Notes

Introduction

1. Karen B. Halnon (2002), “Poor Chic: The Rational Consumption of Pov- erty,” Current Sociology 50 (4): 501–16. 2. Zygmunt Bauman (2000), “Tourists and Vagabonds: Or, Living in Postmod- ern Times,” in Joseph E. Davis (ed.), Identity and Social Change, 13– 26 (New Brunswick, NJ: Transaction Publishers). 3. George Ritzer (2008), The McDonaldization of Society 5 (Thousand Oak, CA: Pine Forge), 1– 182. 4. Karen Bettez Halnon with Saundra Cohen (2006), “Muscles, Motorcycles and Tattoos: Gentrification in a New Frontier,” Journal of Consumer Culture 6 (1): 33–56. 5. Pierre Bourdieu (1984), Distinction: A Social Critique of the Judgement of Taste, trans. Richard Nice (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press). 6. Mike Featherstone (2007), Consumer Culture and Postmodernism (Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage Publications Limited), 17. 7. Guy Debord ([1995] 1967), The Society of the Spectacle, 7th ed., trans. Donald Nicholson-Smith (New York: Zone Books). 8. Debord, The Society of the Spectacle, 151. 9. Zygmunt Bauman quoted in Madan Sarup (2005), Identity, Culture and the Postmodern World (Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press), 127. 10. Sarup, Identity, Culture and the Postmodern World, 127– 28. 11. Karen Bettez Halnon (2005), “Alienation Incorporated: ‘F*** the Mainstream Music’ in the Mainstream,” Current Sociology 53 (3): 441– 64. 12. Steven Spitzer (1975), “Toward a Marxist Theory of Deviance,” Social Prob- lems 22 (5): 638– 51, 648. 13. Eminem, “White America,” track 2, The Eminem Show [Explicit Lyrics] (2002), Interscope Records. 14. Ibid. 15. C. Wright Mills (2000), The Sociological Imagination (London: Oxford Uni- versity Press), 4 16. Ibid., 15. 17. Ibid., 8. 190 NOTES

18. For a summary of intersectional theory, see Temple University (2009), “Intersec- tionality,” http://www .slideshare .net/ dustinkidd1/ intersectional -theory, August 24. 19. Guy Debord (1995) The Society of the Spectacle (New York: Zone), 29. 20. Alfred Schutz and Thomas Luckmann (1973), The Structures of the Life World, vol. 1, Northwestern University Studies in Phenomenology and Existen- tial Philosophy (, IL: Northwestern University Press), 99. 21. John Lofland and Lyn H. Lofland (1984), Analyzing Social Settings: A Guide to Qualitative Observation and Analysis, 2nd ed. (Belmont, CA: Wadsworth). 22. Barney G. Glaser and Anselm L. Strauss (1967), The Discovery of Grounded Theory: Strategies for Qualitative Research (Hawthorne, NY: Aldine de Gruyter). 23. Steve J. Taylor and Robert Bogdan (1988), Introduction to Qualitative Research Methods: A Guidebook and Resource (Hoboken, NJ: Wiley-Interscience). 24. Michael Omin and Howard Winant (1994), Racial Formation in the : From the 1960s to the 1990s (Critical Social Thought), 2nd ed. (New York: Routledge).

Chapter 1

1. “Jobless Rate Hits 25-Year High” (2009), Yahoo, March 6, http://news .yahoo .com/s/ nm/ 20090306/ bs _nm/ us _usa _economy. 2. Bureau of Labor Statistics (2012), “Economic News Release,” January 4, http://www .bls .gov/ news .release/ empsit .nr0 .htm. 3. Gallup.com (2009), “Suffering Increases as Nation Feels Pain of Recession,” March 12, http://www .gallup .com/ poll/ 116680/ Suffering -Increases -Nation -Feels -Pain -Recession .aspx. 4. Audie Cornish (Host) speaks with Erin Currier (2011), “American Dream for Middle Class: Just a Dream?” NPR, November 11, http://www .npr .org/ 2011/ 11/06/ 142072783/ american -dream -for -middle -class -just -a -dream. 5. Jed Graham (2012), “New Normal: Majority of Unemployed Attended Col- lege,” Investor’s Business Daily, May 17, http://news .investors .com/ economy/ 051712-611887 -most -unemployed -are -college -grads -dropouts .htm. 6. Lynne Stuart Parramore (2013), “9 Economic Facts That Will Make Your Head Spin,” AlterNet News & Politics, February 18, http://www .alternet .org/ economy/ 9 -economic -facts -will -make -your-head-spin?akid=10075.45766 .q4j4vj&rd=1&src=newsletter796736&t=3. 7. Guy Debord ([1995] 1967), The Society of the Spectacle, 7th ed., trans. Donald Nicholson-Smith (New York: Zone Books), 16. 8. Ibid., 26. 9. Ibid., 44– 45. 10. Douglas Kellner (2003), Media Spectacle (London: Routledge), 2– 3. 11. AntiConformist911, YouTube, “Was Obama//Paris Hilton Ad Racist?” August 2, 2008, http:// www .youtube .com/ watch?v =pAhPwnfnFWs .s. 12. Theodor W. Adorno (1991), The Culture Industry: Selected Essays on Mass Culture, ed. J. M. Bernstein (London: Routledge Classics). NOTES 191

13. Douglas Kellner (2004), introduction to John Abromeit and W. Mark Cobb (eds.; 2004), Herbert Marcuse: A Critical Reader (New York: Routledge), 12. 14. Herbert Marcuse (1964), One-Dimensional Man: Studies in the Ideology of Advanced Industrial Society (Boston, MA: Beacon Press). 15. Wolfgang Fritz Haug ([1971] 1986), Critique of Commodity Aesthetics: Appearance, Sexuality and Advertising in Capitalist Society (Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press). 16. Stewart Ewen ([1976] 2001), Captains of Consciousness: Advertising and the Social Roots of Consumer Culture (New York: Basic Books), 35. 17. Ibid., 84. 18. See Edward Bernays ([1928] 2005), Propaganda (Brooklyn, NY: Ing), and Walter Lippmann (1921), Public Opinion (New Brunswick, NJ: Transaction Publishers). 19. Bernays, Propaganda, 64. 20. Ibid., 74. 21. Ewen, Captains of Consciousness, 79– 80. 22. The Pew Research Center: For the People and the Press (2007), “How Young People View Their Lives, Futures and Politics: A Portrait of ‘Generation Next,’ ” January 9, http://www .people -press .org/ 2007/ 01/ 09/ a -portrait -of -generation -next. 23. Thomas Frank and Dave Mulcahey (1997), “Consolidated Deviance, Inc.,” in Thomas Frank and Matt Weiland (eds.), Commodify Your Dissent: The Busi- ness of Culture in the New Gilded Age, 72– 78 (New York: Norton). 24. Barak Goodman and Rachel Dretzin, producers. (2001), “The Merchants of Cool,” frontline video, PBS Alexandria, VA, aired February 27. 25. Naomi Klein ([2000] 2002), No Logo: No Space, No Choice, No Jobs (New York: Picador), 81. 26. Goodman and Dretzin, “The Merchants of Cool.” 27. Naomi Klein, No Logo, 81. 28. Ibid., 36 (italics added). 29. Betty Friedan ([1963] 1997), The Feminine Mystique (New York: W. W. Nor- ton & Company). 30. Simone de Beauvoir ([1949] 1972), The Second Sex, trans. H. M. Parshley (New York: Penguin). 31. George Ritzer (2003), The Globalization of Nothing (Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage). 32. See at TV.com, The O.C., Fox (ended 2007). Episode Guide, www .tv .com/ shows/the -oc/ .http:// www .tv .com/ shows/ the -oc. 33. See theocitalia.homstead.com/files/ocbook.pdf. Original website expired. 34. Eminem (2002), “Lose Yourself,” track 1, 8 Mile: Music from and Inspired by the Motion Picture [Soundtrack, Explicit Lyrics], Interscope Records. 35. Eminem (2002), “Sing for the Moment,” track 12, The Eminem Show [Explicit Lyrics], Interscope Records. 36. Randall Kennedy (2003), Nigger: The Strange Career of a Troublesome Word (New York: Vintage). 192 NOTES

37. Wilson Colin. (1956), The Outsider (New York: Penguin Putnam). 38. Fight Club (1999), DVD, directed by David Fincher (USA: Twentieth Century Fox Corporation). 39. Ibid. 40. Ibid. 41. Ibid. 42. Noam Chomsky (2003), Media Control: The Spectacular Achievements of Pro- paganda, 2nd ed., Open Media Book (New York: Seven Stories Press). 43. Herbert Marcuse (1972– 73), “The Historical Fate of Bourgeois Democracy,” in Douglas Kellner (ed.; 2001), Toward a Theory of Society: Collected Papers of Herbert Marcuse, vol. 2, 164–86 (London: Routledge), 175– 76. 44. Bob Kuttner (2008), “Reinventing the American Dream,” plenary session at the 136th meeting of the American Sociological Association, Boston, MA, August 1. 45. Mike Featherstone, Consumer Culture and Postmodernism.

Chapter 2

1. The Pew Research Center: For the People and the Press (2007), “How Young People View Their Lives, Futures and Politics: A Portrait of ‘Generation Next,’ ” January 9, http://www .people -press .org/ 2007/ 01/ 09/ a -portrait -of -generation -next. 2. Stephen Ducombe (2007), “Taking Celebrity Seriously: Progressives Live in a Society Where Fantasy, Spectacle, and Paris Rule. So How Do We Win?” October 29, The Nation, 22– 24. 22. 3. Ibid., 24. 4. For a discussion of “plastic ,” see Martin A. Lee and Bruce Shlain (1994), Acid Dreams: The Complete Social History of LSD: The CIA, The Six- ties, and Beyond (New York: Grove Press). 5. MC Lars, featuring the Matches (2005), “Hot Topic is not ,” track 4, The Graduate (LP; California: Horris Records). 6. Nesta H. Webster (2004), Louis XVI and Marie Antoinette before the Revolu- tion (Whitefish, MT: Kessinger Publishing), 248– 49. 7. E. L. Doctorow (1975), Ragtime (New York: New American Library), 42– 43. 8. Trish Donnally (1993), “Young Designer’s Street-Person Chic/ More Rags and Tatters from Paris,” San Francisco Chronicle, March 16, B3. 9. Seth Koven (2004), Slumming: Sexual and Social Politics in Victorian London (Princeton: Princeton University Press). 10. R. M. Dowling (2001), “Slumming: Morality and Space in New York City from ‘City Mysteries’ to the Harlem Renaissance,” doctoral dissertation, City University of New York. 11. David Brooks (2001), Bobos in Paradise: The New Upper Class and How They Got There (New York: Simon and Schuster). 12. Anthony Faiola (2001), “The Fierce Beat of Shantytown Chic; In Rio, Funk Scene Thrills and Alarms,” The Washington Post, July 10. NOTES 193

13. Marcelo Armstrong, “Favela Tour” (Rio, Brazil), http:// www .favelatour .com .br. 14. Faiola,“Shantytown Chic.” 15. Sex Pistols (Johnny Rotten, Sid Vicious, Steve Jones, Paul Cook; 1977), “Holi- days in the Sun,” Never Mind the Bullocks, Here’s the Sex Pistols, produced by Chris Thomas, Bill Price (Wessex Sound Studios, London, Virgin Records). 16. Joseph Heath and Andrew Potter (2004), Nation of Rebels: Why Countercul- ture Became Consumer Culture (New York: HarperBusiness). 17. Mark Scheerer (1996), “Is ‘Heroin Chic’ Sweeping Hollywood?” CNN.com, http://www .cnn .com/ SHOWBIZ/ 9608/ 02/ heroin .chic. 18. Mark Ehrman (1995), “Heroin Chic,” Playboy 42 (5), May, 68. 19. Ehrman, “Heroin Chic,” 44. 20. Trainspotting (1996), DVD, directed by Danny Boyle (Czech Republic: Intersonic). 21. Basquiat (1996), DVD, directed by Julian Schnabel (United States: Eleventh Street Productions). 22. Christine Harold (1999),“Tracking Heroin Chic: The Abject Body Reconfig- ures the Rational Argument,” Argumentation and Advocacy (36) 2 (part 2): 65–76. 23. Robin Givhan (2002), “Christian Dior’s Addict: ‘Admit’ a Problem?” The Washington Post, October 25, http://www .washingtonpost .com/ ac2/ wp -dyn ?pagename =article&node =&contentId =A14425 -2002Oct24¬Found =true. 24. Americana: The Institute for the Study of American Popular Culture (2001), “The Return of Heroin Chic,” retrieved September 1, 2006, http://www .americanpopularculture.com/ archive/ style/ heroin _chic .htm. 25. Harold, “Tracking Heroin Chic,” 69. 26. Julia Kristeva, quoted in Harold, “Tracking Heroin Chic,” 70. 27. William Anselmi and Kosta Gouliamos (1997), Elusive Margins: Consuming Media, Ethnicity, and Culture, vol. 29 (Ottawa, Canada: Guernica Editions Incorporated). 28. Harold, “Tracking Heroin Chic,” 65– 76. 29. Neil Strauss (1999), “MUSIC—The Hip-Hop Nation: Whose Is It? A Land with Rhythm and Beats for All,” New York Times, August, 22, http://www .nytimes .com/ 1999/ 08/ 22/ arts/ music -the -hip -hop -nation -whose -is -it -a -land -with -rhythm-and -beats -for -all .html?pagewanted =all&src =pm. 30. As expressed by Research Assistant Joanna Horton. 31. Elijah Anderson (2000), Code of the Street: Decency, Violence, and the Moral Life of the Inner City (New York: W. W. Norton), 74. 32. Ibid. 33. Mary C. Waters (1990), Ethnic Options: Choosing Identities in America (Berke- ley: University of California Press). 34. Herbert J. Gans (1979), “Symbolic Ethnicity: The Future of Ethnic Groups and Cultures in America,” Ethnic and Racial Studies 2 (1): 1– 20. 35. Waters, Ethnic Options, 155– 56. 36. Ibid., 158. 194 NOTES

