govtrnors island historic district DESIGN & DEVELOPMENT GUIDELINES
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he Governors Island Historic District is a on meeting building, fire code, and handicap Archeology T unique resource within New York City and accessibility requirements. The Guidelines for the country. The design of its buildings retains a Implementing the Standards focus on Sire De Within the historic district, there are level of historic and architecmral integrity sel velopment, Building Treatment, New Con areas where the likelihood of finding archeo dom found in a property as old. In order to pro struction & Additions, Landscaping, and Demo logical resources will be high (see archeologi tect the character of this National Historic Land lition, with emphasis placed on appropriate tech cal probability map on page 27 of this docu mark, work within the historic district musr fol niques for trearmenc and design, and avoiding ment.) Any project that involves ground dis low the guidance outlined in this document. In damage ro existing architectural and archeologi turbing activity, such as building demolition, support of thar requirement, the U.S. General cal resources, and landscape features. new construction, the planting of trees, instal Services Administration has created a Preserva The Preservation & Design Standards, lation of utility lines outside of existing tion & Design Manual, consisting of three docu along with rhe Design & Development Guidelines, trenches, and similar projects, has the risk of ments, to assist property owners and develop will be the basis for project reviews by the New encountering both historic and prehistoric ar ers-Preservation & Design Standar·ds, Design York Stare Historic Preservation Office (SHPO) tifacts. & Development Guidelines, and Building & and rhe New York City Landmarks Prservation Accordingly, all such projects in these Proper·ty Summmy Sheets, each dated January Commission (Commision.) 28, 2003. This document, the Design & Devel areas must be submitted to the SHPO for re- opment Guidelines, was created ro assist prop v1ew. erty owners in developing appropriate treatment proposals and new construction designs that will ensure continued preservation of the National Hisroric Landmark District. The Design & Development Guidelines is organized as a series of sections defining the history and significance of the historic district, the character defining elements that contribute to the district, and the established Standards by which work in rhe historic disuicr would be car ried out. These are followed by Guidelines for View high above Governors Island. The upper right portion Implementing the Standards, along with guidance ofthe Island is the Historic Di1trict a1ui National Historic Landmark.
5 govtrnors island historic district DESIGN & DEVELOPMENT GUIDELINES
View ofGovernors Island looking north with Manhattan Skyline in the background. Historic district is at the north md ofthe Island
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he National Hiscoric Preservation Act of developmenr. Accordingly, the district has To meet these goals, GSA has con T 1966 established that it is the policy of been designated a National Historic Landmark ducted extensive work on the identificacion and the United States government to promote and by the Secretary of the Interior. This designa evaluacion of the buildings, structures, land support preservation of our national heritage. tion places the district among a select group of scapes, open spaces, vistas, and archeological That heritage is a broad range of resources that resources in our country that rise above the resources found within the Historic District. encompass che hiscory and progress of our average hiscoric property. The results of this detailed work are found in country from pre-Western settlements through To enable the General Services Admin the Building & Property Summary Sheets. The contemporary development. If it is feasible, istration ro fulfill irs responsibilities under the appropriate treatment of these resources is properties that reveal and trace the culture, National Historic Preservation Act (Public Law ensured through application of rhe Preserva hiscory, architecture, and science of rhe United 89-655; U.S.C. 470 er seq) on Governors Is tion & Design Standards, and the Design & Scares should be preserved and maintained. land, the agency has established a number of Development Guidelines. This policy can be fulfilled in a number of goals for development of the site and treatment ways-by preserving the sires, buildings, and of its resources. It is GS~s intent to establish structures chat the government itself occupies; controls and guidance that will: by developing programs at the federal, State, and local levels that encourage private preser • ensure thatfuture development ofthe vation efforts; and, by ensuring rhar the fed historic district recognizes and preserves those eral government takes no action chat would en aspects of the property that represent its his danger or cause damage co our national heri toric and architectural significance; tage. In disposing of Governors Island, Gen • ensure that significant elements ofthe eral ServicesAdministracion is required co meet historic district are preserved and used; the federal policy by ensuring that all prudent • ensure that significant elements ofthe and feasible steps are taken co protect the re historic district are treated in a manner that source as it is transferred out of federal owner preserves their historic and architectural integ ship. rity; and, The Governors Island Historic District • ensure thatpublic access to the Island is part of our national heritage. It represents is allowed and promoted. significanr periods in our nation's history and Decorative cannon overlooking Nelson Park.
7 govtm~ors island hiJtoric district DESIGN & DEVELOPMENT GUIDELINES
A view over a portion ofthe historic district, with Fort jay in the foreground, looking northeast to Lower Manhattan.
