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Antimicrobial Effect of Medicinal Plants on Microbiological Quality of Grape Juice

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Antimicrobial Effect of Medicinal Plants on Microbiological Quality of Grape Juice ADVANCED RESEARCH IN LIFE SCIENCES 5, 2021, 28-35 www.degruyter.com/view/j/arls DOI:10.2478/arls-2021-0026 Research Article Antimicrobial Effect of Medicinal Plants on Microbiological Quality of Grape Juice Miroslava Kačániová1,2, Jakub Mankovecký1, Lucia Galovičová1, Petra Borotová3,4, Simona Kunová3, Tatsiana Savitskaya5, Dmitrij Grinshpan5 1Slovak University of Agriculture, Faculty of Horticulture and Landscape Engineering, Nitra 949 76, Tr. A. Hlinku 2, Slovakia 2University of Rzeszow, Institute of Food Technology and Nutrition, 35-601 Rzeszow, Cwiklinskiej 1, Poland 3Slovak University of Agriculture, Faculty of Biotechnology and Food Sciences, Nitra 949 76, Tr. A. Hlinku 2, Slovakia 4Slovak University of Agriculture, AgroBioTech Research Centre, Tr. A. Hlinku 2, 94976 Nitra, Slovakia 5Research Institute for Physical Chemical Problems, Belarusian State University, Leningradskaya str. 14, 220030 Minsk, Belarus Received May, 2021; Revised June, 2021; Accepted June, 2021 Abstract The safety of plant-based food of plant origin is a priority for producers and consumers. The biological value of food products enriched with herbal ingredients is getting more popular among consumers. The present study was aimed to evaluate microbiological quality of grape juice enriched with medicinal plants. There were two varieties of grapes - Welschriesling and Cabernet Sauvignon and six species of medicinal plants used for the experiment: Calendula officinalis L., Ginkgo biloba, Thymus serpyllum, Matricaria recutita, Salvia officinalis L., and Mentha aquatica var. citrata. A total of 14 samples of juice were prepared and two of them were used as controls and 12 samples were treated with medicinal plants. Total microbial count, coliforms, lactic acid bacteria and yeasts and microscopic fungi for testing the microbiological quality were detected. All the samples were negative for lactic acid bacteria. There were neither coliform bacteria nor yeast and fibrous microscopic fungi present in some of the treated samples apart from the control samples. Coliform bacteria of 1 log cfu/mL were detected during the first testing and identified Proteus vulgaris in the control sample of grape juice of the variety Welschriesling. The yeast of the genus Candida was present in 2 log cfu/mL and it was detected during first and second testing in the control sample of Cabernet Sauvignon, unlike the other samples. The sample of grape juice with the addition of sage had the most significant inhibitory effect on total count of bacteria. The most common microorganisms in all samples were Bacillus cereus and Acinetobacter johnsonii, however, those microorganisms were absent during second testing due to the action of naturally occurring antimicrobials in the grapes. Keywords: grape, grape juice, medicinal plants, medicinal plants, antimicrobial activity. Introduction raisins, processed into must, juice or wine or other Grapes, lat. Vitis vinifera belong to the important products [1]. Grape juices can be prepared from crops that are widely grown all around the world. It any grape variety (white or blue) as soon as they can be consumed directly (berries), dried to are properly ripened. Many observational studies suggest that intake of pure (100%) grape juice may reduce the risk of hypertension, * Corresponding author: Miroslava Kačániová, Email: cardiovascular disease, and diabetes mellitus, [email protected] suggesting the importance of these drinks for © 2021 M. Kačániová et al., published by De Gruyter Open. This work was licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial- maintaining health [2]. Consumption of grape juice NoDerivs 3.0 License gradually increases due to factors such as 28 DOI: 10.2478/arls-2021-0026 ARLS, 5, 2021, 28-35 characteristic taste, aroma, color or refreshment. alleviate headaches, indigestion, muscle aches, In addition, grape juice is gaining popularity due to rheumatism, convulsions, respiratory distress, the functional properties associated with irritated skin, as an ingredient in mouthwashes, or consumer health, which are mainly related to to partially fight fungi and viruses in folk medicine phenolic compounds [3]. [14]. It is also used as an aromatic ingredient in Medicinal plants are considered to be valuable confectionery, beverages, pharmaceuticals, and very useful plants. They are defined as cosmetics, perfumery resp. other industrial higher-growing or cultivated plants which contain products [15]. various physiologically active substances in their The aim of the present study was to evaluate parts (roots, leaves, flowers). Medicinal plants are microbiological quality of grape juice enriched with