37. Ibid., 156 (italics added). 38. Nell Bernstein (1995), “Goin’ Gangsta, Choosin’ Cholita: Teens Today ‘Claim’ a Racial Identity,” Utne Reader, March/April 1995, 87. 39. Marshall McLuhan with Quentin Fiore (1967), The Medium Is the Massage: An Inventory of Effects (New York: The Penguin Press). 40. Ibid., 22, 26 (italics added). 41. Todd Gitlin (1989), Baudrillard’s Bestiary: Baudrillard and Culture (London: Routledge), 52. 42. Frederick Jameson (1991), Postmodernism, or the Cultural Logic of Late Capi- talism (London: Verso), 48. 43. David Muggleton (2000), Inside Subculture: The Postmodern Meaning of Style (Oxford: Berg), 43. 44. David Muggleton, Inside Subculture, quoting Susan B. Kaiser in R. H. Nagasawa and S. S. Hutton (1991), “Fashion, Postmodernity, and Personal Appearance: A Symbolic Interactionist Formulation,” Symbolic Interaction, 14 (2): 165– 85. 45. Muggleton, Inside Subculture, 44. 46. Ibid., 46. See also Jean Baudrillard, “The Masses: The Implosion of the Social in the Media,” in Mark Poster (ed.; 1988), Jean Baudrillard: Selected Writings, 207– 19 (Stanford: Stanford University Press). 47. Amy Larocca (2001), “Conspicuous Camouflage,” New York Magazine, Octo- ber 22, 1, http://nymag .com/ nymetro/ news/ sept11/ features/ 5292. 48. Quoted in Maureen Jenkins (2006), “Military Complex: Camo Is Back, but Trend Watchers Are Divided on Meaning,” Chicago Sun Times. Accessed via High Beam Research, September 26, http://www .findarticles .com/ p/ articles/ mi_qn4155/ is _20060926/ ai _n16743838. 49. Mark Dery (2007), “The Devil Wears Camo,” Utne Reader, March/April, 1, http://www .utne .com/ issues/ 2007 _140/ promo/ 12506 -1 .html. 50. Tommy Hilfiger quoted in “Camo Couture: Fashion Surrenders to Camouflage Trend” Lifestyle Monitor, http:// www .cottoninc .com/ lsmarticles/ ?articleID =153. Original site has expired. 51. Kimi Eisele (2003), “Poverty-Chic: Diesel’s New Line,” August 21, http://www .alternet .org/ story/ 16636. 52. Ruth LaFerla, “Mary-Kate Fashion Star,” The New York Times, March 6, 2005, http:// www .nytimes .com/ 2005/ 03/ 06/ fashion/ 06olsen .html?ex =1267 851600&en =a229c23740ac9a46&ei =5088&partner =rssnyt. 53. Alex Cuff (2000), “Poverty:Chic and Exploited,” Poor Magazine, San Francisco, January 1, http://poormagazine .org/ node/ 1299 .http:// www .poormagazine .com/ index .cfm?L1 =news&story =1185. 54. Ibid. 55. TheSmokingGun.com (2004), “Feds Seek to Destroy ‘Ghettopoly,’ $2.5 Million Worth of Controversial ‘Monopoly’ Kickoff at Stake.” Part of the Adult Swim and the Turner-SI Digital Network. December 22, http://www .thesmokinggun.com/ documents/ crime/ feds -seek -destroy -ghettopoly. 56. David K. Brown (2004), Social Blueprints: Conceptual Foundations of Sociol- ogy (New York: Oxford University Press), 20. NOTES 195

57. In asserting the importance of recognizing reality and referents, the proposal is not that all commoditized images generated by the fashion industry, media cor- porations, cultural intermediaries, and other producers and promoters of popu- lar consumer culture have a “truth” (or an everyday starting point or local origin) behind them. For example, the diamond engagement ring was a strategic com- pulsory ritual deliberately created by the DeBeers diamond industry. Similarly, halitosis originated as a corporate invention aimed at producing a consumer need for mouthwash. Finally and certainly not exhaustively, the status category Metrosexual originated as an advertising campaign to widen the marketing of cosmetic goods and services beyond customary female consumers. See Warren St. John (2003), “Metrosexuals Come Out,” The New York Times, June 22.

Chapter 3

1. Curtis R. Blakely (2005), America’s Prisons: The Movement toward Profit and Privatization (Boca Raton, FL: Brown Walker Press), 1. 2. Ibid., 9. 3. Nicki Zieminski (2009), “Private Prisons Seen Taking More U.S. Inmates,” Thomas Reuters, August 20, http://www .reuters .com/ article/ 2009/ 08/ 20/ businesspro-us -correctionscorp -outlook -i -idUSTRE57J5CO20090820. 4. Blakely, America’s Prisons, 5. 5. National Poverty Center (2010), “Poverty in the United States; Frequently Asked Questions,” accessed February 4, 2013, http:// www .npc .umich .edu/ poverty. 6. Testimony of Charles J. Ogletree (2009), June 11, United States Committee on the Judiciary, http://www .judiciary .senate .gov/ hearings/ testimony .cfm?id =e655f9e2809e5476862f735da14b2382&wit _id =e655f9e2809e5476 862f735da14b2382-2 -3. 7. E. Ann Carson and William J. (2012), “Prisoners in 2011,” U.S. Department of Justice, Office of Justice Programs, Bureau of Justice Statistics, December, NCJ 239808, 34 pages, www.bjs .gov/ content/ pub/ pdf/ cj5da _2011 .pdf -64k -2012-04 -23. 8. Ibid., 8. 9. Ibid., 13. 10. Michel Foucault (1977), Discipline and Punish: The Birth of the Prison (New York: Vintage Books). 11. Cora Daniels (2007), Ghettonation: A Journey into the Land of Bling and the Home of the Shameless (New York: Three Rivers Press), 156. 12. Dan Hardy (2008), “Receiving Diplomas without Skills,” Inquirer, January 17, A1, A12. 13. bell hooks (2004), We Real Cool: Black Men and Masculinity (New York: Rout- ledge), 39. 14. Ibid. 15. Quoted in Daniels, Ghettonation, 178. 16. William H. Cosby Jr. and Alvin F. Poussaint, M.D. (2007), Come On, People: On the Path from Victims to Victors (Nashville: Thomas Nelson Inc.). 196 NOTES

17. Listen at YouTube, Ill-Iteracy, http://www .youtube .com/ watch?v =KhlZwn BTpI0. 18. Stuart Hirschberg (1996), Strategies of Argument, 2nd ed. (Boston: Allyn and Bacon). 19. William Lutz quoted in Steve Eliason, “Language and the Social Construction of Reality: Spinning Social Reality with Euphemisms,” Montana State Univer- sity, Billings, Unpublished paper, 65. http://www .minotstateu.edu/ research/ Euphemism _paper .pdf. Original source referenced by Eliason is William Lutz (2000), “Nothing in Life Is Certain except Negative Patient Care Outcome and Revenue Enhancement,” Journal of Adolescent and Adult Literacy 44: 230– 33. 20. Lutz quoted in Eliason, “Language and the Social Construction of Reality,” 66. 21. Barbara H. Chasin (2004), Inequality and Violence in the United States: Casu- alties of Capitalism (Amherst, NY: Humanity Books), 212. 22. Patricia Hill Collins (2004), Black Sexual Politics: African Americans, Gender, and the New Racism (New York: Routledge), 6. 23. Douglas S. Massey (2008), Categorically Unequal: The American Stratification System (New York: Russell Sage Foundation Publications), 101. 24. Christian Parenti ([1999] 2009), Lockdown America: Police, Prisons and Pris- ons in the Age of Crisis (New York: Verso), 6–8. 25. Ibid. 26. National Poverty Center (2010), “Poverty facts,” The University of Michigan Gerald R. Ford School of Public Policy, http:// npc .umich .edu/ poverty. 27. hooks, We Real Cool, 19. 28. Quoted in hooks, We Real Cool, 28. 29. Jabari Asim (2007), The N Word: Who Can Say It, Who Shouldn’t, and Why (New York: Houghton Mifflin Company), 221. 30. Chris Norris (2010), “Lil Wayne Goes to Jail,” Rolling Stone, February 3, 1, http:// www .rollingstone .com/ music/ news/ lil -wayne -goes -to -jail -the -new -issue-of -rolling -stone -20100203. 31. Norris, “Lil Wayne,” 4. 32. LILWAYNEHQ (2011), “Lil Wayne Covers Rolling Stone Magazine (2011),” http:// www .lilwaynehq .com/ 2011/ 01/ lil -wayne -covers -rolling -stone -magazine -2011. 33. RollingStone ARTISTS, Ice-T Biography, http:// www .rollingstone .com/ music/ artists/ ice -t/ biography. 34. March 29, 1999 issue, www.rollingstone.com/artists/icet/articles/story/5921282.. 35. NJLawman.com, “Fake Bullet Proof Vests Now in Fashion,” Dec 4, 2005, http://www .njlawman .com/ articles%202/ fake -bullet -proof -vests .htm. 36. Ibid. 37. Miles Bennett (2008), “50 Cent Reportedly Negotiating $300 Million Deal with News Corp,” Ballerstatus.com, May 15, http:// www .hiphop -elements .com/ article/read/ 4/ 24748/ 1. 38. “2Pac Biography,” Rap Artists, First Beat Media Production, http:// www .rapartists.com/ artists/ 2pac/ biography. 39. PrankPlace.com. Prank Place Inc. http:// www .prankplace .com. NOTES 197

40. Bizarrefun.com 41. Ibid. 42. Associated Press, “Bullet Hole Stickers are Controversial Trend,” YNN News, Oakland Park, MI, Oct 13, 2003, http://austin .ynn .com/ content/ headlines/ 86416/bullet -hole -stickers -are -a -controversial -trend. 43. Cam’ron (2002), Come Home with Me, CD, track 3, “Oh Boy” (USA: Roc-a-Fella). 44. Janice I. Dixon (2003), “Do-Rags: Trendy Toppers for Urban Youths,” Columbia News Service, May 23, 3D, http:// news .google .com/ newspapers?nid =2482&dat =20030530&id=V2NJAAAAIBAJ&sjid =UwoNAAAAIBAJ&pg =1128,7026479. 45. Robert Moran (2006), “Phila’s Rise in Slayings among Highest in U.S.,” Philadelphia Inquirer, June 13, 1, http://www .philly .com/ mld/ inquirer/ news/ special_packages/ violence/ 14803704 .html. 46. Ibid. 47. Chasin, Inequality and Violence in the United States, 203. 48. Breitbart.com (2007), “Nearly Half US Murder Victims Are Black: Report,” August 9, http://www .breitbart .com/ article .php?id =070809202217 .9us2orhu &show_article =1. 49. Elijah Anderson (2000), Code of the Street: Decency, Violence, and the Moral Life of the Inner City (New York: W. W. Norton). 50. Ibid. 51. Jay-Z (1999). Vol. 3 . . . Life and Times of S. Carter (Roc-A-Fella Records, Sub- sidiary of Universal Music Group, distributed by The Island Def Jam Music Group) July 28, vol. 26, 26– 30. 52. Prince.org, Online Fan Community (2013). “The Pimp Look Is in, the Thug Look Is Out.,” June 3, http://prince .org/ msg/ 100/ 56467?pr. 53. Ibid. 54. Ibid. 55. Jennifer D. Angelo (2003), “Pop Culture Pimps Out,” September 17, 2, http:// www .foxnews .com/ story/ 0,2933,97519,00 .html. 56. Toure (2006), “The Way of the Pimp,” Rolling Stone 1015, December 14, 52– 58, 138– 39. 57. Ibid. 58. Wholesale Halloween Costumes, “Pimp Costumes at Low Wholesale Price,” http:// search .wholesalehalloweencostumes .com/ search?w =Pimp&s _kwcid =TC |15362 |pimpcostumes%20com ||S |b |22726262996&gclid =CKnbhL 6yybcCFcad4AodqG4AtA. 59. Susan Adams (2010), “Pimp My Cubicle,” Forbes.com, August 27, http://www .forbes .com/ 2010/ 08/ 26/ cubicle -decorating -workspace -leadership -careers -office.html. 60. Brian K. White. “ Pimp Offers Ho-Dar Seminars,” Pimpcentral.org, http://www .pimpcentral .org/ kissinger .htm. 61. As reported by an Arcadia University student who attended one of the events. 62. Liz Austin Peterson (2007), “Texas Law Students Chastised for Party,” ABC News, September 22, http://abcnews .go .com/ US/ wireStory?id =2560958. 198 NOTES

63. Mike Parker (2006), “Protesters Bash Pimp and Ho Halloween Party,” Octo- ber 23, http://cbs2chicago .com/ topstories/ local _story _296194147 .html. 64. Daniels, Ghettonation, 73. 65. “The Ed Show” with host Michael Eric Dyson, MSNBC, August 2, 2011, http:// www .nbcnews .com/ id/ 45755822/ -the _ed _show/ vp/ 44013381 #44013381. 66. “Soulja Boy Tell ’Em—Crank Dat (Soulja Boy),” YouTube, http://www .youtube .com/ watch?v =8UFIYGkROII. 67. Cez’s, “Friday Footwear: Hoe Catchers (Reebok),” cezl.wordpress.com /2011/04/01/friday-footwear-hoe-catchers-reebok. 68. Wolfgang Fritz Haug ([1971] 1986), Critique of Commodity Aesthetics: Appearance, Sexuality and Advertising in Capitalist Society (Lansing, MI: Uni- versity of Minnesota Press), 8. 69. Madan Sarup and Tasneem Raja (1996), Identity, Culture and the Postmodern World (Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press), 123. 70. Stephen Lyng (ed.; 2004), Edgework: The Sociology of Risk-Taking (New York: Routledge). 71. David Matlin (2005), Prisons: Inside the New America: From Vernooykill Creek to Abu Ghraib (Berkeley, CA: North Atlantic Books). 72. Naomi Klein (2007), The Shock Doctrine: The Rise of Disaster Capitalism (New York: Metropolitan Books), 6. 73. Matlin, Prisons: Inside the New America, xxviii. 74. Ibid. 75. Ibid. 76. Ibid. 77. Ibid., xxix. 78. Blakely, America’s Prisons, 3– 5. 79. Ibid., 6–10. 80. Ibid., 6. 81. Ibid., 15. 82. Massey (2008), Categorically Unequal, 100. 83. Chasin, Inequality and Violence in the United States. 84. Howard Zinn (2005), A People’s History of the United States (New York: Harper Perennial Modern Classics), 275. 85. Ibid., 209. 86. Douglas A. Blackmon (2009), Slavery by Another Name: The Re-Enslavement of Black Americans from the Civil War to World War II (New York: Anchor). 87. Parenti, Lockdown America, 3–28. 88. Blakely, America’s Prisons, 14. 89. Huff Post STYLE (2012), “Adidas ‘Shackle’ Sneakers Cause Controversy over Slavery Symbolism (PHOTO, POLL),” June 16, http:// www.huffingtonpost .com/2012/ 06/ 18/ adidas -shackle -sneakers -controversy _n _1605661 .html. 90. Blakely, America’s Prisons, 14. NOTES 199

