Police Stress by James D

Property FBI Academy ~ORCEMENT rBl BULLETIN

APRIL 1981. VOLUME 50. NUMBER 4

Contents

Administration 1 XIII Olympic Winter Games-New York State Police Coordination Of Emergency Services By Lt. Leigh F. Hunt

Personnel 7 Police Stress By James D. Sewell

Training 12 Department Training Officers And The Training Process By George R. Bandies

Equipment 16 An Automated Police Photo Lab By William J. Miederhoff

Physical Security 22 Suicide Prevention At The County Jail By Dennis G. Donahue and Hugh E. Chavern

The Legal Digest 28 Search Of Persons During Search Warrant Execution (Part 1) By Joseph R. Davis

32 Wanted By The FBI

Federal Bureau of Investigation Published by the Office of Congressional and The Cover: Public Affairs. Two ofhcers check United States Department of Justice Roger S. Young equipment prior to Washington, D.C. 20535 processing a Crime Assistant Director scene. The officers are William H. Webster, Director EditorThomas J. Deakin members of the Assistant EditorKathryn E. Sulewski Criminallstics Unit of Art DirectorKevin J. Mulholland the Fairfax County. Va .• The Attorney General has determined that the publica lion Wflferl Editor Karen McCarron Potice Department. of thiS pe"odlcal IS necessary In the transaction 01 the Production Manager Jeffery l. Summers public bUSiness required by law of the Department 01 Jusllce Use of funds for p"nllng thiS pe"odlcal has been approved by the Director 01 the Of lice of Management and Budget through December 28. 1983

ISSN 0014-5688 USPS 383-310 XII1 IymplC· WGinterames NEW YORK STATE POLICE COORDINATION OF EMERGENCY SERVICES By LT. LEIGH F. HUNT New York State Police Bureau of Criminal Investigation Troop B Ray Brook, N. Y.

April 1981 I 1 The United States has had the Development of the Disaster opportunity to host the Olympic winter Operational Plan games only three times during the past The first step taken in preparing 56 years. Lake Placid, N.Y. , was se• the disaster operational plan was to lected as the site at which these initiate correspondence with various games were to be held in 1932 and in major police departments within the 1980. United States requesting information On January 18, 1977, the Division pertaining to aircraft accidents and dis• of State Police was assigned as the asters. The New York State Police agency responsible for the coordina• manual was also researched for infor• tion and planning of security for the XIII mation on disasters. Olympic winter games. The New York Questionnaires were sent out to State Police then began the planning the ambulance squads and fire depart• phase of the largest task ever as• ments within the primary and second• sumed in its history. ary areas to ascertain what personnel Security planning involved not only would be available during the Olympic providing physical security for the ath• time period, their level of training, and letes but also addressing such areas a detailed list of the equipment pos• as traffic control, area policing, and sessed by each department. Lieutenant Hunt emergency services to residents and The material received from various visitors. It was anticipated that there sources was carefully reviewed and a would be an average 54,000 specta• plan was developed. This plan was tors each day during the Olympics. In tailored to the Olympic region with re• addition to the spectators, the athlete spect to the resources available. support personnel, as well as numer• In order to coordinate all organiza• ous other persons, would be present in tions that would be affected by the the area during this time period. All of disaster operational plan, meetings the Olympic events were to be held in were held with rescue squads, fire de• what was known as the primary area, partments, the American Red Cross, shown within the circle on the map. the Salvation Army, travelers aid, coun• (See fig. 1.) Since the estimated ty coroners, hospital administrators, 54,000 spectators would be coming and the New York State Department of into the primary area on only three Health and Transportation. During main highways, the emergency serv• these meetings, each topic covered in ices detail was faced with a formidable the disaster operational plan was re• challenge. viewed in depth. (See fig. 2). As a The responsibilities of the emer• result of the expertise of the individuals gency service detail were twofold. It present at the meetings, additions and was to prepare a comprehensive dis• deletions were made in each of these aster operational plan that would be areas. Also, as a result of these meet• Supt. William G. Connelie the source document in the event of a ings, the disaster operational plan was disaster and to coordinate all rescue tailored to the specific needs and re• squads, fire departments, and other quirements of each agency represent• service agencies within the primary ed. It was also decided that after the and secondary areas to insure proper completion of the Olympics, the plan responses on a day-to-day basis during would be amended by the New York the Olympic winter games. State Police to become a regional dis• aster plan.

Training and Coordination of Emer• gency Services Within the Olympic Region After the completion of the disas• ter operational plan, the emergency services detail determined that the res• cue squads within the primary and sec•

2 / FB I Law Enforcement Bulletin ondary areas and the New York State Figure 1 Department of Health would, in all probability, be the most used during Olympic Transportation Region the games. The rescue squads, togeth- , er with their corresponding fire departments, would be the core of the --~~ emergency services. A series of train- , .. __ _ CANADA NEW YORK - r----tmn:iD~----_- ing and information sessions were I , scheduled for these agencies. i, 11 \ During the initial meetings it be- I \ came apparent that the individual de- I I I partments worked strictly within their ' r I own specified areas and had little, if § ! any, contact with the other rescue I squads and fire departments in the region. The training programs allowed - personnel from the various agencies to • become familiar with each other and work toward a common goal. Training courses included a wide variety of subjects, including hypothermia, triage (sorting of casualties), techniques of fighting propane gas fires, and vehicle extrication. The classes were held biweekly in the evening so that the volunteers from the rescue and fire departments within the area could attend. Because large numbers of buses would be transporting spectators into the area during the Olympics, a large bus corporation was contacted to supply a driver and bus for training pur- poses. Safety measures to be taken in the event a bus was involved in an accident, procedures for shutting off the electricity to the bus, and emergency entering and exiting were demon- strated and discussed. The training sessions commenced during the latter part of July 1979, and continued through the end of January 1980. Specific topics designed to familiarize the members of the rescue l.I """"""" ... _ ..... CIIIos squads and fire departments with var- o Ur*wxwpoflwct VII~ ious types of emergencies they might 00 ____ be confronted with during the 1980 0---• Olympic winter games were discussed. ,If ~A .donAirtlort Attendance at the various training sessions was outstanding. Volunteers "'"' continually made personal sacrifices in • order to attend the classes.

April 1981 I 3 911 Emergency Communications Figure 2 "The favorable System Prior to the commencement of the Aircraft Incidents and Accidents comments and Olympics, an emergency 911 tele• Ambulance Duties Defined correspondence phone communications system was in• Bomb Threat Procedures received . . . are not stalled in the New York State Police Bus Accidents only a tribute to the headquarters which was used as the Casualty Information Center main command and control center dur• Clergy New York State Police ing the Olympics. The 911 system ful• Command PostRay Brook but to all of law filled communication requirements, Communications enforcement as well." tying together all emergency services. Coroners Duties An added benefit was that the 911 Doctors system remained intact after the com• Dentists pletion of the games, providing full Emergency Scene Command Post Invaluable training assistance was service to the area. Environmental Conservation rendered by the New York State De• partment of Health, which also supple• Department Emergency Services Provided mented the manpower of the rescue Fire Mutual Aid System During Olympic Winter Games squads during the games. Additionally, Floods The disaster operational plan was Hazardous Material arrangements were made through the used during the handling of an aircraft Hospitals Lake Placid Olympic Organizing Com• mittee to provide additional manpower accident which occurred near the Lake Hostage Situations Clear Airport, involving a twin-engine Intoxicated Persons and firefighting equipment. These two steps were taken due to the volunteer aircraft occupied by a pilot and two Lost Persons passengers. Two of the occupants of Maps of Area status of the rescue squad and fire department personnel. the aircraft were evacuated by helicop• Medical Evacuation ter to the Saranac Lake Hospital, Medical Mutual Aid Systems Emergency Services-Resources based at the Plattsburgh, N.Y., Air Mental Health Programs Available During Olympic Winter Force Base. The pilot and two passen• Morgue Facilities Games gers subsequently expired from hypo• National Guard Duties thermia and injuries received in the News Media and Information Fire departments and rescue accident. Disclosure squads would handle most major inci• The disaster operational plan was Public Utilities Emergencies dents during the games. However, it again used during the initial 5 days of Radioactive Material was also important to coordinate the the games when there were severe Red Cross activities of other involved agencies. problems with busing to and from the Salvation Army All agencies were represented at various sport venues and parking lots, Security At Disaster Scene meetings by individuals who would be thereby exposing the spectators to Telephone Listings present in the Olympic region during harsh weather conditions. 911 Telephone System the time of the games. Proposals were In the initial training phase, it was Traffic submitted by each of the agencies estimated that with the number of Travelers Aid outlining what they would respond to, spectators coming into the area during Travelers Information Stations as well as their overall resources and the time of the games, rescue squad Triage Protocol capabilities. Each agency played an personnel could anticipate approxi• Winter Storms and Other Hazards important role during the Olympic win• matelya 300-percent increase in emer• Wreckers ter games. The Red Cross and Salva• tion Army had their base headquarters gency calls. This estimate proved to be at the main command and control cen• relatively accurate. During the period ter. Travelers aid provided assistance February 13th to February 24th, the to individuals who experienced difficul• eight rescue squads within the primary ties in travel arrangements. It also pro• and secondary areas recorded the fol• vided shelter during the time period lowing activity: when problems arose regarding the Number of calls requiring busing and transportation system. transp()rtation to hospital: 128 Number of automobile acci• dents responded to: 134

.. I FBI Law Enforcement Bulletin Number of other incidents responded to: 134 Number of calls received through the 911 system: 86 Number of calls responded to during the same period in 1979: 68 The number of calls responded to during the Olympics, compared to the same time period in 1979, represents an overall increase of 221 percent. The ambulance squad in Lake Placid registered the largest increase in calls for assistance. During the Olympics, the squad responded to 69 calls compared to only 16 during the same period in 1979. This represents a 334.5percent increase. The fire departments registered the following activity during the games: Number of fire calls responded to: 25 Number of false alarms: 3 Number of onealarm fires: 17 Number of calls received through the 911 systems: 4 Number of fire calls responded to during the same period in 1979: 26 A comparison between the 1980 and 1979 responses to fires within the primary and secondary areas indicates a decrease of 1.04 percent. The Village of Lake Placid Fire Department registered a total of eight fire calls responded to during the Olympic period. A total of five fire calls were responded to during the same period in 1979. This represents an in• crease of 60 percent. The American Red Cross The American Red Cross activity centered around parking lots through• out the secondary area. At the start of the Olympics, parking lots had organi• zation only in terms of parking cars.

