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Jahresbericht jahresbericht Bundesamt für Strahlenschutz Fukushima und die Folgen Neue Stromtrassen quer durch Deutschland Auf der Suche – Entsorgung radioaktiver Abfälle in Deutschland | Verantwortung für Mensch und Umwelt | Titelfoto: Michael Janssen / Photocase.de Impressum Herausgeber: Bundesamt für Strahlenschutz Postfach 10 01 49 D-38201 Salzgitter Telefon: +49 (0)3018 333-0 Telefax: +49 (0)3018 333-1885 E-Mail: [email protected] Internet: www.bfs.de Redaktion: Lutz Ebermann Gestaltung: Quermedia Querallee 38 34119 Kassel Druck: MAREIS DRUCK GmbH Zeissstraße 8 89264 Weißenhorn Fotos: BfS und genannte Quellen Bundesamt für Strahlenschutz (2012) jahresbericht Bundesamt für Strahlenschutz jahresbericht Seite 9 Fukushima und die Folgen Am 11. März 2011 ereignete sich vor der Nordost- küste der japanischen Hauptinsel Honshu ein schweres Erdbeben mit nachfolgendem Tsunami. Im unmittelbaren Einwirkungsbereich dieser Na- turkatastrophe lagen 15 der insgesamt 54 japa- nischen Reaktoren. Der Beitrag geht ein auf Unfallablauf und -ursachen und gibt einen ersten Überblick über die Freisetzungen radioaktiver Stoffe und die Folgen in der Umgebung der Anlage für die Bevölkerung in und außerhalb von Japan. 97 Weitere ARBEITSSCHWerPUNKte DES bFs 97 "Sonne - Aber sicher!" - Das BfS engagiert sich für Hautkrebsprävention 101 Lungenkrebs-Früherkennung mittels Computertomographie 102 Berufliche Strahlenbelastung in der Medizin 103 Strahlenschutz beim Aufbau des digitalen Behördenfunks in Deutschland 106 Bedeutung von Ringversuchen für die Überwachung inkorporierter radioaktiver Stoffe 108 Nuklearspezifische Gefahrenabwehr: Zusammenarbeit und Übungen im Jahre 2011 110 Neue Entwicklungen auf dem Gebiet der Radioaktivität im Trinkwasser 111 Meldepflichtige Ereignisse in kerntechnischen Einrichtungen 2011 113 Stilllegung eines endgültig abgeschalteten Kernkraftwerks 117 Der UMWeLtFORSCHUNGsPLaN DES bUNDESUMWeLtMiNISTERIUMs – FORSCHUNG ZUr STÄrKUNG Der NUKLeareN sicherheit UND DES STRAHLeNSCHUtZES 119 Die Wismut-Bioprobenbank: Folgen des Uranabbaus und Strahlenwirkungen Seite 45 Seite 57 Neue Stromtrassen Auf der Suche Quer durch Deutschland Entsorgung radioaktiver Abfälle in Deutschland Niederfrequente elektrische und magnetische Die in der Bundesrepublik Deutschland entstan- Felder der Stromversorgung sind seit langem Teil denen radioaktiven Abfälle müssen sicher und ge- unserer zivilisatorisch beeinflussten Umwelt. Im ordnet beseitigt werden. Die Freisetzung und der Rahmen der Energiewende ist der Ausbau der Transport von Radionukliden aus einem Endlager Stromnetze unmittelbare Notwendigkeit für die bis in den Bereich der Biosphäre sollen verhindert Erhöhung des Anteils erneuerbarer Energien an werden. Zuständig für die Errichtung und den der Stromversorgung. Fragen nach gesundheits- Betrieb von Endlagern für radioaktive Abfälle ist relevanten Wirkungen niederfrequenter Felder in Deutschland das Bundesamt für Strahlenschutz. sowie Aspekten der Risikokommunikation wird Der gegenwärtige Stand der Entsorgung radioak- in diesem Beitrag nachgegangen. tiver Abfälle in Deutschland wird in diesem Beitrag dargestellt. 120 Die deutsche Uranbergarbeiterstudie – Mehr als 60 Jahre Beobachtungszeitraum 121 Gesundheitliche Auswirkungen starker statischer Magnetfelder der Magnet-Resonanz-Tomographie 124 Strahlenbelastung durch nuklearmedizinische Untersuchungen 126 Bundesweiter Überblick über die Radiocäsiumkontamination von Wildschweinen 129 ZahLeN UND FaKteN 129 Organisation und Aufgaben des BfS 130 Die Fachbereiche des BfS 132 Das BfS informiert 141 Zahlen und Fakten 2011 144 PUbLiKATIONeN 148 abKÜrZUNGeN jahresbericht 2011 aNNUaL rePOrt Page 9 Fukushima and the consequences On March 11th, 2011, a severe earthquake occurred near Japan’s eastward coastline. The following Tsu- nami led to severe damages in several nuclear pow- er reactors and to massive releases of radioactive substances into the environment. The article gives an overview on the course of the accident und the release of radioactive substances into the environs of the installation as well as the consequences for the population inside and outside of Japan. 97 FUrther Topics OF BfS 97 „Sun – But Do It Safely!