8 govrrnors island historic distric& DESIGN & DEVELOPMENT GUIDELINES
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overnors Island comprises 172 acres of As expressed in the National Historic In this location, the Castle controlled G land in Upper New York Bay, one-half Landmark designation for the property, "The the waters west and southwest of Manhattan, mile off the southern tip of Manhattan. Ap historic district is a loosely knit collection of between itself and Liberty Island. Fort Jay was proximately 121 acres of the north half of the individual historic properties and features, and placed at the highest point of land on the Is Island were designated a National Historic several complexes of related buildings erected land, affording an unobstructed view on all Landmark by the U.S. Department of the In during various military eras." sides to the waterfront. The third fortifica terior in 1985. New York City Landmarks The early fortifications, Castle Will tion, South Battery, was situated at the south Preservation Commission designated the area iams, Fort Jay, and the South Battery, occupy east corner of the Island, facing Buttermilk as a historic district in 1996. Within the Gov what were the most strategic defensive posi Channel. As the Island's function shifted from ernors Island Historic District there are 102 tions on the Island. Castle Williams was con a fortification to an Arsenal, and later a mili buildings, 75 of which have been identified as structed on the north point of the Island, lo tary base, buildings and structures were added character defining elements of the district, and cated to protect the entrance to New York to accommodate new needs and uses. A group of historic significance. In addition, within Harbor. ing of Arsenal structures was constructed on the boundaries of the historic district are site the north side of the Island, and garrison func features and landscapes that are important char tions were located along the flat hilltop south acter defining elements in understanding the east of Fort Jay. resource. Architectural styles on the Island range from early fortification to Colonial Revival, with a liberal distribution of nondescript utili tarian structures. The earliest fortifications were constructed using red sandstone, with a majority of the other buildings within the his toric district constructed of red brick. The use of red brick, with light stone trim, serves to unite the historic features within the historic Partial view of Castle Williams showing sandstone walls and district, as does the overall scale of the build deep recessed window openings. Overview ofG overnors Isla nd showing the National Historic ings, usually not higher than two or three sto Landmark to the left (north end), Castle Williams in the foreground, Ft. Jay in the center oft he District. ries tall.
9 - . governors island historic district DESIGN & DEVELOPMENT GUIDELINES
These buildings established the eastern edge of an open space later named 'Nolan Park.' In the last half of the 19th century additional resi dential units were erected around this open space, fully enclosing the park. In the last part of the 19th century, the southwest portion of the Island was the site of new Officers' Housing, which originally faced the harbor. These are large, red brick struc tures constructed using standardized Army Quartermaster plans. The last large grouping are 13 Georgian Revival buildings constructed between 1924-1940 to accommodate the 16th Infantry. They extend across the full width of the Island along the southern edge, and extend up the east and west shorelines in a wide U shape. Within the historic district there are a number of historic and prehistoric archeologi cal sites known to be sensitive. To a great ex tent these are focused at the original Island edges, and in the area of Fort Jay. In addition, there are landscape features EarLy 20th century frame residences in Nolan Park. Each grouping ofresidential buildings in the associated with historic development of the Historic District has a distinct character. A majority ofthe houses facing Nolan Park have wood Island that contribute to its importance, such siding, front porches, and decorative wood detailing. as Nolan Park, the glacis surrounding Fort Jay (Fort Jay Park), memorials, and landscaping within the historic district and along the Island's boundary roads. ~~~~~==~======~~======~------goutmorJ Mand hutoric diJtrict DESIGN & DEVELOPMENT GUIDELINES
Aerial view ofCastle Williams, looking from the southwest. This unique stmcmre was initially used as a deftnsive forr, later converted to an Army prison. Structural additions have been made to the interior ofthe stmcmre to accommodate its many wes, bur the exterior remain mentially intact.
11 . governors island historic district DESIGN & DEVELOPMENT GUIDELINES
liSTING OF PROPERTIES Wtn·U,"J THE GovtRNORS ISL.A.....;"O tlis'TORJC D ISTRICT
Name Cat. # Name Car.
Admiral '& House I 208 &.rage Governors Island Govunor'.• House I 209 &.rage H istoric Disuict is 3 The Dutch House 2 210 Ft. Jay Family Housrng north of Division 4 Fidd Officer's Qua.rtcn 2 211 Garage 09 2 212 &.rage 5 Fidd Officer's Quarters Road 6 Company Offic.cc's Qtn. 2 213 Tri=gle 7 Company Ofli
12 govanors island historic district DESIGN & DEVELOPMENT GUIDELINES
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'VJhen determining what should be saved The basic theory in determining what W and what can be removed it is impor should be saved and what should be removed tant to view the Governors Island Historic is that those properties that have been identi District as a cultural resource in New York fied as contributing, should be saved, and those Harbor, with groupings of buildings and sires properties that do not contribute, can be re ranging in age from the 18th through 20th moved without damage to the significance of cenrunes. the district. Within the historic district there are four categories of properties. The first two, category 1 and 2, are those buildings, struc tures, open spaces, landscapes, site features, and vistas that contribute to the historic or archi tectural significance of the district.
The next two, category 3 and 4, are those properties that do not contribute to that significance. Some of these (category 3) are neutral, neither contributing to nor detract ing from the historic significance of the his toric district. Others (category 4) actually in crude on the district by either introducing styles, scale, materials, or design so far out of character with the significant properties that it detracts from a person's ability to understand rhe historic context of the historic district, or suuctures that physically block significant his tone vtews.
13 governors island historic district DESIGN & DEVELOPMENT GUIDELINES
The list of properties within the Governors Is character by incorporating critical character Procedures land Historic District identifies the category defining elements, such as scale, massing, and T he Governors Island Historic District of each. Any demolition within the district materials. Unsympathetic designs ignore the has evolved over many years, resulting in many requires SHPO and LPC review. Significant existing character by introducing disjointed unique, character defining elements. What elements of each property are identified in the elements. now exists is a synergistic collection of archi Building & Property Summary Sheets. A review of the property's Summary tectural, landscape, and site elements that w Sheet will reveal why the property achieved sig gether constitute the significance of the his All new development within the his nificance and how it contributes to the impor wric district. toric district should follow specific principles, tance of the district. This information helps practices, and procedures to ensure that work to determine whether a particular treatment Step 1: As a first step, the entire hiswric dis is consistent with the character ofthe resource. or new design will be appropriate to the site, trict should be viewed as a whole: its signature and whether it will preserve those tangible com buildings-Castle Williams, South Battery, Principles: ponents of the resource that convey its signifi and Fort Jay, and its building groupings The basic principals to follow when de cance. Nolan Park and Officers' Row, along with the veloping new work within the historic district "' The design of new construction will be reviewed by the resulting open spaces, landscapes, and vistas to are very general and simple. SHPO and the LPC on a case-by-case basis. and from the Island. All of these elements de • First, evaluate the character of the fine the historic Governors Island and must be building, site, landscape or district that your taken into consideration when undertaking project involves; and, new development. • Second, develop a design that is sym pathetic w the character of the existing re sources.