April 1981 / 5 There were no bus site designations Summary nor were there any signs in the buses "The accomplishments The XIII Olympic winter games for specific events or venues. As a held in Lake Placid are now history. r~sult, people were boarding buses achieved in the areas The New York State Police have without knowing their destinations. of security and human gained worldwide recognition in being Buses were not available at any sched• services illustrate that able to plan, coordinate, and execute uled time nor did they appear with any their security responsibilities. The regularity. To compound this problem, law enforcement is ability to diversify and at the same time the local area was hindered with ex• prepared to meet be creative in the overall security tremely cold weather and high winds challenges and to responsibilities played a large part in which made a windchill factor well be• respond to them with their success. low zero degrees Fahrenheit. Potential The role of coordinator is quite medical problems arose due to the intelligent and new in the field of law enforcement. we~ther conditions and the lengthy dedicated personnel." Characteristically, law enforcement walt for buses. American Red Cross agencies are involved with human personnel treated frostbite and several service agencies on a short term, Capitol District Travelers Aid mild cases of hypothermia. Volunteer case-by-case basis, making it impossi• Society workers walked through crowded ble for either agency to become fully The Capitol District Travelers Aid areas attempting to convince specta• aware of the capabilities of the other. Society set up information and referral t?rs that they should leave their spot in Prior to and during the Olympics, crisis intervention centers in the sec• line and proceed to warming shelters an outstanding, long term working rela• ondary area, assisting a total of 994 provided by the Department of Trans• tionship was established with State persons. In addition to the referral cen• portation. Red Cross volunteers and national, and international agencies: ters, there were emergency shelters ~taff also taught other groups support• Agency representatives saw, firsthand, throughout the secondary area and Ing the Olympics how to recognize the the caliber of personnel within the New along the main arteries used during the effects of cold on spectators, how to York State Police. The favorable com• games. dress for cold weather, and how to ments and correspondence received from them are not only a tribute to the rewarm those suffering from hypother• New York State Department of mia. During the games, Red Cross per• New York State Police but to all of law Transportation sonnel assisted 187 persons afflicted enforcement as well. The accomplish• The New York State Department with hypothermia, frostbite, lacer• ments achieved in the areas of security ?f Transportation, in addition to provid• ations, and abrasions. and human services illustrate that law Ing road services, was responsible for As part of their overall responsibili• enforcement is prepared to meet chal• the 'administration of the towing con• ~ the .American Red Cross also pro• lenges and to respond to them with tract. The need for a comprehensive vided Immediate aid to lost persons intelligent and dedicated personnel. towing plan was recognized early in the and to persons looking for lost rela• FBI planning stages of the games. The tives and friends. The Red Cross also geographical location of Lake Placid acted as liaison between travelers aid dictated that a rapid response to any and the New York State Police in lost problems was essential to keeping a person cases. smooth traffic flow and 441 vehicles Salvation Army were towed during this period. Of the 441 total dispatches, 18 of these were During the games, the Salvation requested by the Department of Trans• Army, using mobile canteens, provided portation and 423 were requested by hot coffee, hot chocolate, soups, and the New York State Police. sandwiches to spectators and support personnel. Acting in close liaison with the New York State Police command center at Ray Brook, the Salvation Army served 26,146 spectators and staff personnel during the games.

6 I FBI Law Enforcement Bulletin Police Stress

By JAMES D. SEWELL Stress may be viewed as the re• Of these stress-prone occupa• Chief sult of "physical, mental, and emotion• tions, recent statistics have indicated Criminal Intelligence Bureau al reactions to situations that cause that "although law enforcement may Department of Law Enforcement fear, uncertainty, danger, excitement, not be the most physically dangerous Tallahassee, Fla. irritation, confusion, or change." 1 The profession in the world, it is, by far, the results of the negative effects of stress most emotionally dangerous occupa• on an individual can be seen in a vari• tion." 2 Previous researchers who have ety of physical and psychological mani• analyzed stress as it affects police offi• festations, especially the "diseases of cers have attributed its cause to a adaptation," such as coronary heart number of factors, including the com• disease, ulcers, high blood pressure, munity and its often conflicting de• and digestive disturbances. Other re• mands upon and reactions to law actions include increased alcohol con• enforcement officers, other compo• sumption, depression, anxiety clusters, nents of the criminal justice system, paranoid patterns, and those transient intraorganizational practices, especial• situational disturbances resulting from ly poor administration and supervision specific incidents of overwhelming and inadequate pay, factors related to stress. While this phenomenon of contemporary police work, such as stress affects most people in some "people pain," fear, and danger, and manner, research indicates that per• specific stressors faced by unique sons within certain occupations, such groups of officers.3 The physical and as accountants, air traffic controllers, psychological evidence of stress within lawyers, physicians, psychiatrists, den• this occupation include a particularly tists, and law enforcement officers, ex• high incidence of Selye's diseases of perience a higher than average adaptation and accompanying circum• amount of its physical and mental stances, such as reportedly severe signs. rates of divorce, suicide, and alcohol abuse.

April 1981 / 7 The consequences of occupation• critical life events scale for law en• al stress in law enforcement can be forcement, pinpointing specific stress• viewed as unusually severe, for the ful events experienced by officers and "potential negative consequences of it relating these events along a contin• affect society in general more than uum of perceived magnitudes, i.e., stress from most other occupational "stressfulness. " The first step in this groups."4 As some authors have indi• evaluation, then, was to define these cated, the specific nonaccepted reac• critical events. ....- tion to intense police stress "which sur• As a result of an open-ended faces more frequently is the use of questionnaire completed by selected excessive force when dealing with sus• law enforcement officers, including pects or subjects." 5 In recent years, those attending the 117th session of highly publicized individual incidents, the FBI National Academy (FBINA), especially homicides and suicides and following review by a panel of committed by police officers through• academic and law enforcement per• out this country, serve as further indi• sonnel, 144 events were identified as cations of the ultimate consequences stressful in the professional life of a of pressure "on the job." police officer. Many of these were Several trends have developed in commonly experienced, including court Mr. Sewell analyzing, understanding, and control• appearances, writing a routine report, ling stress in the general population. making a routine traffic stop, making a For example, the development of a routine arrest, work on a holiday, and stress readjustment rating scale, by changing work shifts. Less common Holmes and Rahe 6 and subsequent events identified as stressful included researchers, has attempted to evalu• violent death of a partner in the line of ate specific life stressors according to duty, dismissal, murder committed by a the magnitude of readjustment re• police officer, taking a life in the line of quired in successfully coping with them duty, and suicide of an officer who is a and reestablishing psychological/phy• close friend. A number of the events, sical equilibrium. Applications of such particularly those concerned with vio• instruments have indicated their pre• lence and with personnel and adminis• dictive value in relating specific stres• trative issues, were repeatedly sors or amounts of stress to the onset suggested by a considerable number of certain physical illnesses, principally of preliminary questionnaire respond• those characterized as diseases of ad• ents. aptation and emotional disturbances. Placed in questionnaire format, these 144 events were evaluated on a Research Methodology scale of 1 to 100 by officers attending Following the pattern established the 118th and 119th sessions of the by researchers into stress among the FBINA and officers of a Virginia county police department. For ease of rating, James W. York general population, particularly Holmes Commissioner and Rahe, the primary goal in my re• a relatively common event among po• search was to develop a professional lice officers, changing work shifts, was assigned a value of 50, and each of the other events rated against it. Of a total of 770 questionnaires distributed to these officers, 378 (49.1 %) were re• turned and used in the study. The over• all geometric mean (a statistical technique which reduces the effect of extreme values, hereinafter referred to simply as the "mean") of the respond• ents' estimations of the magnitude of these events determined the ultimate ranking and value assigned each event on the Law Enforcement Critical Life Events Scale.

