THE AMERICAN MEDICAL PROFESSION 1783 to 185o
BY HENRY BURNELL SHAFER, A.M.
SUJ!Ml'ITED IN PARTIAL FULFILMENT OF THE JtEQUIRDIENTS
FOR THli: DEGREE OF DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY
IN THE F ACUI.TY OF POLITlCAL SciENCE
COLUMBIA UNIVERSITY
NEW YORK 1936 THE AMERICAN MEDICAL PROFESSION 1783 to 185o
BY HENRY BURNELL SHAFER, A.M.
SUJ!Ml'ITED IN PARTIAL FULFILMENT OF THE JtEQUIRDIENTS
FOR THli: DEGREE OF DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY
IN THE F ACUI.TY OF POLITlCAL SciENCE
COLUMBIA UNIVERSITY
NEW YORK 1936 CoPYR.IGHT, 1936
BY
CoLUI4BIA UNrvu.sm Puss
Pl.lNTW IM THI UIHT:ID STATES OF AMWCA TO MY FATHER
GEORGE BURNB.l. SHAFER
AND MY MOTHER
LOUISE MeGINNIS SHAFn PREFACE
DURING the years from 1783 to r8so, the medical pro fession was in transition from medieval customs to modern methods. The American medical profession shared in the problems of world medicine. At the same time, it faced the problems of a new and expanding country. This mono graph examines medical practices in America during these years and traces the history of the American medical pro fession. As such, it is concerned with the regular, or allo pathic, physician; other practitioners are discussed only inci dentally as they impinge upon the development of the regular profession. For the inception of this work and for scholarly guidance in much of it, I am deeply indebted to Dixon Ryan Fox, formerly Professor of History in Columbia University. After his departure to become president of Union College, Professor John A. Krout generously and helpfully gave his time and attention. I am also indebted to Professor E. B. Greene for many suggestions. Elizabeth Whitney Walther, Chester G. Curtiss and Wade B. Martin gave invaluable advice on the form of the manuscript. Dr. Francis R. Packard, editor of the Annals of Medical History, very kindly read the chapter on " The Practice of Physick." Helen C. Wilson has given constant help and encouragement. Naturally, I am fully responsible for any errors which may appear. For reference material I am especially indebted to the staffs of the library of the Surgeon-General in Washington, D. C., the Philadelphia College of Physicians, the University of Pennsylvania, the Law School of the University of Penn· 7 8 PREFACE sylvania, the Pennsylvania Historical Society, the New York Academy of Medicine, the New York Historical Society, the Buffalo Historical Society, the Boston Medical Library, the Massachusetts Historical Society, the Berkshire Athenaeum in Pittsfield, Massachusetts, the New York Public Library and the Library of the State of New York. The section dealing with medical magazines is reprinted here with the permission of the Annals of Medical History. Finally, no list of acknowledgments would be complete without an expression of gratitude to Kata Bokor and Andre Halasz. I am indebted to them not only for valuable criti cism, but for a friendship without which the preparation of much of this work would have been impossible. H. B.S.
HADDON HEIGHTS, 24 MAY, 1936. TABLE OF CONTENTS
tAGa P•EPACB • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • 7
CHAPTER I American Medicine at the Close of the Eighteenth Century • • • u
CHAPTER II Medieal Education • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • .33
CHAPTER III Medical Education: Studies and Problems • • • • • • • • • • • • 55
CHAPTER IV The Practice of Physic:k • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • . • • • 96
CHAPTER V Medical Ethics and Fees •••.••••••• 148
CHAPTER VI Medical Literature , •••••••••• 174
CHAPTER VII Medical Regulations and Societies • . • • • • • . • • • • • • • • 200
CHAPTER VIII Developments in American Medicine • • 241 BIBLIOGilt\PBICid. NOTE • • • • • • . 250
JMDEX • , • • • .. • ,. • • • • • " • • • • • • • • • • • 259 BIBLIOGRAPHY
MEDICAL MAGAZINES American (The) Journal of Dental Science (10 volumes, New York, Baltimore, Boston and Philadelphia, r8J9-I8So). American Journal of Insanity (6 volumes, Utica, New York, r844-r8so). American (The) Journal of the Medical Sciences (26 volumes, Phila delphia, 1827-r84o; N. S. 18 volumes, PhHadelphia, 184I-I8So). Continuation of: Philadelphia Journal of Medical a11d Physical Scienus. America" (The) Medical Recorder (6 volumes, Philadelphia, r8r8-r823). Contiooed as: Medical (The) Recorder of Original Papers. American (The) Medical Repository (24 volumes, New York, 1797-1824), Boston Medical lntclligencer (5 volumes, Boston, 1822·18:26). United with New Englan New-York Medical and Physical lourJI41 (9 volumes, New York, x82:2- t8Jo). North American Medical and Surgical JourH41 (12 volumes, Philadelphia, I826-I8JI), Ohio Medical and Surgical JourH4l (3 volumes, Columbus, 1848-x8so). Philadelphia Journal of Medical and Physical Sciences (9 volumes, Philadelphia, 1820.1824; N. S. 5 volumes, Philadelphia, 1825-1827). Continued as: American Journal of the Medical Sciences. Phi/adi!lphia Medical and Physical Joun1al (3 volumes, Philadelphia, !804-1809). Philadelphia Medical Mu.reum (6 volumes, Philadelphia, x8o4-I8n). Saint Louis Medical and Surgical Journal (8 volumes, St Louis, x84J x8so). In September 1848, number 2 of volume VI, The Missouri Medical and Surgical JourH41 merged with this journal. Select (The) Medical Library and Eclectic JourH41 of Medicine (4 volumes, Philadelphia, x836-184o). Continued as: Select (The) Medical Library and Btllletin of Medical Science (N. S. 6 volumes, Philadelphia, 184I-I846). Southern (The) Medical and Sttrgical loun~al (3 volumes, Augusta, Georgia, x826-1839; N. S., 17 volumes, Augusta, I84S·I86I). Transyl'l:an4a (The) JourH41 of Medicine and the Associated Sciences (12 