Włodzimierz Rączkowski Aerial Survey in Archaeology Protection and Management System
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Themata 5 E-learning Archaeology, the Heritage Handbook $$&7KHPDWD'()YDYHUORRSLQGG Programme Lifelong Learning Programme 2010-2012, Leonardo da Vinci Editors Marjolijn Kok, Heleen van Londen and Arkadiusz Marciniak Design Susan de Loor, kantoordeloor , Haarlem Print Koopmans’ drukkerij, Hoorn isbn 978 90 78863 76 2 © University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam 2012 All rights reserved. No part of this book may be reprinted or reproduced or utilized in any form or by any electronic, mechanical, or other means, now known or hereafter invented, including photocopying and recording, or in any information storage or retrieval system, without permission in writing from the editors. $$&7KHPDWD'()YDYHUORRSLQGG E-learning Archaeology the Heritage Handbook Marjolijn Kok Heleen van Londen Arkadiusz Marciniak (eds.) themata 5 university of amsterdam • 2012 $$&7KHPDWD'()YDYHUORRSLQGG Table of Contents 6 part 1 132 11 Management cycle and information system 7 E-learning resources in the vocational training in archaeological heritage sector by Andris Šne system in archaeological heritage by Arkadiusz Marciniak 142 12 Commercial archaeology by Marjolijn Kok & Heleen van Londen 16 Organizing effective distance training using e-learning content and the content repository 149 13 A single voice? Archaeological heritage, information by Jacek Marciniak boards and the public dialogue by Anders Gustafsson & Håkan Karlsson 24 Short user guide for the book by Marjolijn Kok 158 14 Digital public outreach by Francois Bertemes 25 part 2 course content & Peter F. Biehl 26 01 Theorizing cultural heritage by Anders Gustafsson & Håkan Karlsson 167 15 Methods and engagement, publicity and media relationships by Francois Bertemes & Peter F. Biehl 38 02 Mentalities and perspectives in archaeological heritage management by Marjolijn Kok 175 16 Introduction to archaeology for construction & Heleen van Londen engineers by Kenneth Aitchison 50 03 Concepts of understanding spatial valorization 190 17 Introduction to construction engineering for of archaeological heritage resources by Włodzimierz archaeologists by Kenneth Aitchison Raczkowski 204 18 Archaeology and politics by Heleen van Londen 58 04 Aerial survey in archaeology protection and manage- ment system by Włodzimierz Raczkowski 208 19 Public archaeology by Monique van den Dries 70 05 Geographic Information System as a method of 218 20 Urban archaeology by Andrzej Gołembnik management of spatial data by Christopher Sevara 236 21 Perspectives on looting, illicit antiquities trade, 82 06 Geophysical prospection in archaeological art and heritage by Staffan Lundén protection and management by Robert Hook with cooperation of Arkadiusz Marciniak & Włodzimierz 250 22 Problematic heritage by Anders Gustafsson Raczkowski & Håkan Karlsson 94 07 Images of the past by Anders Gustafsson 260 23 Maritime archaeology by Andrzej Pydyn & Håkan Karlsson 106 08 Cultural biography of landscape by Marjolijn Kok case studies & Heleen van Londen See dvd in the back sleeve of the book 116 09 International convention and legal frameworks by Arkadiusz Marciniak 125 10 Sustainable development in archaeological heritage sector by Marjolijn Kok & Heleen van Londen $$&7KHPDWD'()YDYHUORRSLQGG 58 part 2 sco History of aerial Photographs 04 It was at the turn of the 20th century that the first attempts to use aerial photographs in archaeology were undertaken. > Animation Aerial survey in archaeo- The first (currently known) aerial photos were taken by Gaspard Felix Tournachon, known as Nadar, in October logy protection and 1858. They were photos of Paris. This significant cultural event did not however inspire management system archaeologists to apply this technological potential to archaeology. Why? It seems that then archaeologists were by Włodzimierz Raczkowski not fully aware of the potential of aerial photos that could be utilized in their studies of the past. The view prevalent then in archaeology was the theory of cultural evolution; msco Introduction it determined the reflection and perception of the past as In archaeology, aerial photos have been used since the begin- well as influenced the fields of interests of archaeologists, ning of the 20th century, though the technical potential to research problems and the way of solving them. Evolution- make them from flying objects had already appeared by the ism played a key role in studying the origin of phenomena mid-19th century. and cultural forms as well as mechanisms of cultural trans- > Animation formation. Influenced by the premises of evolutionism Antiquity (e.g. the progressive character of evolution, laws of nature Dreams about flying – Deadalus & Icarus governing cultural development, the accumulation