Mod Slavery in SSA 2020

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third the use of state sponsored forced Modern Slavery in Sub Saharan labour in a number of countries. Africa 1.3.1 Regional Assessment: In Central According to the Global Slavery Index, there Africa, Burundi has 408,000 victims, are estimated to be approximately 7 million, amounting to 40 out of every thousand men, women and children living in people, being the highest ratio in conditions of modern slavery in SSA, Modern Slavery in Sub all of SSA. In the CAR, 101,000 with 2.5 million in forced labour Saharan Africa - GSI 2018 victims represent 22 out of every (400,000 in sexual exploitation) and thousand, in DRC its 13.7 out of a 4.5 million in forced marriages. 1,000, and in the Republic of Sex Exploitation Forced Marriage 6% These estimates do not include child 64% Congo it is 8 out of a 1,000. brides, child soldiers or trafﬁcking Forced Labour In East Africa, the highest ratios 30% for the purposes of organ removal. are in South Sudan, which has

While nearly 70% of African 243,000 victims representing countries have criminalised Total Criminal Proceeds in Sub 20 out of every thousand Saharan Africa in US$ Billions human trafﬁcking, only 58% FCN 2020 people. Other large ratios exist recognise forced labour as a in Rwanda at 11.5 out of a

Mining Fishing 10 thousand, and in Uganda at 7.6 criminal offence, and only 9 Wildlife 2.5 Goods Piracy 2 countries have criminalised the 9 out of a thousand people. Logging 12.5 use of children by state and non- Modern Slavery 8.3 In Southern Africa, the highest state armed groups. Drugs Theft 3 incidence is in Eswatini at 8.8 15 Only 7 countries (Benin, Burkina out of a thousand people.

Faso, DRC, Ghana, Madagascar, In West Africa, Guinea is the Rwanda, and South Africa) have Modern Slavery in Sub Saharan Africa - GSI 2018 - highest with 7.8 out of a Numbers of Victims in 1,000’s criminalised forced marriage. thousand, followed by Nigeria at Kenya State imposed forced labour 328 7.7 out of a thousand. Tanzania Burundi practices are most prevalent in 336 408

Ethiopia In absolute numbers however, Burundi, Madagascar,, Rwanda, 614 Nigeria is by far the largest with and Eswatini. Nigeria 1,400

DRC an estimated 1.4 million victims, 1,000 There are a number of noticeable and the DRC with 1 million, factors that help explain the together accounting for over a prevalence of modern slavery in third (20% and 14% respectively) SSA. The first is the significant number of of all victims in SSA. Other large victim countries that have been affected by populations are found in Ethiopia - 614,000, protracted conflicts or civil wars, the second Burundi - 408,000, Tanzania - 336,000 & is the practice of forced marriage, and the Kenya - 328,000. In total these 6 Countries account for over 55% of the total in the and Eritrea with the CAR in 4th, and South region. Sudan in 7th.

Countries identified by the US Trafficking in According to the ILO, there were 152 million Persons Report 2019 as Tier 3 countries & child labourers in 2016 (aged between 5-17), seen as having increased threats and an of which 72 million were in Africa, insufficient response were: Burundi, DRC, representing 19.6% of African children. Equatorial Guinea, The Gambia and South Children aged 5 to 11 years form the largest Sudan. In the 2020 US TIP report Tier 3 share of those in child labour and also form a countries were just Burundi and Lesotho. substantial share of those in hazardous work. 48% of all those in child labour are in the 5– Tier 2 Watchlist Countries are Cameroon, 11 years age bracket, 28% are aged 12–14 DRC, Eq Guinea, The Gambia, Guinea, years, & 25% are 15–17 years old. Guinea Bissau, Nigeria, Senegal, Seychelles, Tanzania, Uganda & Zambia. South Africa had Child labour in SSA, according to ILAB, is the lowest incidence at 2.8 per exploited and in some cases thousand people, with overall children are forced to work in 155,000 victims. According to for example, cotton in Benin, the Africa Centre for Strategic cotton and gold in Burkina Faso, Studies, most African victims are cocoa in Cameroon, diamonds trafficked into forced labor, in CAR, cobalt, copper, often in fields such as diamonds, tungsten ore, tin ore, agriculture, domestic service, gold and tantalum in DRC, and manufacturing. In West cocoa and coffee in the Ivory Higher Risk Countries Africa 55% are trafficked for forced for Illegal Drugs Coast, cattle in Eswatini, Lesotho & labour (FL) and 40% for sexual Namibia, cattle, gold and textiles in exploitation (SE), in East Africa it’s 82% FL & Ethiopia, cocoa, fish and gold in Ghana, 18% SE & in Southern Africa 83% FL & 17% cashews, cocoa, coffee, diamonds and gold SE. In West Africa 99% of victims detected are in Guinea, coffee, fish, rice, sand, tea, sisal, trafficked within their own country or region, sugarcane and tobacco in Kenya, sapphires, 83% in North Africa, 90% in East Africa and stones and vanilla in Madagascar, tobacco in 62% in Southern Africa. Mozambique, tea in Rwanda, gold in Senegal, cocoa, coffee, diamonds, granite & palm oil in 1.3.2 Global Comparisons: Nigeria is Sierra Leone, cloves, coffee, gold, Nile perch, globally 5th in terms of absolute numbers, sisal, tanzanite, tea & tobacco in Tanzania, behind India, China, Pakistan and North bricks, cattle, charcoal, coffee, fish, gold, rice, Korea, with DRC at 8th behind, Iran and sands stones, sugarcane, tea, tobacco & Indonesia. In terms of prevalence of modern vanilla in Uganda & cattle, cotton, gems, slavery, Burundi is 3rd behind North Korea stones & tobacco in Zambia. 1.3.2 Proceeds of Crime: In 2014 the ILO proceeds in SSA is US$8.3 billion1, with estimated proceeds per year generated from approx US$5.7 billion from sexual modern slavery, with profits of US$3,900 per exploitation, US$2.4 billion from forced victim, with the highest profits generated labour (US$1.6 billion from non agriculture from sexual exploitation (US$11,000), forced US$734 million from agriculture and US$222 labour, non agriculture (US$3,000), forced million from domestic servitude). labour, agriculture (US$1,000) and from domestic servitude (US$600). Based on these Est Proceeds (2018) US$8.3 billion findings, the estimate for modern slavery Supplementary Materials