8 I FBI Law Enforcement Bulletin In its final form, the scale runs TABLE t I from a high score of 88 for the most stressful event, violent death of a part• 25 Most Stressful Law Enforcement Critical Life Events ner in the line of duty, to a low of 13 for the least stressful, completion of a rou• tine report. Many events, due to the Event Value Event Value proximity of their mean score, received the same whole-number value. Table 1 1) Violent death of a 14) Assignment away from .and table 2 reflect the 25 most stress• partner in the line of duty 88 family for a long period ful and 25 least stressful events, of time 70 respectively. 2) Dismissal 85 Personal involvement As table 1 indicates, the 25 events 15) 3) Taking a life in the in a shooting incident 70 reflecting the highest level of stress, line of duty 84 and consequently requiring the great• 16) Reduction in pay 70 est amount of readjustment, were gen• 4) Shooting someone in erally concerned with violence, the line of duty 81 17) Observing an act of personnel matters, or ethical concerns. police corruption 69 One other event-assignment away 5) Suicide of an officer from family for a long period of time• who is a close friend 80 18) Accepting a bribe 69 ranked higher than expected, possibly because the majority of respondents, 6) Violent death of another 19) Participating in an act those attending the FBINA, were away officer in the line of duty 79 of police corruption 68 from home for 11 weeks, the length of a National Academy session. A similar• 7) Murder committed by 20) Hostage situation ly high ranking of that event by the a police officer 78 resulting from aborted county police subgroup indicates, how• criminal action 68 8) Duty-related violent ever, that such a family separation is injury (shooting) 76 21) Response to a scene still a significant stressor. involving the accidental The 25 least stressful events de• 9) Violent job-related death of a child 68 picted in table 2, i.e., those requiring injury to another officer 75 the least amount of readjustment after 22) Promotion of inex• the event, can be also broadly classi• 10) Suspension 72 perienced/incompetent fied as involving community relations officer over you 68 and legal/judicial, administrative, and 11 ) Passed over for operational concerns. Within this table, promotion 71 23) Internal affairs event 1, completion of a routine report, investigation against self 66 is the least stressful; the amount of 12) Pursuit of an stress associated with the events in• armed suspect 71 24) Barricaded suspect 66 creases as the numerical ranking and 13) Answering a call to a the mean increases. Each of these 25) Hostage situation scene involving violent events can be defined as "routine" resulting from a domestic nonaccidential death of a and with one exception, award from a disturbance 65 child 70 citizen's group, had been experienced by a minimum of 70 percent of each component group of the total sample. It is highly likely that the regular occur• rence of these common events re• duces the perceived magnitude of the stress which they cause; it seems ap• parent, then, that repeated experience lessens much of the fear and frustra• tion which underlies the problem of stress.

April 1981 / 9 items and values and established cor- TABLE 2 relations between a given level of 25 Least Stressful Law Enforcement Critical Life Events stress and the onset of disease, the scale, in its more developed and vali- dated form, should have predictive val- Event Value Event Value ue in anticipating times of crisis and forecasting high potential for a nega- 1) Completion of a 14) Call involving tive showing of stress. The benefit of routine report 13 juveniles 25 such prediction is twofold: To enable administrators to reduce or control the 2) Court appearance 15) Assignment to a stress to which dangerprone officers (traffic) 19 twoman car 25 are exposed, and to allow for more 3) Issuing a 16) Making a routine effective reduction I control efforts on the part of physiological and psycho- traffic citation 20 arrest 26 logical health professionals. 4) Vacation 20 17) Work on a holiday 26 Second, over the last decade, many police administrators who viewed 5) Making a routine 18) Assignment to themselves as "top cops" rather than traffic stop 22 day shift 26 true managers dealt with stress through a variety of ineffective mecha- 6) Overtime pay 22 19) Award from a nisms, many of which resulted in ignor- citizen's group 27 ing the problem or considering the 7) Pay raise 23 stressed individuals as less manly and 20) Response to a "sick not worthy of law enforcement posi- or injured person" call 28 8) Dealing with a drunk 23 tions. Rather than considering officers under stress as unique, the results of 9) Working a traffic 21) Delay in a trial 28 this research would indicate a com- accident 23 22) Letter of recogni- monality of reactions to and manifesta- 10) Court appearance tion from the public 29 tions of stress in law enforcement (misdemeanor) 24 throughout the profession. Conse- 23) Overtime duty 29 quently, the education of police admin- 11) Call involving the istrators and supervisors to the arrest of a female 24 24) Release of an problem and implications of police offender by a jury 33 stress can allow the phenomenon to 12) Assignment to a be addressed more directly and effi- singleman car 25 25) Departmental ciently for the benefit of the profession budget cut 33 and its public. 13) Routine patrol stop 25 Third, from an administrative point of view, the knowledge gained through It is interesting to note that in a the other groups of responding offi- research such as this will allow for the detailed analysis, the subgroup com- cers. A significant part of the percep- development of more comprehensive prised of Virginia county police officers tion of stress magnitude by these programs of stress recognition and ranked its most stressful events, dis- officers may be due to the emphasis missal and violent death of a partner in placed upon both the job and one's the line of duty, with higher mean val- partner, particularly for line officers, for ues (94.825 and 92.921, respectively) whom the risk of losing either is often than the values assigned to any event perceived and expressed as greater by either of the National Academy than by personnel in investigative, su- classes. More of these county police pervisory, and administrative positions, officers (7.9% and 27.0%) had experi- i.e., the bulk of personnel attending the enced those two stressors than had National Academy.

Practical Applications The successful development of a scale as this has a number of practical applications in the field of law enforcement. First, with refinement of scale

10 I FBI Law Enforcement Bulletin stress management and will affect Fifth, this research can serve as As the scale developed during this both police training academies and in- an educational tool for police families. research indicates, law enforcement stitutions of higher education. At a time Contemporary police training too often officers perceive as particularly stress- when most educational/training fails to recognize the impact of stress ful those incidents relating to violence, courses have emphasized theoretical on the officer's home, and in too many severe personnel/disciplinary matters, frameworks or basic practical skills, the agencies, fails to prepare the officer or and critical administrative issues, all of officer actually affected by the stress spouse for this effect adequately. The which may be considered as threaten- of the occupation has too frequently use of information from this research ing because of their potential damage been overlooked. Such research un- can allow for the development of to an officer's person, career, or self- derscores the need for increased edu- spouse stress awareness programs image. This evaluation also indicated cation on stress management, and more directly affect the high rate considerably less concern and signifi- intrapersonal awareness, aerobic/ of domestic problems, particularly di- cantly less stress centering around physical fitness, and diet. Hopefully, vorce, related to the job. operational and administrative issues such programs will result in more com- Finally, in a country where the me- which are perceived as common, rou- prehensive training for officers, better dia regularly paints pictures of officers tine, and consequently, less threaten- control of the problem of police stress, which range from villain to hero to ing. Between the two extremes fall a and ultimately, better protection and buffoon, the transmittal of research re- number of events which cause a vary- service to the citizens employing these sults such as this to the public and the ing amount of stress and which may officers. open admission of human qualities of occur with some regular degree of fre- Fourth, such research will allow law enforcement officers may set more quency, but which still jeopardize the individual law enforcement officers to realistically the level of public expecta- philosophy and image of the officer better understand and manage the tions and reduce some of the frustra- and are not subject to easy discrimina- pressures of their profession. It should tion and conflict in policecitizen tion of a scale such as this. FBI give them a stronger view of the com- encounters. With this, SOl,le of the fear mon characteristics of police stress, and frustration underlying stress may and perhaps more important, a realiza- be significantly curtailed. Footnotes tion of the similar reactions experi- I Rosalind Forbes. Corporate Stress (Garden City. Conclusion N.J.: Doubleday. Inc., 1979), p. 1. enced by other officers. Since the 2 Russ.,a Golesh, "Thank God for a Wife Who Cares," image of the profession has often en- The research, both literary and Po/ice Stress, vol. 1, Spring 1979. p. 17. empirical, conducted during this study 3 Terry Eisenburg, "laborManagement Relations and couraged a withholding of emotions for Psychological Stress: View from the Bottom," Police Chief, fosters the development of several vol. 42, November 1975, pp. 54-58. sake of manliness, this understanding • Judith Grencik, "Toward an Understanding of will hopefully foster an improved peer specific conclusions concerning stress Slress," eds. William Kroes and Joseph Hurrell, Job Stress in law enforcement. First, stress can be and the Po/ice Officer (Washington, D.C.: U.S. Govern- acceptance of and reaction to the ment Printing Office, 1975), p. 172. stress of the job and reduce some of seen as a major problem affecting law • Larry Moore and John T. Donohue, " The Patrol enforcement and confronting law en- Officer: Special Problems/Special Cures," Police Chief, the stereotypic, ultramasculine reluc- vol. 45, November 1978, p. 42. tance to admit and confront personal forcement administrators today. Its • Thomas Holmes and Richard Rahe, " The Social overt effects can be seen in the high Readjustment Rating Scale," Journa/ of Psychomatic Re- problems. With such understanding, of- search, vol. 11, 1967, pp. 213-218. ficers would hopefully become more percentage of officers who have expe- willing to share their problems and con- rienced a stressrelated illness and in cerns with their peers and with trained its other critical sociocultural manifes- mental health/stress reduction person- tations, such as increased alcohol use nel. and a high rate of divorce. Second, a stress magnitude scale similar to the scale developed for the general population by Holmes and Rahe can be developed for law enforcement officers. Such an instrument can make successful use of current research techniques to develop a practical social consensus scale. The use of such an instrument can also allow for the specific identification of major stressors by those in the occupation experiencing them.

April 1981 I 11 Department Training Officers And The Training Process

By GEORGE R. BANDies \ Investigator Middlesex County Prosecutor's Office New Brunswick, N.J.

