S.A., Bracebridge, C.E.; Fanning, E. and Howell, K.M. (eds.). Mgambo Forest Reserve: A biodiversity survey. East Usambara Conservation Area Management Programme, Technical Paper No. 59. Frontier Tanzania; Forestry and Beekeeping Division, Dar es Salaam, Tanzania and Indufor / Metsähallitus Group, Vantaa, Finland. Suggested Section Citations: Oliver, S.A., Ntemi, A.S. and Bracebridge, C.E. (2002) Vegetation: In Mgambo Forest Reserve: A Biodiversity Survey. pp. 11-42. East Usambara Conservation Area Management Programme, Technical Paper No. 59. Frontier Tanzania; Forestry and Beekeeping Division, Dar es Salaam, Tanzania and Indufor / Metsähallitus Group, Vantaa, Finland. Bracebridge, C.E., Oliver, S.A. and Hall, S. (2002). Fauna: In Mgambo Forest Reserve: A Biodiversity Survey. pp. 43-72. East Usambara Conservation Area Management Programme, Technical Paper No. 59. Frontier Tanzania; Forestry and Beekeeping Division, Dar es Salaam, Tanzania and Indufor / Metsähallitus Group, Vantaa, Finland. Bracebridge, C.E. and Oliver, S.A. (2002). Conclusions: In Mgambo Forest Reserve: A Biodiversity Survey. pp. 73-74. East Usambara Conservation Area Management Programme, Technical Paper No. 59. Frontier Tanzania; Forestry and Beekeeping Division, Dar es Salaam, Tanzania and Indufor / Metsähallitus Group, Vantaa, Finland.
    [Show full text]
  • Download Document
    SANBI Biodiversity Series 16 Butterflies of South Africa’s National Botanical Gardens An illustrated checklist compiled by Christopher K. Willis & Steve E. Woodhall Pretoria 2010 SANBI Biodiversity Series The South African National Biodiversity Institute (SANBI) was established on 1 Sep- tember 2004 through the signing into force of the National Environmental Manage- ment: Biodiversity Act (NEMBA) No. 10 of 2004 by President Thabo Mbeki. The Act expands the mandate of the former National Botanical Institute to include responsibili- ties relating to the full diversity of South Africa’s fauna and flora, and builds on the internationally respected programmes in conservation, research, education and visitor services developed by the National Botanical Institute and its predecessors over the past century. The vision of SANBI: Biodiversity richness for all South Africans. SANBI’s mission is to champion the exploration, conservation, sustainable use, appre- ciation and enjoyment of South Africa’s exceptionally rich biodiversity for all people. SANBI Biodiversity Series publishes occasional reports on projects, technologies, work- shops, symposia and other activities initiated by or executed in partnership with SANBI. Photographs: Steve Woodhall, unless otherwise noted Technical editing: Emsie du Plessis Design & layout: Sandra Turck Cover design: Sandra Turck Cover photographs: Front: Pirate (Christopher Willis) Back, top: African Leaf Commodore (Christopher Willis) Back, centre: Dotted Blue (Steve Woodhall) Back, bottom: Green-veined Charaxes (Christopher Willis) Citing this publication WILLIS, C.K. & WOODHALL, S.E. (Compilers) 2010. Butterflies of South Africa’s National Botanical Gardens. SANBI Biodiversity Series 16. South African National Biodiversity Institute, Pretoria. ISBN 978-1-919976-57-0 © Published by: South African National Biodiversity Institute.
