PAPILIO 7 Hindwing somewhat lobate hehind. Colour black with greenish-blue discal and subterminal markings nireus lyaeus (p. 31) Hindwing not lobate behind, outer margin evenly undulated 8 8 Hindwing below with a sharply-defined basal brown area enclosing usually two blac.k spots above the cell and narrow black stripes in and below the cell echerioides (p. IS) Hind wing below without a sharply defined brown basal area 9 9 Hindwing above with oceUate patches of blue and reddish scales in subcostal and anal areas, the latter broadly bordered with orange-red below demodoclIs (p. 20) Hindwing without oceJJate patches dardanus (female) (See further keys on p. 7.) 10 Hindwing without a tail 11 Hindwing tailed 13 11 Forewing above with the hindmargin and the area above it white or greenish- white 12 Forewing above with the hindmargin brownish-black leonidas (p. 3~) 12 Abdomen with orange-yellow lateral bands from base to the 9th segment pylades angolanus (p. 33) Orange-yellow lateral abdominal bands reduced to spots on segment 2--l IHo/"ania (p. ~~7) 13 Hindwing above without discal spots colonna (p. 5~~) Hinclwing above with the discal spots present 1-l 1-l All light coloured cross-bars in the cell of forewing above straight 15 The three distal cross-bars in the cell of forewing above waved. 16 15 The light markings on both wings above are bright green except in the costal ) 1 area of hindwing. Discal spots of hindwing abo\"e all present. A small 1 0 crimson patch is present above the anal angle of hindwing 2 d pulicCIles (p . .,15) e t The light markings on both wings above are greenish white. Discal spots of a d hindwing reduced, those in areas CUI-ell! absent. :\'0 crimson patch ( r above anal angle of hinclwing jllllodi (p. -l~) e h s 16 Crimson spots present in areas A -CU of hinclwing above anthells (p. 4~) i I 2 l b ;-.;ro crimson spots in areas AI - ,CU 2 of forewing 17 u P 17 Light markings of both wings above bright green except in Obtai area of hind- e h wing. Cross-bars in the cell only slightly waved polistrutus (p. 50) t y Light markings of both wings above light greenish yellow. Cross-bars in the b d cell strongly waved ?o/"ti1uO/1 (p. 51) e t n a r Subgenus PAPILIO s. str. g e c 1'1"1'011,.,,/1.' Scopoli. 1777. 11111". lIisl . .\"111. -t:l3. TI'p(": I'al'ilio lroillls L. l ~ ..\llll·rica; sl"h-ctl"d by n e Sl"l.dtler. 1~72 ) . c i l hiilccps I Ill., IHI)()-IS07, /exol. -"(it 1111'11. I, I In. (it'nl()/t:u ....· 1.., 176-t IH'C 17SH ~ f)l<' 1'1. '1'1'1'" I'(/I'liio r e ~IH ' cil·"';. ( .. 1)0 pilifJ d,;nfOdo(us 1':~p.:1 d . /lIIal"vssus Palm., ISln, l\' '·ct. l c. 111/1/(11. I (jO . IllachafJn L. t)rig . ( k:;i.~·,l. n Typ" : 1'"Pilio u () I Iphirli!!"" Ifh .. IS2:l. l'tI": 1i!"11 Sritllli"li. K2. Type 1'" I'ilio p,)tllllirill.' L. ( I':urop~ ,,·!cell."ll iJ ~. y a Scud(ic-r, I~ni . w .I1/SOl/iud(,,, lib., ISZ:l, I.e. p. S3. '1''"1)''. I'al'ilio /,"'1111" f .. ( ~ .. \I]\eri",,; ,;dected h.l· Scudder, IS75). e t 1,"phUl,u!its Hb., IS2:l, U.· p. S:l. TI")": l'uPilil) !flllur"s I.. (~ ..\m crica; selected by Scudder, IH72). a G lIerlll1idl's Ilh., I ~2:l, I.e.' p. ~:l. Tq)(·: I)apili" II/I)IIS L. I ~(,()t"')l'icnl rt'gi,",; ,d("'tl"d hy SClJ(lrlcrl t e IS7:>j. n i b a S y b d e c u d o r p e R PAPILIO s ;-.-:::-- c .~~- . ' ( . g ) '---:-.) 1 1 0 2 d e t op a d vsC ( r e o h s i l b u P e 8 h t y b d e t n a r g e c n e c i l r e d n I. l>apilio (l'oPilio) dllrdalllls eel/ea Stoll: a, venation of forewing, b, antenna, c, palpu,;. 2. id., male genitalia, u y ,;ide view, left valve removed: (lcd, al'<:locagus, "p, harpe, jxt, juxta, .<ae, ;;accus, sci, s."\cculus, seph, scaphium, a I,'g, tcgumen, 1I11e, uncus. 3. id., female genitalia: a, last three abdominal segments, "entral "iew: a ./., anal w lobes, an, anus, 0, ostium, o.p., processes of ostium, p .a., posterior apophyses, sg, signum. 4. P. (P.) eeheriuid<.s e t eeherioidcs Trim., male. 5. id., female: lI, last three abdominal segments, b, anal lobe, C, bursa. 6. P. (P.) a I'lIphrallor Trim., male: II, right valve, b, tegllmen, uncus and scaphillm, c, aedocagus. 7. id., female: a, last G three abdominal segments, h, anal lobe, e, part of bursa with signum. 