Notes Introduction 1. Karen B. Halnon (2002), “Poor Chic: The Rational Consumption of Pov- erty,” Current Sociology 50 (4): 501– 16. 2. Zygmunt Bauman (2000), “Tourists and Vagabonds: Or, Living in Postmod- ern Times,” in Joseph E. Davis (ed.), Identity and Social Change, 13– 26 (New Brunswick, NJ: Transaction Publishers). 3. George Ritzer (2008), The McDonaldization of Society 5 (Thousand Oak, CA: Pine Forge), 1– 182. 4. Karen Bettez Halnon with Saundra Cohen (2006), “Muscles, Motorcycles and Tattoos: Gentrification in a New Frontier,” Journal of Consumer Culture 6 (1): 33– 56. 5. Pierre Bourdieu (1984), Distinction: A Social Critique of the Judgement of Taste, trans. Richard Nice (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press). 6. Mike Featherstone (2007), Consumer Culture and Postmodernism (Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage Publications Limited), 17. 7. Guy Debord ([1995] 1967), The Society of the Spectacle, 7th ed., trans. Donald Nicholson-Smith (New York: Zone Books). 8. Debord, The Society of the Spectacle, 151. 9. Zygmunt Bauman quoted in Madan Sarup (2005), Identity, Culture and the Postmodern World (Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press), 127. 10. Sarup, Identity, Culture and the Postmodern World, 127– 28. 11. Karen Bettez Halnon (2005), “Alienation Incorporated: ‘F*** the Mainstream Music’ in the Mainstream,” Current Sociology 53 (3): 441– 64. 12. Steven Spitzer (1975), “Toward a Marxist Theory of Deviance,” Social Prob- lems 22 (5): 638– 51, 648. 13. Eminem, “White America,” track 2, The Eminem Show [Explicit Lyrics] (2002), Interscope Records. 14. Ibid. 15. C. Wright Mills (2000), The Sociological Imagination (London: Oxford Uni- versity Press), 4 16. Ibid., 15. 17. Ibid., 8. 190 NOTES 18. For a summary of intersectional theory, see Temple University (2009), “Intersec- tionality,” http:// www .slideshare .net/ dustinkidd1/ intersectional -theory, August 24. 19. Guy Debord (1995) The Society of the Spectacle (New York: Zone), 29. 20. Alfred Schutz and Thomas Luckmann (1973), The Structures of the Life World, vol. 1, Northwestern University Studies in Phenomenology and Existen- tial Philosophy (Chicago, IL: Northwestern University Press), 99. 21. John Lofland and Lyn H. Lofland (1984), Analyzing Social Settings: A Guide to Qualitative Observation and Analysis, 2nd ed. (Belmont, CA: Wadsworth). 22. Barney G. Glaser and Anselm L. Strauss (1967), The Discovery of Grounded Theory: Strategies for Qualitative Research (Hawthorne, NY: Aldine de Gruyter). 23. Steve J. Taylor and Robert Bogdan (1988), Introduction to Qualitative Research Methods: A Guidebook and Resource (Hoboken, NJ: Wiley-Interscience). 24. Michael Omin and Howard Winant (1994), Racial Formation in the United States: From the 1960s to the 1990s (Critical Social Thought), 2nd ed. (New York: Routledge). Chapter 1 1. “Jobless Rate Hits 25-Year High” (2009), Yahoo, March 6, http://news .yahoo .com/ s/ nm/ 20090306/ bs _nm/ us _usa _economy. 2. Bureau of Labor Statistics (2012), “Economic News Release,” January 4, http:// www .bls .gov/ news .release/ empsit .nr0 .htm. 3. Gallup.com (2009), “Suffering Increases as Nation Feels Pain of Recession,” March 12, http:// www .gallup .com/ poll/ 116680/ Suffering -Increases -Nation -Feels -Pain -Recession .aspx. 4. Audie Cornish (Host) speaks with Erin Currier (2011), “American Dream for Middle Class: Just a Dream?” NPR, November 11, http:// www .npr .org/ 2011/ 11/ 06/ 142072783/ american -dream -for -middle -class -just -a -dream. 5. Jed Graham (2012), “New Normal: Majority of Unemployed Attended Col- lege,” Investor’s Business Daily, May 17, http:// news .investors .com/ economy/ 051712 -611887 -most -unemployed -are -college -grads -dropouts .htm. 6. Lynne Stuart Parramore (2013), “9 Economic Facts That Will Make Your Head Spin,” AlterNet News & Politics, February 18, http:// www .alternet .org/ economy/ 9 -economic -facts -will -make -your-head-spin?akid=10075.45766 .q4j4vj&rd=1&src=newsletter796736&t=3. 7. Guy Debord ([1995] 1967), The Society of the Spectacle, 7th ed., trans. Donald Nicholson-Smith (New York: Zone Books), 16. 8. Ibid., 26. 9. Ibid., 44– 45. 10. Douglas Kellner (2003), Media Spectacle (London: Routledge), 2– 3. 11. AntiConformist911, YouTube, “Was Obama/Britney spears/Paris Hilton Ad Racist?” August 2, 2008, http:// www .youtube .com/ watch?v =pAhPwnfnFWs .s. 12. Theodor W. Adorno (1991), The Culture Industry: Selected Essays on Mass Culture, ed. J. M. Bernstein (London: Routledge Classics). NOTES 191 13. Douglas Kellner (2004), introduction to John Abromeit and W. Mark Cobb (eds.; 2004), Herbert Marcuse: A Critical Reader (New York: Routledge), 12. 14. Herbert Marcuse (1964), One-Dimensional Man: Studies in the Ideology of Advanced Industrial Society (Boston, MA: Beacon Press). 