Chapter 4

1. Howard Zinn (2005), A People’s History of the United States (New York: Harper Perennial Modern Classics), 450. 2. The term underclass was first used by European economist Gunnar Myrdal to acknowledge a subset of the urban poor population that is chronically unemployed and whose way of life is at odds with “mainstream” values of work and personal responsibility. The term underclass has raised a great deal of controversy, largely because it was used in ways to blame and stig- matized victims and also because it failed to adequately explain underclass in nuanced contexts. Douglas Massey’s work, “American Apartheid,” has contributed greatly to a necessarily complex understanding of the “under- class.” In his work he illustrates his argument with a simulated experiment. The argument is that “racial segregation shapes, and to a large extent deter- mines, the socioeconomic environment experienced by poor minority fami- lies. Racial segregation concentrates deprivation in black neighborhoods by restricting the poverty created by economic downturns to a small number of minority neighborhoods. To the extent that cities are also segregated by class, increases in poverty are confined largely to poor minority neighbor- hoods. Simulations demonstrate that under conditions of high class and racial segregation, poor black neighborhoods rapidly move to high con- centrations of poverty following an overall rise in black poverty rates . . . [P]overty rates comparable with those observed during the 1970s have the power to transform the socioeconomic character of poor black neighborhoods very rapidly and dramatically, changing a low-income black community from a place where welfare-dependent, female-headed families are a minority to one where they are the norm, producing high rates of crime, property aban- donment, mortality, and educational failure. All of these deleterious condi- tions occur through the joint effect of rising poverty and high levels of racial segregation” (351). Douglas S. Massey (1990), “American Apartheid: Segrega- tion and the Making of the Underclass,” The American Journal of Sociology 96 (2): 351. 3. Allan H. Spear (1967), Black Chicago: The Making of a Negro Ghetto, 1890– 1920 (Chicago: University of Chicago Press), 229. 4. Ibid., 26. 5. Cora Daniels (2007), Ghettonation: A Journey into the Land of Bling and the Home of the Shameless (New York: Three Rivers Press), 6. Cornel West (2004), Democracy Matters: Winning the Fight against Imperial- ism (New York: Penguin Press), 7. 7. Ibid., 57. 8. Malibu’s Most Wanted (2003), DVD, directed by John Whitesell (USA: Warner Brothers). 9. Black and White (I) (1999), DVD, directed by James Toback (USA: Sony Pictures). 10. Black and White (I). 200 NOTES

11. Havoc (2005), DVD, directed by Barbara Kopple (Armenia: Media 8 Entertainment). 12. Havoc. 13. West, Race Matters, 57. 14. Todd Boyd (1997), Am I Black Enough for You? Popular Culture from the ’Hood and Beyond (Bloomington: Indiana University Press), 14. 15. Ibid. 16. Ibid., 5. 17. Patricia Hill Collins (2004), Black Sexual Politics: African Americans, Gender, and the New Racism (New York: Routledge), 160. 18. Ras Kass, Rasassination (1998), CD, track 1 featuring Dr. Dre and Mack 10, “Ghetto Fabulous” (USA: Stu-B-Doo). 19. Toure’ (2006), “The Way of the Pimp,” Rolling Stone 1015, December 14, 52– 58, 138– 39. 20. Ibid. 21. Lyndsay Carter (2004), “All about the Bling Bling!” Ryerson Review of Journal- ism, March, 1, http://www .rrj .ca/ print/ 476. 22. J. Freedom du Lac (2006), “Cutting-Edge Choppers,” The Washington Post, January 17, http://www .washingtonpost .com/ wp -dyn/ content/ article/ 2006/ 01/16/ AR2006011601437 .html. 23. Lolita C. Baldor (2007), “Decline for Military in Black Recruits,” The Huffing- ton Post, June 24. 24. “African American Demographics, Population, Incomes, Veterans, Educa- tion, Voting,” Infoplease.com, 2000–13 Pearson Education, June 6, 2013, http://www .infoplease .com/ spot/ bhmcensus1 .html. 25. bell hooks (2004), We Real Cool: Black Men and Masculinity (New York: Rout- ledge), 17. 26. bell hooks (2000), Where We Stand: Class Matters (New York: Routledge), 64. 27. Ibid., 65. 28. Elliot Liebow (2003), Tally’s Corner: A Study of Negro Streetcorner Men (New York: Rowman and Littlefield Pub Incorporated), 65. 29. Ibid., 65–66. 30. W. E. B. DuBois (1903), The Souls of Black Folk (New York: Bantham), 10. 31. Ibid., 10–11. 32. Patricia Hill Collins (1999), Black Feminist Thought: Knowledge, Conscious- ness, and the Politics of Empowerment (New York: Routledge). 33. Erving Goffman ([1963] 1986), Stigma: Notes on the Management of Spoiled Identity (New York: Simon and Schuster). 34. J. Ryan and C. Sackry (1984), Strangers in Paradise: Academics from the Work- ing Class (Boston, MA: South End Press) 35. “I Have a Dream” (1963), speech by Rev. Martin Luther King Jr., at the “March on Washington,” 1, www.archives .gov/ press/ exhibits/ dream -speech .pdf. 36. Ibid., 3. NOTES 201

Chapter 5

1. Quoted in Jim Goad (1997), Manifesto: How Hill-Billies, Hicks, and White Trash Became America’s Scapegoats (Touchstone: Simon and Shuster), 77. 2. Quoted in Goad, Redneck Manifesto, 82. 3. Matt Wray (2006), Not Quite White: White Trash and the Boundaries of White- ness (Durham, NC: Duke University Press). 4. Ibid., 103. 5. Definition of “Dirt,” Collins English Dictionary, CollinsDictionary.com (Lon- don: HarperCollins Publishers), http://www .collinsdictionary .com/ dictionary/ english/dirt. 6. Ibid. 7. Barbara Ehrenreich and Deirdre English (1973), Complaints and Disorders: The Sexual Politics of Sickness (City University of New York, New York: The Feminist Press), 49. 8. Ibid. 9. Ibid., 51. 10. Ibid., 67. 11. Wray, Not Quite White, 85– 90. 12. Ibid., 73. 13. Ibid. 14. Ibid., 67. 15. Goad, Redneck Manifesto, 92– 93. 16. John Hartigan (2005), Odd Tribes: Toward a Cultural Analysis of White People (Durham, NC: Duke University Press), 61. 17. Gone with the Wind (1939), directed by Victor Fleming (USA: Metro- Goldwyn-Mayer [MGM]). 18. To Kill a Mockingbird (1962), directed by Robert Mulligan (USA: Universal Pictures). 19. Andrew Hurley (2001), Diners, Bowling Alleys, and Trailer Parks: Chasing the American Dream in Postwar Consumer Culture (New York: Basic Books), 196. 20. Ibid. 21. Ibid., 253. 22. Wray, Not Quite White. 23. Joshua Gamson (1998), Freaks Talk Back: Tabloid Talk Shows and Sexual Non- conformity (Chicago: University of Chicago Press), 19. 24. Goad, Redneck Manifesto, 30. 25. 8 Mile. Directed by Curtis Hanson. 2002; USA: Universal Pictures. 26. 8 Mile. 27. Goad, Redneck Manifesto, 33. 28. Evilgrin’s Unofficial Hard Candy Site, http://reocities .com/televisioncity/ 1037/celebs .html. 29. Bobsagetbillgates, “Patriotic Redneck Drunks” (part 1 of 4 parts), June 17, 2008, http://www .youtube .com/ watch?v =4Wroj0FLvzs. This video had 1,235,477 hits as of June 8, 2013. 202 NOTES

30. “Trailer Park King Men’s Costume,” Spirit Halloween Headquarters, Egg Harbor, NJ, http://www .spirithalloween .com/ product/ trailerparkking/ ?utm _campaign =CSE:SZ:MCNT&mr:referralID =5a773312 -cf7c -11e2 -9dea -001b2166becc. 31. Jenny Price (2006), “In the Pink No More,” New York Times, November 17, http:// www .nytimes .com/ 2006/ 11/ 17/ opinion/ 17price .html? _r =1&oref =slogin. 32. Ibid. 33. Pink Flamingos (1972), DVD, directed by John Waters (USA: Saliva Films). 34. Plastic-Flamingos.com, Chicago, IL, http://www .plastic -flamingos .com. 35. Flamingmania.com, http://www .flamingomania .com. 36. For example, dwanollah.com, http://www .dwanollah .com/ prehistoric/ foof/ whitetrashparty .htm; Sigma Chi Fraternity: Nu Nu Chapter, “White Trash Trailer Bash 2004,” http://www .columbia .edu/ cu/ sigmachi/ Album/ White%20Trash%20Trailer%20Bash .htm; and “Chuggin’ Monkey: On the World Famous 6th Street: in Austin, Texas,” http://www .thechugginmonkey .com/ pics/ thumbnails .php?album =16. 37. Erving Goffman ([1963] 1986), Stigma: Notes on the Management of Spoiled Identity (New York: Simon and Schuster). 38. Dr. Verne Edstrom, Esquire (2006), White Trash Etiquette: The Definitive Guide to Upscale Trailer Park Manners (New York: Broadway Books); Dr. Verne Edstrom, Esquire (1999), Dr. Verne’s Northern White Trash Etiquette (New York: Writers Press). 39. Edstrom, Northern White Trash Etiquette, 13– 14. 40. Edstrom, White Trash Etiquette, 124–25. 41. Edstrom, Northern White Trash Etiquette, xiii. 42. Ibid., xiv. 43. : Health Inspector (2006), DVD, directed by Trent Cooper (USA: Lion Gate Films). 44. Games by James, Games by James and McKee Investments, Inc. Edina, MN, http://www .redneclife .us. 45. Vo2VO (2010), “2010 Redneck Rampage Full,” Torrent Engine Search, http:// www.vo2ov .com/ 2010 -Redneck -Rampage -Full _502266 .html. 46. Blue Collar TV (2004), “Family,” Season 1, Episode 1, July 29 (USA: The WB Studio). See their Online Video Guide, http://www .ovguide .com/ tv _episode/ blue-collar -tv -season -1 -episode -1 -family -129229. 47. Blue Collar TV (2004), “TV,” Season 1, Episode 3, August 12 (USA: The WB Studio). See their Online Video Guide, http://www .ovguide .com/ tv _episode/ blue-collar -tv -season -1 -episode -3 -tv -129231. 48. “The Simpsons,” Official Site, Fox Broadcasting. Site includes clips and full episodes at http://www .thesimpsons .com. 49. “Family Guy,” Official Guide, Fox Broadcasting. Site includes clips and full episodes at http://www .fox .com/ familyguy. 50. “Futurama,” . Viacom Entertainment Group. Includes video clips and episodes at http://www .comedycentral .com/ shows/ . NOTES 203

51. The “Drunken Darts” web link has expired. Show information for “” at http://www .starpulse .com/ Television/ Man _Show, _The. 52. A Streetcar Named Desire (1951), DVD, directed by Elia Kazen (USA: Warner Brothers). 53. Raging Bull (1980), DVD, directed by Martin Scorsese (USA: United Artists). 54. Rocky Balboa (2007), DVD, directed by Sylvester Stallone (USA: Sony Pic- tures Home Entertainment). 55. See “Honeymooners Clips” (2007), accessed February 24, http:// www .bing .com/ videos/ search?q =honeymooners+alice+straight+to+the+moom%3dn &view =detail&mid =7438BC720A0FFE354D4C7438BC720A0FFE354D4 C&first =0&FORM =NVPFVR&qpvt =honeymooners+alice+straight+to +the+moom%3dn. 56. Jessica (2009), “Site Offered Discounts on White Tanks to Promote ‘Wife Beaters,’ ” February 25, Feministing, website by COMMAND C design, http:// feministing.com/ 2009/ 02/ 25/ site _offered _discounts _on _whit. 57. Oxford Dictionaries (2013), “wife-beater,” Oxford University Press, http:// oxforddictionaries .com/ definition/ english/ wife -beater. 58. See for example, “White Trash —the Wedding,” at YouTube, http://www .youtube .com/ watch?v =bBEYYO0Y48o, 59. Blue Collar TV: The Complete Second Season (2005), DVD, Episode 1, “Bad Habits” (Burbank, CA: Warner Brothers Entertainment, Inc). 60. Blue Collar TV: The Complete Second Season. 61. Blue Collar TV. Season One, Volume Two (2005), DVD (Burbank, CA: Warner Brothers Entertainment, Inc). 62. Joe Dirt (2001), DVD, directed by Dennie Gordon (USA: Sony Pictures Home Entertainment). 63. Joe Dirt. 64. Joe Dirt. 65. Joe Dirt. 66. Joe Dirt. 67. Poor White Trash (2000), DVD, directed by Michael Addis (USA: XENON). 68. Monster Marketplace, “Trailer Trash Doll—Trash Talking Turleen,” http:// www .monstermarketplace .com/ oh -boy -toy -company/ trailer -trash -doll -trash -talking -turleen. The dolls, sold for $32.99, are listed as out of stock. 69. Ruby Ann Boxcar (2002), Ruby Ann’s Down Home Trailer Park Cookbook (New York: Citadel Press Books). 70. Ibid., xii–xiii 71. Ibid., xii. 72. Ibid., xiv. 73. Married . . . with Children: The Complete Series (1987), DVD (USA: Sony Pictures Entertainment). 74. Striptease (1999), DVD, directed by Andrew Bergman (USA: Turner Home Entertainment). 75. “Christina Hendricks’ new white-trash stripper role: Watch” at Movie Fix (New Zealand), http:// www .screenplaymastery .com/ Submissions/ submission1 .htm. 204 NOTES