volumes, Lexington, Kentucky, x828-1839). Western (The) JourJI4l of Medicine a•ul Surgery (8 volumes, Louisville, I84o-1843; 2nd series, 8 volumes, Louisville, x844-1847; 3rd series, 6 volumes, Louisville, x848-x8so). Woods Quarter/:,• Retrospect of American a1ul Foreigt~. Practical Medi cine and Surgery (2 volumes, New York, x847-I849). TRANSACTIONS OF THE MEDICAL SocmTIES Albany, Am10/s of the Medical Society of the County of ••• Ed. Sylvester D. Willard (Albany, x8sx). American Medico/ Association, Transactions of the ••• (J volumes, Philadelphia, 1848-185o). Association of the Medical SuPerintendeKts of American lKStitutions for the Insane, History of the ••• John Curwen (Warren, Pello!lSYI· vania, 1885) (Since this is practically an edition of the minutes, it is placed here). Connecticut Medical Society, 1792-182<), TransactioKS of the ••• (Hart· ford, 1884). Connecticut Medical Society, Proceedings at the Annual ConventioK of the •.• (Har.tford, I791·I8So). Medical and Chirurgical Faetdty of Maryland, TraKSactions of the • • • (Baltimore, 1799-1850). BIBLIOGRAPHY, 253 Mcusachusett.t Medical Society, MedicGJ Pajler.t Communicated to the , •• (Bos-ton, I790-I8So). National Medical Convention, Minutes of the proceedings of the •• ·• · 1846 (New York, 1846). N!f'W HamPshire Medical Society, Records of the .•• from its organi zation in 1791 to the year 1854 (Concord, I9II). Nlf'W Jersey Medical Society, The Rise, Minutes, and Proceedings of the ••• Established July 23rd, 1766 (Newark, 1875). Nlf'W York Academy of Medicine, Transactions of the •.. (New York, 1847-1851 ). Nlf'W York, Minutes of the Medical Society of the City and County of ••• 18D7-1831 (New York, 1831). Nlf'W York State Medical Society, Transactions of the .•• r8o6-1831 (Alibany, 186g). Nlf'W York State Medical Society, Transactions of the ••• (Various places, t827-r8so). Ohio, Proceedings of the Convention of Physicians of , , , (Columbus, I83S-I8So). Philc.detphio, Transactions of the College of Physicio.ns of , , , (Phila delphia, 1790-185o}. Tennessee, Transactions and Proceedings of the Medical Society of the State of ••• (Nashville, I8Jo-I8So). CoLLEGE CATALOGS The following is a List of the colleges and the years for which their catalogs, circulars or aMouncements, whatever their current name might be, have been used. The list begins with the New York Regent's report sinee that item indudes: the Albany Medical College, Columbia Medical College, the College of Physicians and Surgeons of New York City {with the exceptions of 1834. 1835, 18.¢ and 1837), the College of Physicians and Surgeons of the Western D~trict, Geneva Medical College and the Medical Department of the University of the City of New York. New York State, Senate Journal, 1791, 1792, Nov. 1792, 1795, 17¢, Nov. 17!)6, I8o:z, 15oJ, 18o.5, 1800, 18<>7, 18o8, 1816, 1818, 1820, 18:23, 1824, 1&25 and 1827 (Albany, I79I-t827). All dates are January unless otherwise noted. --, Assembly Journal, 1794, 17g8, t8oo, Nov. 18oo, 1904. 18o9, tBIO, x8u, 1812, x813, 1814. t8IS, 1816, 1819, 1821, I&n and 1826 (Albany, 1794· 1826). All dates are January unless otherwise noted. -, Documents, 1830, Ill; 1831, 1; 1834, II; 1!46, II {Albany, I83o x846). All dates are January. University of the State of New York, AntHlal Reports of the Regtnts, 1827-I85o (Albany, 1827-18so). 254 BJBUOGRAPHY Albany Mt(fica.l College, x8,38-18so. Berkshire Medical School, 18.22-180!4, 18.26, 18.28-1831, 1835, 1837, 1839- 1842, 1845-1848. Medical School of Maine (Bowdoin), 1823, 18.26, 1828-1829, 1833, 1835- 1838, 1840-1843, 1849. University of Buffalo, 1846-1850. Castleton Medical College, 1822-1825, 1827-1837, 1!4o-185o. Cincinnati College, Medical Department of ••• 1835-18,38, 1845. Columbian Medical College, 1!4r-1!42, 1!44-x8.¢, 1848, 1849. Dartmouth College (New Hampshire Medical School), 1829, 1844, 1845, 1848, 1l49, 18so. Evansville Medical College, 185o-18sx. Female Medical College of Pennsylvania, 1853-18,54. Franklin Medical College, 1849. Geneva Medical College, 1842, 1844, 1845. G<:orgia, Medical College of ••• , 1847-1848. Harvard University, Medical School of ••• , 1836-1837, 1!4o-1841 to 1849-1850. Homeopathic Medical College of Penn.sylvania, 1148-1881. Illinois College, Jacksonville, 1!46-1847. Indiana Medical College, LaPorte, 1842-1843, 1!45-1846, x!46-xl47, !849-1850. Jefferson Medical College, 1832, 1835, t837-xl4o, 1843, 1!45-1!46. Louisville, University of ••• , 1837-1838 to 1841-1842; 1!44-1!45 to 1853-1854. Maryland, University of .•• Alumni of the school of medicine, 1813- 1850. Catalogs, etc., 1839-1840 to 184r-xl42; 1!44-1845 to 1846-1!47, 1848. Medical Department of Kemper College, rl42. MemJ)his Institute, 18.~g-18so. Michigan, Medical Department of the University of ••. , x8so. Missouri Medical College, St. Louis, 184o-1841 to 1846-1847, 1848-1149. 185o-1851. Nashville, Medical Department of the University of ••• , 1851-18,52. New England Female Medical College, Boston, 1848-1850. New York, Medical Department of the University of the City of ••• , xl4r, r842, 1843-1850. New York, College of Physicians and Surgeons in the City of ••• , 1828-1829. 18,36-1837 to 18so-x8s1. Ohio, Medical College of ••• , x8zg-x8JO, 18,34, t835-1836, 1836-1837, x841-1842 to x8so-x8sx. Pennsylvania, Medical Department of the University of ••• , 1836, 1143, 1846, x8so. Philadelphia College of Medicine, x847-185o. BIBLIOGRAPHY 255 Rush Medical College. x&49-x8so. Rutgers Medical College. 1&17, 1828-1830. St. Louis Medical College, x844-x84s, 1&47-x848, x&49-1850. South Carolina, Medical College of ••• , J8J7·I8J8. South Carolina, Medical College of the State of ... , x8Js~18;}6 to 1837· 1838, 1&41, 1844-1845 to 1849-x8so. Starling Medical College. x847-tl48, x848-1849, 1849-I8So. Transylvania, School of Dental ~urgery of •.