Practices All design projects that occur within the historic district must take into account the character of the district. Whether the design is for new construction, rehabilitation of an existing building, landscaping or infrastructure, the success of the project depends upon creat ing a sympathetic design. * Sympathetic designs do not emulate Fort jay entry to tlu: left, a catagory 1 resource, and historic, open landscape, a category 2 mource. the existing properties, but accent the overall
14 governors island historic district DESIGN & DEVELOPMENT GUIDELINES
stte. The materials that are used on sidewalks and driveways have varied, from monolithic pavement to stone and brick. Where these ma terials are used relates to how the surface would be used. The monolithic paving is used on through streets, stone on driveways to indi vidual buildings, and brick for pedestrian walk ways. New development should preserve and maintain the existing patterns, and use similar materials in new construction. The type and patterns of landscape plantings reflect the use of the site and the di visions between residential, training, recre ational, and industrial areas. Landscape plantings within the district were traditionally used to establish edges between these uses. These historic patterns should guide new land scape development. In addition, it is important to recog nize that simple open space that provides pas sive recreation, and spaces between developed Step 2: The second step is to look at the scale, areas and buildings, as well as monuments, rhythm, and patterns of groupings of build lighting, seating, and fencing, all contribute to ings and individual structures. These estab the total landscape environment of the historic lish the texture of the resource and are impor district. tant in conveying its historic significance.
LANDSCAPING elements are no less signifrcanr to the character of the historic dis Paving materials used within the Historic District. Clockwise trict than its buildings. The textures and pat from upper left, granite road pavers; granite pavers and curb joining brick sidewalk; granite pavers on edge used on uphill terns of paving materials and planrings are a slopes; herringbone pattern brick sidewalk; and, basketweave reflection of the historic development of the brick paving.
15 he character defining features of the site, Step 1: The overall visual character of a build T buildings, and landscapes are the elemef?.tS ing derives from the relationships between ex th~ BUILIJING~ that must be maintained to preserve the sig terior elements. The building should be viewed nificance of the historic district. New devel from several vantage points. Though the view opment should not emulate these elements, but to the primary facade typically characterizes the contribute to the overall character of the his building, other facades, especially on Gover toric district by complementing them. The nors Island, may have enjoyed prominence character defining elements of each building during the building's history, and therefore are detailed in the Building & Property Sum merit analysis The overall visual character of mary Sheets. a building consists of its own unique blend of a number of elements, some more prominent the BUILDINGS than others, but equally important.
Identifying the visual character of a building is a two-step process. First, a visual examination from a distance will allow an un derstanding of its overall setting and architec tural context. Second, a close up examination will allow a clear appreciation of both materi als and craftsmanship. In three situations within the historic district, where the interiors of a building are contributing elements to its significance, a third step is added: an examina tion of the rooms, spatial relationships, mate rials, and details that define the interior sig nificance, will aid in the preservation of these spaces. This only occurs at three locations the first floor interiors of the Admiral's House (building#!), the Works ProgressAdministra Shape-the geometric shape of the tion murals and Admiral's offices on the sec building (rectangular, square, irregular),. and ond floor of Pershing Hall (building #125), the size of the building and the relative size of and the second floor ballroom of South Bat its sub-elements comprise the most basic vi tery (building #298.) sual characteristic.
16 Trim and Secondary Features-on Setting-a building relates to its surroundings some buildings trim around roof-lines or win through setback, elevation, and proximity to dows and secondary features such as shutters, built and natural features. Elements such as decorative gables, railings, or exterior wall pan gardens, walks, driveways, fences, etc., often els create a unique visual character that differ accent these relationships. entiates the building from others of similar shape or design. UNDERSTANDING the overall Materials-the prominent and accent character of the building will provide guidance materials used on the building, whether stone, in developing repair and rehabilitation plans, brick, wood, concrete, metal, or glass, should and designs for additions and new construc be noted as part of the overall visual character. tion adjacent to the resource. The combinations and placement of materials determine visual characteristics such as color, Step 2: Upon closer examination, the visual patterns, textures, and rhythm. character of a building derives from the sur face qualities of the materials and the evident Roof and Roof Features-a highly vis craftsmanship employed in placing or finish ible roof or prominent roof features such as ing the materials. This examination should dormers, parapets, chimneys, or roofing ma take place "at arm's length," where it is pos terials, often contribute to a building's visual sible to observe the surface qualities of the character. building. The visual character of the building Openings- window and door open at this level consists of its unique treatment of ings should be noted for their shape, size, and various elements. materials, as well as for the rhythm and accents Materials- in addition to the broad established by the groupings ofopenings. The categories that define the overall character of pattern of openings is often the most distin the building, the visual character derives from guishable and important element of the facade interrelationships of different materials, and of a building. from the inherent textures, colors, or patterns Projections-features such as porches, in the materials. bay windows, and overhanging roofs establish An example of this is the counterpoint rhythm and depth that characterize the build between stone and brick as unit masonry ing. Likewise, a recess may be created by the one relaying strength, and the other the char overall shape of the building or by a smaller acter of building blocks. element.
