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Shoreline Changes Using Digitizing of Landsat Images at Miami to Montaza Beach, Alexandria, Egypt

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Shoreline Changes Using Digitizing of Landsat Images at Miami to Montaza Beach, Alexandria, Egypt International Journal of Civil Engineering and Technology (IJCIET) Volume 10, Issue 05, May 2019, pp. 75-91, Article ID: IJCIET_10_05_009 Available online at http://iaeme.com/Home/issue/IJCIET?Volume=10&Issue=5 ISSN Print: 0976-6308 and ISSN Online: 0976-6316 © IAEME Publication SHORELINE CHANGES USING DIGITIZING OF LANDSAT IMAGES AT MIAMI TO MONTAZA BEACH, ALEXANDRIA, EGYPT Elbagory, I. A Assistant Doctor, Water and Water Structure Engineering Dept., Faculty of Engineering, Zagazig University, Zagazig, Egypt Heikal, E. M Professor of Harbors and Marine Structures, Faculty of Engineering, Zagazig University, Zagazig, Egypt. Koraim, A. S Professor of Harbors and Marine Structures, Faculty of Engineering, Zagazig University, Zagazig, Egypt. ABSTRACT Alexandria city in Egypt is one of important cities in the Mediterranean coast. Alexandria suffers from many erosion problems along its coastline. The shore line of Alexandria beach was studied using remote senescing and field data. A case study of a submerged breakwater, which was constructed at Alexandria beach to stabilize the eroded beach of Miami - Montaza areas in years 2000 to 2016, is presented. The data of Alexandria beach were provided by Landsat7 satalite and proccseed by software program ERDAS IMAGINE 2013 which gives high resolution of the studied area. Then the shorelines were digitized by using software ARC GIS 10.1. This study introduce the shoreline response due to the construction of the submerged breakwater using the Digital Shoreline Analysis System (DSAS). The analysis shows shoreline accretion along most areas of Miamy - Asafra - Mandara - Montaza beach with range from 1 to 20 meter per year. The shoreline erosion exist at eastern part of Asafra beach and western part of Mandara beach with range from -1.5 to -10 meter per year. A beach width varied from 30 to 55 m compared to 0.0 to 25 m before the submerged breakwater. Shoreline change prediction model for coastal zone at Mimi to Montaza beach in years 2020, 2030, and 2050 is estimated according to DSAS settings and Linear regression rate. It was observed that during 2016-2050 the accretion distance along the coastline of Miami to montaza beach was varied between (5- 60) m. Also the predicted shoreline indicates that the erosion will take place in the Montaza beach with distance varied between (20) m. \http://iaeme.com/Home/journal/IJCIET 75 [email protected] Elbagory, I. A, Heikal, E. M and Koraim, A. S KEY WORDS: ARC GIS; Shoreline; submerged breakwaters; sediment transport. Alexandria Cite this Article: Elbagory, I. A, Heikal, E. M and Koraim, A. S, Shoreline Changes Using Digitizing of Landsat Images at Miami to Montaza Beach, Alexandria, Egypt. International Journal of Civil Engineering and Technology, 10(05), 2019, pp. 75-91 http://iaeme.com/Home/issue/IJCIET?Volume=10&Issue=5 1. INTRODUCTION The total length of the Mediterranean sea coastline is about 995 km. the Egyptian northern coast faces a serious problems such as erosion and accretion. The interaction between waves and currents causes the main problem of erosion and accretion [Frihy,1991]. Submerged breakwaters are suggested to control and protect this coastal zone. Miami to Montaza brach in Alexandria city is an example for case study in this research. Change detection is the process of identifying differences in the state of an object as a shoreline by observing it at different periods. Remote sensing has widely been used in environmental change detection studies.ERDAS Imagine software was used to perform image processing of satellite image. In addition image digitizing was applied for delineating the shoreline 46 trend at the study area using the ArcGIS V. 10.1 Software Package. 2. LITERATURE REVIEW 2.1. Description of Alexandria beach Alexandria's beaches are the main summer resort of the country and are considered one of the most notable summer resorts in the Middle East. Alexandria beaches stretch for 140 km along the Mediterranean Sea, from Abu Qir, in the east to Al-Alamein and Sidi Abdul Rahman, in the west as shown in Figure (1). These attributes make Alexandria a favorite tourist spot; more than one million local summer visitors together with about 4.5 million residents enjoy the summer season at Alexandria every year [Frihy et al. , 1996]. Figure: (1). Alexandria map http://iaeme.com/Home/journal/IJCIET 76 [email protected] Shoreline Changes Using Digitizing of Landsat Images at Miami to Montaza Beach, Alexandria, Egypt 2.2. Wave run-up over Alexandria coastline: Soliman and Reeve 2007 studied the phenomenon of wave run-up at Alexandria numerically using the 2-D BWNM to estimate the wave run-up due to wave attack. The section has been chosen as shown in Figure (2). Table (1) presents the estimated