• , 18so-r8sr. Tremont Street Medical School in Boston, I847-I849. Upper Mississippi, College of Physicians and Surgeons of the .•• , 1849-I850. Vermont Medical College, r83s-r8so. Vermont, Medical Department of the University of ..• , I82J·I8J6, Virginia, University of ..• , 1825-1843, 1844-1845, 1846-x848, x849-185o. Washington University of Baltimore, x84x-x842, 1f43-I844 to 1845·1146, 1847-1848. Western District, College of Physicians and Surgeons of the . , • , x8ZJ x8z4, t8J6-I837 to x8so-x851. Western Reserve University, 1846-1847, 1848-1849· Willoughby University, Medical Department of ••• , 1839-1840, 1&41· 184.2, I845-1f46, Yale College, 1826-18.27 to 1856. MANUSCRIPTS The following is a list of the Account Books, Day Books and other record books together with the Libraries in which they are kept. Berkshire Athenaeum, Pittsfield, Massachusetts. Childs, Henry H., Letters. Childs, Timothy, Day Book 1813-1834 Boston Medical Library, Boston, Massachusetts. Adams, Charles G., Ledger, September, 1824-1834 Adams, Daniel, Account Book, 18w-x8r8. Aspinwell, William, Account Book, I79I-I797- Bigelow, Jacob, Ledger, 1837-1846. Fox, George, Wallingford, Vermont, Day Book, x8o9. Lloyd, ]ames, Ledger, 178z-x8IO. Pierce, Daniel, Ledger, 179t-18oo. Pierson, A. L., Letter Book, x8ZJ·I8z8. Post, Minturn, Philadelphia, Diary, 1830..1861. Shattuck, G. C., Accoutlll: Books, x824-1842. Shattuck, G. C., Journal, 1833·1836. Shattuck, G. C., Notebook, 1836. Shattuck, G. C., Jr., Diary, 18.29-1849· BIBLIOGRAPHY Spofford, Richa.rd S., Newburyport, Massachusetts, Account Boola, 1828-IlYzg, I84o-I84S. Strong, Woodbridge, Account Book, 1818-I8t9. Sweat, William, Hollis, New Hampshire, Day Book, No. IJ, NO'r, ut, xSzs to &pt. n, t8Jt. Tha:x:ter, Thomas, Account Book, 1793-18ol). Warren, John, Sr., Day Book, I78I·l79I. Whitney, Isaiah, Ledger, r823-1827. Author unknown, Recipe Book, t8r:a-I8IJ. Author unknown, Journal of Practice, !817. Author unknov,;n, Journal from August 28th, 1830 to July 18, 1831. Hunterdon County Historical Society, F1emington, New Jersey. Bowne, John, Account Books, t8o1-18o7. Massachusetts Historical Society, Boston, Massachusetts. Warren, John, Sr., Day Books. New Jersey Historical Society, Newark, New Jersey. Kunz and Hayes, Day-Books, x8t9-1828. Sweet and Robinson, Account Books, t8s8-t866. Turk, William, Journal, U. S. Surgeon. New York Academy of Medicine. Hanford, David, Day Book, 18r6-r842. Hosack, David, Letters, x8o7-t8r6. Phinny, Dr. Sturgis, Day-Book, r&n-t8zs. New York Public Library. Gan.se,·oort Papers. Frances Papers. New York State Library, Albany, New York. Frary, Robert, Day-Book, t822-t8,38. Pennsylvania Historical Society, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. Bache Papers. Bond, Dr. Phineas, Receipt Book, 1759-ISto. Dreer Collection of Letters of Physicians, Surgeons and Chemists. Etting Collection, Physicians. Gratz Collection. Johnston Collection, 1824- Peters Manuscripts. Wallace Papers. The Day Books of Dr. Henry Pleasants for t8rs at Hamiltooville, Pennsylvania and Hamilton Village, 1834. have been used through the kind permission of the present Dr. Henry Pleasants, of West chester, Pennsylvania. BIBLIOGRAPHY 257 FEE-TABLES The following is a complete list of the fee-tables which have been used: Belmont (Ohio) Medical Society, 1847. Berkshire Medical Association, x8:u. Boston, May, t78Z, 1788, 18o6 and 1817, Buffalo, 1830 and 18;!6. Otarleston, 1792, 1804 and x8so. College of Physicians, Philadelphia, 1789 and 1834- Hampden District Medical Socitty, Massachusetts, 18s8. Hartford, Connecticut, I8Jt. Kentucky, 1841. King's County, New York, t8Js. Louisiana and Mississippi, 1843. Lowell Medical Association, Massachusetts, t8J7. Maryland, I8S4· New Jersey, 1766. New York City, 1790, 1798 and x8x6. Niagara County, New York, Rates for the poor, t841-1843. Washington, D. C., 1837. Washington County, New York, xSJ8. INDEX Abortion, 135: grounds for expul American Philosophical Society sion from a medical scx:iety, 2.n :13; honors to physi<:ians, 170 ' Advertising, rates in magazines, Amputation, 139 189: patent medicine, 203: Anatomy, Shippin's work, 14, 16; grounds for expulsion from a fees for courses, 48; laboratory medical scx:iety, z:n fees, 49; laboratories, 52; study Alabama (State of), medical regu· of, s(}-6; lations, 212, 240 Anesthesia, ll, 24, 138, 140-145, 241· Alabama Medical Convention, 52; 242 proposals for regulatinr.t apothe Anthelmintics, 103 caries and patent medicine. 229 Apothecaries, Percival's attitude Albany Medical Colle2'e, estab toward and ethics, I 52; regula lished, 40; state appropriation and tion in Louisiana, 21.2; attempts city endowment, 45 ; library, 73 to regulate, 229 A~bany, Medical Society of, 21'1 Apprenticeship, 19; charges, 33· n. 37: enfor~ment of medical 34. 