15. Wolfgang Fritz Haug ([1971] 1986), Critique of Commodity Aesthetics: Appearance, Sexuality and Advertising in Capitalist Society (Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press). 16. Stewart Ewen ([1976] 2001), Captains of Consciousness: Advertising and the Social Roots of Consumer Culture (New York: Basic Books), 35. 17. Ibid., 84. 18. See Edward Bernays ([1928] 2005), Propaganda (Brooklyn, NY: Ing), and Walter Lippmann (1921), Public Opinion (New Brunswick, NJ: Transaction Publishers). 19. Bernays, Propaganda, 64. 20. Ibid., 74. 21. Ewen, Captains of Consciousness, 79– 80. 22. The Pew Research Center: For the People and the Press (2007), “How Young People View Their Lives, Futures and Politics: A Portrait of ‘Generation Next,’ ” January 9, http:// www .people -press .org/ 2007/ 01/ 09/ a-portrait -of -generation -next. 23. Thomas Frank and Dave Mulcahey (1997), “Consolidated Deviance, Inc.,” in Thomas Frank and Matt Weiland (eds.), Commodify Your Dissent: The Busi- ness of Culture in the New Gilded Age, 72– 78 (New York: Norton). 24. Barak Goodman and Rachel Dretzin, producers. (2001), “The Merchants of Cool,” frontline video, PBS Alexandria, VA, aired February 27. 25. Naomi Klein ([2000] 2002), No Logo: No Space, No Choice, No Jobs (New York: Picador), 81. 26. Goodman and Dretzin, “The Merchants of Cool.” 27. Naomi Klein, No Logo, 81. 28. Ibid., 36 (italics added). 29. Betty Friedan ([1963] 1997), The Feminine Mystique (New York: W. W. Nor- ton & Company). 30. Simone de Beauvoir ([1949] 1972), The Second Sex, trans. H. M. Parshley (New York: Penguin). 31. George Ritzer (2003), The Globalization of Nothing (Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage). 32. See at TV.com, The O.C., Fox (ended 2007). Episode Guide, www .tv .com/ shows/ the -oc/ .http:// www .tv .com/ shows/ the -oc. 33. See theocitalia.homstead.com/files/ocbook.pdf. Original website expired. 34. Eminem (2002), “Lose Yourself,” track 1, 8 Mile: Music from and Inspired by the Motion Picture [Soundtrack, Explicit Lyrics], Interscope Records. 35. Eminem (2002), “Sing for the Moment,” track 12, The Eminem Show [Explicit Lyrics], Interscope Records. 36. Randall Kennedy (2003), Nigger: The Strange Career of a Troublesome Word (New York: Vintage). 192 NOTES 37. Wilson Colin. (1956), The Outsider (New York: Penguin Putnam). 38. Fight Club (1999), DVD, directed by David Fincher (USA: Twentieth Century Fox Corporation). 39. Ibid. 40. Ibid. 41. Ibid. 42. Noam Chomsky (2003), Media Control: The Spectacular Achievements of Pro- paganda, 2nd ed., Open Media Book (New York: Seven Stories Press). 43. Herbert Marcuse (1972– 73), “The Historical Fate of Bourgeois Democracy,” in Douglas Kellner (ed.; 2001), Toward a Theory of Society: Collected Papers of Herbert Marcuse, vol. 2, 164– 86 (London: Routledge), 175– 76. 44. Bob Kuttner (2008), “Reinventing the American Dream,” plenary session at the 136th meeting of the American Sociological Association, Boston, MA, August 1. 45. Mike Featherstone, Consumer Culture and Postmodernism. Chapter 2 1. The Pew Research Center: For the People and the Press (2007), “How Young People View Their Lives, Futures and Politics: A Portrait of ‘Generation Next,’ ” January 9, http:// www .people -press .org/ 2007/ 01/ 09/ a -portrait -of -generation -next. 2. Stephen Ducombe (2007), “Taking Celebrity Seriously: Progressives Live in a Society Where Fantasy, Spectacle, and Paris Rule. So How Do We Win?” October 29, The Nation, 22– 24. 22. 3. Ibid., 24. 4. For a discussion of “plastic hippies,” see Martin A. Lee and Bruce Shlain (1994), Acid Dreams: The Complete Social History of LSD: The CIA, The Six- ties, and Beyond (New York: Grove Press). 5. MC Lars, featuring the Matches (2005), “Hot Topic is not Punk Rock,” track 4, The Graduate (LP; California: Horris Records). 6. Nesta H. Webster (2004), Louis XVI and Marie Antoinette before the Revolu- tion (Whitefish, MT: Kessinger Publishing), 248– 49. 7. E. L. Doctorow (1975), Ragtime (New York: New American Library), 42– 43. 8. Trish Donnally (1993), “Young Designer’s Street-Person Chic/ More Rags and Tatters from Paris,” San Francisco Chronicle, March 16, B3. 9. Seth Koven (2004), Slumming: Sexual and Social Politics in Victorian London (Princeton: Princeton University Press). 10. R. M. Dowling (2001), “Slumming: Morality and Space in New York City from ‘City Mysteries’ to the Harlem Renaissance,” doctoral dissertation, City University of New York. 11. David Brooks (2001), Bobos in Paradise: The New Upper Class and How They Got There (New York: Simon and Schuster). 12. Anthony Faiola (2001), “The Fierce Beat of Shantytown Chic; In Rio, Funk Scene Thrills and Alarms,” The Washington Post, July 10. NOTES 193 13. Marcelo Armstrong, “Favela Tour” (Rio, Brazil), http:// www .favelatour .com .br. 14. Faiola,“Shantytown Chic.” 15. Sex