    [Show full text]
  • Wind Tunnel Studies of Temperature Dependence and Behavior of Butterflies in the Context of Habitat Dgese
    Ecology, Evolution and Organismal Biology Publications Ecology, Evolution and Organismal Biology 6-2015 Wind Tunnel Studies of Temperature Dependence and Behavior of Butterflies in the Context of Habitat dgesE J. Rhea S. Waldman Iowa State University Diane M. Debinski Iowa State University, [email protected] Follow this and additional works at: https://lib.dr.iastate.edu/eeob_ag_pubs Part of the Behavior and Ethology Commons, and the Entomology Commons The complete bibliographic information for this item can be found at https://lib.dr.iastate.edu/ eeob_ag_pubs/423. For information on how to cite this item, please visit http://lib.dr.iastate.edu/howtocite.html. This Article is brought to you for free and open access by the Ecology, Evolution and Organismal Biology at Iowa State University Digital Repository. It has been accepted for inclusion in Ecology, Evolution and Organismal Biology Publications by an authorized administrator of Iowa State University Digital Repository. For more information, please contact [email protected]. Wind Tunnel Studies of Temperature Dependence and Behavior of Butterflies in the Context of Habitat Edges Abstract Wind tunnel studies provide a valuable experimental approach that can be used to investigate the influence of specific environmental parameters and to make generalizations about insect behavior. In this study, we designed an experiment to test the sensitivity of butterflies ot isolated environmental parameters in the context of understanding edge responses. We tested the behavior of 21 different butterfly species in esponser to certain stimuli, including food source, feeder color, temperature, and UV light. Certain butterfly species (e.g. Heliconius melpomene and Papilio polytes) were particularly active in the wind tunnel setup.
    [Show full text]
  • Summary for Lepidoptera
    Lepidoptera COLL_NIV2, LEPIDOPTERA PART OF: ZOOLOGY > INVERTEBRATES - INSECTS > LEPIDOPTERA Collection Contents Lepidoptera (2939 records) .The Lepidoptera collection contains around 9000 species.
    [Show full text]
  • Diversity and Abundance of Butterfly Species and Farmers' Pesticide
    DIVERSITY AND ABUNDANCE OF BUTTERFLY SPECIES AND FARMERS’ PESTICIDE USE PRACTICES AND PERCEPTIONS ON INSECT POLLINATORS IN FARMLAND AND NGANGAO FOREST, TAITA HILLS, KENYA MWINZI DUNCAN KIOKO B.Sc. Agriculture (Hons.), University of Nairobi A THESIS SUBMITTED IN PARTIAL FULFILLMENT OF THE REQUIREMENTS FOR AWARD OF THE DEGREE OF MASTER OF SCIENCE IN CROP PROTECTION DEPARTMENT OF PLANT SCIENCE AND CROP PROTECTION FACULTY OF AGRICULTURE UNIVERSITY OF NAIROBI NOVEMBER 2019 DECLARATION This thesis is my original work and has not been presented for a degree in any other university. Mwinzi Duncan Kioko …………………………………. Date …………………………. A56/82718/2015 Approval This thesis has been submitted for examination with our approval as University supervisors. Prof. John H. Nderitu ……………………………………Date…………………. Department of Plant Science and Crop Protection University of Nairobi Prof. John W. Kimenju ……………………………………….Date……………… Department of Plant Science and Crop Protection University of Nairobi Dr. Esther N. Kioko ……………………………………………Date………………. Zoology Department National Museums of Kenya i DEDICATION I dedicate this work to my parents, Mr. Jackson Mbondo and Mrs. Florence Mwinzi, my wife Beth Mbithe and my daughter Hope Mumo, for their love and support, which ensured successful completion of my studies. ii ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS I would like to thank God for the grace and favour He has shown me throughout my studies and project. I acknowledge the National Museums of Kenya (NMK) and JRS Biodiversity Foundation for the financial support for my project, The University of Nairobi for granting me a scholarship. I acknowledge and commend the constant support provided by supervisors, Prof. John Nderitu, Prof. John Kimenju and Dr. Esther Kioko. Without their invaluable advice, encouragement, contributions and guidance, the objectives of this study would not have been achieved.
    [Show full text]
  • Thola Magazine Is Published By: the Durban Natural Science Museum Kirstin Williams P
    THE DURBAN NATURAL SCIENCE MUSEUM VOLUME 15. 2012 / 13 RHINOS POACHED IN 2012 We report on the rapidly diminishing rhino population and what action we must take 668 to save these magnificent creatures. A museum about the earth, its history and life on earth, both past and present. thola VOLUME 15. 2012 / 13 4 Director’s Report Letter from 8 Past, Present and Future the Editor 12 Spot the Difference 14 The Butterfly Effect welcome 18 Mammalogy Department 2012 was another busy and productive year 26 Conserving our Future for the Museum and you can read about the highlights from our various departments in 29 Palaeontology Department the following pages. 30 Ornithology Department You’ll find a report on the anti-rhino poaching display that our exhibitions 36 Exhibitions Department team put together – proof, if any were needed, of the Museum’s ongoing role in the preservation of our natural heritage. There are some wonderful 38 Entomology Department first-person accounts from our staff about the work they do – such as David Allan’s adventures among the vultures and Leigh Richard’s field trip 42 The Killing Fields expeditions. Also, look out for interesting articles on Conservancies and the new online site – iSpot.org.za – where you can upload photos of any 46 Education Department plants or animals that you would like identified. 48 Herpetology Department 2012 was also a great year for this publication: I am proud to announce that the Museum was the winner of Division A in the South African 51 Library Department Museums Association 2012 Publication Design Awards for the 2011 edition of Thola (Vol 14, 2011/12).