54 ethics, 221-223; library, 226; Arkansas (State of), lack of medi irregularity of meetinr.ts., 235 cal legislation, 214 Alcott, W. A., works, t8o-181 Arnold, R. D., treatment of American Academy of Arts and Cholera Asiatic in the South, Sciences (Boston), 23 ·~14; on feminine modesty, 130; income, 168; lack of southern American Annals of the Deaf and medical writing, 178; delegate to Dumb, 185 American Medical Asscx:iation, American Journal of Dental 239 ; Secretary of American Science, 184 Medical Association·, 240 American Journal of lnsani,.,, 185 Arteriotomy, 97 American Journal of the Medical Ashburn, P. M., list of public offi Sciences, 183: book reviews, 193 cials who were physicians, 171 American Medical Association, re Asthma, treatment of, 1o8 lation to medical education, 42; Athens, Plague of, compared with report on term of study, sr-52; yell ow fever, IllI educatioool reform, 78; proposal Auscultation, 2'4I for educational reform, 93-94; Awl, W. A., 129 role in educational reform, 95; ethics, 148; on the editing of Bache, B. Franklin and W Barclay, J., 62 Boards (Medical), 2II·2I3 Bard, John, 22, z6 Board and room expenses, so Bard, Samuel, 26, 78; educational Boardman, Andrew, criticism of ideas, 90, 1].1 Geneva College, 90 Barter, 164•165 Boerhaave, Herman, theory of, Bartlett, John, 17·1 2'5, 26, 70 Bartlett, J. S., quarrel with the Book reviews, 193-195 Massachusetts Medical Society, Boston, hospital for the insane, I 19; 223-224 medical fees, 1'56·1$8 ff; homeo Bartlett, Josiah, vaccination, ·I to- I 1I pathy introduced, 243 Barton, B. S., author, 174 Boston Medical Association, medi Barton, W. P. C., 72 . cal fees, 157-158 Bayle, 0. L., 63 Baston Medical l ntelligencer, 182; Beaumont, Wm., Physiology of asserts its independence, I88 Digestion, 68 Boston Medical Library, 23 Beck, J. B., 72; rules for adminis Boston Medical Police, 148 tering anesthesia, 142- I4'3 Boston Medical Society, fees, 156 Beck, T. R. , 72, 17'1 Boston Medical and Surgical Jour- Beck, Wendell and Ludlow, report tlal, 182; on profits from medical on terms of study, S•I'-52 magazines, 188; support of na Bedford, G. S., 85 tional medical society, 237 Bell, Sir Charles, 62, 63, 65 Boston Society of Medical Im Bell, John (of Philadelphia), Vice provement, Holmes's lecture on President of the American Medi puerperal fever, 136, 2'32·2'33 cal Association, 240 Botanic medicines, use at Memphis Bell, John, 62, 63 Medical Institute, 411, 201-202, 213 Bennett, Jesse, '135, n. I20 Botany, 14 Berkshire Medical Association, Bowdoin College (Maine Medical petition for medical college, 225; College), established, 39; fees, account of, 234-235 48, 86; educational reform, 92 Berkshire Medical College, estab Boylston Medical Society, 227-228 lished, 39; state appropriation, Brigham, Amariah, 125-126; in 46; fees, 48; boarding house come, 169 rates, so; reading term, 53; con Brown, John, 25 demned for "body-snatching," Brown University, Medical Depart 59 ; rowdy spirit, 76; farewell ment of, established, 39 party to graduates, 77; hospital Buffalo, Med1cal Department of the attendance of ·pupils, 89 University of, established, 411; Bichat, Xavier, 62-63, 67 library, 73 Bigelow, Jacob, 72; " Discourse on Buffalo Medical Journal, 184 Self-Limited Diseases," 220 Burns, T., 72 Bigelow, Jacob, Jr., European Butler Asylum, 1129 study, 43, 165 Blackwell, Elizabeth, 37; health Cadavers, advertised price at education, 179-18o Geneva College, 90 Blackwell's Island, hospital for the Cadwalader, Thomas, 56 insane, II9 Cresarian section, 135 and n. IZO Bleecher, Hermanus, 83 Caldwell, Charles, remark on Phila- Blisters, ror delphia magazines, 193-194 Bloodletting, 23, z6; Sydenham's Calomel, 99 use of, 29, 96-99 Carolina Journal of Medicine. Bloomingdale Hospital for the in Science and Agriculture, 183 sane, I 19; lectures, 125 Carus, C. G., 63 Blumenbach, J. F., 63 Castleton Medical School (Ver· Blundell, J ,, 72 mont) , established, 39; term of INDEX study, SI ; two terms, 54; ana Congress, Rush's protest against tomical riot, 59, 85-&i army-hospital conditions, 28; law Cathartics, 99-I oo permitting sentence of dissec~ Chamberlen, Hugh, instrumen.ts for tion, 6o midwifery, I34 Connecticut, laws permitting dis Channing, Walter, use of ether, 144 section, 6o, 6I ; insane asylum. Chapman, Nathaniel, 71; treatment fl9; regulations of medical prac· of constipation, 104-105 tice, 208-209 Charity Hospital (New Orleans), Co~ticut Medical Society, estab insane department, I'l7 hshed, 22; control of education, Charleston Medical Journal and 44; regulation of medical prac Reww, 185 tice, :zo8-209; 2t8-24o, passim Clw.r/eston Medical Re.qister, x&l Constipation, treatment of, 104-105 Charleston Medical Society, 22-23 Consti.tution, 2I, 27 Chemistry, in Morgan's plan for Contagion, in yellow fever, HJI ; in education, 14; Rush professor of, puerperal fever, 136 26; fees for course, 48; study of, Contributors to medical magazines, 68-69; 69 n. 41; improvements, 187-188 248 Conway Cabal, Rush and, 27, 28 Cheselden, W., 62 Cooper, Sir Astley and Samuel, 69, Chicago, number of physicians, 138 166 Copeland, Thomas, weaning, 137 Cholera Asiatic, treatment of, u:2- Croup, to7-to8 JI4, I84; laws of New York and Cruvelhier, H., 63 Rhode Island during epidemic of, Cullen, William, theories, I4, 25; 2I7 teacher of Rush, 26, Z7 ; Rush re Chclera Bulletin, 184 jects theories of, 29, 67, 70 Cholera Ga:~ette, 184 Cupping, 97 Cholera Infantum, treatment of, 114 Curriculum, Morgan's plan, 14; de· Christian tradition, factor in his~ velopment, IS; general organiza· tory of midwifery, :1'30 tion, 34-36; Ohio's proposed or Church, Benjamin, 27 ganization, 92 Cincim1ati, Commercial Hospital, Cyclopa!clia of Practical Medici11e, 8I ; Eye Infirmary, 81 ; number introduced by Dunglison, 71 ; use of physicians, I66 of bloodletting, 98; recommended Cinciooati, Med. College of, doses physics, 99-100; emetics, 100; temporarily, 41 ; Drake at, 79 tonics, 102; treatment of asthma, Oergy, censure by medical socie 108 ties for endorsement of patent medicines, 225 Dartmouth Medical School, estab· Clinical lectures, fees for, so lished, I9 Ooquet, H., 63 Davidge, John, 58 . Cobbett, William, quarrel with Davis, N. S., faculty of Rush Medi Benjamin Rush, 3I cal School, 412; college, so; edu· Colden, Cadwalader, ::n cational reform, 78, 93, 94; Colleges (Medical), I3, I7•I9, ~ criticism of strong liquor at 4I, 42 American Medical