horizontal displacement of shoreline due to wave run-up using the numerical simulation. The expected beach width which will be attacked by wave run-up ranges from 9.56 m to 13.83 m and 11.69 m on average. Figure (2): Section in Miami beach, including water depths, beach width and road details, Soliman and Reeve 2007 Table (1) Average estimated displacement due to wave run-up, Soliman and Reeve 2007 2.3. Miami to Montaza beach This zone is about 3500 meters long from Miami to Montaza beach. This area has suffered severe erosion in 2003 storm. With time, the beach width decreased and vanished in some locations. The waves attacked the road itself after washing all the sand as can be notice from Figure (3). Sub-aerial parallel rubble mound breakwater (4.0 meter above water level) was effective at controlling erosion in Mandara area (from Miamy beach to Montaza palace). However, it had a quite severe adverse impact on beach amenity and aesthetics. El-Sharnouby, B., & Soliman, A. 2011 http://iaeme.com/Home/journal/IJCIET 77 [email protected] Elbagory, I. A, Heikal, E. M and Koraim, A. S Figure (3) :. Example of flooding at the Alexandrian coastline. [El-Sharnouby, B., & Soliman, A. 2011]. The installation of the emerged breakwater in 2005 led to a rapid deterioration in water quality as can see from Figure (4). [El-Sharnouby, B., & Soliman, A. 2011]. Figure (4): Contamination of water at the leeside of emerged breakwater, Miamy area. [El- Sharnouby, B., & Soliman, A. 2011] 2.4. ALEXANDRIA SUBMERGED BREAKWATER The 2520 meters rubble mound submerged breakwater in Alexandria is considered one of the longest,deepest, and widest submerged breakwaters all over the world (Allsop et al., 2009). A submerged breakwater system was installed to protect the seashore of Miamy - Asafra - Mandara -Montaza areas in Alexandria, Egypt in years 2006 to 2008. The submerged breakwater consists of three segments with two overlaps as shown in Figure (5), [A. Soliman et al, 2014] http://iaeme.com/Home/journal/IJCIET 78 [email protected] Shoreline Changes Using Digitizing of Landsat Images at Miami to Montaza Beach, Alexandria, Egypt Figure (5): Plan of the submerged breakwater system for Miamy, Asafra, Mandara and Montaza area, [A. Soliman et al, 2014]. El-Sharnouby et al. (2007) gave details of the design procedures, environmental analysis, predicted wave and shoreline response of Alexandria submerged breakwater. The findings of El-Sharnouby et al. (2007) can be summarized as follows: 1. The shoreline is well protected from wave attack providing a width of beach sand not less than 30 meters. 2. Continuous submerged breakwater provides better shoreline stability with a 60% decrease of the total eroded volume. 3. Accretion will take place within 12 months after installation. The depth of water at the breakwater varies from 2.5 to 8.5 meters. Five cross sections at different locations are considered for design according to the depth and wave height. Details of the submerged breakwater cross section at water depths from 3 to 5 meters are shown in Figure (6). Figure (6): Cross section 1-1 of submerged breakwater at depth 3 to 5 m, [El-Sharnouby et al. (2007)]. http://iaeme.com/Home/journal/IJCIET 79 [email protected] Elbagory, I. A, Heikal, E. M and Koraim, A. S 3. SHORELINE ANALYSIS 3.1. Shoreline digitizing Befor constuction of the submerged breakwaters at maimi to montaza beach the shoreline was illustterated as shown in figure (7). The figure shows the photos of digitized shoreline for years from 2000 to 2006 before constuction of the submerged breakwaters. Thos photos taked by Landsat7 satalite and proccseed by software program ERDAS IMAGINE 2013 which gives high resolution of the studied area. Then the shorelines were digitized by using software ARC GIS 10.1. Change in shoreline position were determined by establishing 65 transects along coastline that are oriented perpendicular to the baseline at 50 m spacing alongshore by using DSAS model. The rates of erosion and accretion along the study area are calculated from three statistical approaches of DSAS (End point rate, Linear regression rate, Least median of square). http://iaeme.com/Home/journal/IJCIET 80 [email protected] Shoreline Changes Using Digitizing of Landsat Images at Miami to Montaza Beach, Alexandria, Egypt Figure (7): the digitized shoreline for years from 2000 to 2006. After constuction of the submerged breakwaters by using proccessing of landsat images as illusteruted before. The shorelines from year 2010 to year 2016 for Miami to Montaza beach were digitizied as shown in figures (8). http://iaeme.com/Home/journal/IJCIET 81 [email protected] Elbagory, I. A, Heikal, E. M and Koraim, A. S Figure (8): the digitized shoreline for years from 2010 to 2016. 3.2. Analysis of shoreline changes Digital Shoreline Analysis System (DSAS) softwar used to calulate the rate of changes in shoreline using 3 models: a- LRR Model; b- EPR Model ; c- LMS Model. The DSAS application is setup in ARC GIS software backages.
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