    [Show full text]
  • Farming in Tsetse Controlled Areas Assessment of Biiodiversity In
    ILK INTERNATIONAL European Union LIVESTOCK RESEARCH INSTITUTE AU-IBAR Farming in Tsetse Controlled Areas FITCA 0SE fIPPCA Environmental Monitoring and Management Component EMMC Project Number : 7.ACP.RP.R. 578 Assessment of Biiodiversity in the projeet areas of Western Kenya Report Qn Butterflies 9-16 August 2004 by Steve C. COLLINS FITCA EMMC Report Number B3 REPORT ON BUTTERFLIES FROM AFRICAN BUTTERFLY RESEARCH INSTITUTE TO FITCA August 9-16 2004 By Steve C Collins, ABRI Fieldwork: Peter Walwanda, Francis Ambuso, Brian Finch OVERVIEW: FITCA Project The regional project FITCA (Farming in Tsetse Controlled Areas) has a general objective to integrate tsetse control activities into the farming practices of rural communities such that the problem of trypanosomosis can be contained to the levels that are not harmful to both human and the livestock and environmentally gentle and integrated into the dynamics of rural development and are progressively handled by the farmers themselves. The project is hosted by the Inter-African Bureau for Animal Resources of the African Union (AU-IBAR) and covers areas with small scale farming in Uganda, Kenya, Tanzania and Ethiopia. EMMC (Environmental Monitoring and Management Component) is the environmental component of FITCA. It is implemented by ILRI in collaboration with CIRAD (as member of SEMG, Scientific Environmental Monitoring Group). This regional component has been charged with the responsibility of identifying of monitoring indicators and methodologies, as well as the development of an environmental awareness among the stakeholders. It contributes to propositions of good practices and activities mitigating the impacts and rehabilitating the threatened resources likely to result directly or indirectly of tsetse control and rural development.
    [Show full text]
  • Comparative Phylogeography of Five Swallowtail Butterfly Species (Lepidoptera: Papilionidae) in South Africa: Ecological and Taxonomic Implications
    Comparative phylogeography of five swallowtail butterfly species (Lepidoptera: Papilionidae) in South Africa: ecological and taxonomic implications A thesis submitted in fulfilment of the requirements of the degree of MASTER OF SCIENCE of RHODES UNIVERSITY By Götz-Georg Neef March 2014 i Abstract With current biota under constant threat of extinction, it is important to ascertain where and how biological diversity is generated and partitioned. Phylogeographic studies can assist in the identification of places and processes that indicate the origin and maintenance of biodiversity. Forest fragmentation has a big effect on local extinction and loss of genetic diversity of forest-restricted taxa, along with divergence and speciation of forest biota. This study aims to understand the effects of these processes on a number of forest-dwelling butterflies using a comparative phylogeographic approach. Mitochondrial DNA of five different Papilio species with different degrees of forest specificity was analysed using phylogenetic methods. In addition, the subspecific taxonomy of P. ophidicephalus was investigated using morphometrics of discal spots on the wings and nuclear DNA analysis along with mitochondrial DNA analysis. The results show that the forest-restricted species (P. ophidicephalus and P. echerioides) have more genetic structure and less genetic diversity than the more generalist species (P. dardanus, P. demodocus and P. nireus). This could be due to inbreeding depression and bottlenecks caused by forest fragmentation. As forest patches become smaller, the population size is affected and that causes a loss in genetic diversity, and increasing habitat fragmentation disrupts gene flow. The intraspecific taxonomy of P. ophidicephalus is far from revealed. However, this study shows there is evidence for the different subspecies when comparing morphological results and genetic results.