Association Columbia University (Medical Col· meetings, 231 :. foundin~ . of lege), Ii-I9: publication of American Medtcal AssocJabon, theses, 75; attempt to form 237-240, passim graduate school, 77 Davy, H., 69 Columbian Medical College, estalr Declaration of Independence, Rush lished, 40; closes temporarily, 411; signs, Z7; signatures and vQtes fees, 48; aid .to poor, 48, 75·76 of physicians, 171 Commercial Hospital (Cincinnati), Degrees (Medical), 13, IS, I7·18 8! n. 9; number held at outbreak of INDEX the Revolution, 20; term of Eclectics, establish college, 41 study, .91-55; ease of attainment, Eclectic Jour'II(J,/ of Medicine, 183 89-91 ; attempts to raise require Edinburgh, University of, 13, 19; ments, 91-95 . Rush attends, 26; requirements, Delafield, Edward, Vice-President 36-37; no American students, of the American Medical Asso 18o2, 42; use of Wood's text, 71 ciation, 240 Editing, prices, 178-179; methods in Delaware (State of), medical regu magazines, 186-187 lations, 211'1 n. 37, 214 Education (Medical), n; develop Delaware, Medical Society of, 22, ments, 12, 13-20, 33-95; ethics 211 n. 37, 214; prizes, 228 ; his in, 154; discussions in magazines, tory, 228 n. 97 192-193; work of medical socie Denman, T., 72 ties, zz6; summary 243-244; af Dmtal b~tclli.qmccr, 185 fected by specialization, 246 D.. Mal Rc_qister of the West, 185 Ely Resolutions, educational reform Dental Surgeons, National Society movement, 93 of, 233 Emetics, 23, 26; Sydenham and, Dentistry, 25; magazines, 185 29, 100 Devine, Joel, refused admittance to Enemas, 105 Dutchess County Medical So Ergot, 24, IJHJ2; discussion in ciety, 221 Medical Repository, 191 Dewees, W. P., 70, 72; blisters, 101; Ether, 141-143 treatment of croup, 107; treat Ethics (Medical), 148-t54: en ment of yellow fever, ll2; mid forcement by medical societies, wifery, 137 Z2G-225 Diet, 104, 192 Expenses, allowed delegates to Dissector, asserts its independence, meetings of the Medical Society 188 of New York, 219 n. 66 Disinfectants, 102-103 Expulsion, to enforce medical Dissection, requirement of, 49 ethics, 221-222 District of Columbia, see Wash- Eye Infirmaries, Cincinnati, &1 ington, D. C. Dix, Dorothea, r17; report to Con- Faculties (Medical Schools), pow gress, 126-127, 128-129 ers, 43-44 Dorsey, J. S., 25, 69 Febrile diseases, treatment of c. Douglass, Wm., 21 17i0, 26 Dover powers, 106 Fees, medical education, 44. 47-SI; Drake, Daniel, and Medical Col reading terms, 511-52; for special lege of Ohio, 39, 78-81 medical schools, 53, 151; medical, Drugs, 23; discussion of adultera 154·169 tion of, 192 n. 38; attacks on Finley, Reverend Mr., 13, 16, 26 adulteration of, 229-230 Florida (State of), regulations of Druitt, R., 69 medical practice, 213 Dunglison, Robley, 34. 47; author Fordyce, Wm., 70 of textbooks, 67-68, 711 ; criticism Fothergill, John, 16, 64 of clinical instruction, 89; treat Fourcroy, A. F., 68 ment of constipation, 105 Francis, John \V., European study, Dutchess County, Medical Society 43; treatment of Cholera As.iatic, of, refuses admittance to Joel IIJ, 171 Devine, 221 Franklin, Benjamin, 13; loan to Rush, 26, u8 Earle, Pliny, 122 Franklin College, established, 41 ; Eberle, James, 70; treatment of fees, 48 croup, 107; sale of copyright, Freud, Sigmund, Rush's practices 179 n. 14 resembles his, 30 INDEX 263 Friends' Retreat (Frankford, Penn· Gross, Samuel, use of bloodletting sylvania), established, 1118; old· 98 i medical charges in Easton' fashioned practices, 126 Pennsylvania, 161-162; income; FY'fe, A., 62 168, 177 n. 9; remarks on theses 176; ~orecast of the medicai Generation, theories of, 130 revolution, 249 Geneva Medical College, Elizabeth Guthrie, Samuel, chloroform, 143 Blackwell matriculates, :fT; es tablished, 40: state appropriation, Haggard, H. W., introduction of 45; rowdy spirit, 76·77; hospital ergot, 132 attendarn:e of pupils, 89; criticized Hahnemann, Samuel, homeopathy by Boardman, 90; conditions in 243 • study of surgery, I\fl'; seating of Haller, A., 67 representatives at medical so· Har.tford Retreat, 119 ciety, :136 Harelip, operation for, 137 Georgia (State of), established Harrison, W. H. (President) 99 medical college, 40; regulation of Harvard Medical School, 19; 'atti- med:ical practice, 213-314; laws tude of students toward medical regarding inoculation and free co-education, J8; quality of work vaccination, 21(); revive medical 42; relation to University, 43; society, 240 state appropriation and private Georgia, Medical College of, estab endowment, 46; library rules, 73~ lished, 40; six-month term, 52; 74; hospital attendance of pupils, ~; rights of graduates to prac .proposes national medical so tice, Z07 ciety, 237 Hayes, Samuel, x65 Georgia, Medical Society of, 1804, Hays, Isaac, 148 234, 240 Health preservation, books on, I79- Germ theory, 24 180 Gibson, William, 69 Health regulations, 2I4J-2I8 Godman, John D., efforts to pub Heberden, William, 70 lish book, 179 Henry, Patrick, Rush's quarrel with Gonorrhea, 1.14-IIS Washington and, 28 Gooch, R., 71.; case of mother and Henry, W., 69 child, 137 Holmes, 0. W., 24; contagious Goforth, William, 78 nature of puerperal fever, 136; Good, ]. M., 67, 70 remarks on Bigelow's address, Gout, xos-nl6 226 Graduation, 74-78 Holten, Samuel, 171 Graham, Sylvester, public diet dur Homeopathy, effect on· regular ing Cholera Asiatic epidemic, I 13- profession, 235; account of, 243 114 Hope,]., 63 Gram, Johannis B., introduction of Horner, W. F., 62, 63; advice on homeopathy into the United dissection, 65-67 States, 24!3 Hosack, David, iocome from priv Green, J, C., address on factories, ate pupils, 34; founds Rutgers 232 Medical College, 83-86; introduc Greene County, Medical Society of, tion of ergot, 132; reviews of his enforcement of medical ethics, book, Febrile Contagion, 194· 22:l 195; quarrels in New York City, Gregory, G., 70; use of blood 236 ' . letting, 99: treatment of small· Hospitals, school hosprtals, 89-90; pox, 109; treatment of yellow hospitals for the insane, I'I7-I19; fever, l'l2; treatment of venereal ethics in, I49-ISO; lazarettoes, disease, us 214-:0118 INDEX Humanitarianism, 127 fessor in, 79; quarrels, 81-&:; Hunter, John, 16, 70, 71 censured, 86 ; enrollroent, 91 Hunter, William, 14. 