12 I FBI law Enforcement Bulletin " I can't afford to send everyone to The constant economic strain in school; with the way things are going, law enforcement prohibits sending offi• my training budget will be cut in half. cers to school without a need. Ooing It's going to be tough to keep up the this diminishes what little funding may morale of the department or maintain be available. Administrators must give efficiency. " serious attention not only to course These are comments often heard description but to the standard of who, in the chief's office or in one of the what, where, when, why, and how. commander's offices. Administrators Who should I send to this course that are complaining about the lack of will best bring back the important infor• trained personnel and training funds. mation? What does the course deal How can police agencies maintain with, and what changes will it have on trained personnel while at the same the department? Where is the course time keeping the costs down? The an• being held, and is it cost-effective to swer is to select department training send someone there? When is the officers (OTO) to offset the expense course being conducted? Will there be and still provide quality training. manpower problems if the officer is Most police agencies send offi• excused from duty? Why is this type of cers to school arbitrarily, without any training necessary? Is the department

Investigator Bandies purpose or plan in mind. Too often, too small, or are the department's officers are selected for training on an methods different? How can this train• ad hoc basis, simply because of se• ing be best accomplished for the bene• niority, favoritism, or because he hasn't fit of the entire department? been to a school in a long time. The Although these questions seem officer, in turn, and soon the entire difficult when considering the entire de• department view this training as a partment, the answers are much sim• chance to get away from the job for pler when only a few officers are awhile, while everyone else sees this involved. As the name implies, the school assignment as a vacation. OTO concept is based on the theory of There is little regard for budget limita• training a few for the benefit of all. The tions, purpose or plan, and the overall concept involves selecting the best impact on the department. Will the cost candidates in the department and of this training benefit the officer and training them in several diSCiplines so the department, or is there a lack of that they, in turn, can become the train• planning? Today's chief of police must ers. recognize that one of the most impor• The OTO system was used in the tant allocations in the department training of all police officers in Middle• budget is that for training. He should sex County, N.J., in a new criminal also recognize, however, that when justice code. In this case, a small group funds must be cut, it will usually be in of prosecutors and police officers the area of training. One fact emerges trained one or two members from each Richard S. Rebeck from this: It is impossible to send every police department in the county. OTO's Prosecutor of Middlesex County officer to school. were given instruction on the code, along with a minicourse in methods of instruction. These police officers or OTO's then went back to their depart• ments to train the remaining officers.

April 1981 I 13 After each department completed a Debriefing the DTO block of training, the officers were test• " . . the DTO concept After a DTO completes any train• ed. The results indicated that the sys• is based on the theory ing, the administrator must "reinter• tem worked. Training material was able of training a few for view" or "debrief" the officer. The to flow from a small group to a larger administrator should know what the group, and finally, to the entire depart• the benefit of all." course actually covered in order to ment. substantiate future inhouse training Any course can be handled the Selection of DTO's and determine how this training might same way. Instead of attempting to There must be a careful selection affect the police operation. It should send every officer to a narcotics process to determine not only the best also be determined what, if any, de• course, the DTO's should be sent and qualified candidate but a person who partmental policy or procedure should return to train the remainder of can institute programs, influence peo• changes must be made. For example, the department. The system is sound ple, and prepare for any expansion. if the DTO learns during a seminar that economically, and with quality DTO's, it The DTO must be articulate and have probable cause should be explained on is sound educationally. the ability to generate interest in a all arrest warrant complaints, a new The police administrator or staff given area. He must maintain credibil• policy should be developed and train• officer responsible for training must ity, or the trainees will not respond ing presented according to that policy. recognize that the training process in• positively. Feedback to the administrator is volves an indepth look into several During the selection process, per• essential in the training process. Too areas. He must understand that train• sons who can be trained in several often, police officers are sent to school ing is an ongoing process in develop• disciplines should be considered. For and return to their assignments without ing the entire department. example, a firearms instructor should being asked about the course. It is the not be selected as a DTO simply be• job of the administrator to ask whether Needs of the Department cause he is a good shot. He should there were any special problems and The first problem that police ad• also be able to teach firearms justifica• whether anything was covered that ministrators must address is the tion and the use of deadly force. A would assist the department. needs of the department. Is there a DTO selected to teach white-collar After the debriefing, plans should problem with manpower allocation? Is crime investigation should have a wide be developed so that training can be there a need for more crime preven• range of knowledge in all phases of implemented by the DTO. Remember, tion? Should the department specialize investigation. if there was a need to send the officer in narcotics or gambling? Is the orga• Once a DTO is selected, the ad• for training, there was a problem in the nized crime problem being handled ef• ministrator must outline to the candi• organization. The training program fectively? Are the criminal cases date why the training is needed and should correct or limit these problems. moving quickly? What is the conviction what is expected once the training is rate? completed. The goals of the organiza• Onduty Training If it is determined that the depart• tion play an important role in training, When it has been determined ment's requirements or needs are not and all training should be in direct what the DTO has learned, a plan or lacking, specialized training is not relationship with these goals. It is im• program must be implemented to use needed. If, however, after careful eval• perative that the DTO believe in the that training on a departmental level. uation, the chief and his staff deter• goals of the organization and that These plans might include a new policy mine that there are several these goals be reflected in his mode of or procedure, a training bulletin on spe• departmental problems, the training instruction. cific information or techniques, or the program may be the answer in solving implementation of cross-training. Very these problems. Steps should be taken often, police administrators overlook to insure that the training process is important expertise in the department considered a fluid, constantly evolving or take for granted that a particular process, as opposed to isolated as• officer will always be there. It is impera• signments. tive that what an officer learns during a course be taught to others. Administra• tors should constantly be concerned

14 I FBI Law Enforcement Bulletin with having "backup" people who extended process gives the program have been crosstrained to insure the "It is critical for the time to solve any hidden problems. continued efficiency of the department. Although there should be extensive Any change in policy or procedure administrator to planning for a training program, it should be explained in a teaching envi• evaluate periodically should also be remembered that there ronment rather than simply being dis• how the will be feedback from the street officer. tributed on paper. This allows for The extended training cycle gives the thorough explanation on the need for DTO is performing." DTO an opportunity to hear this feed• the policy and an opportunity for the back and adjust the training accordingly. officers to "share" in its implementa• Scheduling A solid training program involves tion. In essence, the procedure is insti• When the DTO has completed the more than just sending a police officer tuted on a professional training basis, training and a program has been de• to school. It involves a sincere commit• as opposed to a forced requirement. signed, the difficult task of scheduling ment, an indepth look into needs, se• begins. How can a maximum number lection, briefing and debriefing, the on• Quality Control of officers be trained at a minimum duty training program, and continuous Most important in the DTO en• cost to the department? The best and quality control. The DTO is not just a deavor is quality control. It is critical for most economical way is to conduct title or nameplate on the door-it is a the administrator to evaluate periodi• "minicourses" on a daily basis. To ac• position that requires dedication, ambi• cally how the DTO is performing. Are complish this, officers are taken "out of tion, and perseverance. If these quali• all new policies or procedures clearly service" during their shifts. This sched• ties are met, the DTO program will understood by all personnel? Has the uling is dependent on manpower allo• save money and provide effective DTO retained interest and dedication in cation and other factors, such as shift, training for the department. FBI training or should he be reinterviewed day of week, and time of day. to instill added thrust in his perform• Emphasis should be placed on be• ance? Are there any problems with the ginning training and increasing it slowly DTO program? Does the officer need until it becomes an active part of the advanced training to cover properly the agency. The DTO and administrator assignment? All these questions and should not be discouraged because more can be answered through active only a few men can be released for communication between the adminis• training. If an overall commitment is trator and the police officer during the made by all commands, this "one-on• quality control process. one" training can be effective. The The quality control process never problem of some commanders "balk• ends. It is an ongoing process of evalu• ing" at the request to release men ation and reevaluation which the ad• from duty can be overcome by a total ministrator must recognize as part of commitment from management. his responsibilities in training. Quality If there are five or six operating control serves as a catalyst within the divisions or sections within the depart• department to insure productive move• ment, the DTO should request one ment and keeps morale on an upward officer from each division or section. If pitch. Without quality control, the entire possible, more officers may be re• process may be useless. Unless an quested, but it may be necessary to administrator knows how things are begin slowly to familiarize command progressing, departmental goals will personnel with the system. continue to erode until they no longer Completing the training may be a exist. lengthy process; however, this has cer• tain advantages. First, the DTO be• comes more proficient in teaching and knows the material well. Second, the

Aprii1981 I 15 16 I FBI Law Enforcement Bulletin An Automated Police Photo Lab

By WILLIAM J. MIEDERHOFF Supervisor Photography Services Section St. Louis County Po/ice Department St. Louis, Mo.

April 1981 / 17 Many tools are used as investiga• and showing, crime scene photos, aer• tive aids in present day law enforce• ials, lineups, public relations, copy ment efforts. One of these tools is work, slide duplications, and any other photography, both for investigative pur• in-house assignments, as requested. poses and documentation. This in• The services offered by the section are cludes crime scene photography, used not only by the police department mugshots, training slides and photos, but also by most of the departments of suspect sketches, public relations, county government and Federal, State, photomicrography for fingerprints and and municipal agencies located within striation comparisons, aerials, identifi• and surrounding the county. It is pro• cation photos, and lineups. In fact, jected that in 1981, the photo section thanks to technological advances, will complete approximately 600 spe• photography is so firmly established cial assignments like those listed and so frequently used in law enforce• above, excluding the taking of person• ment today that large camera and film nel 1.0. photos. manufacturers are designing new prod• ucts specifically for this profession. History And law enforcement photographers, When the department was orga• once shunned by the professional as• nized in 1955, the photography func- , Mr. Miederhoff sociations, are now being recognized tion rested on the detectives of the as experts in their field. Identification Bureau. Besides their nu• In practically every police depart• merous other duties, each detective ment throughout the country, there is not only would take his own pictures of as least one individual, if not an entire every case but would also process and unit, responsible for the photographic print the film. With each 4 x 5 piece of needs of the department. This could black/white film processed individually, range from one person who loads and considerable time was spent in the unloads the mugshot camera and then darkroom, and quality control was takes the film to the corner drugstore practically nonexistent. Eventually, the for processing to the full-service, in• workload demanded full-time commis• house unit which processes film for an sioned photo technicians for darkroom entire region through the use of auto• work only. In 1973, the department mated photo processing equipment. made the transition to color photo• The St. Louis County Police De• graphs and basket-line color operation. partment Photography Services Sec• At that time, civilian technicians re• tion (PSS) is one such full-service lab. placed a portion of the commissioned It is staffed entirely by civilians (four staff. The use of color resulted in more technicians and a supervisor) who are accurate crime scene documentations all members of the Professional Pho• and more professional products over• tographers of America. Besides routine all. The same was true for mugshots. Gilbert H. Kleinknecht darkroom duties, lab personnel are re• Subtle differences in hair, eye, and Superintendent sponsible for taking all 1.0. photos of complexion color became readily ap• department members, video taping parent. Other local agencies with simi• lar background color on their mugshots used the mugshots produced by the PSS to complete their photo lineups.