76. Talladega Nights—The Ballad of Ricky Bobby (2006), DVD, directed by Adam McKay (USA: Sony Pictures Home Entertainment). 77. Talladega Nights. 78. My Name is Earl—Season One (2005), DVD (USA: 20th Century Fox). 79. BroadwayWorld.com (2005), PLAYBILL.COM (2005), “Contestants Sought for the Great American Trailer Park Pageant, Hosted by Springer, Nov. 17,” last updated November 2, http://broadwayworld .com/ viewcolumn .cfm?colid =5684, retrieved November 30, 2006. 80. Ibid. 81. BroadwayWorld.com (2005),“Photo Coverage: The Great American Trailer Park Musical Press Preview,” August 24, http:// www .broadwayworld .com/ viewcolumn .cfm?colid =4249, retrieved November 30, 2006. 82. Gamson, Freaks Talk Back, 19. 83. Ibid. 84. This useful term is from John Hartigan, Odd Tribes. 85. Herbert J. Gans, “The Positive Functions of Poverty,” AJS 78 (2): 275– 89, 281. 86. Ibid., 280. 87. Ibid., 281. 88. Hartigan, Odd Tribes, 59. 89. Robert K. Merton (1938), “Social Structure and Anomie,” American Sociologi- cal Review 3 (5): 672– 82. 90. Goad, Redneck Manifesto, 30. 91. Karen Bettez Halnon (2005), “Alienation Incorporated: ‘F*** the Mainstream Music’ in the Mainstream,” Current Sociology, 53 (3): 441– 64. 92. Mark Crampton (2002), Barcode Killers: The Slipknot Story in Words and Pic- tures (Surrey, UK: Chrome Dreams). 93. Ibid. 94. Slipknot: Behind the Mask Unauthorized (2002), DVD (Mdv Visual). See also Slipknot: Welcome to Our Neighborhood (2003), DVD (New York: Roadrunner Records). 95. “Slipknot—Surfacing,” YouTube, http://www .youtube .com/ watch?v =GDcw BWWKGIs. 96. Slipknot Ultimate Fan Site, http://slipknotufs .com/ articles/ muzi .html. 97. Eminem (1999), The Slim Shady LP [Explicit Lyrics], CD, tracks 15 and 20 (Interscope Records). 98. Eminem (2002), The Eminem Show, CD, track 19 “My Dad’s Gone Crazy” (Aftermath). 99. Eminem (1999), The Slim Shady LP, track 2, “My Name Is.” 100. Karen Bettez Halnon, Field Notes (2002), “,” Tweeter Center, Camden, NJ, July 25. 101. Christopher Gray (2000), “White Trash Goes Mainstream,” The Austin Chroni- cle, July 28, 3. http:// www .austinchronicle .com/ gyrobase/ Issue/ story?oid =oid %3A78043. 102. Ylan Q. Mui (2006), “The Selling of ‘Trailer Park Chic’: One Person’s Trash Is Another’s Marketing Treasure,” The Washington Post, D01. NOTES 205

103. Bill Reed (2006), “Redneck White-Collar CHIC,” The Gazette, Colorado Springs, CO, May 9, 1, http://www .gazette .com/ display .php?id =1317210& secid =17. 104. Helen A. S. Popkin (2006), “Welcome to the White-Trash Nation: Way beyond Trucker Hats: La Vida Lowbrow Is the New Mainstream,” MSNBC, April 25, 2, http://www .msnbc .msn .com/ id/ 12389715. 105. NPR ONLINE (2001), “Poverty in America,” Washington, DC: NPR/Kaiser/ Kennedy School Poll, http:// www .npr .org/ programs/ specials/ poll/ poverty. 106. Karl Marx (1867), “The Fetishism of Commodities and the Secret Thereof,” in Das Kapital, vol. I, chapter 1, section 4. Retrieved at http://www .marxists .org/archive/ marx/ works/ 1867 -c1/ ch01 .htm. 107. Guy Debord ([1995] 1967), The Society of the Spectacle, 7th ed., trans. Donald Nicholson-Smith (New York: Zone Books), 29. 108. It must be noted that a Debordian society of the spectacle has apparently cor- roded and conflated the difference between what Marx called “exchange value” and the “fetishism of commodities,” a pressing subject for Marxist theorists.

Chapter 6

1. Urban Dictionary (2004), “1. white trash,” Oct 10, retrieved June 8, 2007, http://www .urbandictionary .com/ define .php?term =white+trash. 2. Ibid. 3. TMZ Staff (2006),“Paris Hilton, World Record Winner,” TMZ.com. August 15, http://www .tmz .com/ 2006/ 08/ 15/ paris -hilton -world -record -winner. 4. Associated Press (2006), “Britney Tops Poll of Worst Celebrity Role Models,” December 28, http://www .msnbc .msn .com/ id/ 16381980. 5. Tom Lutz (2006), Doing Nothing: A History of Loafers, Loungers, Slackers, and Bums in America (New York: Farrar, Straus and Giroux), 307. 6. The Superficial (2007), “Kevin Federline Hits on Lindsay Lohan,” Janu- ary 3, Hollywood, CA: SpinMedia, http:// thesuperficial .com/ 2007/ 01/ kevin _federline_hits _on _lindsa .html. 7. Erving Goffman ([1961] 1962), Asylums: Essays on the Social Situation of Mental Patients and Other Inmates (Chicago: Aldine). 8. Howard Becker (1963), Outsiders: Studies on the Sociology of Deviance (New York: The Free Press). 9. Marsha Rosenbaum (1986), Women on Heroin (Crime, Law and Deviance Series) (New Brunswick, NJ: Rutgers University Press). 10. Diane Vaughan (1986) Uncoupling: Turning Points in Relationships (New York: Oxford University Press). 11. David Karp (1996), Speaking of Sadness: Depression, Disconnection and the Meanings of Illness (New York: Oxford University Press). 12. Erving Goffman (1969), “The Insanity of Place,” Psychiatry: Journal for the Study of Interpersonal Processes. 13. Stripperella, Spike TV (ended 2004), TV.com, http://www .tv .com/ shows/ stripperella. 206 NOTES

14. Kid Rock (1998), Devil without a Cause, CD, track 2, “Cowboy” (Lava Records). 15. Ibid. 16. “Uncle Kracker Bio,” Extreme Kid Rock website, http://www .extremekidrock .net/#/ about -your -uncle/ 4509911004. 17. “Beer Buzz,” edited by RedEye staff members, April 21, 2003, Chicago Trib- une, http://articles .chicagotribune .c om/ keyword/ pabst -blue -ribbon. 18. Live Leak, “Kid Rock, Journey and More Set to Play Republican National Convention,” http://www .liveleak .com/ view?i =570 _1346111909. 19. Bill (2006), “Nice Day for a White (Trash) Wedding,” Celebrityscum.org, August 2, retrieved November 14, http://www .celebrityscum .com/ ?p =320. 20. Ibid. 21. Dlisted (2006), “What’s Missing from This Wedding?” Posted August 29, http://dlisted .blogspot .com/ 2006/ 08/ whats -missing -from -this -wedding .html. 22. Pamela Anderson, http://pamelaanderson .com/ diary. Specific entry quoted has since expired. 23. Austin Scaggs (2007), “Kid Rock’s Cure for Heartbreak,” Rolling Stone 1037, October 18, 52. 24. Ibid. 25. CNN.com, “Britney Spears Divorcing.” November 13, 2006, http://www .cnn.com/2006/SHOWBIZ/Music/11/07/britney.divorce/index.html. 26. See, for example, Alex Tresniowski (2006), “Britney & Kevin: It’s Over,” People magazine, November 20, vol. 66, no. 21; Associated Press (2006), “Britney Spears Files for Divorce from Kevin Federline,” FoxNews.com. November 7; NBCNews.com “Britney Spears Files for Divorce,” http:// www.nbcnews .com/ video/ nbcnews .com/ 15607542#15607542; and “Spears Files for Divorce” (2006), November 7, ABC News, http:// abcnews .go .com/ Entertainment/ AMA/ story?id =2635751# .UbRQtJwjn3U. 27. American Dreamz (2006), DVD, directed by Paul Weitz (USA: Universal Pictures). 28. Nina Callaway (2005), “Britney Spears Marries—Surprising Even Mom!,” About.com Guide, July 15, http://weddings .about .com/ cs/ justforfun/ a/ BritneySpears .htm. 29. Marcus Errico (2004), “Britney Spears Married?!,” Angelfire, January 3, http://www .angelfire .com/ 80s/ babes1/ articles/ 04/ e .html. 30. Satchmo.com (2005), “Britney Spears and Husband Kevin Federline to Come to UPN,” April 5, https://groups.google.com/forum/#!msg/nola-music -announce/-TtESFlkj24/bHs9M_5pEaoJ. 31. ChavTowns, accessed on November 14, 2006, http://www .chavscum .co .uk/ celebritycontent .html. 32. “Chav,” Wikipedia: The Free Encyclopedia, Wikipedia.org/wiki/Chav. 33. ShortNews.com (2004), “Christina Aguilera Calls Britney Spears’ Wedding ‘Trashy, Pathetic and Low Rent,’ ” September 24, http://www .shortnews .com/start .cfm?id =43154. NOTES 207

34. Free Britney (2006), “Ne-Yo Has Words for K-Fed,” The Hollywood Gossip, Celeb- rity Gossip and Entertainment News, June 28, http:// www.thehollywoodgossip .com/2006/ 06/ ne -yo -has -words -for -k -fed. 35. Endless Summer blog (2006), “Britany [sic] is Officially White Trash,” Vicious Enterprises, June 13, http:// www .viciousenterprises .com. 36. Website has expired, but its past existence is indicated by “Divorce Kevin Federline Website,” December 12, 2005, http://today .ccopinion .com/ divorce -kevin-federline -website. 37. As directly observed on MSNBC cable television. 38. Associated Press (2006), “Reports: Britney’ Son Fell from High Chair,” FoxNew.com, April 13, http://www .foxnews .com/ story/ 2006/ 04/ 13/ reports -britney-son -fell -from -high -chair. 39. Same photo still available at The “Who Cares?” News, dated December 7, 2006. The site indicates the photo was previously in USA Today. See http:// mobile.dlisted .com/ taxonomy/ term/ 55?page =22. 40. Joal Ryan (2006), “Inside Britney’s Underpants,” E! On-line, November 30, http:// images .eonline .com/ news/ 53864/ inside -britney -s -underpants. 41. Achoo Alergy Blog (2007), “Is Britney Spears Allergic to Underwear?” A post by Craig on Friday, October, 19, http://www .achooallergy .com/ blog/ britney -underwear -allergy. 42. Ryan, “Inside Britney’s Underpants.” 43. http:// metromix .chicagotribune .com/ news/ celebrity/ mmx -06120 60094dec06,0,2775321.story?coll =mmx -celebrity _heds. 44. See “Nicole Ritchie Arrives at Court for the DUI Hearing,” Star Pulse.com, http:// www .starpulse .com/ Music/ Madden, _Joel/ Videos/ lpskyfeb14gaga/ %3C?vxChannel =&vxClipId =&clip _id =rEt7ajlOyfR53 _dwwqu64w&video _title=Nicole+Richie+Arrives+at+Court+for+DUI+hearing. 45. Kevin O’Leary (2007), “My Night with Britney,” US Weekly, August 20, 55. 46. Associated Press (2007), “Britney Spears Loses Custody of Children: Judge Orders Boys to Remain with Federline ‘until Further Order of the Court,’ ” NBCNews.com, October 10, http:// www .today .com/ id/ 21087621/ ns/ today -today _entertainment/ t/ britney -spears -loses -custody -children/ # .UbNrl5wjn3U. 47. Caralyn Green (2007), “Defend Its Existence,” Philadelphia Weekly, Novem- ber 14, https://www.philadelphiaweekly .c om/ articles/ 15836/ music—defend -its -existence. 48. CBS News (2008), “Britney’s Meltdown” CBSNews.com, http://www .cbsnews .com/2100 -207 _162 -2495238 .html. 49. Episode Guide, “Britney’s New Look,” http:// www.southparkstudios .com/ guide/ 1202. 50. Wendy Snanker (2012), “: ‘The Last Time Anyone Heard from Me, I Was 16 and Pregnant,’ ” Glamour.com, March, http://www .glamour .com/ entertainment/ 2012/ 02/ jamie -lynn -spears -interview -glamour -march -2012. 51. DrunkHollywood.com (2007), “Drunk Hollywood Celebrity Trash,” Octo- ber 30, www.drunkhollywood .com/ category/ paris -hilton. 208 NOTES

52. The Superficial (2008), “Ali Lohan Accidentally Auditioned for Porn Director,” July 31, http:// www .thesuperficial .com/ ali _lohan _accidentally _auditio -07 -2008. 53. Caralyn Green (2007), “Britney Spears Might Be the Greatest Punk Icon of Our Times,” Philadelphia Weekly, Posted November 14, http:// www .breatheheavy .com/ exhale/ index .php?/ topic/ 5103 -philadelphia -weekly -britney -spears -might -be -the -greatest -punk -icon -of -our -generation. 54. Roy Harvey Pearce ([1953] 1988), Savagism and Civilization: A Study of the Indian and the American Mind (Berkeley: University of California Press), 5–6. 55. Stephen J. Pfohl (1985), Images of Deviance and Social Control: A Sociological History (Long Grove, IL: Waveland Press). 56. Alexander Liazos (1972), “Poverty of the Sociology of Deviance: Nuts, Sluts, and Preverts,” Social Problems, 20. 57. Pfohl, Images of Deviance and Social Control. 58. Ibid. 59. Paul Joseph Watson (2006), “Where Was the Outcry after Bush’s Iraq Joke?” Prison Planet, November 1, Infowars.com, http:// www .infowars .com/ articles/ iraq/kerry _where _was _outcry _after _bush _iraq _joke .htm. 60. “Britney Spears Exposed Uncensored pleasurelouge.net” at YouTube, uploaded Jan 29, 2007, http://www .youtube .com/ watch?v =sCgT94HFXwc. See also “Britney’s Upskirt Shot,” The Young Turks, http:// www .youtube .com/ watch?v=8tBCZDRlPLY. 61. “Saddam Hussein Hanging Video—REAL” (2006), YouTube, December 30, http://www .youtube .com/ watch?v =2Mn6380znxE. 62. Michael Smith (2005), “The Downing Street Memo,” The Washington Post, June 16, http://www .washingtonpost .com/ wp -dyn/ content/ discussion/ 2005/ 06/14/ DI200506140 1261.html, 63. “McCain Ad Compares Obama to Britney Spears, Paris Hilton,” YouTube, http://www .youtube .com/ watch?v =4 _Za -Mx1y3A.