16; teacher Jefferson, Thomas, remarks on of Rush, 26 Rush,li'I Hunter, William (Newport, R. 1.), Jenner, Edward, 24. 109. 110 s6 l011.rnal of Ph4nnacy, 183 Hydrophobia, toS-109 Journal of the Philodelphia Col Hygiene, 145; Percival's advice, 150 lege of Ph4nnacy, 183 Illinois (State of), establishes roedi Kappa Latnbda Society, 233 n. I 14; cal schools, 41 ; laws perroitting criticisro of, 236 dissection, 61 ; hospital for the Keroper College: see Missouri. insane, 119; regulation of roedi Medical Departroent of the cal practice, .211, .214; revives University of roedical society, .240 Kentucky, insane asylum, ll9 lllinois College, established, 41 King's College, see Colwnbia Uni 1llinois, Medical Society of, .2II; versity irregularity of roeetings, 235 Kirkbride, Thoroas, 121, 122 11/incis Medical and Su,.gical Jorw Knight, J., President of Aroerican nal, 18.4 Medical Association, 239 lncoroes, of physicians, 166-169 Kuhn, Adam, death, 29 Indiana (State of), establishes roedical schools, 41 ; hospital for Ladies Physiological Institute of the insane, 119 ; roedical regula Boston and Vicinity, 233 n. 114 tions, 211 n. 37, 214; revives Laennec, R. T. H., auscultation, 241 roedical society, 240 Lavoisier, R. L., 68-6g Indiana, Medical Society of, 211 Laws (Medical), 2:2; attitude of n. 3i; irregularity of roeetings, public, 42; Virginia, law of IiJ6, 235 ; revived, 240 ISS, 204-218 Indiana Medical Convention, cen Laxatives, 91)-HlO sure of clergy, 225 Lee, Arthur, 171 Inoculation, distinguished fr0111 Lee, R., 72, 130; use of forceps, vaccination, 109; regulation of, 134; czsarian section, and abor 216 tion, 135 Insanity, Rush's treatroent of, 30; Leeches, IW u6-129; Percival's advice, ISO; Lewis, Winslow, 71 progress in treatroent, .242 Lewis, Winslow, Jr., advice on dis Institutes of roedicine (course in), section, 65-67 14 Libraries, of roedical colleges, 73- lnstruroents, in midwifery, 134~135; 74; roedical societies, 226-22'] in surgery, 139-140 Liquor, anesthetic use of, 141 Iodine, 24 Lis ton, R., 69 Iowa (State of), Medical Society, Literature (Medical), II; early 240 publication, 20-.21, 174-200; re Irregular roedicine, 200-203 views, I9J-I95; suroroary, 244-245 Ives, A. W., introduction of ergot, Lobelia leaves, 201-202: 132 Lockrow, V. B., barred by Albany Medical Society, 222 Jackson, Charles T., anesthesia, 142 Long, Crawford, anesthesia, 142 Jackson, Sarouel, republication of Lottery, to raise funds for the articles in Europe, IfJl Medical Departroent of the Uni Jefferson Medical College, estab versity of Maryland, 45; use in lished, 40; quality of work, 42; Kentucky, 46 relation to trustees, 43; state aid Louisiana (State of), appropriation to, 46; fees, 48; Drake a pro- for roedical education, 46; hospi- INDEX tal for the insane, 1'19; medical Worcester Hospital, 1119; regu charges, 163-164; medical regu lation of medical practice, 204~ lations, :212; free vaccination, :n6 2oB;~rim . Louisiana, Medical Department of Massachusetts General Hospital, University of, faculty, 39; estab insane department, 117, n8-•n9; lished, 40; state appropriation, 46 use of patent medicine, 224 L011i.siana Medical and Surgical Massachusetts Medical College, see JournoJ, 185 Harvard Medical School Louisville Jour'/'141 of MediciM ami Massachusetts Medical Society, 22; Surgery, 183 rates for apprenticeship in Essex Louisville, Medical Institute, estab South District, 33 ; required read lished, 40; quality of its work, ings, 62, 63 ; pharmacopreia, 71 ; 42; relation to trustees, 43-44; publication, 175·176, zo6-zo8, : mitting dissection, 62; medical New Jersey, Medical Society of, society, Z40 established, :n; first fee table, Missouri, Medical Department of 156, :1111 n. 37: organization, :uS the University of, fees, 48; estab New Orleans, Medical Society of, lished, 41 233 n. 114 Mitchill, John, influence on Rush's New Orleans Medical and Surgical treatment of yellow fever, 3>1 Journal, 184-185 Mitchill, S. L., 21; United States New Orleans, Physico-Medical So Pharmacopreia, 72, 171, 181 ciety of, 233 n. 114 Monro, Alexander, 62 New York (State of), appropria Moral treatment (of the insane), tions for medical education, 45; r17-118, 124·1:15 Ia ws permitting dissection, 6o, 61· Morgan, John, plan for education, 62; post-mortem, 57; Utica 13; sketch, 13-15, 22, z;, 28 Asylum for the Insane, n9; Morphia, 24 number of physicians, t8JI, 166; Morton, C. T. G., anesthesia, 142 medical legislation, 205-2o6, 209- Mott, Valentine, European study, 2II; free vaccination, 216-217; 45; translation of Velpeau, 70, laws du,ring cholera epidemic, 1,J8-139, 139-147, passim 217; quarrels within the profes Murray, J., 71; physics, 99; emetics, sion, 236 100; tonics, 102; lithontriptics, 103 New York Academy of Medicine, 232-233 New York City, difficulties of pro Narcotics, I OS fession, 18; quarrels, 119; British Nationalism, in medical journals, occupation of, 18 n. 10; ana 1(/()-197 tomical riot, 57-58; hospital for Negroes, use in dissection, 62 the insane, 119; medical fees, Newell, Mark, restored to Connec 156; 1816, 158-159£f.; Vaccine ticut Medical Society, Z23 Institute, 216-217; advertising for New England Joun1al of Medicim! patent medicines, 203; regulation and Surgery, 182 of medical practice, 205-zo6; New Hampshire (State of), laws medical quarrels, 236 permitting dissection, 61 ; hos New York County, Medical So pital for the insane, 1119; medical ciety of, 22; relation to the regulations, 2~1 n. 37; requires College of Physicians and Sur vaccination, 216 geons, 44. 