17 govunors iiland historic district DESIGN & DEVELOPMENT GUIDELINES
Another example is the texture of slate done, and of the tools and processes that were interiors have been identified as the first floor roofs. While at a distance a slate roof and as used. Within the Governors Island Hiscoric public spaces of the Admiral's House (build phalt roof may look similar, dose up, the var District craftsmanship is evident in many ar ing #1); the second floor ballroom of South ied textures and colors of slate roof shingles eas. Examples can be found in woodwork, Battery (building #298); and, the WPA mu add a character of material not available with masonry, and metalwork through out the dis rals and Admiral's offices (building # 125.) Un substitutes. trict. The retention and preservation of these derstanding the visual character of these Craftsmanship-almost any evidence details is important in preserving the overall buildings includes an evaluation of their inte ofcraft details, whether handmade or machine character of the building. rior spaces, sequences of spaces, features, and made, will contribute to the character of a details. building because it is a manifestation of the Interiors-for buildings with identified Features-architectural features such as materials, of the times in which the work was significant interiors, there is a Step 3. fireplace mantels, murals, cornices, decorative plaster work, hardware, built-in furniture, Step 3: Rehabilitating a historic building typi leaded glass windows, all can evoke the his cally involves altering interior spaces to accom toric use and feeling of interior spaces. They modate new or continuing uses.* Before de contribute to the character of a building and signing such alterations, an assessment should have a significant effect on establishing a qual be undertaken ro identify those tangible archi ity unique co historic properties. tectural components that convey its hiscoric character. In the hisroric district, significant BEFORE INITIATING DESIGN OR REHABILI TATION PLANS FOR A BUILDING, IT IS CRITICAL TO UNDERSTAND WHAT DEFINES THE BUILDING'S IM PORTANCE, AND WHAT IS ESSENTIAL TO SAVE. ONCE THIS IS UNDERSTOOD, TREATMENT PLANS AND NEW PROJECTS WITHIN THE HISTORIC DIS TRICT CAN SUCCESSFULLY MEET THE GOALS OF THE DESIGN & DEVELOPMENT G UIDELINES
• The SHPO will review all inreriors identified as significant.
!nterior photograph oft he second floor ballroom in South Batury showing an orchestra balcony and duailed woodwork. Ornamental iron light standard found at the Admiral's House is an example ofcraft smanship in metal. Other detailed ironwork can be found in historic fences. govtrnori irland hirroric dirtrict DESIGN & DEVELOPMENT GUIDELINES
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From kfi to right-Top Row: Pediment & copula-building #400 Entry with pediment-building #2 Palkdian window-building #550 Middk Row: Window grill-building #400 Leatkd glass window-building #408 Entry Stair-building #12 Decorative Porch-building #408 Bottom Row: Commemorative Plaque-Nolan Park Decorative Fence-east seawall Stone masonry
19 govtrnors island historic district DESIGN & DEVELOPMENT GUIDELINES
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VIEWS O F BROOKLYN WATERFRONT
Views and view corridors as defined in the Governors fslmd Land Use Study prepared by Beya Blinder Belk Consortium, 1997
20 govanors island historic district DESIGN & DEVELOPMENT GUIDELINES
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STANDARDS for SITE DEVELOPMENT 3. All new utility distribution systems, 5. Existing unit masonry streets, drive such as electric, and telephone and cable service, ways, and walks within the Governors Island His hen it was originally developed, the will be located below ground and, to the extent toric District, and seawall north ofDivision Road, W natural configuration of Governors Is possible, new or upgraded utility service will uti will be preserved in-place, and, where necessary, land was a feature that enhanced its use as a lize existing trenches, and avoid additional exca repaired; and, defensive fort, with the glacis surrounding Fort vations; 6 All site or building lighting within Jay (Fort Jay Park) allowing unincumbered 4. Large scale communication equip the Governors Island Historic District will be views and control of New York Harbor. As ment, such as satellite dishes, telephone relays, appropriately scaled lighting compatible with the the need for this type of defense diminished, radar, antenna, and other similar equipment and area in which it is installed. the glacis became less important, allowing the installations, will be located outside ofthe bound introduction of structures around the Island's aries of the Governors Island Historic District, STANDARDS for edge. The current development of the Island south ofDivision Road,· BUILDING TREATMENT is a reflection of the changes of use and expan sion of the Island over the past centuries. Pres The history of development of Gover ervation of the historically significant compo nors Island is illustrated through its buildings nents of the Governors Island Historic District and structures. Many of those properties are is an important part in retaining the character historically and architecturally important as and history of the property. individual buildings, or as components oflarger 1. All site development work within the groupings of structures or landscapes, or as Governors Island Historic District will be designed contributing elements to the historic district. and executed in a manner that preserves the char Regardless of the reason for their significance, acter and historically significant features ofthe all of the properties should be treated in a man district, including landscaping, open space, site ner that ensures their preservation and contin features, vistas, streets, driveways, walks, and ued use. building siting patterns; 1. All work carried out on historic build 2. All site development work will be de ings and structures will comply with applicable signed and executed to avoid known or potential building codes andpermitting requirements ofthe archeological resources; View looking southwest across Nolan Park showing open space. City and State ofNew York; Ceremonial can nom in ftont ofQuarters # 1 in foreground.
