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Dag Hammarskjold's Role in the Development of Peacekeeping Revista Publicando, 5 No 16. (1). 2018, 606-616. ISSN 1390-9304

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Dag Hammarskjold's Role in the Development of Peacekeeping Revista Publicando, 5 No 16. (1). 2018, 606-616. ISSN 1390-9304 Dag hammarskjold’s role in the development of peacekeeping Revista Publicando, 5 No 16. (1). 2018, 606-616. ISSN 1390-9304 Dag hammarskjold’s role in the development of peacekeeping 1 1 Vyacheslav A. Shagalov , Valeriy A. Letyaev , Yakov Ya. Grishin1, Marina M. Vladimirova1 1 Kazan Federal University, Institute of International Relations, History and Oriental Studies, [email protected] Abstract The issue under investigation is urgent as the modern world is experiencing widespread armed conflicts to settle which the United Nations is conducting peacekeeping operations, thus the study of the development of the concept of peacekeeping operations will now help find the most optimal form of such conduct. The purpose of the article is to study the process of the development of the concept of peacekeeping operations and the role of the Secretary-General of the United Nations Dag Hammarskjold in it. The article deals with the formation of the concept of peacekeeping operations, a major contribution to which was introduced by the second Secretary-General Dag Hammarskjold who held the post in 1953-1961. The authors examine the attempts carried out in the second half of the 1940s to create international military forces within the UN in order to respond to the threats to international peace and security. The cases of conflict resolution in the Middle East and in the Congo reveal the basic principles of Hammarskjold’s peacekeeping concept as well as his systemic approach to resolving local crises in the world. The materials of the article may be useful in discussing a possible reform of the concept of the UN peacekeeping operations. The article relies on a historical and comparative method, retrospective and systematic methods. Key words: conflict, Secretary-General of the United Nations, Dag Hammarskjold, peacekeeping operation, concept. 606 Received 23/05/2018 Approved 04/07/2018 Dag hammarskjold’s role in the development of peacekeeping Revista Publicando, 5 No 16. (1). 2018, 606-616. ISSN 1390-9304 1. INTRODUCTION The United Nations was established on the initiative of the leading powers of the anti-Hitler coalition in April 1945. During the first years of its operation the UN faced a number of conflicts and was forced to resolve them. The predecessor of the United Nations, the League of Nations, had failed to establish an effective mechanism to settle armed conflicts, although the Charter provided for the measures aimed at preventing armed aggression, and in particular, the mechanism of economic sanctions. Unfortunately, the League of Nations had failed to use them effectively. Ultimately, this led to the beginning of World War II. One of the most effective and widely used tools in the arsenal of a new major international organization was peacekeeping operations. 2. METHODS The article uses a historical and comparative method, a retrospective method, and a systematic method with the help of which the authors reveal the reasons for the evolution of the UN approach to the settlement of international conflicts and active involvement of the Secretary-General in the process. A biographical method was also used in the analysis of the activities of Dag Hammarskjold. 3 RESULTS A special role in the development of the concept of peacekeeping operations belonged to the Secretary-General Dag Hammarskjold. In 1951, he joined the government as a non-party minister without portfolio. On April 10, 1953, he took office as the Secretary-General of the United Nations. In July 1956, Egyptian President G.A. Naser decided to nationalize the Suez Canal, the majority of the shares was owned by the UK and France. Britain, France and Israel were dissatisfied with this decision and organized an aggression against Egypt at the end of October 1956. The two countries - permanent members of the UN Security Council, actually blocked the work of the main body of the international community which was to take effective and urgent measures to restore peace in the Middle East. Under these circumstances, on October 31, by a majority vote, the Security Council adopted Resolution # 119 which, noting that “lack of unanimity among the permanent members of the Security Council on its 749th and 750th sessions prevented the exercise of its primary responsibility for the maintenance of international peace and security” decided “to convene an emergency special session of the General Assembly, as stipulated in Resolution # 377A(5) of the General Assembly on November 3, 1950, in order to make appropriate recommendations” [8]. Thus, the initiative to resolve the Suez Crisis was transferred from the incompetent and split Security Council to the General Assembly. 607 Received 23/05/2018 Approved 04/07/2018 Dag hammarskjold’s role in the development of peacekeeping Revista Publicando, 5 No 16. (1). 