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The United Kingdom Euroscepticism and the Brexit' Referendum 1973 Chapter One The Roots of British UN membership PEOPLE’S DEMOCRATIC REPUBLIC OF ALGERIA Ministry of Higher Education and Scientific Research University of Tlemcen Faculty of Letters and Languages Department of English The United kingdom Euroscepticism and The Brexit’ Referendum 1973/2016 Dissertation submitted to the Department of English as a partial fulfilment of the requirements for the degree of Master in Anglo- Saxon Literature and Civilisation Presented by Supervised by Ms. Ikram Moussaoui Dr. Senouci Faiza Academic Year: 2016-2017 Dedications Thanks to Allah who helps us and gives us the strength and the patience to finish this work. I am indebted to the great sense of understanding and support of my dear parents, my beloved sisters and brothers for their valuable support throughout this process. I would like to thank my loved ones. Furthermore I would like to thank all my dearest friends for their encouragements. I Acknowledgements I would like to express my gratitude to my supervisor Dr. Senouci Faiza for the useful comments, remarks and engagement through the learning process of this research paper. I would like also to acknowledge Mr Bahous Abess for his valuable advice a Special thank goes to the members of the jury for their acceptance to read and comment on this dissertation . II Abstract On 23 June 2016, Britain voted, by a way of a referendum, to leave the European Union after more than 40 years of membership, the British people voted for reform and the establishment of new type of relationship. The key historic variables which have contributed extensively to the UK’s hostility and ambivalence towards the European Union, Notably, the various factors enhencing the mainsteam of the United Kingdom euroscepticism, empowered by the role of the British press. The Brexit would not only change the internal political atmosphere, but it could have crucial political repercussions within the EU and on its relations with other countries. III Table of Contents Dedication.................................................................................................................I Acknowledgments ...................................................................................................II Abstract ..................................................................................................................III Table of Contents ...................................................................................................IV List of Abbreviations..............................................................................................VI List of Figures .......................................................................................................VII General Introduction ...............................................................................................1 Chapter One: The Roots of British UN membership 1.1Introduction..........................................................................................................5 1.2. The Emergence of the EU.................................................................................6 1.2.1The European Coal and Steel Community.....................................................6 1.2.2 The European Economic Community...........................................................9 1.2.3 UK’s integration of the UN........................................................................11 1.3. EU Expension...................................................................................................16 1.4. European Union...............................................................................................18 1.5Conclusion...........................................................................................................23 Chapter Two : Uk’s Euroscepticism and the Notion of Brexit 2.1 Introduction.......................................................................................................25 2.2 Euroscepticism..................................................................................................26 2.2.1 The theory on Euroscepticism......................................................................27 2.2.2 Hard vs. Soft Euroscepticism........................................................................28 2.2.3 The press Discourse.....................................................................................29 2.3 United Kingdom Euroscepticism......................................................................30 2.3.1 Margaret Thatcher budget ‘rebate’...............................................................31 2.3.2 The UK ‘opt-outs’ 1992...............................................................................34 2.4 Mainstreaming of British Euroscepticism.....................................................34 IV 2.4.1 The Eurozone crisis....................................................................................36 2.5 Referendum.......................................................................................................39 2.5.1 The UK Referendums................................................................................40 2.5.1.1 British Northern Ireland Border Poll 1973............................................41 2.5.1.2 Referendum of 1975.............................................................................41 2.5.1.3 British Devolution Referendums 1979.................................................42 2.5.1.4 EU Treaty referendums 2011..............................................................43 2.6 The UK BREXIT...............................................................................................46 2.6.1 Refferendum 2016........................................................................................50 2.6.2 The Article 50 Withdrawal procedure.........................................................52 2.7 Conclusion.........................................................................................................55 Chapter Three : The Brexit’s impact and alternatives 3.1 Introduction.......................................................................................................57 3.2 Immigration.......................................................................................................58 3.3 Financial markets..............................................................................................61 3.4 Economy.............................................................................................................62 3.5 Global economy.................................................................................................67 3.6 Political consequences.......................................................................................68 3.7 Uncertainty........................................................................................................70 3.8 Brexit’s Alternative arrangements..................................................................72 3.8.1 EEA membership.........................................................................................72 3.8.2 Swiss-model................................................................................................73 3.8.3 Customs union.............................................................................................74 3.8.4 A Free Trade Agreement..............................................................................75 3.8.5 Trade under WTO rule..................................................................................76 3.9 Conclusion..........................................................................................................78 General Conclusion ................................................................................................80 Biblioghraphy..........................................................................................................82 V List of Abbreviation Cap Common Agricultural Policy CEECs Central and Eastern European Countries CEP Common Fisheries Policy CET Common External Tariff EC European Community ECB European Central Bank EEA European Economic Area EEC European conomic Community EFTA European Free Trade Association EMU European Monetary Union EU European Union FED Federal Reserve FTA Free Trade Agreement FN National Front GDP Gross Domestic Product MP Member of Parliament OECD Economic Co-operation and Development PVV Dutch Party for Freedom SNP Scottish National Party TEU Treaty on European Union TFEU Treaty on the Functioning of the European Union UK United Kingdom (England, Wales, Scotland and Northern Ireland) UKIP UK Independence Party USA United States of America QMV Qualified Majority Voting WTO World Trade Organisation OBR The Office for Budgetary Responsibility VI List of Figures Figure 1: Referendum Results Figure 2: EU immigrants by nationality, 2015 Map 1: The European integration (1973-2013) Map 2: The European Uni Map 3: EU Eurozone and Schengen area Table 1: Referendums held in the UK Table 2: Article 50 Table3 : Possible post-Brexit arrangements with the European Union (EU) Figure 1: Referendum Results Figure 2: EU immigrants by nationality, 2015 List of Graphs Graph 1: Net immigration to the UK, 1991-2015 Graph 2: The pound falls to its lowest point in more than 30 years Graph 3: Different forecasts for Brexit’s impact on the U.K.’s economy Graph 4: The financial shock triggered by the Brits’ decision could have real repercussions VII General Introduction General Introduction The Brexit refers to the ‘British exit’ from the
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