called medicinal plants because they have a medicinal plants. therapeutic effect on the human body. However, some of them may also act as a poison when Material and Methods used in high concentrations [4]. It has been found There were two types of grapes used in the that the antimicrobial properties of medicinal testing - white grapes (variety Welschriesling) and plants can be used to control the growth of certain blue grapes (variety Cabernet Sauvignon), which pathogenic bacteria and fungi as well as to reduce were obtained from SPU from the Department of food spoilage. Thus, they are considered as a Fruits, Viticulture and Enology. good substitute for artificial antimicrobials used in food production [5]. Over the last few decades, Preparation of grape juice samples scientific studies have shown that plant and herbal The juice from the grapes was prepared by using extracts can be used to some extent as natural the following grape dressing procedures: preservatives. In addition, by applying various harvesting, destemming, maceration, pressing, herbs, it is possible to develop new food products sludge removal and pasteurization. Grapes were with new and interesting flavor variants [6]. The collected from the Welschriesling and the anti-inflammatory effect of Calendula officinalis L. Cabernet Sauvignon variety on October, 14th extracts is mainly due to the presence of fatty acid 2020 in the morning in warm and sunny weather. esters with pentacyclic triterpenols. These Grapes were harvested manually in crates with a ingredients, together with other active ingredients, volume of 25 kg and they were immediately have other healing effects, including antibacterial, transported the grapes to the AgroBioTech anticancer and immune activities, and they also research center to the laboratory of beverages improve gastrointestinal function [7]. Secondary intended for processing in order to prevent metabolites or active ingredients of Ginkgo biloba possible steaming of the grapes after harvesting. have been shown in some studies to increase The sugar content of the Welschriesling grape memory and promote a beneficial therapeutic was immediately after harvest 19.87 °Bx and the effect on neurodegenerative diseases [8]. Ginkgo Cabernet Sauvignon 16.35 °Bx. Then the grapes biloba extracts have been used for more than were poured into a central component for 5,000 years to treat infectious lung diseases such mechanical destemming, where the chunks were as bronchitis, as well as cardiovascular disease in separated from the must and berries. The grape China [9]. Thymus serpyllum is traditionally used mash maceration lasted one hour in closed to treat respiratory, digestive and urological containers with a volume of 100 L. The pressing problems. Highly concentrated infusion has been was performed in a gentle way using the shown to be useful in diluting bronchitis secretion maximum pressing pressure - 0.1 MPa. or even in preventing hair loss. The aqueous Discontinuous hydrolis was used for pressing. The extract of the mother's tube has been shown to aim of pressing at a lower pressure is to eliminate have the ability to capture nitric oxide [10]. In damage to the grape seeds and the subsequent addition to antibacterial effects, it also acts as a transfer of immature phenolic substances to the natural preservative and an anti-aging agent [11]. pressed must itself. In the case of pressing at a Due to its pharmacological and pharmaceutical pressure higher than 0.15 MPa, undesirable properties, chamomile has a high economic value. substances can pass into the pressed must. It is used in both fresh and dried form in food These substances could thus negatively affect the industry. Fresh flower heads are added to salads future character of the must and its sensory or teas. Dried flowers are used in the production properties. Then the grape was pumped must into of herbal teas or in bakeries [12]. Historically, a sludge tank using a pump. The static sludge sage was used in ancient Egypt to increase removal happened without the use of oenological fertility in women, in the treatment of menopausal auxiliaries there. Subsequently, both experimental and menstrual problems, or in infertility [13]. musts were pasteurized in order to eliminate Lemon mint has been used to eliminate or possible contamination by unwanted 29 DOI: 10.2478/arls-2021-0026 ARLS, 5, 2021, 28-35 microcenosis, in particular by fermentation of the Microbiological analyses must under the influence of wild yeasts. There were total count of microorganisms, microscopic filamentous fungi, coliform bacteria Preparation of medicinal plants and lactic acid bacteria evaluated in our study Plants were picked in Slovakia 48°56'05.8"N, [16]. There were also total count of 18°07'32.9"E. There were approximately 20 g of microorganisms on plate count (PCA, Oxoid, UK) dried plants of Calendula
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