of Leondardo da Vinci cultural experiences, the unity of the human psyche or the Francesco Lana de Terzi was an Italian Jesuit and aero- concept of ‘relics’), archaeologists accepted as their main nautics pioneer. He sketched a concept for an airship research method the evolution-comparative method, which Bartoloneu de Gusmao (Bartolomeu lourenço de Gusmao), implied that they compared cultural conditions and forms was a Portuguese priest and naturalist born in Colonial without paying attention to the context in which they Brazil, recalled for his early work on lighter-than-air-airship occurred. As a result, the main interest of archaeologists design. focused on chronology which enabled placing particular The first manned flight by a hot air balloon took place in phenomena and cultural forms in the evolution cycle the early 18th century. On November 21, 1783, in Paris, (cf. Module ii _1). In this perspective, aerial photos did not France, the first manned flight was made by Jean-François appear as the obvious tool to be used in archeological Pilâtre de Rozier and François Laurent d'Arlandes in a hot research. air balloon created by the Montgolfier brothers. In June1899 the Italian archaeologist Giacomo Boni Wilbur & Orville Wright building the world's first succesful managed by aerial photographs to obtain a photogram- airplane and making the first controlled, powered and metric survey of Roman Forum and Palatinate Hill during sustained heavier-than-air human flight on 17 December excavations. They were taken from a changing height 1903. between 300 and 500 meters above sea level from a In 1827, Joseph Nicéphore Niépce produced the world’s balloon. The result was ‘the true portrait of the terrain’. first permanent photograph (known as a Heliograph). In 1906 aerial photographs of an archaeological site in Louis Daguerre announced the latest perfection of the Stonehenge (Great Britain) – were taken by P. H. Sharpe Daguerreotype, after years of experimentation, in 1839, during military training. It must be remembered, however, with the French Academy of Sciences announcing the that these photos were made during military training, so process on January 7 of that year. they were not inspired by archaeologists. In 1841 William Henry Fox Talbot developed a chemical A Roman villa in Bad Vilbel (germany) was photographed process which enabled development of photography. from a balloon. The first (currently known) aerial photos were taken by Photographs taken from a kite during excavation works in Gaspard Felix Tournachon, known as Nadar, in October Jebel Moya (Sudan) in 1913 and 1914 by Sir Henry Well- 1858. They were photos of Paris. come. With the passage of time, initiatives to make aerial photos of archaeological sites were more and more $$&7KHPDWD'()YDYHUORRSLQGG 59 frequent. Some of the initiatives, which often originated role would mainly involve discovering archaeological sites and outside the circle of archaeologists, nonetheless fulfilled mapping of those sites to understand their spatial structures, the research objective in archaeology. environmental settings, contexts, etc. In 1922 Crawford got The photographs managed by Carl Schuchhardt (Germany) access to military aerial photographs and he instantly found in 1916, which were used to study the Roman Limes in ‘proof’ for his assertion. The photographs he got hold of Dobrudga (Romania). With the passage of time, initiatives showed a structure of fields represented by lynchets, which to make aerial photos of archaeological sites were more were difficult to find (especially concerning their spatial and more frequent. Some of the initiatives, which often structure), using the field-walking. In his first text devoted to originated outside the circle of archaeologists, nonetheless application of aerial photos in archaeology, Air Survey and fulfilled the research objective in archaeology. Archaeology (1923), Crawford proved that aerial photos might Another example is Leon Rey (France) in 1916, who at- be a very effective tool in solving research questions. Another tempted to identify archaeological sites from Macedonia assertion expounded upon in the text was that aerial photo- on the basis of military photos. With the passage of time, graphs might serve not only to illustrate archaeological sites, initiatives to make aerial photos of archaeological sites but they could also be used to seek answers to questions were more and more frequent. Some of the initiatives, concerning past phenomena (in this case the evolution of the which often originated outside the circle of archaeologists, system of fields). nonetheless fulfilled the research objective in archaeology. > Animation Aerial reconnaissance carried out by Theodor Wiegand Having gathered enough experience in applying this (Germany) in 1917 in Palestine and on the Sinai. method in the years 1922–1928, Crawford