Chapter 7

1. Paul Waldman (2008), “How Blue Is Your Collar,” The American Prospect: Liberal Intelligence, April 15, http://www .prospect .org/ cs/ articles?article =how _blue_is _your _collar. 2. Associated Press (2008), “Russert Tribute: Family, Friends and the Boss: Warm Words at Memorial Service; Obama, McCain Side by Side at Funeral,” NBCNews.com, http:// www .nbcnews .com/ id/ 25243616/ ns/ politics/ # .UbJj4pw jn3Uu. 3. Ibid. 4. Stephen Ohlemacher (2008), “Tim Russert Funeral: Washington Elite Pays Tribute,” Huff Post Media, June 18, http://www .huffingtonpost .com/ 2008/ 06/ 18/tim -russert -funeral -washi _n _107808 .html. 5. Rick Popely and Jim Mateja (2006), “Light Trucks Move Upstairs, Upscale and into the Lead with Buyers,” Chicago Tribune, February 5, F1, http://www .highbeam.com/ doc/ 1G1 -120560940 .html. NOTES 209

6. Ibid. 7. Ibid. 8. Found at https//:www25.securedweb .net/ vintageblues/ bitem10a .htm. Web- site has since expired. 9. See, for example, at http://www .cafepress .com/ +gimme+hats -caps. 10. Urban Dictionary, “Trucker Hat,” http://www .urbandictionary .com/ define .php?term=trucker%20hat. 11. Ibid. 12. Karen Thomas (2003), “Celebs Buy Semi ‘Real’ Look by the Truckload,” USA TODAY, http://www .usatoday .com/ life/ 2003 -08 -25 trucker-chic_x.htm. 13. Booth Moore (2004), “Hats Off to Von Dutch,” Los Angeles Times, January 13, http://www .azcentral .com/ style/ articles/ 0113vondutch .html. 14. Ibid. 15. Ibid. 16. Ibid. 17. Julia Chaplin (2003), “A Hat That’s Way Cool. Unless, of Course, It’s Not,” New York Times, May 17, http:// www .freerepublic .com/ focus/ f -news/ 913384/ posts. 18. Maureen Jenkins (2006), “Military Complex: Camo Is Back, but Trend Watch- ers Are Divided on Meaning,” Chicago Sun-Times, September 26, http:// www .findarticles.com/ p/ articles/ mi _qn4155/ is _20060926/ ai _n16743838. 19. Cynthia Nellis (2001), “Military Chic,” About.com, January, http:// fashion .about.com/ library/ weekly/ aa011101a .htm. 20. Jessica Naumann (2003), “Military Chic Overpowers the Fashion Industry,” New York Daily Herald, March 14, http://www .nydailyherald .com/ 2003/ 03/ 14/fashion .shtml. 21. As reported by a War on Iraq veteran, Radu Ghurman, who worked with me as research assistant on “military chic” fads, fashions, and media. 22. See Military Channel at http://military .discovery .com/ weapons -technology/ videos/ weaponology -full .htm. 23. Ann Scott (2005), “Youths in Rural U.S. Are Drawn to Military; Recruits’ Job Worries Outweigh War Fears,” Washington Post, March 3, http://www .washingtonpost .com/ wp -dyn/ content/ article/ 2005/ 11/ 03/ AR200511 0302528_pf .html. 24. Hummer Worldwide, , MI, http:// www .hummer .com 25. Mike Klingaman (2006), “Out of the Gutter: With Upscale Lanes Opening across the Country, Can Bowling Climb,” Baltimore Sun, December 7, 1, http://www .highbeam .com/ doc/ 1G1 -155629828 .html. 26. Rock ‘N’ Bowl, , LA, Mid City Lanes, http:// www .rocknbowl .com. 27. Quoted in Klingaman, “Out of the Gutter.” 28. Aubrey Cohen (2006), “Seattle’s Hip Bowlers Piling Up: Broadway’s Garage Look to Ease the Wait with New Lanes, Bigger Lounge,” November 23, http:// www .seattlepi .com/ local/ article/ Seattle -s -hip -bowlers -piling -up -1220679 .php,1. 29. Jennifer Zenn, “: Over-the-Top,” MetroWize Nation, http:// www .metrowize.com/ most -outrageous -things -to -do -las -vegas. 210 NOTES

30. Ramsin Canon (2003), “Searching for the True Chicago Dive,” July 18, Gapors Block, http://www .g apersblock .com/ detour/ searching _for _the _true _chicago _dive, retrieved June 16, 2006. 31. Rodger Cambria (2006), “The Rise of the Dive,” Modern Drunkard Magazine, 1, http:// www .moderndrunkardmagazine .com/ issues/ 06 _06/ 06 _06 _rise _of _dives .html. Accessed April 23, 2007. 32. Jim Atkinson (1987), The View from Nowhere: The Only Bar Guide You’ll Ever Want—or Need (New York: Perennial Library), 4. 33. Bartalk (2006), “The Dive Bar Phenomenon,” Bartalk, December 18, http:// gatorpress.com/ wp/ ?m =200612. 34. Canon, “Searching for the True Chicago Dive.” 35. Direct observation. 36. Yelp, “Dirty Frank’s Bar,” http://www.yelp.com/biz/dirty-franks-bar-philadelphia 37. Found at http://search .cityguide .aol .com/ philadelphia/ search/ search .adp?query =bob+%26+barbara%27s&x =0&y =0. Website has since expired. 38. Rodgers01 (2007), Straight Dope Message Board, “Your ONE favorite Simp- sons episode,” March 13, http://boards .straightdope .com/ sdmb/ showthread .php?t=412112. 39. Canon, “Searching for the True Chicago Dive.” 40. Justine Sharrock (2002), “Dive Bar Down,” East Bay Express, May 29, 1, http://www .eastbayexpress .com/ 2002 -05 -29/ music/ dive -bar -down. 41. Direct observation by author. 42. Bret Schulte (2003), “Pabst Blue Ribbon: Another Winner: Retro Chic Suds Hit with Hip Young Adults,” The Washington Post, April 20, http://sixmile .clemson .edu/ pbr .htm, retrieved 4/23/07.washingtonpost.com. 43. Bill Reed (2006), “Redneck White-Collar CHIC,” The Gazette, Colorado Springs, CO, May 9, 1, http://www .gazette .com/ display .php?id =1317210&sec id =17. 44. Bret Schulte (2003), “In Complicated Times, Simpler Beer Hits It Big,” Chicago Tribune, April 28, http://articles .chicagotribune .com/ 2003 -04 -28/ features/ 0304280124 _1 _pabst -blue -ribbon -new -beer -heavy -marketing -campaigns. 45. Thom Hartmann (2006), Screwed: The Undeclared War against the Middle Class—And What We Can Do About It (San Francisco: Berrett-Koehler Pub- lishers, Inc.). 46. Katherine S. Newman (1988), Falling from Grace: The Experience of Down- ward Mobility in the American Middle Class (New York: Free Press), ix. 47. Barbara Ehrenreich (2006), Bait and Switch: The (Futile) Pursuit of the Ameri- can Dream (New York: Henry Holt Paperbacks), 3. 48. Ibid. 49. Kevin Leicht and Scott T. Fitzgerald (2006), Postindustrial Peasants: The Illu- sion of Middle Class Prosperity (New York: Worth), 6– 9. 50. Ibid. 51. Ibid., 11. 52. Ibid., 4. NOTES 211

53. Ibid., 58–59. 54. Teresa A. Sullivan, Jay Lawrence Westbrook, and Elizabeth Warren (2001), The Fragile Middle Class: Americans in Debt (New Haven, CT: Yale University Press), 204. 55. Karen Bettez Halnon, with Saundra Cohen (2006), “Muscles, Motorcycles and Tattoos: Gentrification in a New Frontier,” Journal of Consumer Culture 6, no. 1, 33–56. 56. Emily Wax, “Beat-Up Cellphones with Cracked Screens Are Point of Pride for Some Young People,” Washingtonpost.com, May 17, 2013, http:// www.washingtonpost.com/lifestyle/style/beat-up-cellphones-with-cracked -screens-are-point-of-pride-for-some-young-people/2013/05/17/0334ebe0 -be36-11e2-89c9-3be8095fe767_story.html. 57. Watch the Onion video at: http://www.theonion.com/video/new-iphone -geared-towards-collegeaged-girls-comes,30769. 58. Wax, “Beat-Up Cellphones.”

Chapter 8

1. Susan Faludi (1999), Stiffed: The Betrayal of the American Man (New York: William Morrow and Co). 2. Karen Bettez Halnon (2006), “Heavy Metal Carnival and Dis-Alienation: The Politics of Grotesque Realism,” Symbolic Interaction, 29 (1): 33– 48. 3. Samuel Kinser and Norman Magden (1990), Carnival, American Style: Mardi Gras at New Orleans and Mobile (Chicago: University of Chicago Press), 35. 4. Ibid., 307. 5. Philip McGowan(2010), American Carnival: Seeing and Reading American Culture (Westport, CT: Greenwood Press), xi. 6. Ibid. 7. Ibid., 144 8. WorldNews.com (2009), RUCenturian, “Banning Lucky Charms at Rutgers,” May 4, http://wn .com/ banning _lucky _c harms _at _rutgers (includes YouTube video). 9. H. W. Bush, Remarks at Commencement Ceremony, University of Michigan in Ann Arbor, May 4, 1999, George Bush Presidential Library. 10. P. Atkinson (2013), “Political Correctness,” From “Decline of Ideas” part of “A Study of Our Decline,” http://www .ourcivilisation .com/ pc .htm. 11. Blue Collar TV: Season One (2005) DVD, Episode 3, “Family” (Burbank, CA: Warner Brothers Entertainment, Inc.). 12. Ibid. 13. Ibid. 14. Ibid. 15. Rides Again (2004), DVD, directed by C. B. Harding (USA: BC Productions). 16. Totally Committed (1998), DVD, directed by Keith Truesdell (USA: HBO Home Video). 212 NOTES

17. Blue Collar TV: Season One, Episode 3, “Family.” 18. Blue Collar TV: The Complete Second Season (2005), DVD, Episode 1 “Bad Habits” and Episode 2 “Birth” (Burbank, CA: Warner Brothers Entertainment, Inc.). 19. Blue Collar TV: The Complete Second Season. 20. See “Redneck Dictionary Parade” at YouTube. http:// www .youtube .com/ watch?v=dOitul6Zsr4. 21. Blue Collar TV: Season One, Volume Two (2005), DVD (Burbank, CA: Warner Brothers Entertainment, Inc.). 22. Blue Collar TV: The Complete Second Season, Episode 1, “Bad Habits.” 23. Blue Collar TV: The Complete Second Season, Episode 3, “Dating.” 24. Blue Collar TV: The Complete Second Season. Episode 1. Bad Habits. 25. Blue Collar TV: Season One, Episode 6, “Weddings.” 26. Blue Collar TV: The Complete Second Season, Episode 6, “Aliens.” 27. Herbert J. Gans (1972), “The Positive Functions of Poverty,” AJS 78 (2): 275. 28. Ibid., 280. 29. John Hartigan (2005), Odd Tribes: Toward a Cultural Analysis of White People (Durham, NC: Duke University Press), 59. 30. Gans, “The Positive Functions of Poverty,” 281. 31. Git-R-Done Productions, “Larry the Cable Guy,” Larrythecableguy.com, Website by Vision3, http://www .larrythecableguy .com/ About .aspx 32. Earl T. Shinhoster (1989), “Flag Waving Down South. How Long?: Battling an ‘Inappropriate Display,’ ” Southern Changes 11 (1): 12–13, http:// beck .library .emory.edu/ southernc hanges/article .php?id =sc11 -1 _008. 33. Larry the Cable Guy (2001), Lord I Apologize (Original Recording Resissued), CD, track 14, “Lord, I Apologize” (Hip-O Records). 34. Larry the Cable Guy: Git-R-Done (2002), DVD, directed by Michael Drumm (USA: Image Entertainment). 35. Ibid. 36. Ibid. 37. Ibid. 38. Ibid. 39. Ibid. 40. Ibid. 41. Ibid. 42. Blue Collar TV: The Complete Second Season, Episode 11, “Shopping,” and Episode 12, “Aging.” 43. Blue Collar TV, “Politically Correct Fairy Tales with Larry the Cable Guy,” You- Tube, uploaded August 21, 2010, http:// www .youtube .com/ watch?v =g0PZ31S F7rY. 44. “The Dukes of Hazard [Political Correct],” YouTube, http://www .youtube .com/ watch?v=gHO1PprfmkY. 45. Larry the Cable Guy. 46. Ibid. NOTES 213