821; investigation of New Hampshire, Medical College patent medicines, 203; libraries, of: see Dartmouth Medical 227; social activities, 231-232 School New York Dispensary, Medical New Hampshire Medical School, Association of, 233 n. 114 established, 22; control of educa· New York City, Physico-Medical tion, 44; educational reform Society of, 233 n. 114 movement, 92; Police, 149, 2Il New York Hospital, insane depart n. 37 ment, I 11. 119 New Haven County, Medical So New York, Medical Department of ciety of, first publication, 175 the University of the City of, New Jersey (State of), law per established, [(), 41 ; quality of mitting dissection, 6o; medical work, 42 ; state appropriations, charges, 162; medical regulations, 45; boarding house rates, 47, so; 206, 211 n, 37, 214; free vaccin aid to impoverished students, 48; ation, 216-217 short- 93; ethics, 152·1'53; family con· Paxton, ]., 63 tracts, I 65, 2Q9-2II ; 2118-240 Pe~nsylvan.i~ (State of), constitu passim tiOn, 27; a1d to Jefferson Medic;~ I New YCirk Medital and Philo College, 46; medical society 240 sophicall01irnal and Review, 182 Pennsylvania College for Ho~eo- New York Society for the Relief pa thy, es tablis bed, 411 of Widows and Orphans of Pennsylvania Hospital, 16 64 · Medical Men, 233 n. H4 library, 73 ; insane department. North Americcm Archives of Medi· II7, 119 cal and Surgical Stitnces, 183 Pennsylvania Hospital for the In· North Carolina (State of), hospital sane, moral treatment, 125 for the insane, ll9; medical so Pennsylvania Medical College es- ciety, 240 tablished, 41 ' North Carolina, Medical Society Pennsylvania, Medical Department of, 234 of the University of, history, 13· North~vestern Medical and Surgical 17, 18; requirements, 35; students Journal, 184 in attendance c. 1800, 38; quality of work, 42; fees, 48; graduation Ohio (State of), act to protect fee, 4'9; cost of education, so-51; graves, 59; hospital for the in six-month term, 511 ; enrollment, sane, II9i medical regulations, 91 2111-21:2 Percival, Thomas, 148-152 Ohio Asylum for the Insane, use Pereira, ].. 72 of restraining apparatus, 124-125 Perkins, Elisha, Patent Metallic Ohio, Medical College of, estab Tractors, :200-201, 222 lished, 39; relation to trustees, Philadelphia (City of) , medical 43-44; state grant, 46; professors, fees, 159-160; residence of medi 56; salary of Samuel Gross, 168 cal authors, 178 Ohio Medical Convention, 75; edu Philadelphia, College of, history of, cational reform movement, 92, 13-17; merged with University of 21:2; organization, 218 Pennsylvania, 28 Ohio Medical Repository of Ori Philadelphia College of Pharmacy, ginal and Selected Essays and Code of Ethics, 152 Intelligence, rSs Philadelphia College of Physicians, Oliver, D., 68 23; Rush's resignation from, 31; Oneida County, Medical Society of, library, 73 i proposals to Gover expulsion of member for per· nor of Pennsylvania for preven forming abortion, 222 tion of yellow fever, I'I'I•II2; Onondaga County Medical So medical charges, t6o; dues, 219, ciety, 93 2J2 Opium, anesthetic use of, 14!1 Plliladc/!>hia Jounu:~l of Medical and Phvsical Sciences, 182 Paine, Martyn, attack on proposed Philadelphia Medical College, es· Medical Convention, 238 tablished, 41 Paresis, first described, 12:2 Philadelpltia Medical Museum, 1&! Parrish, Joseph, 166 Philadelphia Medical Society, 15.3 Patent medicines, :203; expulsion Phi/adelphia Monthly J ounuzl of from medical societies for their Mrdicine and SurqeYy, r8z-r83 manufacture, zn-223; use in Phlogiston theory, · 68; discussion Massachusetts General Hospital, in Medical Repository, 191 224 ; endorsed by clergy, 225 ; Physical education, 192 proposals by Alabama Medical Physicians and Surgeons of the Convention, 229 City of New York, Co,Ilege of, Patterson ( N. J.), Vaccine In his1ory of, 17-18; requirements, stitute, 216-z17 35; established, 3&-39; trustees, 1.\"DEX 44; state appropriations, 45; fees, Ramsey, David, 21, 22; author, 172 ~; dissection room. 49; six Ramsbotham, F. H., p months term, 51 ; ubrary, 73; Ray, Isaac, 129 graduate course, 77 ; reaction to Reading term, use in New Eng- salaried professors, 8'; ; quarrel, land, ,5.2-53 &z-Ss Redman, John, .... 26 Physicians and Surgeons of the Reionn, educatiooal, 91-94 t:pper Mississip!>i. College of, Regents of the t:niversity of the established, 41 State of New York, tS; relation Physicians ar.d Surgeoo.s of ·west to education, 4-t; quarrel in Col ern New York, College of, es lege of Physicians and Surgeons tablished, 39; ceases operation, in New York City, 82-86 41 ; boarding-bous.e rates, so. 54; Revolutionary War, Rush's part, attitude towards .. body-snatch 27-zS ing," ,58; cadavers, 6o; division Rheumatism, treatment of, c.. 1770, of fees among professors, 86-87 26, to6 Physick:, P. S., 53; treatment of Rhode Island (State of), free vac cuts incurred during dissection, cination, 216; law during the 65; bandaging in surgery, 146-147 cholera epidemic, 217 Physics, 99-100 Richerand, A.. 67 Physiolog)·, Rush teacher of, 29; Rigby, E., 72; midwifery, 134; study of, 6i-68 czs.arian section, 135 Pierce, Daniel. 165 Riots, anatomical riots., Si-58. 