8. P . (P.) COllstlll/linllS \\·ard.: II, male, t e h, female "estibulum, obliqlle view, c. anal lobe, tl, bursa. (All figll'·c .( of /(nlitolilt /Ire enlarged IIpp,·o.vimatelv n i 10 times.) b a S y b d e c u d o r p e R 6 PAPILIO JJCJ wlll ;des HI> ., 1823, I.e. ; p.84. Type; r ftpi/io polytl's L. (E. Indil''', selected by Scudder, 1875) . -l chil/ides Hb., 1823, l.c. · p.85. Type; Paplliv paris L. (E. ludic·s; sC'lccted b,· Scudder, 1875). ]l. cslor idcs Hb .. 1823, I.e.' p.86. Type; P(l/Jilio gmllul'i:; ills Cr. (E. Indies; sole' species). Or pltr. !des Hb .. 1823, l.r. p.86. Type; Papilin dfmolells L., 1764 nee I758; selected b,' Scudder, 1875)· (= Papilio demr,dO(IIS Esp.) Calaules Hb., IH23, l.r. · p. 86. Typ": P. «ni/youcII:; lr. ('\eotropical region; selected by Hothschild & Jordan, 1906) . !lieu/c:; Hb. , 1823, l.c .· p.88. Type': "uPilif) JJ!.e lll l1 0Jl L. (E. Indies; selected by Scudder, 1875). ThUll:; Swains, 18:l:3, /.{)f) 1. .11 r. (2) 3: 121. Type; f'(lpilio Ih(ws L. (by tautonymy) . .· lch illl/s Kirl'y, 1896, .1 IfNI'" Nal. His!. {Ialld". 1-1p. I, 111111.2; 286. 'I\'pc; ]'(lpilio m(lrfw ol/ I.. IEump" ; by original dc~ jg nati()n). X'IIIl'S Kirby, 1896, I. r.· 2~O. TYT"' : {'Clp ilio lI irrlls L. Wthinpi~n n·~i()l1; sclcctt'd by Kirln', 1891;). Characters (fi[4. 1) ;':'c of forewing free; anal area of hindwin[.; in male without fold, smoothly scaled; fegllinell well-developed, uncl/s beak-shaped and closely united with tegllmen; signum of female an elongate, finely transversely striolate area divided by a narrow median groove, without any projecting part inside the bursa. Early larval stages with spiny proce,;scs bearing simple spines. ?\. oTE.-Prillceps Hb. and Jphielides Hb. haye been considered by many authors to be generically (or subgenerically) distinct from Papilio L.,* but a,; the characters of their type-species, P. delllOdo(IIS E,;p. and P. podalirills respectively (e .g. wing-venation, genitalia and early stages) agree with those of Papilio s. sfr. (type P . mac/won L.), there appears to be no reasoll for their separation, and. I therefore treat them a:; synonyms. Papilio (Papilio) dardanus .B1'OWIl . I~rrl\\)l. 1776, / fl. /.1/f)1 .. 1776; 52. J>. JlIcmp,. Cr., 177/, Fap. e.ro/.. 2; HI. 1'1. lSI ..\. H. I'. Imlllls r .. 1781 , SPec. /us,.,·/ .. 2; l :l. 11'0)' illll ~yn()I1\'!lly ~"l' Ilryk. 1930. {.cp . ClI/., pal',. :lH ' 517 .) ) 1 1 A forest species occllrring in \Vestern, Central, Eastern and Southern Africa, as well 0 2 as on ~Iadagascar and COmOH) bland:;. It is sexually dimorphic, and the females afford d e striking examples of polymorphism and mimicry. In more recent works such as Seitz, t a d the South African specimens wC're regarded as belonging to two distinct subspecies, but ( continuity of range as well as complete intergradation are strongly in favour of recognising r e h a single South African subspecies which varies somewhat locally for reasons other than s i l isolatioll. b u The resemblance of dry season males from various parb; of South Africa with those P e of the nominotypical \Vbt African subspecies dardalilts (except for their smaller siz ) h t seons to indicate that at least the male pattern i:,; subject to climatic influence (sec PL y b I, fig. 2). The preponderance of certain female forms locally is in a significant relation­ d e ship with the frequency of occurrence of mode\;; which these female forms mimic. .For t n instance, in the southern parts of the range, w\Jere AI1I{tllris erlteria, albimacl/lafa and a .'1. r g Da'll(lus chrysipplls are the commonest models inhabitating the same localities as dar­ e c dUl1l1S, we find that the female forms cel1ea, ({cene and trophonills vastly predominate, n e c whereas further north the influence of the large numbers of A mallris nia'i.'ills dominicanlls i l and have brought about the predominance of the black-and-white r A'lIIallJ'is lichtea hippo­ e d comlides and fiblllllis-forms of female. n u y a Papilio (Papilio) dardanus cenea Stoll (PI. I-I r. Jig:,. 1-1:-1) . w Cramc·r. 17~1l. "ap. ".1'01 .. Suppl.. p. 13-1 , I'\. 2~ , tj .~. I . 1.\. e t a G * :-)<11)1<' authors place J phi(lid,,-, /I h.