18 I FBI Law Enforcement Bulletin Prior to the installation of automated equipment, detectives would individually process their own cnine scene photos.

Modernization volume/usage of the equipment. Color to 20 inches, the existing floor space of With the increasing demand for photos were well-established, both as the lab, and the installation or reloca• photographic services and a desire to investigative tools and court presenta• tion of plumbing. One vendor offered a make color processing available to all tions. Black/white photos were still be• processor that had to be completely law enforcement agencies in the area, ing used for Ident kits, enlargements of disassembled in order to get it in the a Federal grant of $152,000 was ob• fingerprints, publication work, and door. The choice between roller trans• tained through the Missouri Council on some municipal investigative work. port or leader-type processors posed Criminal Justice, of which $78,616 was However, one in-house capability the another problem. With the roller trans• for the expansion and modernization of lab did not have was the processing of port processor, the film or paper is the Photography Services Section. transparencies or slides. Essentially, conveyed through the machine by a When approached with the idea of the services offered remained the series of double rollers. A disadvan• converting from a basket-line operation same, color and black/white with the tage to this process is that film or to a fully automated line due to the addition of slide processing. paper could wrap around one of the increasing demand for photographic rollers, causing the machine to jam. processing, the first considerations Selection of Equipment had to be what services were to be The equipment purchased was offered and what was the expected carefully selected and was based on several factors. The physical size of the equipment had to be balanced with the desired output, i.e., color prints up

April 1981 / 19 The other processor was the leader type, where film and paper is attached to a ribbon or stringlike leader and pulled through the machine. A disad• vantage here is that the leader might slip off or break. Due to the critical nature of the film to be processed and after consultation with several other labs, the roller transport processor was selected. Unlike large commercial labs where several film and paper proces• sors are in operation, when only one of each piece of equipment is available, long periods of downtime are not ad• vantageous. Therefore, the reputation of the manufacturer and vendor had to be above-average. Training of techni• cians, not only to operate the equip• ment but to maintain it, is crucial and has to be provided by the vendor. The major cause of downtime with any type of photo equipment is poor mainte• nance. Available floor space is another influential factor when choosing lab equipment. Arrangement of processors in the lab could affect several other operations. For example, a misjudg• ment could result in difficult mainte• nance procedures, wasted floor space, or the possibility of not being able to run more than one operation at a time. Under ideal conditions, each processor should be placed in its own room and be able to function without affecting another processor. Where individual areas cannot be divided with walls, floor-to-ceiling curtains can be used. What is important is the capability of all machines to operate at the same time, if necessary. Another determining factor was operational economy. The miniprinter selected prints color or black/white and up to 300 prints per hour, whereas approximately 50 prints per hour could be turned out under the previous hand enlarger-produced method. Since the miniprinter uses roll paper, a savings of $3,200 per year is realized over cut paper. Also the roller transport color

In 1981, it is projected that more than 100,000 prints will be processed by the Photography Services Section.

20 I FBI law Enforcement Bulletin negative film processor is saving up to is quite sophisticated, it mus~ be 38 percent on chemical costs and can "To operate efficiently, cleaned and checked at least once a process up to 88 rolls of 120film per week in order to prevent breakdowns. hour rather than the basketline proc• a photo lab must be All racks must be pulled out and thor• ess previously used that produced only able to offer quality oughly scrubbed, usually a two-person 14 rolls per hour dry to dry. Color prints products operation since some of the racks are are now processed at a dry-to-dry time expeditiously." large and heavy. Also, when the war• of 15 minutes, as compared to the ranty of the machines expires, the re• basket-line process that took up to 2 placement of broken, damaged, . or tive sizes required by the mini-printer. hours, including wash time. nonworking parts can be expensive. All 35 mm negatives to be printed on 3 Included in the new equipment Since the processors produce dry 1/2-inch paper are completed in one were two additional machines for products, all must have built-in heat sitting. If there are 70 mm negatives to black/white film and paper that now blowers, which not only produce h.eat be printed, the 3 1/2-inch paper re• occupy the space previously used for but can also cause considerable nOise. mains in the mini-printer and the nega• black/white paper alone. In addition, Yet, despite these disadvantages, the tive carrier and transport board are the new color transparency processor machines are worth the investment. changed. The same operation contin• saves $4.48 per roll of commercial ues until all requests to be printed on 3 processing costs. A combination of po• Conclusion 1/2-inch paper are completed. The lice and other government agencies' With an in-house automated photo process is then changed to 5-inch pa• slides adds up to an average of 200 lab, the central processing lab for the per and started over again, the same rolls per month now processed and police department and all county gov• with 8-inch paper. The urgent classifi• mounted by the lab. It is anticipated ernment agencies, a considerable sav• cation is used for requests when the that the resulting savings from the ings of tax dollars, estimated at product is needed within 8 to 12 hours. equipment in supplies and manpower $10,000 the first year alone, has been These requests are placed ahead of will pay for the machines within 2 realized. This is accompanied with a routine, but within the normal working years. turnaround time reduced from 72 hours pattern. Priority requests are those that to under 24 hours and consistent qual• are needed immediately. The normal Operations ity photographs. It is evident,.th~refor~, work flow is stopped, and all effort is To operate efficiently, a photo lab that from its humble beginnings In directed toward the completion of the must be able to offer quality products 1955 to a full-service professional request. A specially designed photo expeditiously. Turnaround time on in• automated color lab in 1980, the Pho• request form facilitates the sorting of vestigative photos is critical. One ~e tography Services Section of the ~t. requests. cent homicide required nine rolls of film Louis County Police Department IS for adequate coverage. But with the Disadvantages meeting the demand for photography in law enforcement and government automated equipment and full oper• As is usual, there are advantages today. FBI ation, the investigators were given two and disadvantages to any type of oper• complete sets of photographs in less ation. While the operating time of the than 3 hours. lab has been minimized with the auto• Assignment classifications are mated method, the staff is now han• routine, urgent, and priority and are dling more requests. Better quality determined by the section supervisor photos, shorter turnaround time, and by the nature of the request and need reduction in cost have caused the. us• of the person requesting it. Routine ers to want more in the way of services requests are sorted by prints and nega• rendered. In addition, because of the availability of color prints in large f?r• mat and slides, the list of agencies served continues to grow. Another disadvantage is the re• quired maintenance of the machines, which was considered when the selec• tion was made. Since each processor

April 1981 / 21 Suicide Prevention at the County Jail

By DENNIS G. DONAHUE, A.C.S.W. Recent trends in most States to• Director of OutPatient Services ward highly restrictive involuntary com• mitment laws have markedly reduced Westmoreland Hospital the number of involuntary admissions Community Mental Health Center to psychiatric hospitals and have left a And group of individuals, who are suffering HUGH E. CHAVERN, M.D. various forms of emotional illness but Director refuse treatment, outside the present Westmoreland Hospital system of psychiatric services. Community Mental Health Center One result of this development is Greensburg, Pa. that increasing numbers of individuals in need of treatment are now being detained in county jails on relatively minor charges due to bizarre or inap• propriate behavior associated with mental illness. On occasion, magis• trates will send mentally disordered persons to the county jail in hopes that a way can be found to obtain psychiat• ric treatment. In effect, there has been a shift of a large group of patients from a treatment environment to a jail envi• ronment. Some surveys indicate that as many as 20 percent of all prisoners in county jails are suffering from mental illness or alcoholism. 1 County jails and detention centers are not constructed or staffed to deal with emotional illness. A jail environ• ment emphasizes security and control of prisoners' movements and meets only the basic needs of prisoners. There is a rapid turnover in jail popula•

tion, with most prisoners remaining at I the jail for less than 10 days. Conse• quently, the jail staff is continually oc• cupied with the admission and discharge of prisoners, feeding rou• • tines, and security maintenance. The opportunity for personal interchange is minimal, as is the provision for most medical services.