59 Pinel. Philip, Ru;h's importance, Roget, P. Y., ~ JO-JI, I 16, 127, 128 Romayne. Xicho!as, IS Pleurisy, treatment c. 1770, 26 Rush, Benjamin, 20, 21, 25-32, :;o; Post, Wright, European study, 43 ad\;ce to graduates, 76; use of Post-graduate School, surgery and bloodletting, 9i; treatme!It of midwiiery, 77 tuberculosis, ro6-107; trea!:IIIent Post-mortem, Si of hydrophobia., 109; yellow Potter, N~ bloo Sedatives, 105 found national medical associa Select Medical Library, 183 tion, 237 Semmel weiss, 24; contagious na- Spalding, Lyman, United States ture of puerperal fever, xJ6 PhartllDCoPil.lia, 11-72; introduc Shattuck, George, income, 169 tion of ergot, 1Jrl Shaw, ]., 63, 65 Specialization, in surgery, 147 ; in Shippen, William, Jr., 13, 16-17, :a6; magazines, 198, 246-247 quarrel with Rush, 27-:118; riots Stahl, G. E,, p. 25 of x76s. 57. 64 Starling Medical College, estab Silliman, Benjamin, Jr., 69 lished, 44; endowment, 46 Simms, Marion, operation for Stearns, John, treatment of croup, vesico-vaginal fistula, 138 107; introdudion of ergot, 132 Simpson, J, Y., chloroform, 143 Sterility, cause and treatment, 131 Slaughter, Governor, post-mortem Stevens, A. H., introduction of on, 57 ergot, 132; ligating, 145-11~6 Smallpox, 109-1 I'I ; health regula- Stewart, F. C., number of practi tions regarding, :zr6-217 tioners, 91 Smellie, W ., 72 Slille, Alfred, Vice-President of Smith, E. H., II 1 the American Medical Associa Smith, N. W., expelled from Medi· tion, 240 cal Society of Oneida County, Stimulants, 102 22:il Stokes, William, 7I Societies (Medical), 1'2, :<111·23; Strychnine, 24 control of medical colleges, 44 ; Subscription, rates of magazines, educational reform, 78; aid in 188-189 establishing insane asylum, 129; Summer lectures, so publications, I7S·I76, 204-:il40; Sumner, George, 96-W summary, 245 Supreme Court, invalidates regu Society of Medical Superintendents latory law of Washington, D. C., and Physicians of Hospitals and :zn Asylums for the Insane, I:i19, :1.'33 Surgeon-General, Library o£, 73 South Carolina (State of), insane Surgery, 24-:iiS; fees for course, asylum, r19; medical charges, 48 ; textbooks, 69-70, 138-147 ; t6:l-I63; medical regulations, zu summary, 241-243 n. :r!, 214; revives mediical so Sweating, 23, 26, 101 ciety, 240 Sweat, William, 165; income, tQg South Carolina, Medical College of, Sydenham, Thomas, effect upon established, 40; ceases operation, Rush, 29, 70; prescription by, 41 ; term, St ; quarrel, 85 103; treatment of: gout, IOS· South Carolina, Medical College of to6; tuberculosis, xo6; hydro the State of, takes over Medical phobia, 1o8; smallpox, 109; c,o!l· College of South Carolina, 40 i fusion of gonorrhea and syphths, quarrel, 85 ri4 South Carolina Medical Associa· Symes, James, 69 . tion, see South Carolina Medical Syphilis, II4·llS; as a cause o£ In· Society sanity, 123 S Texas (State of), medical regula· Venereal disease, 114-n 5 ; Per tions, 213 cival's advice on cases of women, Textbooks, 62-64. 65, 67-72 150; soliciting business in, z:24 Thatcher, Thomas, 20 Venesection, 97 Theory and Practice of Medicine Vermont (State of), Jaws to pro (course in), 14; Rush professor tect graves, 59; hospital for the of, 29; &tudy of, 7o-71 insane, ll9; medical regulations, Theses, 75; Gross's remarks on, 176 2ll n. 37 Theory (Medical), Il-12, 24; Vermont Academy of Medicine, "system," liS; Rush, :a6-31, 96- see Castleton Medical School W ; general, 131 Vermont, Medical College of the Thomas, R., 100; confusion of University of, established, 39-40; gonorrhea with syphilis, 1'14 control of education, 44; attitude Thomsonians, Society, 202; right to towards .. body-snatching," s8; practice in Alabama, 212; status cost of cadavers, 65, 85-86 in Georgia, 213; affect upon regu Vermont Medical Society, attempt profession, 235 at educational reform, 92, 211 n. 3.2 Thomson, Samuel, satire on a11o· Virginia (State of), insane asylum pathic treatment of insanity, I22· at Staunton, II9; regulation of 12J, 201·202 medical fees, ISS; regulation of Ticknor, Luther, 167 medical practice, 204. Z13; free Tonics, 23, 102 vaccination, :zt6 Transylvania University, Medical Virginia, Eastern Asylum of, n8 Department of, established, 39; Virginia, Medical Department of quality of its work, 42; relation the University of, established, 40; to trustees, 43-44; lottery for, 46; Richmonli branch, 40-41 ; state publishes magazine, 41-.48; fees, appropriations, 46; term, S•I·SZ: 48; library, 73; length of thesis, professors, s6 75; Drake, 76; quarrel with Louisville, 86 Warren, John, 26; Boston fee table, Treasurer of the United States 156 Mint, Rush's appointment, 31-3.2 Warren, John Collins, anesthesia, Tremont Street School (Boston), 53 141-142; average day of, 172-173; Tuberculosis, 1o6 on physical education, 179-18o; Tuson, E. W., 65 support of Graham's dietary re Tweedie, William, 7o-71 forms, 224 Warren, Joseph, 26 United States Pharnw.cop THE author was born September r I, 1906 in Merrill, \Vis cousin. After graduation from the local high school in 1922, he attended the University of Wisconsin for four years. In 1926, he received a bachelor's degree in Eco nomics. The following two years, he spent at Columbia University, receiving the Master of Arts degree in 1927 in American and European History. The subject of his Master's essay was "College Libraries in the United States from 1790 to r86o.tt During his residence at Columbia University, he attended two seminars in American Social History from 1790 to 1830 with Professor Dixon Ryan Fox and one seminar in Revolutionary America with Professor Evarts B. Greene. Since leaving Columbia University he has taught at George School (1928-1933), Montgomery School ( 1934-1935) and is at present teaching history in the Haddon Heights High School, Haddon Heights, New Jersey.