21 govunors island historic district DESIGN & DEVELOPMENT GUIDELINES
2. All work on historic buildings and 1. All new construction within the Gov 3. New construction within the Gover structures will be undertaken in accordance with ernors Island Historic District will be designed to nors Island Historic District will use materials the Standards and Guidelines detailed in the be compatible with, but not duplicate existing consistent with their setting and environment; Governors Island Preservation & Design Manual; structures, and will not attempt to create "his and, 3. Minimum work will be undertaken toric" buildings; 4. New construction, including construc on a historic building, structure, or site to meet 2. All new construction within the Gov tion staging, will be undertaken in a manner that use and code requirements; ernors Island Historic District will be designed to avoids damage to existing buildings, structures, 4. All work will be designed and executed preserve the character and significant features of landscapes, and landscape features. in a manner that minimizes damage to, or re the Island, including vistas and view sheds; moval of, character defining elements or original Southwest elevation ofBuilding #400 showing an addition fabric ofthe building, structure, or its setting,· and, adjacent to the entrance that is not compatible with the character ofthe historic structure. 5. All work will be executed in a man ner that minimizes damage to historically signifi cant landscapes or site features associated with the building or structure.
STANDARDS for NEW CoNSTRUCTION & ADDITIONS
The greatest opportunity for new con struction on Governors Island is south of Di vision Road, outside of rhe boundaries of the Governor's Island Historic District. However, some sires are available for development within rhe historic district, both for above and below ground construction. Great care muse be taken when designing and executing new construc tion to ensure that the character and fabric of the historic district is not damaged or distorted.
22 govanors islAnd historic district DESIGN & DEVELOPMENT GUIDELINES
STANDARDS for .l.ANDSCAPING STANDARDS for DEMOLITION
Landscaping has been used on Gover Historically significant buildings, nors Island to place emphasis on the patterns structures, open spaces, landscapes, and land created by walkways, open spaces, buildings, scape features will be retained, protected, and and recreational areas, and to enhance the qual reused. All new development will be designed ity of the living environment. Within the Gov to support use of existing resources. ernors Island Historic District it is vital to rec 1. Demolition ofbuilding andstructures ognize and preserve landscape elements and within the Governors Island Historic District that patterns that are historically and aesthetically are not significant (Category 3 and 4) will be important in defining the character of the re undertaken in a manner that avoids damage to source. These can be found in the use ofplant historic or archeological resources; and, and paving materials, lighting and site features, 2. Demolition activities on historic prop as well as the specific design and placement of erties, such as removal ofprevious additions, or those elements. All contribute to the overall removal of non-contributing interiors, will be quality of the historic district. Following are undertaken in a manner that avoids, to the ex standards for landscaping and landscape treat tentpossible, removal or damage to orig;."nal build ment. ingfabric . View looking wm across Nolan Park showing optn spau, 1. To the extentpossible , existing, signifi informal landscape plantings, and views to historic houses. cant Landscape features andpatterns will be pre served, such as tree Lined streets, driveways, and walks, open spaces, and the glacis surrounding Fort jay; 2. New landscaping will be designed and executed in a manner thatpreserves the character andfabric ofthe Governors Island Historic Dis trict, and will use similarplant materials in simi Lar situations; 3. New Landscaping will be designed to be unobtrusive; and, 4. No property enclosure fencing will be installed within the boundaries ofthe Governors Island Historic District. "The intersection ofClayton and Haywood Roads showing formal landscaping and pedmrian walkways. 23 governors island historic district DESIGN & DEVELOPMENT GUIDELINES
Building #293, the Super 8 Motel added to the site in 1986, is Addition to Building #400 generally considered to be an Contemporary addition to a building in the historic district. an intrusion into the historic district, and is ofno historic intrusion into the historic district, and is ofno historic significance. significance.
A small addition placed on a secondary focark ofa brick and A close-up ofthe fake stone surface shown to the left. Th~ base A photograph ofthe original stone wall adjacent to the stone building in the historic district. The mrface ofthe material is stucco, with applied mortar rksigned to suggest stone unsuccessful addition shown to the left. Synthetic designs could addition attempts to emulate stone, unsuccessfully. The design blocks. The design is inappropriate and unsuccessful. The not duplicate the textures and varying patterns naturally is inconsistent with the existing structure. This addition is an deterioration ofthe materials suggests that they are not durable. created by stone. intrusion.