22 I FBI Law Enforcement Bulletin psychiatrist, who provided psychiatric "Training the jail staff evaluations (usually on an emergency basis) and made specific suggestions . . . in identifying to the jail physician regarding the type prisoners with of treatment indicated for the prisoner emotional illness and being evaluated. Prisoners usually ac• cepted recommendations made on suicidal intentions has their behalf for psychiatric intervention, had a significant and emergency transfers to hospitals effect...." were not unusual. In addition, many requests for services were received from the public defender, who repre• In prisons, the psychiatric patient sented most of the prisoners at the jail, who is not disturbing others is easily and they were included in the followup overlooked and often neglected, par• consultations and reports. ticularly if he is withdrawn or socially Very quickly, the program evolved isolated. The depressed prisoner with into an active service with four to six suicidal thoughts and feelings often be• prisoners being seen weekly. It be• comes more despondent in this envi• came standard practice to interview Mr. Donahue ronment because of uncertainty about families of prisoners to obtain back• the future, isolation from ordinary ground information and determine sources of emotional support, and pro• what disturbances in the family were longed inactivity. The result can be a concurrent with the arrest of the pris• suicide attempt. oner. If it was evident that a family needed a family treatment approach, Developing a Plan for Suicide they were referred to the appropriate Prevention agency. In the fall of 1978, the warden at In the first 6 months of operation, the Westmoreland County Prison re• more than 90 prisoners received men• quested assistance from the communi• tal health evaluation. Sixteen required ty mental health center to provide immediate psychiatric hospitalization, ongoing mental health services for 34 were treated within the jail setting prisoners and consultation to prison for less severe forms of mental illness, staff regarding prisoners who were dif• and more than 45 prisoners and their ficult to manage or presented unusual families were referred for outpatient problems. This followed a series of treatment of recurring alcoholism or discussions with the warden and key family problems. jail staff regarding the increasing prob• During this same period, there was lems of managing mentally ill prison• a suicide by a prisoner who was not ers. The county jail, constructed in recognized by the staff as experiencing Or. Chavern 1968, is a modern facility with a capac• problems. This prisoner had many in• ity of 62, including 4 females. teractions with other people but had Initially, there were weekly 2- to 3• managed to conceal his suicidal urges. hour visits to the jail by personnel from the mental health center to consult with the jail staff, interview prisoners referred by the authorities for mental health services, and coordinate trans• fers to psychiatric hospitals or outpa• tient treatment. A crucial part of this service involved visits to the jail by a

April 1981 / 23 It appeared, therefore, that this ap- The enthusiasm on the part of jail proach was not going to deter signifi- ". . . the suicidal risk staff and support by the warden for cantly suicide in the jail population. It using the inventory as a routine part of was a broadbased approach to the inventory . . . has admission procedures were essential whole range of mental illness and alco- enabled the jail staff to to its use in evaluating every prisoner. holism and did not specifically address focus on the specific During the 16 months the inven- the suicidalprone individual. It was problems of tory has been used at the jail, with also decided that all jail personnel prompt followup by the mental health needed additional training so that they emotionally disturbed team, the results have been encourag- could recognize and refer prisoners individuals effectively ing and dramatic. There have been no with suicidal tendencies. and with confidence." suicides among prisoners admitted and The Suicidal Risk Inventory interviewed using the inventory as a A review of the literature and con- guide. Suicide was committed by a sultation with colleagues in the field prisoner admitted to the jail but not Figure 1 revealed that there is general agree- assessed for suicidal potential be- ment on major indicators that can cause of the unavailability of a staff Symptoms quickly identify prisoners who have member assigned to perform this func- high suicidal risk. 2 A checklist of symp- 1) Previous suicidal gesture tion when the prisoner was admitted. toms and predisposing factors was de- Procedures have now been strength- 2) History of psychiatric care veloped from both these sources and ened to provide backup coverage to insure that each prisoner is interviewed collaboration between members of the 3) Presence of suicidal thoughts or to assess specifically suicidal risk. treatment team involved in providing plans services at the jail. (See fig. 1.) This list Not surprisingly there has been an 4) Feeling of hopelessness or despair serves as a guide to jail staff for inter- increase in the number of prisoners referred because of depression and sui- viewing and observing prisoners in or- 5) Voicing some type of selfdestruc- cidal thoughts or plans. There has not der to identify individuals with suicidal tive information tendencies. It gives considerable been a problem with prisoners "faking" weight to previous psychiatric treat- 6) Unusual reaction to being confined suicidal tendencies to get special treatment or obtain transfers to the hospi- ment and suicidal behavior, as well as 7) Emotional withdrawal or isolation the present emotional state of the pris- tal. oner in regard to suicidal thoughts and Training the jail staff to ask the feelings. Also included are additional appropriate questions and make spe- indicators which, when occurring in cific observations in identifying prison- combination with observable symp- Predisposing Factors ers with emotional illness and suicidal toms, have been found to increase intentions has had a significant effect 1) Recent excessive drinking or drug significantly suicidal risk, i.e., marital in reducing suicides and obtaining intoxification friction or loss of job. prompt care for the emotionally dis- After several training sessions 2) Recent loss of stabilizing resources, turbed prisoner. Using the suicidal risk with all levels of jail staff, the suicidal such as spouse, home, or job inventory as a guide has enabled the risk inventory was routinely adminis- jail staff to focus on the specific prob- 3) Poor appetite, sleeplessness, or tered to all incoming prisoners. Each lems of emotionally distressed individ- agitation booking officer, supervisor, and guard uals effectively and with confidence. was familiar with suicidal symptoms 4) Chronic aggressive behavior FBI and could question prisoners to deter- 5) Over 45 years of age with progres- Footnote. mine the presence of suidical tenden- 'John J. GibbS, 'Psychologlcal and Behavioral sive health problems Palhology In Jails" (Prepared for a special nalIOnal cies. workshop on mental health services 10 'oca',al's. Baltimore, If a prisoner demonstrating the Md, September 2729, t978.) • John Lion and Donald P Kenefick, ·'CIiOical Aspects characteristics outlined in the inventory ollhe Violent Individual" American Psychiatric Assoclallon, was admitted to the jail, immediate Washington, D.C.• Task Force Report 8, July 1974, steps could be taken to place him pp. 13 15 under precautionary observation. Ar- rangements for urgent psychiatric evaluation or emergency treatment could then be made.

24 I FBI Law Enforcement Bulletin Search of Persons During Search Warrant Execution (Part I)

By JOSEPH R. DAVIS Special Agent Legal Counsel Division Federal Bureau of Investigation Washington, D.C

Law enforcement officers of other Assume you have obtained a than Federal jurisdiction who are search warrant authorizing a search of interested in any legal issue discussed premises in your community for the in this article should consult their legal purpose of locating and seizing certain adviser. Some police procedures ruled specified narcotics and narcotics para• permissible under Federal phernalia. The warrant contains no lan• constitutional law are of questionable guage which purports to authorize a legality under State law or are not search of any person. Assume further permitted at all. that when you and your fellow officers arrive to execute this search warrant, there are three individuals present within the residence, and shortly after you begin the search, a fourth individu• al arrives.

April 1981 / 25 " .. . searches of persons for evidence or contraband, even in the context of execution of a search warrant, require probable cause, not reasonable suspicion or belief."

Are you justified in searching any may be legally supportable, the proper or all of the four individuals for the scope of a frisk, and whether informa• items named in the warrant? If a full tion gained by an officer in such a frisk search is not supportable, can you may constitute probable cause to conduct a more limited "patdown" or make a more detailed evidentiary "frisk" I of these persons, as a self• search of a person. protective measure, to ascertain if they are armed? If in the course of a lawful Ybarra v. illinois frisk for weapons you feel an item In 1979, the U.S. Supreme Court which does not appear to be a weap• decided Ybarra v. Illinois, 2 a case on, but feels very much like the type of which presented several of the ques• narcotics or paraphernalia named in tions raised above. Because Ybarra is the search warrant, are you justified in the only U.S. Supreme Court decision reaching into a pocket and seizing that which directly addresses the issue of item? the legality of a full search or a weap• There are no easy answers to ons frisk in the context of the execution these questions, at least without the of a search warrant for premises, it benefit of additional facts and circum• deserves careful consideration. 3 stances. However, there are some es• In Ybarra, State officers applied Special Agent Davis tablished legal principles that assist in for and obtained a search warrant resolving them. It is important, there• authorizing them to search a tavern in fore, to identity those principles and Aurora, III., and also the person of the examine court decisions which have bartender, named in the warrant. The applied them to various fact situations. warrant authorized the police to search Part I of the article examines the for specifically described narcotics and principal U.S. Supreme Court decision narcotics paraphernalia. The search in this area of the law and considers warrant did not contain any language the particular facts and circumstances purporting to authorize search of any under which an evidentiary search of person other than the bartender. How• persons present during execution of a ever, an Illinois State statute empow• search warrant may be undertaken. ered officers, in executing a search Part II (conclusion) will discuss the is• warrant, to detain and search any per• sue of when a less intrusive patdown son found on the premises, either to or frisk of such individuals for weapons protect themselves from attack or to prevent the disposal or concealment of anything particularly described in the warrant. 4 Upon arrival at the tavern, de• scribed as a rather drab one-room es• tablishment, the officers found about a dozen or so patrons standing or sitting at the bar. The officers immediately announced their purpose and advised