    [Show full text]
  • The Discovery, Biodiversity and Conservation of Mabu Forest— the Largest Medium Altitude Rainforest in Southern Africa
    The discovery, biodiversity and conservation of Mabu forest— the largest medium altitude rainforest in southern Africa JULIAN BAYLISS, JONATHAN TIMBERLAKE, WILLIAM BRANCH, CARL BRUESSOW, STEVE COLLINS, COLIN CONGDON, MICHAEL CURRAN, CAMILA DE SOUSA, ROBERT DOWSETT, FRANCOISE DOWSETT-LEMAIRE, LINCOLN FISHPOOL, TIMOTHY HARRIS, ERIC HERRMANN, STEPHEN GEORGIADIS, MIRJAM KOPP, BRUCE LIGGITT, ARA MONADJEM, HASSAM PATEL, DANIEL RIBEIRO, CLAIRE SPOTTISWOODE, PETER TAYLOR, SIMON WILLCOCK AND PAUL SMITH Abstract The montane inselbergs of northern Mozambique Mt Mabu, and discuss the conservation implications. have been comparatively little-studied, yet recent surveys Comprehensive species lists of plants, birds, mammals have shown they have a rich biodiversity with numerous and butterflies are presented. The most significant result was endemic species. Here we present the main findings from a the discovery of a c. 7,880 ha block of undisturbed rainforest, series of scientific expeditions to one of these inselbergs, most of it at medium altitude (900–1,400 m), a forest type that is not well represented elsewhere. It is possibly the largest continuous block of this forest type in southern 10 JULIAN BAYLISS*†‡ (Corresponding author), CARL BRUESSOW and HASSAM PATEL Africa. To date, new species (plants, mammals, reptiles Mulanje Mountain Conservation Trust, P.O. Box 139, Mulanje, Malawi. and butterflies) have been confirmed from Mt Mabu, even E-mail [email protected] though sampling effort for most taxonomic groups has been JONATHAN TIMBERLAKE,TIMOTHY HARRIS and PAUL SMITH Royal Botanic low. The species assemblages indicate a relatively long Gardens, Kew, Richmond, UK period of isolation and many species found are at the WILLIAM BRANCH Department of Zoology, Nelson Mandela Metropolitan southern limit of their range.
    [Show full text]
  • Butterfly Farming in Tundu
    Poverty Alleviation and Conservation Advocacy with Butterfly Farming as an Economic Incentive Village of Tundu, Morogoro Region, Kilosa District, Tanzania (Weir 2010) Matt Weir LArch 499F 12 October 2010 Tundu’s conservation and development: environmental pressures + socio-economic challenges Unfortunately, lacking economic resources typically result in the unsustainable exploitation of wood resources and thus environmental degradation, as evidenced by the forests of the Eastern Arc Mountains (EAM) on the western side of Tundu. Firewood collection, charcoal making, agricultural cultivation, and tree/pole timbering, as well as hunting, human-set wildfires, and livestock grazing encroach upon forests, abuse wood resources, destroy habitats, and damage East Usambara Mtns. canopy cover. This compromises biodiversity and threatens the EAM’s unique endemic faunal species (i.e primates, birds, chameleons, frogs, and insects). (Weir 2010) Environmental implications are compounded Increasing growth rates, rising birth rates, and immigration increase environmental and development pressures on the EAM forests. by a lack of economic diversification in Tundu. Many of the rural village’s 4,000 residents pursue the same economic gains by selling cash crops such as sugar cane, rice, beans, cassava, and potatoes. The Critical Ecosystem Partnership Fund, among others, promotes nature-based sustainable businesses (i.e. beetle harvesting, organic honey, medicinal plants, and raw silk). They support the notion that a “double-pronged approach, i.e. conservation and poverty alleviation through sale of outcomes of conservation activities” can benefit local economies and conservation efforts alike (Kikula et al. 2003, 34). UMNP With the support of the village council and aid (Weir 2010) of an NGO, butterfly farming as a sustainable Nature-based sustainable businesses provide an income opportunity, nature-based business and economic alternative (CEPF.net 2010) which could be utilized for constructing one’s own residential structures.
    [Show full text]