24 governors island historic district DESIGN & DEVELOPMENT GUIDELINES
GENERAL GUIDANCE Some elements of a building, such as The Guidelines will serve as the stan wood windows, slate roofs, and wood siding, dards for treatment of historic properties and are significant character defining elements and guidelines for future development within the are Important• to retain.• historic districts. The Guidelines are designed to assist continued use of the historic district,. UsE ofSuBSTITUTE MATERIALS while protecting its historically and architecturaly significant features. The use of substitute materials on his toric properties can diminish the character of REPAIR vs. REPLACEMENT the historic district and should be avoided. Materials, such as composition shingles, alu Standard shiplap siding in the Historic District. Using aluminum or vinyl siding would be inappropriate. Because the materials, systems, and minum and vinyl sidings, aluminum and vi craftsmanship used in construction of the nyl windows, would detract from the historic buildings within the historic district are dis integrity of the resource. This applies to both Work on properties in the historic dis tinctive and contribute to the significance of treatment of existing buildings and structures, trict can fall into one of three categories, all the district, it is important to preserve the his and the design of new buildings. There are related to the level of review required before toric fabric of the properties. In the treatment situations, however, where a substitute mate work can proceed: of historic resources, whether the treatment is rial may be the only prudent alternative. An 1. work not requiring a review; preservation, rehabilitation, or restoration, pri example would be a cornice bracket that re 2. work requiring review by the ority should be given to repairing existing ma quired replacement, but where the cost of hav Commission ·staff; and, terials. If repair cannot be achieved, if it is ing one reproduced in the original material 3. work requiring review by the neither feasible nor prudent, the material can would be prohibitive. In such a situation, a Commission and the SHPO. be replaced "in-kind." In kind means that the reproduction cast in another material, such as replacernent would be the same material, de fiberglass, might be an acceptable alternative. sign, construction, and finish as the original. • The first priority in treating a historic prop erty should be to preserve and maintain, to the extent feasible, existing fabric. 25 governors island historic district DESIGN & DEVELOPMENT GUIDELINES
WoRK oN BUILDINGS NoT REQUIRING REVIEW public hearing will be necessary. For building property, its immediate setting, or the historic additions, both the Commission and the New histrict, and that new construction comple There are a number ofactions that can York State Office ofParks, Recreation and His ment and contribute to its immediate environ be undertaken on historic properties that may toric Preservation will be involved. ment and the district. be exempt from the normal administrative re- The goal of the review is to ensure that v1ew• process. work undertaken does not destroy or dimin • Interior painting and decora- ish the significant features of the individual tion on all buildings, except those interior fea tures which have been identified as significant, I providing that work does not change or dam age the exterior appearance of the property. 1 • Modifications to or replace- ment of HVAC, plumbing, or electrical sys • tems that do not require a Department of .; Buildings permit, provided that no changes are visible on the exterior, or that modifications • are minor in nature and do not alter or detract • from the historic or architectural significance of the resource. • Replacement of failed caulk- • • ing, as long as it is not used in mortar joints, or in other inappropriate locations.
All other work on the exterior ofbuild ings and structures in the historic district will require review by the Commission, and possi bly the New York State Office of Parks, Recre ation and Historic Preservation at some level. For minor projects, this review may be handled by the Commission staff. For demolition of any portion of a category 1 or 2 building, a Colonels' Row residential structures. The scale and mass ofthe buildings are different in each area ofthe Historic District.
26 governors island historic district DESIGN & DEVELOPMENT GUIDELINES
S'..~>lt(! · D~.?,vg~Qpmf!nt I ~-
ecause the historic district evolved over an extended period of time, with no mas ter plan to direct development, there are a va riety of issues that must be considered when @ Aru:bs Ro.d Burials planning new work. These include the overall ® IbrtJay character of the district and the character of D) @ Castle Williams ~ sub-areas, such as residential groupings. New • development will not be successful if only the ® Qu.~l immediate environment of the development ® Qu.~2 site is considered. • ® Building 2
' " , _ _. ., .. L_ .. ,~ ...... • #11::- been created out of the initial functional de • mands of a defensive military fort, expanding o--0,\~ to the needs of housing to support personnel, ~ and finally to that of a training facility for the Pian showing identified and potential archeological sites within the Historic District (Beyer Blinder Belle Consortium) U.S. Coast Guard. To preserve the character of the district, new development should be consistent in scale and mass with the existing conditions and buildings directly adjacent to the development, and considerate of the over all scale of the historic district. The review of 27 governors island historic districtDESIGN & DEVELOPMENT GUIDELINES • preserving and maintaining established open spaces and parks, such as Nolan Park, Colonels' Row Green, and the open space surrounding Fort Jay; • preserving the vistas and views to, from, and within the Historic District; • preserving and maintaining the significant landscapes, including tree lines along streets and walkways, and using similar materials and design in new development; and, • preserving and maintaining Disrupted walkway. Repair would not require a permit. existing masonry streets, driveways, and walk ways, and designing new development that uses similar materials in similar situations. Standard #2: All site development work will be designed and executed to avoid known or poten tial archeological resources. Existing large scale communicatiom unit located adjacent to building #400 illustrates the type ofequipment that should not There are specific areas within the His be located in the Historic District. The imtallation ofsmall toric District in which there is a high or mod scale equipment on buildings or on the site would be reviewed by the Commission. erate potential of encountering archeological resources when there is ground disturbing ac any development project will focus on its im tivities. For any project that requires digging Running bond walkway pact on the contributing elements of the dis or excavation, including the installation of util trict, and how the project would enhance the ity lines, care should be taken to avoid these Commission and New York State Office of qualities of the resource. resources. Parks, Recreation and Historic Preservation. Developing a project that would meet The alternative to avoiding archeologi Some techniques of avoiding a site include: these goals can be accomplished by consider cal resources is to mitigate the impact through • selecting sites that are known to not ing a number of issues, including: excavation of the site. This would be under contain archeological resources; and, • maintaining building heights taken by professional archeologists in accor • designing a project in a manner that consistent with adjacent structures; dance with a recovery plan accepted by the minimizes ground penetration. 