47. Jim Goad (1997), Redneck Manifesto: How Hill-Billies, Hicks, and White Trash Became America’s Scapegoats (Touchstone: Simon and Shuster), 83. 48. Jason Todd Eastman (2007), “The Southern Rock Music Revival: Identity Work and Rebel Masculinity,” PhD dissertation, The Florida State University College of Sciences, Tallahassee, FL, May 13, 5. 49. Ibid., 128. 50. Goad, Redneck Manifesto, 74– 75. 51. Blue Collar TV. 52. Thom Hartmann (2006), Screwed: The Undeclared War against the Middle Class—And What We Can Do about It (San Francisco: Berrett-Koehler Pub- lishers, Inc.). 53. Thomas Mucha, executive producer/correspondent, “America the Gutted,” A Project of Global Post, Globalpost.com, http://www .globalpost .com/ america -the-gutted -globalpost. 54. Hartmann, Screwed, 4. 55. Alex Wayne (2012), “Americans without Health Insurance Decline, Census Says,” London: Bloomberg.com News, September 12, http:// www .bloomberg .com/ news/ 2012 -09 -12/ americans -without -health -insurance -decline -census -says .html. 56. Ibid. 57. Hartmann, Screwed, 4. 58. Ibid., 3. 59. Zia Ur-Rehman, Declan Walsh, and Salman Masood (2012), “More than 300 Killed in Pakistani Factory Fires,” New York Times, September 12, http:// www .nytimes .com/ 2012/ 09/ 13/ world/ asia/ hundreds -die -in -factory -fires -in -pakistan.html? _r =0. 60. Zinnedproject.org (2013), “Teaching about the Triangle Shirtwaist Factory Fire,” Teaching People’s History, March 23, http:// zinnedproject .org/ 2013/ 03/ teaching -about -the -triangle -shirtwaist -factory -fire. 61. Eyes on the Fries: Young Workers in the Service Economy (2004), DVD, written by Casey Peek and Jeremy Blasi (UC Berkeley Labor Center in association with Peek Media). 62. Katherine Newman and Victor Tan Chen (2007), The Missing Class: Portraits of the Near Poor in America (Boston, MA: Beacon Press), 1– 2, 5. 63. Ibid., 3 64. Ibid. 65. Ibid., ix. 66. Ibid., ix 67. Ibid., 6. 68. Ibid., 5 69. Ibid., 2. 70. Cornel West (1994), Race Matters or Democracy Matters (New York: Vintage). 214 NOTES

Conclusion

1. Walt Whitman (1900), Leaves of Grass (New York: Books, Inc.), 83. 2. The Apostle (1997), DVD, directed by Robert Duvall (USA: Butcher Run Films). 3. An American Story with Richard Rodriguez, Part I (1990), DVD, directed by Bill Moyers (Alexandria, VA: Frontline PBS Video). 4. An American Story. 5. An American Story. 6. Whitman, Leaves of Grass, 29. 7. Ibid., 79. 8. Ibid., 40. 9. Ibid., 70. 10. Ibid., 28. 11. Ibid., 17. 12. Ibid., 31. 13. Ibid., 31. 14. Ibid., 39. 15. Todd M. Lieber (1973), Endless Experiments: Essays on the Heroic Experience in American Romanticism (Columbus: Ohio State University Press), 98. 16. Philip J. Deloria (1998), Playing Indian (New Haven, CT: Yale University Press), 3. 17. Ibid. 18. Ibid. 19. Whitman, Leaves of Grass, 35– 36, 76. 20. Ibid., 89. 21. Lieber, Endless Experiments, 94. 22. Ibid. 23. Whitman quoted in Lieber, Endless Experiments, 94. 24. Lieber, Endless Experiments, 94– 95. 25. Peggy McIntosh (1988), “White Privilege and Male Privilege: A Personal Account of Coming to See Correspondences through Work in Women’s Studies” (Wellesley, MA: Wellesley College, Center for Research on Women; Self-published). 26. Janet Oppenheim (1991), “Shattered Nerves”: Doctors, Patients, and Depres- sion in Victorian England (New York: Oxford University Press), 81. 27. Barbara Ehrenreich and Deirdre English, Complaints and Disorders (Bos- ton, MA: Feminist Press); and Elaine Showalter (1985), The Female Malady: Women, Madness, and English Culture, 1830– 1980 (New York: Penguin). 28. Ehrenreich and English, Complaints and Disorders. 29. Karen Bettez Halnon (1995), Women’s Agency in Hysteria and its Treatment, dissertations and theses, Boston College, MA, AAI9613827, 54. 30. Oppenheim, “Shattered Nerves,” 84. 31. Ehrenreich and English, Complaints and Disorders. 32. Whitman, Leaves of Grass, 78. 33. Ibid., 80. NOTES 215

34. Ibid., 82. 35. R. D. Laing (1969), “Ontological Security,” in The Divided Self (New York: Pantheon Books). 36. Peter Berger and Thomas Luckmann ([1966] 1990), The Social Construc- tion of Reality: A Treatise in the Sociology of Knowledge (New York: Anchor Books). 37. Robert Stam quoted in Deloria, Playing Indian, 207, note 60. 38. Deloria (1998), Playing Indian; Carroll Smith-Rosenberg (1992), “Discover- ing the Subject of the ‘Great Constitutional Discussion,’ 1786– 1789” Journal of American History 79 (December): 841–73; D. H. Lawrence (1924), Studies in Classical American Literature (London: Martin Secker); Susan Gubar (1997), Racechanges: White Skin, Black Face in American Culture (New York: Oxford University Press); Roy Pearce Harvey ([1953] 1988), Savagism and Civilization: A Study of the Indian and the American Mind (Berkeley, CA: University of Cali- fornia Press). 39. Laing, The Divided Self, 80. 40. Lieber, Endless Experiments. 41. Ibid. 42. Jean Baudrillard (1996), The System of Objects, trans. James Benedict (Lon- don: Verso). 43. Kenneth J. Gergen, The Saturated Self: Dilemmas of Identity in Contemporary Life (New York: Basic Books), 80. 44. Erik Erikson (1968), Identity: Youth and Crisis (New York: W. W. Norton & Co.), 211. 45. Gergen, The Saturated Self, 134. 46. Nancy Hartsock (1990), “Foucault on Power: A Theory for Women?” in Linda J. Nicholson (ed.), Feminism/Postmodernism, 157–75 (New York: Routledge), 163–64. 47. Ibid., 164 48. Ibid. 49. Laing, The Divided Self, 51– 52. 50. Ibid. 51. Christopher Lasch (1991), The Culture of Narcissism: American Life in an Age of Diminishing Expectations (New York: Norton). 52. Gergen, The Saturated Self, 305. 53. Laing, The Divided Self, 47. 54. John Kitsuse (1980), “Coming Out All Over: Deviants and the Politics of Social Problems,” Social Problems 28 (1): 1–13. 55. McIntosh, “White Privilege and Male Privilege.” 56. Joe R. Feagan and Hernan Vera (1995), White Racism (New York: Routledge). 57. The Color of Fear (1994), DVD, documentary, directed by Lee Mun Wah. 58. Without You, I’m Nothing (1990), DVD, directed by John Boskovich (USA: Go Ahead Bore Me . . . ). 59. Judith Newton (1998), “White Guys,” Feminist Studies 24 (3): 575. 216 NOTES

60. David W. Stowe (1999), “Whiteness of a Different Color: European Immi- grants and the Alchemy of Race / The Possessive Investment of Whiteness: How White People Profit from Identity Politics,” Journal of American History 86 (3): 1358– 59. 61. Newton, “White Guys,” 576 (italics added). 62. Ruben Navarrette Jr. (1993), “New Victims? Weighing the Charges of Reverse Discrimination,” Change 25 (2): 8–9. 63. Doane, Ashley W. 1997. “White Identity and Race Relations in the 1990s,” in Perspectives on Current Social Problems, edited by G. L. Crater, 151– 59 (Bos- ton, MA: Allyn and Bacon). 64. David Horowtiz (1999), Hating Whitey: And Other Progressive Causes (, TX: Spence Publishing Company). 65. Frederick R. Lynch (1991), Invisible Victims: White Males and the Crisis of Affirmative Action (New York: Praeger). 66. David Savran (1996), “The Sadomasochist in the Closet: White Masculinity and the Culture of Victimization,” Differences 8 (2): 127– 28. 67. The Jerk (1979), DVD, directed by Carl Reiner (USA: Universal Pictures). 68. Trading Places (1983), DVD, directed by John Landis (USA: Paramount Pictures). 69. White Man’s Burden (1995), DVD, directed by Desmond Nakano (USA: A Band Apart). 70. The Apostle (1997), DVD, directed by Robert Duvall (USA: Butcher Run Films). 71. The Apostle. 72. Bulworth (2002), DVD, directed by Warren Beatty (USA: Twentieth Century Fox Film Corporation). 73. Bulworth. 74. Erich H. Fromm ([1941] 1969), Escape from Freedom (New York: Henry Holt and Company). 75. Ibid., 119. 76. Ibid., 247. 77. Ibid., 257. 78. Ibid., 259. 79. Ibid., 259, 261, 262– 63. 80. Edith Turner (2012), Communitas: The Anthropology of Collective Joy (New York.: Palgrave MacMillan). Index

9/11 Commission hearings, 10, 131 in Shakur’s music, 52 99 percent protesters, 16 transformation of, 3 1996 Prison Litigation Reform Act in “White America,” 22 (PLRA), 64 “Alienation Incorporated: ‘F*** 2004 Super Bowl, 10, 131 the Mainstream Music’ in the 2008 US presidential race, 10, 16– 17, Mainstream” (Halnon), 3, 113 131 Americana: The Institute for the Study of American Popular Culture, Adorno, Theodor, 17 33–34 advertising American Carnival: Seeing and Reading Calvin Klein’s heroin chic campaign, American Culture (McGowan), 152 12, 32– 33 American Dream of Ghettopoly, 41 condemnation of poor whites, 92, and lack of self- fulfillment, 23 128–29 manipulation of public opinion, expectation of pursuit, 92, 93, 128 17–18 as nightmare, 81 in McCain presidential campaign, as unobtainable dream, 14 16, 131 American Dreamz (2006), 122 in pink flamingo fundraiser, 90 American identity of Redneckopoly, 97– 98 belief in the soul, 178– 79 of Turleen doll, 105 insecurity of, 177, 179– 80 Aguilera, Christina, 124, 138 and multiphrenia, 179, 180– 81 Akroyd, Dan, 184 ontological-existential positioning Alexander, Jason, 123 of, 177– 80 Alice in Chains, 29 as river, 171– 72 alienation and Whitman as super- American, from branding, 19 174–75 from code of the street, 55 American Idol, 122 and consumer freedom, 2–3 American Idol: The Search for a exchange value, 116 Superstar (2002), 122 incorporation of, 82, 113 American International Group (AIG), from personal relationships, 186 13 and poverty, 42, 116 American Sociological Association, red and black colors, 30 145 result of popular consumer culture, Am I Black Enough for You? (Boyd), 76 2, 12, 15, 25 Anderson, Elijah, 36, 55 218 INDEX

Anderson, Pamela Lee, 10, 119, 120, Beastie Boys, 103 121, 143 Beatty, Warren, 184 Anna Nicole Show, 117 Becker, Howard, 118 Anselmi, William, 34 Behrens, Roy, 39 The Apostle (1997), 184 Bellow, Saul, 152 Apple, Fiona, 32 Bernays, Edward, 18 Armani, Giorgio, 46, 50 Bernhard, Sarah, 182 As I Lay Dying, 29 Bernstein, Nell, 37 A Streetcar Named Desire (1951), 100 B.G. (Baby Gangsta), 77 Aswell, Rachel, 126 Big Daddy Kane, 56 Asylums (Goffman), 118 Biggie Smalls. See Notorious B.I.G. Atkins, Jeffrey. See Ja Rule Bishop Don Magic Juan, 58 Atkinson, Jim, 143– 44 bitches aesthetic, 9, 49, 60– 61 attribution of authenticity, 21– 22, 23 Black and White (1999), 74– 75 Auster, Paul, 152 Black Chicago: The Making of a Negro authenticity Ghetto: 1890– 1920 (Spear), 68 and attribution of authenticity, 21– 22, black ghetto 23 in the 1960s, 70– 71 of black ghetto, 56, 70, 72, 73, 77 in the 2000s, 10, 72– 73 of Black Ghetto Cool, 72– 73, 116 authenticity of, 76, 77, 89 of blue collar masculinity, 134 boundary crossing, 10– 11, 72, 73 and boundary crossing, 72– 73 correcting of racist past, 73– 76 branding, 19 and failing schools, 45 Cobain’s loss of, 32 in film, 74– 75, 185 consumer desire for, 10, 61, 70, 76 generational poverty, 46 deprivation of, 72 within Poor Chic, 5, 15 distance from danger, 56, 73 and segregation, 68 of dive bars, 144 as symbol of inequity, 71 of Eminem, 114 and white suburban youth, 76 in fashion lines, 39– 40 Black Ghetto Cool of gangsta rappers, 52 authenticity of, 56, 70, 72– 73, 76 of hip- hop, 20 and black urban poverty, 72– 73 of outlaws, 52, 82, 88 and bling bling, 10, 69, 70, 77, 78, 79, physicality of the body, 20 81, 140 of the poor, 12, 20, 89 commoditization of, 69– 70, 72– 73, 79 Baby Boy (2001), 57 compared to Wall Street mentality, Bakhtin, Mikhail, 152 80 Baldwin, James, 172 distance from reality, 61 Barker, Travis, 143 as , 70 Barnicle, Mike, 134 gangsta rap, 73, 76– 77, 78 Basquiat (1996), 32 and ghetto fabulous, 8, 10, 17, 44, 68, Bass, Lance, 143 69, 77, 79, 82, 115, 134 Baudrillard, Jean, 39, 179, 181 greed, 79 Bauman, Zygmunt, 1, 2– 3 ideology of, 8, 68– 69, 79, 82 INDEX 219

ideotype, 9– 10 Blue Collar TV mainstream success of, 81 authenticity of poor, 20 marginality of, 10, 69, 70, 81– 82 caricatures of poor whites, 99, 102– 3, production side of, 76–77 107 situated in material culture, 77– 78 and carnivalesque inversion, 8, 153, black males 164–65 in background to white male action, creation of, 154 8, 151 and homophobia, 157–58 caricatures of, 8 marriage views, 156– 57 and code of the street, 55– 56 political incorrectness of, 156– 57, college enrollment, 63 158, 166 illiteracy, 46, 47 promotion of blue collar man, 11 and incarceration, 2, 9, 43– 44, 45, 62, redneck mockery, 158, 159– 60 63, 64 white trash mockery, 158– 59 involvement in criminal activity, Blue Collar Vogue 48, 49 bowling, 142–43 and joblessness, 48, 63, 64 camo chic, 11, 39–40, 42, 138– 39, and lack of high school education, 140 45, 48, 63 designer dog tags, 139– 40 and military recruiting, 42 designer trucker hats, 137– 38 as outsider outlaw, 17, 81–82 Dickies uniforms, 136 poverty, 63 as distraction, 148– 49 Blackman, Mark Evan, 54 dive bar frequenting, 143–45 black poverty, 7, 9, 10, 30, 69, 70, 93 Emo gas station jackets, 136– 37 blacks Hummers, 140– 42 contempt for, 166, 167 ideotype, 10– 11, 134– 35 and drug economy, 49 military media, 140 incarceration of, 45 Pabst Blue Ribbon fad, 11, 20, 97, murder rate, 54–55 105, 109, 120, 146, 165 and segregation, 2, 67– 68 pickup trucks, 135 soul-finding experiences, 80–81 subpremium beers, 11, 120, 145 unemployment, 14 Timberland boots, 11, 36, 42, 44, 74, use of “nigger,” 22 135–36 See also black ghetto; black males; Tim Russert prototype, 133– 34 black poverty Bogdan, Robert, 6 Blakely, Curtis, 64 Bourdieu, Pierre, 1, 96 Blue Collar Comedy Rides Again (2004), Boyd, Todd, 76 156 Brando, Marlon, 100 Blue Collar Comedy Tour (2003), 154 Brave Heart (1995), 37 blue collar men Brokaw, Tom, 133– 34 celebration of, 169 Brooks, Garth, 97 disenfranchisement of, 153 Brown v. Board of Education, 67 and manufacturing, 11, 151 Bryd, William, II, 83– 84 missing in Blue Collar TV, 158 Bulworth (1998), 184– 85 recentering of, 11, 153, 166, 167 Bush, George W., 13, 125, 154, 160 220 INDEX

