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Butterfly Farming in Tundu

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Butterfly Farming in Tundu Poverty Alleviation and Conservation Advocacy with Butterfly Farming as an Economic Incentive Village of Tundu, Morogoro Region, Kilosa District, Tanzania (Weir 2010) Matt Weir LArch 499F 12 October 2010 Tundu’s conservation and development: environmental pressures + socio-economic challenges Unfortunately, lacking economic resources typically result in the unsustainable exploitation of wood resources and thus environmental degradation, as evidenced by the forests of the Eastern Arc Mountains (EAM) on the western side of Tundu. Firewood collection, charcoal making, agricultural cultivation, and tree/pole timbering, as well as hunting, human-set wildfires, and livestock grazing encroach upon forests, abuse wood resources, destroy habitats, and damage East Usambara Mtns. canopy cover. This compromises biodiversity and threatens the EAM’s unique endemic faunal species (i.e primates, birds, chameleons, frogs, and insects). (Weir 2010) Environmental implications are compounded Increasing growth rates, rising birth rates, and immigration increase environmental and development pressures on the EAM forests. by a lack of economic diversification in Tundu. Many of the rural village’s 4,000 residents pursue the same economic gains by selling cash crops such as sugar cane, rice, beans, cassava, and potatoes. The Critical Ecosystem Partnership Fund, among others, promotes nature-based sustainable businesses (i.e. beetle harvesting, organic honey, medicinal plants, and raw silk). They support the notion that a “double-pronged approach, i.e. conservation and poverty alleviation through sale of outcomes of conservation activities” can benefit local economies and conservation efforts alike (Kikula et al. 2003, 34). UMNP With the support of the village council and aid (Weir 2010) of an NGO, butterfly farming as a sustainable Nature-based sustainable businesses provide an income opportunity, nature-based business and economic alternative (CEPF.net 2010) which could be utilized for constructing one’s own residential structures. is a realistic possibility for Tundu. Because butterfly farming necessitates natural ecosystem, this project also encompasses ecological conservation, forest regeneration, and socio- economic challenges. economic incentives and conservation improvement The Amani Butterfly Project (ABP) enables “400 rural Tanzanians from six villages in the Butterfly farming also benefits conservation efforts. Butterfly farmers only need to catch East Usambara Mountains farm and market native butterflies.” The mission of ABP is to about a half dozen wild butterflies each year, but this provides enougheconomic incentive “reduce poverty and create incentive for forest conservation” by educating rural villagers to protect previously-disturbed forests. Consequently, butterfly farmers are more concerned how to farm native butterflies. (Amani Butterfly Project, n.d.). about forest conservation and more likely to participate in conservation activities, as evidenced by a 2007 study conducted by ABP of 150 butterfly farmers. ABP educates butterfly farmers about harvesting techniques, marketing, export, financial management, and conservation efforts. This enables villagers to harvest butterfly pupae Conservation Attitudes and Practices Displayed by to be sold (by ABP representatives) to butterfly exhibits in the United States and Europe. Participating Butterfly Farmers Distribution of ABP Sales 28% 65% to management + rewarded to operational costs participating villagers as additional house- hold income 7% to community development % affirmative responses funds + local proj- ects (i.e. schools) (Morgan-Brown 2007, 11) ...generated by six villages in $90,000 the East Usambara Mountains ...eggs layed by female in 2008 (Amani Butterfly Project, 250-500 87% 85% 73% 81% butterflies in her lifetime, tree cutting is pole cutting is it is helpful to it would be dif- USD n.d.) which can be sold for $1- x dangerous for dangerous for butterfly farming ficult to farm but- 2.50 USD (Amani Butterfly wild plants and wild plants and efforts to live terflies if forests Project, n.d.). host plants host plants near a forest were cleared ...annual average $1-2.50 earnings of a butterfly (Morgan-Brown 2007, 21) farming participant under 135,000 ...amount spent annually the supervision of ABP Butterfly farmers are especially concerned of environmental issues and illegal forest on pupae by some United (Morgan-Brown 2003, 29). TSh $100,000 activities that compete with their ability to generate capital gains. The participating villages States butterfly exhibits USD (Black et al. 2001). of Msasa and Kwezitu experienced an increase in forest conservation behaviors: -membership and participation in village environmental committees and activities ...percent of increased income -planting non-timber and timber trees on household and village lands earned by average butterfly farming 20% -discouraging/reporting illegal cutting in protected forests participants (Morgan-Brown 2007, 11). ...percent of ABP butterfly farmers who are women. 