28 governors island historic district DESIGN & DEVELOPMENT GUIDELINES • If neither of these options is feasible, a located on secondary facades or roof planes. testing and, if appropriate, recovery plan should Site mounted units should be screened with be developed in consultation with the SHPO landscaping. staff, and executed prior to undertaking any work. Standard #5: Existing unit masonry streets, driveways, and walks within the Governors Is Standard #3: All new utility distribution systems, Land Historic District, and seawall north ofDi such as electric, and telephone and cable service, vision Road, will be preserved in-place, and, • will be located below ground and, to the extent where necessary repaired • possible, new or upgraded utility service will uti- lize existing trenches, and avoid additional exca- · Walkways, driveways, and roads within • vatzons. the historic district have a variety of textures. This is a result of the different materials used, Electric, telephone, and cable service and the the way they are used. Generally, brick within the historic district is currently deliv pavers were used for pedestrian walkways, ered to buildings and structures underground. across open spaces, and leading to buildings. This technique of delivery is to be provided They have been placed in a variety of patterns, for all services to existing and new develop from basketweave and herringbone to a run ment. Low scale site light fixture. ning bond. Brick walks can be found through One of the ways of accomplishing this out Nolan Park, Colonels' Row, and leading Standard #4: Large scale communication equip requirement, while avoiding excavation of ar to most of the free standing residential build- ment, such as satellite dishes, telephone relays, • cheological sites, is to use existing utility 1ngs. radar, antenna, and other similar equipment and trenches. These trenches represent already dis Stone paving has been used as drive installations, will be located outside ofthe bound turbed ground. If additional excavation is not ways and parking areas associated with residen aries of the Governors Island Historic District, required to install new utility lines, no archeo tial buildings ~within the historic district. This south ofD ivision Road. logical work would be necessary. If this is not type of paving would have been used for all feasible, a survey and recovery plan will be re paved roads on the Island. Over the years, as There are numerous methods of pro quired. phalt paving has covered or replaced many of viding communication to individual buildings the stone streets. or groups of structures within the historic dis trict. Small scale equipment, such as individual satellite dishes less than 24" round, should be 29 governors island historic district DESIGN & DEVELOPMENT GUIDELINES SITE DEVELOPMENT SITE DEVELOPMENT STREET LIGHTING will require a level WoRK NoT REQUIRING REVIEW WoRK THAT SHoULD BE AvoiDED of illumination appropriate to vehicular travel. The fixtures used should be compatible with j General maintenance work on existing • removal of existing historic paving the character of the historic district and be paving materials not requiring review includes:. materials; designed and located to avoid excessive light • minor repair or replacement in-kind of • substituting historic paving mat:erials or glare on residential units. 1 .I individual paving units; with modern materials; and, OPEN SPACE & PARK LIGHTING should • cleaning paving units using non-abra- • covering existing historic unit masonry be the minimum necessary to provide a safe 1 • sive methods and materials; and, paving. pedestrian environment, without causing ex ' • resetting loose paving units in the same cessive glare or intrusion into residential units. • T pattern as the original. Standard #6: Allsite or building lighting within These. fixtures should match the existing his l the Governors Island Historic District will be ap toric units in scale and basic form. Halogen SITE DEVELOPMENT WoRK REQUIRING REVIEW propriately scaled lighting compatible with the lights should be avoided. • area in which it is installed. An illustration of the existing light f • major paving repairs, or replacement standards can be found in Knowing What to of multiple paving units; All new exterior lighting within the Save & What to Remove. • • • removal or redesign of paving areas; historic district must be submitted to the PROPERTY LIGHTING includes s.ite illu • • redesigning paving to meet handicap SHPO for review. Currently, there is a mini mination, such as walkway lights and landscape accessibility requirements; mal amount of site illumination within the lighting; building illumination, such as spot • resetting paving units in different historic district. Those historic fixtures that lights; and building lighting, such as porch • patterns from original; and, remain are tall, slender, incandescent units. lighting, or security fixtures. These fixtures • the addition of unit masonry paving There are three levels oflightingwithin should be small and unobtrusive, and attached areas. the historic district that have to be taken into in a manner that does not cause damage to or • consideration: street illumination; open space conceal significant features. Spot lights should and park lighting; and individual property not shine outside of the immediate property. lighting. • Each has different illumination re quirements, and can have different impacts on the historic district. • • View ofGovernors Island looking northeast, showing its relationship to Lower Manhattan. 30 governors island historic district DESIGN & DEVELOPMENT GUIDELINES n the treatment of historic buildings and BUILDlNG TR.ItAT..MR.NT structures there are four generally accepted levels of action preservation, rehabilitation, restoration, and reconstruction. Each repre sents a different type and degree of work on a Standard # 1: All work carried out on historic Standard #2: All work on historic buildings and property, from minimal change under preser buildings and structures will comply with appli structures will be undertaken in accordance with vation, to a completely new building under re- cable building codes ofthe City and State ofNew the Standards and Guidelines detailed in the constructwn.• York . Governors Island Preservation & Design Manual. For practical purposes, however, each project will involve some of each of the treat All treatment of the buildings and Assistance in meeting this standard will ment levels some portion ofthe prope~tywill structures on the site, new development, and be provided by the staffof the SHPO and LPC. basically be left untouched (preserved); some new construction, must meet applicable build For projects involving new construction or ad portion will be changed significantly, such as ing codes and review procedures. The appro ditions, and interior work on the designated the installation of a new kitchen or bath (reha priate application of code requirements to his significant interiors, the New York State Of bilitated); some will be returned to its original toric buildings should be developed in consul fice of Parks, Recreation and Historic Preser appearance, such as stripping and repairing a tation with the SHPO staff vation will review the project. porch rail (restored); and, some may involve recreation of missing details (reconstructed.) Standard #3: Minimum work will be under In most cases the