Calvin Klein, 12, 32–33 with Jon Stewart, 27 Cambria, Rodger, 143, 144 Daniel, Brittany, 104 Camo Chic, 11, 39– 40, 42, 138– 39, Daniels, Cora, 69 140 Days of Our Lives, 102– 3 Cam’ron F, 53 de Beauvoir, Simone, 21 Captains of Consciousness (Ewen), 17 Debord, Guy, 2, 15, 116 carnivalesque inversion, 151– 53, 161, deindustrialization, 48, 68, 167, 168, 164–65 186 carnivalization, 1, 2, 7, 166 Deloria, Philip, 174 Cash, Johnny, 29 DeNiro, Robert, 100 Cash Money Millionaires, 36, 77, 81 DeN’Yeurt, Felix, 32 celebrities Diesel, 40, 138 fashion trends, 89, 101, 138 dirt eater caricature, 85, 110 heroin use, 32 dirt poor caricature, 85– 86 knowledge about, 28 disaster capitalism, 62– 64 public awareness of, 28 Dixie Chicks, 163 status as outsiders, 22 DJ Quik Redman, 78 white trash behavior, 2, 10, 93, 114, DMX, 35–36, 51, 73 117– 18, 119, 129 Doctorow, Edgar Lawrence, 30 women’s sexuality, 73 Doing Nothing: A History of Loafers, Chasin, Barbara, 48, 54, 64 Loungers, Slackers, and Bums in Chen, Victor Tan, 168 America (Lutz), 117– 18 Chomsky, Noam, 24 Downing Street memos, 131 Civil Rights Act of 1875, 67 Dr. Dre, 57, 77 class consciousness, 16, 17 Drive (2011), 107 Clinton, Bill, 33 drunk caricature, 7, 83, 99– 100, 102, Clinton, Hillary Rodham, 133, 164– 65 110 Cobain, Kurt, 32 drunken, smokin’ mama caricature, Code of the Street (Anderson), 55 8, 105 Collins, Patricia Hill, 5, 48, 77, 81 DuBois, W. E. B., 80– 81 The Color of Fear (1990), 182 Duncombe, Stephen, 27– 28 Commodify Your Dissent (Frank & Durkheim, Emile, 111, 160 Weiland), 18 Durst, Fred, 123, 138 The Consumption of Inequality: Duvall, Robert, 184 Weapons of Mass Distraction, 1, Dyson, Michael Eric, 60 4–6, 30 convict labor system, 64 Eastman, Jason Todd, 165 Cooper, James Fenimore, 174 Eazy-E, 52 Corrections Corporation of America, Ebonics, 47, 73 43, 63 Ehrenreich, Barbara, 85– 86, 147 Cosby, Bill, 46 Ehrman, Mark, 32 cracker caricatures, 84, 110 Eliason, Steve, 47 Crane, Stephen, 152 Elusive Margins: Consuming Media, Cuomo, Mario, 134 Ethnicity, and Culture (Anselmi & Currier, Erin, 14 Gouliamos), 34 INDEX 221

Eminem Fight Club (1999), 18, 23– 24, 80 8 Mile (2002), 52, 88 Fitzgerald, Scott T., 147 alienation in “White America,” 3, 22 The Flintstones, 143 authenticity of, 22, 114 Ford Motor Company, 13 “just don’t give a fuck” attitude, 114 Foxworthy, Jeff self- made success, 20– 21 marginalizes blue collar man, 11, as trashy celebrity, 101 153, 169 and white poverty, 88, 89 naturalizing behavior, 156– 57 English, Deidre, 85–86 and political incorrectness, 163– 64 Engvall, Bill, 102, 156, 157, 159, 161 redneck mockery, 158, 160 Escape from Freedom (Fromm), 2, and Redneckopoly, 97 185–87 role as host, 155– 56 ethnography, 5 success of, 154– 55, 161 Everlast, 36 The Fragile Middle Class (Sullivan, Ewen, Stewart, 17, 18 Warren, & Westbrook), 148 Friedan, Betty, 21 Facebook, 27 Fromm, Erich, 12, 185–87 Falling From Grace (Newman), 146 Futurama, 100 False Colors: Art, Design and Modern Camouflage (Behrens), 39 Gallo, Vincent, 32 Faludi, Susan, 33, 151 gangbanging Family Guy, 99– 100 and colorblind politics, 48 Farrell, Colin, 123 commoditization of, 49, 52– 54, 57, Faulkner, William, 152 58, 82 Feagan, Joe, 181–82 economies of, 62 Featherstone, Mike, 1, 4, 25 and fake bullets, 53, 62 Federal Bureau of Prisons, 43, 44 marketed images of, 89 Federal Inmate Work Act of 2001, 64 within Prison Chic, 45 Federline, Jayden James, 124, 125, 126 realities of, 72, 89 Federline, Kevin and , 57– 58 and Lindsay Lohan, 118 gangsta rap, 50, 51, 76 relationship with Britney Spears, 10, gangstaz caricature, 50– 52, 52– 54, 56 119, 122, 123– 27, 138 Gans, Herbert, 37, 111, 160 and wife beater shirts, 101 Gaultier, Jean Paul, 139 Federline, Sean Preston, 125, 126 General Motors, 13 Feminine Mystique (Friedan), 21 Generation Next, 18, 19, 27 Ferrell, Will, 108 Gergen, Kenneth, 12, 179, 180, 181 fetishism of commodities, 116 ghettoization 50 Cent within Black Ghetto Cool, 68, 70 as gangsta rapper prototype, 51, 52, and Ghettopoly, 41– 42 54, 56, 73 and ghettospeak, 47 Get Rich or Die Tryin’ (2005), 52, 82 material realities of, 42, 56, 74 self- made success, 20– 21, 52 as a platform, 71 and spinners, 78 within Poor Chic, 1, 6 violence against, 82 Ghettonation (Daniels), 69 222 INDEX

Ghettopoly, 41– 42, 62, 82, 89, 98 homies caricatures, 9, 49– 50, 57 ghettospeak, 46– 48, 49, 62 The Honeymooners, 100, 143 Gitlin, Todd, 38 hooks, bell, 78– 79 Givhan, Robin, 33 Hot Topic, 29, 53, 138, 145 Glaser, Barney, 6 “Hot Topic Is Not Punk Rock” (MC Gleason, Jackie, 100 Lars), 29 Goad, Jim, 88, 112– 13, 165– 66 hoz caricatures, 9, 49, 60– 61 The Godfather trilogy, 100 Hulihan, Vanessa, 125 Goffman, Erving, 92, 93, 118, 119 Hussein, Saddam, 10, 61, 131 Goldin, Nan, 32 Gone with the Wind (1939), 87 Ice Cube, 77 Gouliamos, Kosta, 34 Ice- T, 49, 51, 56 Grand Theft Auto, 62, 73, 74, 82, 89 Identity, Culture and the Postmodern Gresham, Lindsay, 152 World (Sarup), 61 grunge, 12, 18, 32 Images of Deviance and Social Control Gulliver’s Travels (Swift), 84 (Pfohl), 129 imaginings of pluralistic equality, 34, Harold, Christine, 34, 35 35–38 Hartigan, John, 111, 160 imbecile caricature, 86, 110 Hartmann, Thom, 146 incarceration Hartsock, Nancy, 179, 180 of black males, 2, 7, 9, 45, 48, 62 Haug, Wolfgang Fritz, 61 convict labor system, 64 Havoc (2005), 75 and fashion, 44, 65 Hawthorne, Nathaniel, 152, 174 and joblessness, 48 “Heavy Metal Carnival: The Politics of of Lil’ Kim, 44 Grotesque Realism” (Halnon), 152 as Poor Chic commodity, 1, 2, 9, 15, Hefner, Hugh, 142 45, 49, 62, 63 Hemingway, Ernest, 152 and poverty, 42 heroin chic, 12, 32– 34, 35 privatization of, 9, 17, 62, 64 Hilfiger, Tommy, 39, 50, 139 Insane Clown Posse, 29, 36, 152 hillbilly caricature, 86– 87 Hilton, Paris Jackson, Janet, 10, 131 and bowling, 142 Jackson, Shar, 124, 125 DUI arrest, 127, 128 Jacobs, Marc, 39, 139 in McCain campaign advertisement, Jameson, Frederic, 38 16, 131 Ja Rule, 51, 54, 57, 73 as media spectacle, 10, 28, 117, 126 Jay- Z, 50, 51, 56, 73 The Simple Life, 10, 117 The Jerk (1975), 183 and Von Dutch hats, 138 Jerry Springer Show, 109– 10 as white trash, 117, 131 Jerry Springer Show freak caricature, 8, hip-hop 109–10, 131 authenticity of, 20 Jeter, Derek, 143 credentials of, 35– 36 Jim Crow laws, 47, 67 fashion, 36, 44, 53, 136, 137, 138 Joe Dirt (2001), 103– 4 vocabulary/lyrics, 22, 53, 60 John, Elton, 162 INDEX 223

Kaiser, Susan, 38 Lee, Harper, 87 Karp, David, 119 Lee, Tommy, 101, 120, 121, 122, 143 Kasarda, John J., 48 Leicht, Kevin, 147 Kellner, Douglas, 15, 17 Levi’s, 19 Kennedy, John F., 71 Liazos, Alexander, 130 Kennedy, Randall, 22 Lieber, Todd, 174, 175 Kid Rock Liebow, Elliot, 79 mullet haircut, 104 lifestyle consumption, 7, 25 and Pamela Lee Anderson, 10, 119, Lil Jon, 78 120–22 Lil’ Kim, 44– 45, 60 rapper authenticity, 35– 36 Lil Kim: Countdown to Lockdown, and Von Dutch trucker hat, 138 44–45 as white trash, 104, 114 Lil Wayne, 51, 73 and wife beater shirts, 101 Limp Bizkit, 35, 36, 123 King, Martin Luther, Jr., 71, 78, 81, 82 , 29 King of the Hill, 99 Lippmann, Walter, 18 Kinser, Samuel, 152, 153 LL Cool J, 54 Klein, Naomi, 19, 62 Lofland, John, 6 , 28, 36 Lofland, Lyn, 6 Kotz, Pete, 93– 96 Lohan, Lindsay, 10, 118, 128 Kouyate, Lamine, 30– 31 lot lizard caricature, 7, 83, 102– 3, 110 Kutcher, Ashton, 138 lower class Kuttner, Bob, 25 authenticity of, 20 commoditized symbols of, 1, 2, 6 Laing, R. D., 178, 180– 81 contact with, 145 Larry the Cable Guy denigration through Blue Collar first appearance of, 99 media, 160 and gay rights, 158 divisive line with middle class, 69 inversion of, 151, 164– 65 ghettoization of, 50 and political incorrectness, 161– 62, jobs of, 20 163–64 military recruitment of, 42 recentering of blue collar man, 153 underworld activities of, 23, 24 as redneck caricature, 97, 155, 159 usurped spaces/places of, 8 as redneck scapegoat, 8, 11, 161– 64 and wife beater shirts, 100– 101 Larry the Cable Guy: Health Inspector lubber caricature, 83– 84 (2006), 97 Ludacris, 57 Lasch, Christopher, 180 Lutz, Tom, 117–88 Latinos, 42, 75, 161, 171 Lutz, William, 47 Lauren, Ralph, 50 Lyng, Stephen, 61 Laverne and Shirley, 143 Lynyrd Skynyrd, 133 Lavigne, Avril, 138 Lawrence, D. H., 174 MacIntosh, Peggy, 175 Leaves of Grass (Whitman), 9, 172–75, Madden, Joel, 127 177 Madonna, 123, 138 Led Zeppelin, 29 Magdan, Norman, 152 224 INDEX