26 / FBI Law Enforcement Bulletin everyone present they were going to where it was obvious from the com• The Court next considered wheth• conduct a "cursory search for weap• plaint of the officers seeking the er in this case there was probable ons." One of the officers then pro• search warrant that heroin was being cause to believe that Ybarra, or any of ceeded to pat down each of the sold or dispensed," it was constitution• the other patrons, was violating the customers, while the other officers be• al. 6 After the Illinois Supreme Court law. The Court noted that the affidavit gan a careful search of the premises declined to review the case, it was filed in support of issuance of the for items named in the warrant. appealed to the U.S. Supreme Court. search warrant did not allege that the The police officer who frisked the In the Supreme Court the State bar was frequented by persons illegally patrons found Ventura Ybarra standing advanced three distinct theories under purchasing drugs or that any patron by a pinball machine in front of the bar. which the search of Ybarra could be had ever been observed purchasing The search of Ybarra was described by justified. To facilitate analysis, each of drugs from the bartender. Moreover, the Supreme Court as follows: the alternative arguments and the when the warrant was executed, prob• "In his first patdown of Ybarra, the Court's response to each is considered able cause was still lacking to believe officer felt what he described as 'a separately. any of the customers were committing cigarette pack with objects in it.' He First, the State contended that the or had committed any offense. The did not remove this pack from search warrant itself, read in conjunc• police did not recognize Ybarra and Ybarra's pocket. Instead, he moved tion with the Illinois statute, would justi• knew nothing at all about him except on and proceeded to pat down other fy the search of Ybarra. In response to that he was present, along with several customers. After completing this this argument the Court noted that the others, in a public tavern at the time process the officer returned to standard of proof required to search a the warrant was executed. The officers Ybarra and frisked him once again. person present under such circum• did not testify to any actions by him This second search of Ybarra took stances is probable cause to believe that were indicative of criminal conduct place approximately 2 to 10 minutes the person to be searched has items or of any movements that might sug• after the first. The officer relocated named in the warrant on his or her gest an attempt to conceal contra• and retrieved the cigarette pack from person.7 The Court noted that the band, nor did he say anything of a Ybarra's pants pocket. Inside the seach warrant itself conferred no au• suspicious nature to the officers. Jus• pack he found six tinfoil packets thority to search any of the tavern tice Stewart, writing for the majority of containing a brown powdery customers. 8 Although the Court the Court, explained: substance which later turned out to stopped short of directly declaring the " It is true that the police possessed be heroin. 5 Illinois statute in question unconstitu• a warrant based on probable cause Ybarra was charged with and later tional, it clearly indicated that neither to search the tavern in which Ybarra - convicted of possession of the narcot• this statute nor others like it may prop• happened to be at the time the ics taken from him during the above• erly authorize a search of persons warrant was executed. But, a described search. Although Ybarra present for evidence or contraband in person's mere propinquity to others challenged the legality of the search of the absence of facts and circum• independently suspected of criminal his person, both the trial court and stances amounting to probable cause activity does not, without more, give State appellate court upheld the to believe those persons are in pos• rise to probable cause to search that search based upon the Illinois statute. session of the items sought. 9 person. Where the standard is The Illinois Appellate Court acknowl• probable cause, a search or seizure edged that the statue in question could of a person must be supported by not properly authorize the search of all probable cause particularized with persons present in a "large retail or respect to that person. " 10 (Citation commercial establishment," but that as omitted) applied in this case to "a one-room bar

April 1981 / 27 "The standard of proof necessary to justify a patdown or frisk of a person during execution of a search warrant is reasonable suspicion or belief that the person is armed and dangerous."

Thus, the Supreme Court rejected the Reviewing the facts and circumstances brief stop and limited patdown for argument that either the warrant or the of the case, the Court pointed out: weapons, should be extended to allow statute in question justified the search. 1) Ybarra was entirely unknown to the searches for evidence of persons pres• The second argument advanced officers either by name or reputation, ent on "compact" premises during ex• by the State was somewhat more com• and 2) they had no particular reason to ecution of a search warrant. 15 plex. It was contended that even in the believe he might be inclined to assault The Supreme Court flatly rejected absence of probable cause, a more them (his hands were empty, there this approach, stating that the long• limited patdown or frisk of Ybarra for were no threatening or furtive ges• prevailing probable cause standard weapons was justified as a self-protec• tures). The Court summarized its view embodies the best compromise be• tive measure under the doctrine previ• of the situation as follows: tween the competing interests of effec• ously recognized by the U.S. Supreme "At the suppression hearing, the tive law enforcement and protection of Court in the case of Terry v. Ohio.11 most Agent Johnson could point to citizens against unreasonable interfer• The State then argued that when the was that Ybarra was wearing a %• ences with their privacy. In short, officer, in the course of the proper frisk, length lumber jacket, clothing which searches of persons for evidence or felt an object in Ybarra's pocket which the State admits could be expected contraband, even in the context of ex• was very similar physically to the items on almost any tavern patron in ecution of a search warrant, require named in the warrant (narcotics), he Illinois in early March. In short, the probable cause, not reasonable suspi• possessed probable cause to support State is unable to articulate any cion or belief. the second, more thorough search of specific fact that would have justified For the reasons explained above, the pocket which yielded the evidence. a police officer at the scene in even the Supreme Court held that the Without commenting on the ana• suspecting that Ybarra was armed search of Ybarra and the seizure of the lytical soundness of this argument, the and dangerous. * * * Nothing in narcotics from his pocket violated the Supreme Court simply held it was not Terry can be understood to allow a 4th and 14th amendments to the U.S. supported by the facts of this case. generalized 'cursory search for Constitution. 16 The Court explained that in order to weapons' or, indeed, any search take the first step of this approach, it is whatever for anything but weapons. Principles Established by Ybarra necessary to find the initial frisk or The 'narrow scope' of the Terry The general prinCiples of law an• patdown was justified. Noting that it exception does not permit a frisk for nounced in Ybarra may be summarized had "invariably" required a reasonable weapons on less than reasonable as follows: suspicion or belief that a person is belief or suspicion directed at the 1) The presence of an individual at armed and dangerous to justify such a person to be frisked, even though premises subject to search under a procedure, the Court found no facts to that person happens to be on search warrant does not, standing support such a belief as to Ybarra. 12 premises where an authorized alone, justify a search of that person narcotics search is taking place." 13 for items named in the warrant. The third and last argument of• 2) The standard of proof neces• fered by the State was the most novel. sary to justify a search of a person It was suggested that because of the present during execution of a warrant important governmental interest in for evidence or contraband is probable controlling narcotics and the ease with which evidence of a narcotics violation may be concealed, the "reasonable belief or suspicion" standard, previous• ly established in Terry v. Ohio 14 for a

28 I FBI Law Enforcement Bullettn cause to believe the person is in pos• As indicated earlier, the Supreme In Denson v. State, 19 officers were session of such items. Corollary: A Court also did not comment on the executing a search warrant for narcot• statute which purports to authorize legal soundness of the two-step ap• ics at a private residence. The warrant search of all persons present for evi• proach suggested in one of the State's was based upon reliable informant in• dence or contraband in the absence of arguments-that if, during a lawful frisk formation that the owner of the resi• specific facts and circumstances of a person for weapons, the officer dence was observed selling narcotics amounting to probable cause is invalid. feels an object he has probable cause at the house within the previous 24 3) The presence of a person at to believe is evidence or contraband, hours. The defendant (apparently the premises subject to search under a he may undertake a more detailed boyfriend of the owner) was upstairs search warrant does not, standing search of the pocket. In Ybarra this shaving when officers arrived. He was alone, justify a patdown or frisk of that reasoning was rejected because there not immediately searched, but was en• person for weapons. was not a proper basis to undertake gaged in conversation by one of the 4) The standard of proof neces• even the first limited patdown. Howev• officers who had talked with him on a sary to justify a patdown or frisk of a er, several State and Federal deci• previous occasion. The officer noticed: person present during execution of a sions, which will be discussed later, 1) He was speaking differently than he search warrant is reasonable suspicion have accepted this two-stage argu• had before; 2) he spoke as if he was or belief that the person is armed and ment when the initial patdown was trying to hold his tongue stationary; dangerous. Corollary: A statute which held proper. and 3) he looked as if he was trying to purports to authorize a frisk for weap• Because Ybarra is a relatively re• force a swallow. The officer requested ons of all persons present in absence cent decision (November 1979), the him to open his mouth, and when he of particular facts and circumstances reported cases which directly rely upon did so, observed a small tinfoil packet. amounting to reasonable suspicion or it as authority are somewhat limited in He ordered the defendant to spit it out. belief the person is armed and danger• number.18 However, the principles an• It contained heroin which was seized ous is invalid. nounced in Ybarra were often recog• and later used against the defendant at Questions Not Answered by Ybarra nized and applied correctly by State trial. The court upheld the seizure, not• At this point it may be well to and Federal courts prior to the Su• ing that the search was not authorized identify and briefly comment on some preme Court decision. Therefore, the simply because of the defendant's issues not addressed by the Ybarra following discussion includes several presence at the premises to be decision. The case did not involve a pre-Ybarra cases believed to be con• searched, but because the officer's ob• sistent with and illustrative of the prin• servations provided probable cause to search warrant which, by its language, authorized a search of "all persons ciples recognized in Ybarra. believe the defendant was attempting present"; therefore, the Supreme to conceal items named in the warrant. Full Search of Persons Present or Court specifically noted it was not Arriving During Searches passing upon the validity of such war• rants. 17 This issue is also beyond the Two State appellate court cases decided prior to Ybarra illustrate the scope of this article. The Court offered little guidance type of particularized probable cause as to what specific facts and circum• which justifies a search of persons for stances would justify a full search or a items named in a search warrant. patdown during the execution of a search warrant. However, a review of State and lower Federal court deci• sions is helpful in identifying factors found persuasive. Several of these de• cisions will be examined in this article.

April 1981 / 29 " .. . informant information, if specific enough, may serve as the source for probable cause to search persons present."

