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Search and Seizure CHAPTER 17 JANUARY, 2012 _________________________________________________________ Search and Seizure Written by Stephen J. Callahan & William W. Robinson (1st edition); supplemented since 1990 by Stephen J. Callahan Table of Contents: PART I: THE EXCLUSIONARY RULE ...................................................................... 4 §17.1 Origin and Rationale of the Exclusionary Rule ................................................... 4 A. Exclusion Under the Fourth Amendment ...................................................... 4 B. Exclusion Under Article 14 .......................................................................... 5 C. Other Bases for Exclusion ............................................................................ 7 §17.2 Scope of Suppression ......................................................................................... 8 A. “Fruit of the Poisonous Tree” ....................................................................... 8 B. Limits on the “Fruits” Doctrine .................................................................. 10 1. Independent Source Doctrine ................................................................ 10 2. Inevitable Discovery Rule ..................................................................... 10 3. Dissipation of the Taint ......................................................................... 11 4. Use for Impeachment ............................................................................ 12 PART II: SEIZURE OF THE PERSON ...................................................................... 13 §17.3 Seizure of the Person Generally ........................................................................ 13 §17.4 The Terry Doctrine: Stop and Frisk .................................................................. 18 A. Standard of Reasonable Suspicion .............................................................. 18 B. Extent of the Terry Intrusion....................................................................... 23 1. Threshold Investigative Inquiry ............................................................. 23 2. Distinguishing Stop from Arrest ............................................................ 25 3. The Protective Search for Weapons ....................................................... 27 §17.5 The Validity of the Arrest ................................................................................. 30 A. The Standard of Probable Cause ................................................................. 30 1. Personal Observations of the Police Officer .......................................... 31 2. Probable Cause Based on Informant's Tip ............................................. 32 3. Identification and Probable Cause ......................................................... 33 B. Authority to Arrest/Arrest Warrants ........................................................... 33 1. Generally ............................................................................................... 33 2. Warrantless Arrest in the Home ............................................................ 35 §17.6 Roadblocks ....................................................................................................... 38 Search Book | Search Chapter | Contents | Back | PART III: SEARCHES .............................................................................................. 41 §17.7 Threshold Issues ............................................................................................... 41 A. Does the Defendant Have Standing?........................................................... 41 1. Fourth Amendment Standards ............................................................... 41 2. Article 14 Standards .............................................................................. 42 B. Was There a “Search” Violating a Reasonable Expectation of Privacy? ..... 44 1. Intrusions into the Human Body ............................................................ 45 2. Communications.................................................................................... 47 3. Residence .............................................................................................. 48 4. Curtilage Versus Open Fields ................................................................ 49 5. Semiprivate Areas ................................................................................. 50 6. Commercial Premises ............................................................................ 51 7. Automobiles .......................................................................................... 51 8. Containers ............................................................................................. 52 9. Prisons and Other Custodial Settings ..................................................... 53 10. Abandoned Property ............................................................................ 53 C. Burden of Proof on Suppression Motion ..................................................... 54 §17.8 Search Under a Warrant ................................................................................... 54 A. Issuance of the Search Warrant .................................................................. 55 1. Probable-Cause Must Appear Within the “4 Corners” of the Affidavit . 55 2. Technical Defects .................................................................................. 56 B. Probable Cause ........................................................................................... 57 1. The Standard of Probable Cause ............................................................ 57 2. The Aguilar-Spinelli Test for Informant's Tips ...................................... 58 a. Basis of Knowledge Test.................................................................. 59 b. Veracity or Reliability Test .............................................................. 61 3. Nexus Between the Crime and the Place and Items Listed .................... 67 a. Nexus to Items ................................................................................. 67 b. Nexus to Place ................................................................................. 68 4. Timeliness of the Information ............................................................... 70 C. Particularity Requirement ........................................................................... 72 1. Items to Be Seized ................................................................................. 72 2. Place to Be Searched ............................................................................. 73 D. Execution of the Search Warrant ................................................................ 75 1. Time Restrictions .................................................................................. 75 2. Knock and Announce Requirement ....................................................... 76 3. Limitations on the Scope of the Search ................................................. 78 4. Return of the Warrant ............................................................................ 79 E. Misrepresentations in the Search Warrant Affidavit .................................... 80 1. Generally ............................................................................................... 80 2. Obtaining a Hearing .............................................................................. 81 a. Substantial Preliminary Showing Obtains Hearing by Right ............ 81 b. Discretionary Franks-type Hearing .................................................. 82 3. The Franks Hearing............................................................................... 83 §17.9 Warrantless Searches ........................................................................................ 84 A. Consent ...................................................................................................... 84 1. Consent Must Be Unequivocal .............................................................. 84 2. Scope of a Consensual Search ............................................................... 84 3. Voluntariness of Consent ...................................................................... 85 4. Third-Party Consent .............................................................................. 88 a. Relationship to the Defendant .......................................................... 89 2 Search Book | Search Chapter | Contents | Back | b. Apparent Authority .......................................................................... 90 B. Plain-view Doctrine .................................................................................... 91 1. Right to Be in Position to Observe ........................................................ 92 2. Immediately Identified as Incriminating (“Nexus”) ............................... 93 3. Inadvertent Discovery ........................................................................... 95 C. Exigent Circumstances ............................................................................... 96 1. Entry and Search of the Home to Arrest ................................................ 96 2. Protective Sweep of the Premises Following Arrest .............................. 98 3. To Prevent the Imminent Destruction or Removal of Evidence ............. 99 a. Search of the Person ......................................................................... 99 b. Search of the Home.........................................................................
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