55% -preserving natural forest on household land (Morgan-Brown 2007, 22). ...percent of butterfly farmers reporting (Morgan-Brown 2007, 33). Furthermore, butterfly farmers “stopped destructive firewood cutting, organized a tree that the capital generated enables them planting campaign, and secured village forest reserves” (Morgan-Brown 2007, 33). Tundu to send their children to secondary school 20% may consider harvesting wood plots (for firewood and charcoal) to more easily conserve (Morgan-Brown 2007, 33). natural areas while promoting butterfly farming. butterfly cages + equipment + species + considerations Male and female butterflies are placed in cages that recreate natural habitats and encourage reproduction. Eggs are laid on host plants and develop into pupae. Severalnetting options are available, all featuring similar materials (bamboo, netting) and sizes (2 meter height and 4 meter width (Morgan-Brown 2003, 21-22). shade net flying cage 30,000 TSh; best recreates preferred clear plastic cage thin white cloth cage mosquito net cage increases internal humidity and durable and thick enough to en- shade and humid environment; poles costs 3,000 TSh each; limited shade temperature; wasp- and ant-proof; sure undesirable insects and ants are planted with live seedlings that provided, lessening butterfly activity ideal for cool and rainy weather; cannot enter while still allowing sprout and provide additional vegeta- and egg output tion; lasts approximately 5 years lasts 2-5 years; 15,000 TSh sunlight to penetrate; 8000 TSh (Amani Butterfly Project) Low-cost equipment (such as planting bags, hanging traps, farmable species available at good long high and sweep nets) is crucial for successful butterfly farming. in Tundu area low elevation market pupae life price possible foodplant comments Sales, packaging, and shipping are coordinated by an NGO. Acrae aganice x Adenia spp. short pupae length When choosing specific species to harvest, several important Amauris albimaculata x Asclepiadaceae family very short pupae length considerations become clear: Amauris niavius x Asclepiadaceae family very short pupae length Charaxes candiope xxCroton spp. not very popular 1 altitude Charaxes cithaeron xxmany species not very popular Charaxes varanes xxAllophylus spp. not very popular Altitudinal range ensures butterfly diversity, but the most ideal range is 800-1000m ASL. This approximate range can be found around Tundu. Cymothoe aurivillii x Rawsonia spp. short pupae length Danau formosa xx Asclepiadaceae family short pupae length 2 pupae period length Danaus chrysippus xx Asclepiadaceae family very short pupae length Euxanthe tiberius x xxDienbolia spp. Not all of Udzungwa Mountain’s 250 butterflies can be farmed. If butterfly’s pupae period is too short, they cannot be shipped (3-4 day Graphium anglonus x xx Annona senegalensis process), as they may hatch while packaged. Graphium colonna x x xxAnnonaceae family ideal species to farm at Tundu Graphium policenes x x xxAnnonaceae family 3 price + market Hypolimnas anthedon x Urera spp. Or Laportia spp. Papilio dardanus x x xxVepris (Teclean) spp. African butterflies are in higher demand than species in any other areas of the world (Slone 1997). However, it is not always advisable to farm Papilio demodocus x citrus species that are in high abundance as they sell for lower prices. Papilio desmondi x x xxVepris (Teclean) spp. ideal species to farm at Tundu Papilio fulleborni x xxClausdna found at high elevations 4 humid microclimate Papilio nireus x xx Toddalia and citrus Papilio ophidicephalus x x xxZanthoxylem spp. and Clausena typically found along rivers in forests Ideally, cages are located near streams and surrounded by natural Papilio pelodorus x xxCryptocarya liebertiana difficult to farm and find vegetation (outside and within cage). Farming during the dry season requires watering of the host plants to maintain ideal humidity conditions. Papilio phorcas x xxVepris (Teclean) spp. found at very high elevations Salamis parhassus xx Acanthaceae family Salamis temora xx xAcanthaceae family (Morgan-Brown 2010) conceptual residential designs Butterfly farming as a secondary income requires about four days work each month and the extra capital generated provides opportunities for household improvements (Morgan-Brown 2003, 32). The designs provide insight 1 into how butterfly farming may be implemented in a 6 4 rural setting against customary household structures 7 and activities. Plot sizes are 400 square meters
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