In Patton v. State,20 an officer's that a search warrant does not author• area of a store are presumptively cus• observations of specific actions again ize the search of all individuals who tomers, here the informant's report formed the basis for a search of a happen to be present on the premises. could reasonably be taken as meaning person present. When police entered However, it held that because of the that the people inside were partici• the residence to execute a search war• delay in entering and other circum• pants." 24 Although this is a pre- Ybarra rant for narcotics, several individuals, stances (apparently the need to enter case and presents a close case be• including the defendant, were sitting forcibly and the defendant's attempt to cause it, like Ybarra, involves a place around a coffee table on top of which leave through the rear door), there was open to the public, the case stands for were illegal drugs. After being frisked an opportunity for the defendant to the correct proposition that informant for weapons (the frisk was not an issue conceal the items named in the war• information, if specific enough, .may in the case), the defendant was seated rant and probable cause to believe he serve as the source for probable cause in the living room. An officer assigned had done so. Therefore, the search to search persons present. to watch him observed the defendant was justified. As a general rule, the facts and place his hand or thumb into his pock• A District of Columbia case 22 illus• circumstances which give rise to prob• et, and upon noticing that the officer trates a somewhat different justifica• able cause to search individuals pres• was observing him, quickly remove his tion for the search of persons present. ent and not named in the search hand and stare at the ceiling. The offi• Officers obtained a search warrant for warrant will have to arise at the time of cer requested the defendant to empty gambling money and paraphernalia be• the execution or shortly before. This is his pocket. As a result, narcotics were lieved to be located in a small delica• true because if the probable cause to discovered. The court upheld the offi• tessen. Just prior to execution of the search those present exists at the time cer's action, explaining that there was warrant, a reliable informant, who had the search warrant is applied for, a probable cause to believe the defend• also furnished much of the information warrant authorizing the search of those ant was attempting to conceal items upon which the search warrant was persons as well as the premises named in the warrant. based, contacted one of the officers should be obtained. Other surrounding circumstances and advised him that the warrant Although not dealt with in Ybarra, were held to justify the search in Travis should be served promptly as "the it appears the same standard, probable v. State, 21 a post- Ybarra decision. In people were inside that had the num• cause, applies to the search of a per• that case, officers were executing a bers slips on them." 23 The officers son who is not present when the search warrant for narcotics at a resi• executed the warrant immediately and search warrant is served, but arrives at dence during the early morning hours. searched the five or six persons found the premises during the search. It is After knocking and announcing their on the premises. The court upheld the more difficult to establish probable identity and purpose approximately search of the defendant, noting that cause in the case of an individual just three times and receiving no response, although generally " it could be argued arriving, because logically, it cannot be officers heard "a ruckus going on in that persons present in the customer argued that he has concealed on his the back" of the house. After several person items which were previously on attempts, one of the officers was able the premises subject to the search to successfully force open the front warrant. However, where the search door. The defendant, who was stopped warrant describes a particular class of while attempting to depart through the items, such as narcotics, and there is back door, was searched and narcotics an ongoing criminal activity at the were found. The court correctly noted premises, there may be situations where probable cause can be estab• lished.25

30 / FB I Law Enforcement Bulletin Even prior to Ybarra, most courts • The statule in question was III. Rev. Stat., ch . 38, Sections 1089 (1975). The statule provides In full: " In the recognized that a person arriving at a execution of the warrant the person executing the same residence where a search was under- may reasonably detain to search any person In the place at the time: (a) To protecl himself from attack, or (b) To way, even in the company of an occu- prevent the disposal or concealment of any Instruments, articles or thing particularly descrtbed In the warrant. " pant of the residence or of one named • Ybarra, supra note 2, at 8889. in the search warrant, could not be ' People v. Ybarra , 373 N.E.2d 1013 (III. Ct. App. 1978). routinely searched for evidence or con- , Ybarra, supra note 2, at 91 . traband. 26Since Ybarra, courts are even ' Id. at 92. ' Id. at 96 and n.ll. mort reluctant to approve evidentiary " Id. at 91. searches of persons arriving during ex- "392 U.S. 1 (1968). ThiS was a landmark deCISion which created a carefully limited exception to the general :3cution, especially if their connection rule of the fourth amendment that all searches and seizures be supported by probable cause. Terry permits a 27 with the premises is not clearly known. limited search for weapons, termed a " patdown" or " frtsk," Part II (conclusion) of this article based upon " reasonable beltef or suspIcion" that the person the officer has detained IS in posseSSion 01 a will address the question of when a weapon. less intrusive patdown or frisk of per- " Ybarra , supra note 2, at 9293. " Id. at 9394. sons present may properly be under- H Supra note 11. taken, the scope of such a search, and .. Ybarra, supra note 2, at 94. " Id. at 96. The fourth amendment to the U.S. the related question of whether infor- Constitution provides: " The rtght of the people to be secure In the" persons. mation gained in the course of a frisk houses, papers, and effects, against unreasonable may supply probable cause to support searches and seIZures, shall not be violated, and no Warrants shall issue, but upon probable cause, a more thorough search of the person supported by oath or affirmation, and particularly for evidence or contraband. describing the place to be searched, and the persons or things to be seized." (Continued next month) The 14th amendment provides, in pertinent part, " nor shall any State deprive any person of life, liberty, or property, Without due process of law...." Footnotes " Ybarra. supra note 2. at 92 n.4. 'The terms " patdown" or "frisk" are used "Review of standard legal citators in January 1981 , ,nterchangeably throughout the article. Both are used to disclosed only four cases citing Ybarra Involving searches denote a limited search of a person for weapons which or frisks of persons in premises where a search warrant generally requires a twostep procedure. The first step is was executed. the patdown of the extertor of the person's clothing to It375 So.2d 1275 (Ala. Crim. App. 1979), writ denied, ascertain If the Individual IS carrying an object that feels 375 So.2d 1276 (Ala. Sup. Ct. 1979). Itke a weapon. The second step. which is only proper If the 20 252 S.E.2d 678 (Ga. Ct. App. 1979). officer feels an item which he reasonably suspects or " 381 So.2d 97 (Ala. Crim. App. 1979), reheanng belteves to be a weapon, IS the reaching into the clothing denied, 381 So.2d 102 (1980), wnt denied, 381 So.2d 102 to retrieve the suspicious Item. (Ala. Sup. Ct. 1980). ' 444 U.S. 85 (1979) (hereinafter referred to as " United Slates v. Graves, 315 A.2d 559 (D.C. Ct. Ybarra) . App. 1974). 'In an earlier case, United States v. Oi Re, 332 U.S. " Id. at 559560. 581 (1948), the Supreme Court had considered the legality " Id. at 561 . of a search of a passenger In an automobile where an " Professor LaFave makes thiS point well. See W. officer was conducting a warranlless search of the vehicle LaFave, Search and SeizureA Treatise on the 4th for contraband. Inasmuch as that case involved a vehicle Amendment, Vol. 2, Section 4.9 (1978). earch rather than premises and was a warrantless " E.g., Johanlgen v. Commonwealth, 571 SW.2d 110 earch, it was not particularly helpful in resolving the (Ky. Ct App. 1978), (Search of defendant held improper uestlons raised In Ybarra . although he arrived at residence being searched under warrant in the company of a person named in the search warrant); Smilh v. Stale, 227 S.E.2d 911 (Ga. Ct. App. 1976) (Where defendant entered premises where search for narcottcs was underway and officers knew nothing about him, a search of his person was not justified). " Slate v. Pelers, 611 P.2d 178 (Kan. Ct. App. 1980) (Search of defendant, who amved at prtvate reSidence during execution of a narcotics search warrant , held unlawful where he was not known to be the owner or ~ occupant of premises). In Pelers and ,n the following two I cases, both of which involved individuals who arrived in the I course of execution of search warrants , the courts refused I to approve even a limited frisk for weapons. Unlled States v. Cole, 628 F.2d 897 (5th Cir. 1980); 8el/ V. Siale, 608 l P.2d1159 (Okla. Crim. App. 1980). I

April 1981 I 31 RBY THE ~rB1 12; ~

Date photographs taken unknown.

James Edward Allen, Jr. Description Caution James Edward Allen, Jr., also Age ...... 23 , born April 30, Allen should be considered armed known as Bud Allen, Leroy Hudson, 1957, Allendale, and dangerous. Edward Wayne, and "Little Bud." S.C. Height ...... 5'10". Notify the FBI Wanted for: Weight ...... 160 pounds. Any person having information Interstate FlightMurder Build ...... Medium. which might assist in locating this Hair ...... Black. fugitive is requested to notify The Crime Eyes ...... Brown. immediately the Director of the Federal Allen is being sought in Complexion ...... Medium. Bureau of Investigation, U.S. connection with the brutal murder of a Race ...... Negro. Department of Justice, Washington, South Carolina merchant. The victim Nationality ...... American. D.C. 20535, or the Special Agent in was robbed of $5,000 and shot five Scars and Marks ...... Tattoo on left Charge of the nearest FBI field office, times with a .22caliber revolver. arm. the telephone number of which A Federal warrant was issued on Social Security appears on the first page of most local November 28, 1977, at Columbia, S.C. Number Used ...... 250115973. directories. FBI No...... 624 994 L5. Classification Data: NCIC Classification: 03TT0415110752TT1206 Fingerprint Classification: 3 S 1 T 11 Ref: T U U S 1 Rt T T R

Right middle fmgerpnnt.

32 I FBI Law Enforcement Bulletin

u. S. GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE , 1981 0 - 338-054 Change of IAW Address ENFORCEMENT Not an order form rBlBULLETIN

Complete this form and return to: Name

I Director Title Federal Bureau of Investigation Address Washington, D.C. 20535 f...... ~:~ ...... ~:: . '. ~ ...... ~:~ ......

Deputy Attacked While Transporting Prisoner

A sheriff's deputy was severely injured while transporting a prisoner to jail. The subject was handcuffed and placed in the back seat of a twodoor sedan. Enroute to the jail, the subject unlatched the back of the driver's seat nd pushed it forward, pinning the eputy against the steering wheel. He hen kicked the deputy in the head, flicting serious injury. u.s. Department of Justice OHicial Business Postage and Fees Paid Federal Bureau of Investigation Penalty for Private Use $300 Federal Bureau of Investigation Address Correction Requested JUS432

Controlled Circulation Rate

Washington, D.C. 20535

Interesting Patterns The patterns this month show an impression which had been scarred and the interesting changes which resulted. The reproduction on the left shows a tented archtype pattern. After having been scarred, the same pattern, as shown at right, now appears to be a loop with a ridge count of four.