2018, 606-616. ISSN 1390-9304 The Emergency Session of the General Assembly of November 4 at its 563rd plenary meeting adopted Resolution # 998 in which the Secretary General was instructed to “within 48 hours to present a plan to create an emergency international force of the United Nations to ensure the cessation of hostilities... and to monitor the compliance of their termination” [11]. At first, the idea of creating peacekeeping forces and sending them into the conflict area was proposed by Canadian Foreign Minister Leston Pearson. The Canadian diplomat and politician showed his best side at the United Nations when he worked in a team. Most effectively, he worked in tandem with the Secretary-General Dag Hammarskjold. At the same time, on February 18, 1960, at a press conference, answering a question from a journalist, Dag Hammarskjold said that currently there was a tendency to expect from the Secretary-General actions that had to be taken by the Security Council [5]. On June 30, the Republic of the Congo became independent and almost immediately disorders began in the country developing into armed clashes. The situation escalated to the point when Moise Chombe, leader of Katanga, the richest province of the Congo, announced its separation and turned to Belgium for military help to restore public order. On July 1, the Congo President Kasavube and Prime Minister P. Lumumba appealed to the UN for help against the aggression of Belgium, “The Government of the Republic of the Congo appeals urging the United Nations to provide immediate military assistance. The request is due to the introduction of Belgian troops in the Congo in violation of the contract signed between Belgium and the Republic of Congo. Under this agreement, the Belgian troops could stay in the country only at the request of the government of the Congo. There was no such a request... so we consider the action of the Belgians to be an act of aggression against our country” [3]. The United Nations responded promptly to this request. On July 14, the Security Council adopted Resolution # 143 which contained the requirement to Belgium to withdraw all its troops from the Congo and authorized the Secretary-General “after consultation with the Government of the Republic of the Congo to take necessary measures to assist the government in military aid which it needs” [9]. It should be emphasized that 8 members of the Security Council voted for the Resolution and 3 members abstained (China, France and Britain). Thus began one of the most complex and large-scale UN peacekeeping operations that served as a testing ground for a variety of options and techniques of peacemaking. The basic parameters and framework of this operation were developed by Dag Hammarskjold and stated in the reports to the Security Council. Of particular interest is the first report of July 18, 1960, 608 Received 23/05/2018 Approved 04/07/2018 Dag hammarskjold’s role in the development of peacekeeping Revista Publicando, 5 No 16. (1). 2018, 606-616. ISSN 1390-9304 when the first units of peacekeepers from Ethiopia, Ghana, Tunisia and Morocco had already arrived in Congo and started to perform their tasks. In that report, the Secretary-General outlined the main principles of the UN peacekeeping force in the Congo. Firstly, the sent armed forces had to be regarded as temporary security forces that stayed for certain time and for certain purposes in the country with the consent of the government. Secondly, the UN forces in the Congo, despite the fact that they were sent at the request of the Government of the Congo and in accordance with the Security Council resolution for military assistance, had to be under the exclusive command of the United Nations represented by the Secretary-General and the Security Council. Thirdly, the UN forces in the Congo could not participate in internal conflicts and to hold a party in them. Fourth, the peacekeepers in Congo had to enjoy freedom of movement throughout the territory, including the province of Katanga. Further, in his report Dag Hammarskjold dwelt on the principle of manning peacekeeping forces. He stressed that in its operations the United Nations was always guided by the principle of non- participation in them of the troops of the countries - permanent members of the Security Council and countries with special interests in the host country. Another important principle, which was stressed by the Secretary-General, was that peacekeepers had not to be used as a means of political struggle in a host country. One of the most important principles of peacekeeping operations was the use of armed force by peacekeepers only in self-defence. Dag Hammarskjold also took the initiative to use in the Congo, together with the land units of military power, police units to perform specific functions, to maintain public order and train the National Police of the Congo. As the situation in the Congo developed, the mandate of the peacekeeping force changed. In early 1961, the situation in the Congo was still tense.
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