Malcolm X, 47, 71, 81 Mills, C. Wright, 3, 4 Malibu’s Most Wanted (2003), 74 The Missing Class (Newman & Chen), Man Show, 100 168 Marcuse, Herbert, 17, 24 Mobb Deep, 50 Marie Antoinette, Queen of France and Monopoly, 41 Navarre, 30 Moss, Kate, 32 Marquand, Mike, 143 Moyers, Bill, 80, 171 Married with Children, 107 Muggleton, David, 38 Martin, Steve, 183 mullet man caricature, 7– 8, 91, 103– 4, Marx, Karl, 116 110, 160 mass consciousness, 18 Murphy, Eddie, 183 Massey, Douglas, 48, 64 “Muscles, Motorcycles and Tattoos: Master P., 78 Gentrification in a New Frontier” Mathers, Marshall, III. See Eminem (Halnon & Cohen), 1 Matlin, David, 62 Museum at the Fashion Institute of Matthews, Chris, 133 Technology, 39 McCain, John, 15– 16, 131, 133 My Name Is Earl, 103, 109, 131 McDaniel, Chris, 143 “My Niggas” (DMX), 36 McGowan, Phillip, 152, 153 MySpace, 27 McIntosh, Peggy, 181, 182 MyYearbook, 27 MC Lars, 29 McLuhan, Marshall, 38 NAACP, 41– 42, 46, 80 medical insurance, 167 Nelly, 54, 58 medium is the massage, 38, 39, 116 Nelson, Willy, 97 medium is the message, 7, 38, 116 Newman, Katherine S., 146, 168 Meet the Press, 133 News Corp, 52 Melville, Herman, 174 Newton, Judith, 182– 83 Merton, Robert K., 112 niggaz caricatures, 50 middle class nigger, use of word, 22, 50, 73, 87 commoditized symbols of, 8 Nirvana, 32 and cracked iPod screens, 149 Nixon administration, Wickersham and culture capital, 96 Commission, 49, 64– 65 distanced from poor, 88, 111, 160 Norris, Chris, 51 expression through bodies, 20 Northern White Trash Etiquette (Kotz), and faux dive bars, 145 93, 94, 95– 96 fears of downward mobility, 1, 8 Norton, Edward, 23, 180 and home sanitation, 86 Notorious B.I.G., 44, 50, 56, 73, 82 nerve force of body, 176 “Nuts, Sluts, and Preverts” (Liazos), and pink flamingos, 90 130 selection of ethnicity, 37 N.W.A., 50, 73, 77 struggles of, 7, 11, 14, 16, 25, 146– 48, 169, 182, 185 Obama, Barack, 14, 16, 131, 133, 167 as working class, 134, 148 The O.C., 21– 22 Milano, Alyssa, 143 Odd Tribes (Hartigan), 160 Miller, Dennis, 103 O’Donnell, Rosie, 163 INDEX 225

Ogletree, Charles, 43– 44 and Snoop Dogg, 57– 58 Olsen, Mary- Kate, 40 television shows, 58 Omni, Michael, 7 Pink Flamingos (1972), 90 one- dimensional thinking, 17– 18 Pitt, Brad, 23, 89 Ono, Yoko, 163 Plessy v. Ferguson, 67 “On the Insanity of Place” (Goffman), Poor Chic phenomenon 119 alienation, 2– 3, 12 O’Reilly, Bill, 133 defined as, 15 original thinking, 186 denial of, 24– 25 Otherness diversion from class struggles, 7, 9, in American literary works, 11 16– 17, 115, 130, 151, 180 carnivalized representations of, 152 framing of, 5, 6– 9 scapegoat of white poverty, 10, 111, hollowness of, 24 160 ideology of, 2– 3 superficiality of, 33 ideotype, 7, 9– 10, 12 and Whitman’s American ticket, 12, images of pluralistic equality, 12 172–75, 178 impersonation of poor, 9, 30, 177, 180 Others inequality construction themes, 7– 9 avoidance of, 175 manipulation of referents, 5 within carnival culture, 153 origins of, 1, 31– 32 deadening of, 12, 180– 81 role of outsiders, 23 as exotic, 9, 11, 12, 33, 169, 177 social pressures of, 36 fixed identities, 9, 172, 173, 178 society of the spectacle, 4 multiple identities, 172 and sociological imagination, 3– 4 need for subjecthood, 177, 180, 181 status- specifying process, 1, 2 objectification of, 177– 78 symbols of, 6 undercharged bodies of, 176 use of propaganda, 2 “Poor Chic: The Rational Pabst Blue Ribbon beer, 11, 20, 97, 105, Consumption of Poverty” 109, 120, 146, 165 (Halnon), 1 Paltrow, Gwyneth, 89 Poor White Trash (2001), 105 Parenti, Christian, 48 popular consumer culture Parton, Dolly, 97– 98 compared to popular culture, 28 P. Diddy, 57 and cultural intermediaries, 4– 5 Pearl Jam, 32 inequity of, 4 Pelosi, Nancy, 125, 130, 133 influence on youth, 27 Pfohl, Stephen, 129, 130 pervasiveness of, 27– 28 Phelps, George, 17 signs distance from original context, pimp aesthetic 38–39 caricature, 56, 57–60 and stratification processes, 5 compared to gangsta aesthetic, 56 positive functions of poverty, 111, 160 hardships depicted in media, 59 Postindustrial Peasants (Leicht & physical appearance, 58 Fitzgerald), 147– 48 pimp balls and seminars, 58– 59 postmodernist zeitgeist, 7, 12, 25, 38– 39, pimp ‘n’ ho parties, 5, 59– 60 40–41, 40–42 226 INDEX poverty. See black poverty; white racism, 17, 162, 166, 169 poverty rebel manhood, 165– 66 poverty plays, 30– 31 recentering of blue collar man, 11, predictability, 1 153, 166, 167 Pressly, Jaime, 104, 108– 9 redneck characteristics, 155– 56, 165 Prison Chic redneck mockery, 158, 159– 60 caricatures scapegoats of, 8, 11, 17, 161– 64, 169 gangstaz, 50– 52, 52– 54, 56 sexism, 17, 156– 57, 163, 164– 65 homies, 9, 49– 50, 57 use of carnival culture, 153 hoz, 9, 49, 60–61 and white male anger, 162– 63 niggaz, 50 white trash mockery, 158– 59 pimps, 56, 57– 60 Redneck Manifesto (Goad), 88, 112– 13, commodity aesthetics, 61– 62 165–66 distance from reality, 61 and hip- hop attire, 44 caricature, 7, 83, 97– 99, 110, 155– 56, hoodies, 36, 50, 62 165 ideology of, 82 drunkenness of, 99, 102 ideotype, 9, 45, 49, 64 merchandising of, 110, 155 mainstream success of, 81 mockery of, 158, 159– 60 media attention of Lil’ Kim, 44– 45 scapegoats of, 8, 11, 17, 161– 64, 169 and prison- industrial complex, 62 Reid, Harry, 133 prison- industrial complex retirement funds, 13, 167, 169 and 1996 Prison Litigation Reform Richie, Nicole, 127, 138 Act (PLRA), 64 Ringmaster (1998), 108–9, 110, 131 and Federal Inmate Work Act of “The Rise of the Dive” (Cambria), 143 2001, 64 Ritchie, Bob. See Kid Rock increase in expenditures, 63 Ritzer, George, 1 privatization of, 43, 63, 64 Rocky trilogy, 100 See also incarceration Rodriguez, Richard, 171– 72, 173 Projekt Revolution, 28–29, 81 Rosenbaum, Marsha, 118– 19 Roth, Jeffrey A., 54 Racial Formation in the United States Rotten, Johnny, 31 (Omni & Winant), 7 Ruby Ann’s Down Home Trailer Park Rage Against the Machine, 36 Cookbook (Boxcar), 106 Raging Bull (1980), 100 Rumsfeld, Donald, 125 Ragtime (Doctorow), 30 “Runaway Bride,” 10 Redneck and Blue Collar Comedy Russert, Luke, 134 and Blue Collar media, 160 Russert, Tim, 133– 34 distraction of, 151 and homophobia, 17, 157– 58, 162, Santana, Juelz, 53 169 Sarup, Madan, 3, 61 ideotype, 10–11 The Saturated Self (Gergen), 179 political incorrectness of, 2, 151, Savran, David, 183 153–54, 156–57, 158, 161–62, The Scarlet Letter (Hawthorne), 174 163– 64, 164– 65, 166, 169 Scott, Jeremy, 65 INDEX 227

The Second Sex (de Beauvoir), 21 Springer, Jerry, 109 segregation, 2, 67– 68 Starsky and Hutch (2004), 57 self- fulfillment, 23– 24 Steele, Valerie, 39 Selleck, Tom, 163 Stimulus and Economic Recovery Plan Seven Foot Dilly and His Dill Pickles, (2009), 14 86 St. John de Crevecoeur, Hector, 174 Sex Pistols, 31 stock market crash, 13– 14, 15– 16, 25 Shakur, Tupac, 50, 52– 53, 54, 72 Stone, Oliver, 80 Sharrock, Justine, 145 Stone, Sharon, 138 Shriver, Maria, 134 Stowe, David W., 182 The Simple Life, 117, 138 Strauss, Anselm, 6 The Simpsons, 99, 145 stripper caricature, 7, 83, 105, 107– 8, Skillet Lickers, 86 110 Slavery by Another Name (Blackmon), Striptease (1996), 107 64 Studies in Classic American Literature Slim Thug, 78 (Lawrence), 174 Slipknot, 29, 89, 113– 14 Sullivan, Theresa A., 148 slumming, 31, 75 super- hot scammer caricature, 8, 83, Smith, Anna Nicole, 10, 117– 18 105, 108– 9, 110, 131 Snoop Dogg, 28, 56, 57– 58, 77, 78 Super Trash Spectacles “Social Structure and Anomie” Anna Nicole Smith, 117– 18 (Merton), 112 careers models, 118– 19 society of the spectacle, 2, 4, 7, 14, 15, comparative normalcy from, 119 72, 149 compared to White Trash Stigma, sociological imagination, 3– 4 131 The Sopranos, 101 as distancing technique, 111, 116 Soulja Boy, 60 distraction of, 129– 31 Soul Man (1986), 183 ideotype, 10 The Souls of Black Folk (DuBois), 80– 81 Kid Rock/Pamela Lee Anderson South Park, 128 relationship, 119, 120– 22 South Park: Bigger, Longer, and Uncut Paris Hilton, 117 (1999), 61 Spears/Federline relationship, 119, Spade, David, 103 122–28, 130 Spears, Britney Swift, Jonathan, 84 and designer trucker hat, 138 as distraction, 131 Talladega Nights: The Ballad of Ricky and McCain campaign commercial, Bobby (2006), 108 16, 131 Taylor, Steve, 6 relationship with Federline, 10, 118, Thoreau, Henry David, 174 119, 122–28 Three 6 Mafia, 59, 78 success of, 122– 23 Timberlake, Justin, 122, 123, 138 as super trash, 85, 117, 122– 28, 130 To Kill a Mocking Bird (Lee), 87 Spears, Jamie Lyn, 128 trabajadore chic, 40 Spitzer, Steven, 3 Trading Places (1983), 183– 84 spontaneous activity, 186– 87 trailer trash caricature, 87–88 228 INDEX

Trainspotting (1996), 32 white poverty Travolta, John, 184 and alienation, 116 contempt for, 88, 89, 155, 166 unemployment distraction of, 115, 131 of African Americans, 63, 64 mocking of, 89, 158 during Great Depression, 13 within Poor Chic, 7, 16, 93 increases in, 48, 167 stereotypes of, 84 during Obama administration, 14, stigmatization of, 2, 83, 85, 151, 160 147 in trailers/trailer parks, 8 Urban Outfitters, 41– 42, 138 as uncool, 10, 88, 92 urban warfare, 51, 53, 54– 55 as white trash, 92, 93, 96, 110– 11 US Bureau of Justice Statistics, 44 white rappers US Bureau of Labor Statistics, 14 lack of authenticity, 35– 36 US Department of Commerce, 115 whites US Justice Department, 42, 54 culture of victimization, 183 US manufacturing male victims in film, 183– 84 auto industry bailout, 14 and migration to suburbs, 48, 72 decentralization, 48, 68, 167, 185 murder rate, 54 decrease in jobs, 9, 25, 167 nerve force level, 176 move to white suburbs, 48 privilege of, 181– 83 and outsourcing, 151, 168 pursuit of the American Dream, 128–29 vacuous tart caricature, 8, 105, 106– 7, and segregation, 67, 71 110 unemployment, 14 Vaughan, Diane, 119 wealthy who act poor, 129 Vera, Hernan, 181– 82 “white trash” as class divider, 87, 93 View from Nowhere (Atkinson), 143– 44 White Trash Etiquette (Kotz), 93– 95 White Trash Stigma Waldman, Paul, 133 and American Dream, 92 Wallette, Andrew, 127 caricatures Wall Street (1987), 80 cracker, 84, 110 War on Iraq, 10, 130– 31, 141, 163 dirt eater, 85, 110 Warren, Elizabeth, 148 dirt poor, 85– 86 Waters, John, 90 drunk, 7, 83, 99– 100, 102, 110 Waters, Mary, 37 drunken, smokin’ mama, 8, 105 Wax, Emily, 149 hillbilly, 86– 87 We Real Cool (hooks), 78– 79 imbecile, 86, 110 West, Cornel, 70, 76, 80, 81, 169 Jerry Springer Show freak, 8, 109– Westbrook, Jay Lawrence, 148 10, 131 Western, Bruce, 43 lot lizard, 7, 83, 102– 3, 110 Where We Stand: Class Matters (hooks), lubber, 83– 84 79 mullet man, 7– 8, 91, 103– 4, 110, white Baptist trailer park momma 160 caricature, 8, 83, 105, 106, 110 redneck, 97– 99, 110 White Man’s Burden (1995), 184 stripper, 7, 83, 105, 107– 8, 110 INDEX 229

super- hot scammer, 8, 83, 105, popularity of, 115 108– 9, 110, 131 in Redneckopoly, 89, 97– 98 vacuous tart, 8, 105, 106– 7, 110 in Redneck Rampage, 89, 98 white Baptist trailer park stigmatization, 110– 11 momma, 8, 83, 105, 106, 110 as uncool, 88– 89 wife beater, 7, 83, 100–102 uses of, 111 yahoo, 84 and white racism, 93 compared to Black Ghetto Cool, Whitman, Walt, 9, 12, 152, 172– 75, 83, 89 175–76, 178 compared to Super Trash Spectacles, Whitney, Dan. See Larry the Cable Guy 131 wife beater caricature, 7, 83, 100– 102 as distancing technique, 111, 116, Williams, Pharrel, 137 160 Wilson, Colin, 23 distraction of, 115– 16 Winant, Howard, 7 ideotype, 10 Without You, I’m Nothing (1990), indifference to white poverty, 89 182 “just don’t give a fuck” symbol, 6, 10, working class 112– 13, 120, 127 as missing class, 168– 69 lack of authenticity, 89, 116 struggles of, 168– 69 loss of voice, 109– 10 working man marketing of “just don’t give a fuck,” news media marketing to, 133 113–14 Wray, Matt, 86, 88 media portrayals of, 93– 96, 97 and metal music culture, 113– 14 yahoo caricature, 84 moral superiority of, 110, 116 Ylan Q. Mui, 115 objectification, 110– 11 Yuppies, 31, 94, 166 and parties/bashes, 91 and pink flamingos, 20, 42, 90–91, 110 Zinn, Howard, 67