“ – BfS Stands up for Reasonable Exposure to Sun and for Skin Cancer Prevention 101 Individual Health Assessment of Lung Cancer with Low-dose Computed Tomography 102 Occupational Radiation Exposure in Medicine 103 Radiation Protection at Setting up Digital Radio of Security Authorities and Organisations 106 Importance of Laboratory Intercomparisons for Incorporation Monitoring 108 Defence against Nuclear Hazards: Cooperation and Exercises in 2011 110 New Developments with Regard to Radioactivity in Drinking Water 111 Reportable Events in Nuclear Facilities in 2011 113 Decommissioning of a Permanently Shut Down Nuclear Power Plant 117 the eNvirONMeNtaL research PrOGraMMe OF the FeDeraL eNvirONMeNtaL MiNistry – research for streNGtheNiNG NUcLear saFety aND raDiatiON PrOtectiON 119 The German Uranium Miners Biobank: Consequences of Uranium Mining and Radiological Impacts Page 45 Page 57 New Power Lines Across Germany Still in Search – Management of Radio- active Wastes in Germany Low frequency electric and magnetic fields are part Radioactive wastes generated in the Federal Repub- of our civilization. However, due to the increasing lic of Germany have to be safely and orderly remo- input of power from renewable energy sources into ved and ought to be disposed of in deep geological the electricity distribution grids many new 380-kV formations. Release and transportation of radionu- power lines have to be built until 2020. The main clides from a repository into the biosphere have to concern of the BfS in this context is the protection be prevented. According to the Atomic Energy Act of man and the environment against detrimental the Federal Government is responsible for the final effects of low-frequency fields. BfS recommends a disposal of radioactive waste. The current status of protective system which includes both exposure management of radioactive wastes in Germany is limits and precautionary measures. reported in this article. 120 The German Uranium Miners Cohort Study – A More than 60-Year Period of Follow-up 121 Health Effects of Strong Static Magnetic Fields of Magnetic Resonance Imaging 124 Radiation Exposure due to Nuclear Medical Examinations 126 Nationwide Survey on the Radiocaesium Contamination of Wild Boars 129 Facts aND FiGUres 129 Organization and Tasks of BfS 130 Scientific Departments of BfS 132 BfS Providing Information to the Public 141 Facts and Figures 2011 144 PUbLicatiONs 148 abbreviatiONs jahresbericht 2011 Greenpeace-Mitarbeiter bei der Entnahme von Bodenproben. Foto: Markel Redondo, Greenpeace 8 // FukushiMa UND Die FolgeN Fukushima and the Consequences Fachliche Ansprechpartner: Bernhard Fischer (03018 333-1500) Erich Wirth (03018 333-6710) Thomas Jung (03018 333-2100) On March 11th, 2011, a severe earthquake occurred expansion of the area of potential radioactive immis- near Japan’s eastward coastline. The following Tsu- sion are topics which should be considered in more nami flooded a large coastal area including several detail. nuclear power plants. This natural disaster triggered Die Reaktorkatastrophe in Fukushima im Jahr the events of the accident in the nuclear power plant 2011 prüfte auch die Arbeit des Bundesamtes für Fukushima Dai-ichi, which led to nuclear meltdowns Strahlenschutz (BfS) im Jahr 2011. Am 11. März in units 1-3, severe damages in units 1- 4 and to mas- 2011 löste ein Erdbeben einen Tsunami aus. sive releases of radioactive substances into the envi- In den ersten Tagen und Wochen standen die ronment. Ereignisse in Japan im Mittelpunkt. Es galt, sich Kenntnisse über die Auslegung und technische The Federal Office for Radiation Protection (BfS) was Ausstattung der betroffenen Reaktoren zu verschaf- involved in the evaluation of the technical and radio- fen, die Vorgänge auf der Anlage nachzuvollziehen logical consequences of the Fukushima accident from und einen ersten Überblick über die Freisetzungen the German perspective. For instance, the radiological radioaktiver Stoffe und die Folgen in der Umge- situation in Japan and Germany was evaluated daily, bung der Anlage und für die Bevölkerung in Japan based on input data from various certified sources zu gewinnen. such as from own measuring facilities. One BfS expert Das Bundesministerium für Umwelt, Naturschutz directly supported the German Embassy in Japan. A und Reaktorsicherheit (BMU), andere Regierungs- huge amount of inquiries from media, domestic in- stellen und nicht zuletzt die deutsche Botschaft in dustry and the public had to be coped with by BfS. Japan griffen auf die Beratung und Unterstützung durch Lagedarstellungen und Lagebewertungen As lessons learned, the calculation of the nuclear des BfS zurück. Darüber hinaus wurde schnell per- source term and the emergency planning for an acci- sonelle Unterstützung in der deutschen Botschaft dent with long-term radioactive release as well as the in Tokyo geleistet. jahresbericht 2011 fukushima 9 Nachdem am 25.03.2011 die ersten Spuren der sich ein Ausstieg aus der Nutzung der Kernenergie in Fukushima freigesetzten radioaktiven Stoffe in innerhalb eines Jahrzehntes realisieren lässt. Da-- Deutschland durch das BfS nachgewiesen werden raufhin wurde am 06.08.2011 mit einer Novelle des konnten, gewann die Frage der möglichen Konse- Atomgesetzes die Verlängerung der Laufzeiten der quenzen von Kontaminationen aus Fukushima in Kernkraftwerke rückgängig gemacht.
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