primary level treatment for taken on a historic building, structure, or site to ~ I buildings within the historic district will be ei meet use and code requirements. ther preservation or rehabilitation. Work carried out on a building should One ofthe goals of preserving contrib ' preserve those character defining features that uting buildings in the historic district is to re represent its importance, while meeting build tain as much of the significant building fabric as possible. Fabric is represented by the build ing code, life safety, and handicap accessibility - ing materials,-and the method by which they requirements, and user needs. To accomplish fl I 'IWJO 31 ------~ governors island historic district DESIGN & DEVELOPMENT GUIDELINES An example of meeting the standard erty Summary Sheets document on the historic Many of the buildings within the his would be replacement of only those roofing district. They include features such as win toric district incorporate materials and features materials that need replacement, rather than dows, doors, roofs , exterior materials, detail that are representative of the original design, the whole roof Avoid a situation where more ing, decoration, and overall building style. the style of architecture, or the function of the work is done than necessary based on the as building. This material or feature should not sumption that the remaining roof will also fail THERE ARE SOME BASIC PRINCIPLES THAT be removed, destroyed, or covered. soon, and that it would be cheaper to do all SHOULD BE FOLLOWED WHEN TREATING A HIS • The priority for treatment of features the work at once, rather than bringing the con TORIC BUILDING. and materials on a historic property is a) pres tractor back a second time. Both assumptions ervation; b) repair; c) replacement. may be true, but preservation of the building • The materials, features, finishes, and Preservation of the material or feature requires preservation of as much of the origi construction techniques, or examples of crafts would entail keeping it in place, repainting it nal fabric as possible, for as long as possible. manship that contribute to the significan ce of or recoating it, and basically maintaining it as Another good example would be re a property should be preserved. is. If a feature is damaged or deteriorated be placement of only those windows that cannot yond repair, replacement would be an accept be repaired, rather than undertaking a com able treatment. plete window replacement project. A replacement would involve removal of the deteriorated feature and replacing it with Standard #4: All work will be designed and ex a feature that matches the existing in configu ecuted in a manner that minimizes damage to, ration, detail, material, and finish. If a wood or removal ofi character defining elements or origi detail is deteriorated beyond repair, an appro nal fabric of the building, structure, or its set- priate replacement would be another wood de tzng.• tail of the same size, configuration, material, design, and finish. It is under this Standard that the basic • The gentlest means possible should be treatment of the property would be developed, used when treating the building, whether that whether it is primarily preservation or reha is repair, rehabilitation, cleaning, or refinish- bilitation. The overall goal is to preserve the 1ng.• Important character defining visual features of the property, and to treat the property in a Victorian double doors on a Nolan Park residence, with full manner that extends its life and utility. Gen length glass storm doors. erally, the character defining features of the buildings are outlined in the Building & Prop- 32 governors island historic district DESIGN & DEVELOPMENT GUIDELINES CHARACTER DEFINING ELEMENTS • replacement of broken glass; • rebuilding broken components; WINDow WoRK THAT SHOULD BE AvoiDED Because certain architectural elements • caulking; of a building can have critical importance in • repair or replacement of window There are some actions that would se defining character and significance, it is neces hardware; verely damage a window and should be avoided sary to pay very close attention to their treat • the installation of interior storm when treating historic windows. ment. These include windows and window windows or security screens. Examples of these include: openings, masonry, and roofs. • abrasively cleaning window sash or WINDOW TREATMENT REQUIRING REVIEW frames that causes changes to the window fab- • WINDOWS nc; Examples of work that would require • . unnecessary replacement of historic Window and door openings, their sur rev1ew:• windows in a building; rounds, and their configuration, are some of • cladding windows or window frames the most important elements in defining the • repainting windows a different color; in aluminum, vinyl, or other material; architecture of a building. In addition, the • the installation of exterior storm • unnecessary reglazing windows with maintenance of historic windows and window windows; tinted or colored glass; or, fabric, is critical in maintaining the historic and • installing exterior shutters; • painting out windows. architectural integrity of the property. Fortu • installing awnings; nately, it is also easy to accomplish. • installing exterior security grills; DooRs Some work on windows in the historic • replacement of existing windows; and, district can be accomplished without seeking • blocking-up of existing windows. Along with windows, exterior doors review. This, to a great extent, involves nor and doorways can be very distinctive evidence mal maintenance of the units. The configuration of windows in the of the style, character, and significance of a historic district varies widely, from simple one building. Within the historic district there is a WINDOW TREATMENT over one double-hung, to 16 over 16, with great variety of door styles, ranging from the NoT REQUIRING REVIEW quite a few buildings having more than one fortress entr:lnce on Castle Williams and pattern. To a great extent, the window pane Gothic Revival on St. Cornelius Church to Examples of work that can be carried configuration is a reflection of the individual Victorian and Classical Revival styles on later out without seeking review include: building style and the period in which it was _ buildings. Each has a character directly related • repainting the window the same color constructed. For this reason, it is important to its building and period of construction, using appropriate materials, including to maintain those patterns if window replace- which should be respected. necessary sanding, scraping, and filing; ment 1s• necessary. • 33 governors island historic district DESIGN & DEVELOPMENT GUIDELINES As with windows, there are some treat • installation of new lights in the door; ment of doors that can be accomplished with or, out seeking a review. • blocking-up of existing lites in the door. DooR TREATMENT NoT REQUIRING REVIEW DooR TREATMENT THAT SHOULD BE AvoiDED Examples of work that can be carried out without seeking review include: There are some actions that would so • repainting or refinishing the door and severely damage a door assembly that they door frame the same color using appropriate should be avoided when treating historic doors. materials, including necessary sanding, scrap Examples of these include: ing, and filing; • repair of the door and frame; • abrasively cleaning doors, door frames, • repair of door hardware; or surrounds; • installation of weatherstripping; • cladding door frames in aluminum, • replacement of glazing compound; vinyl, or other material; • replacement of broken glass; • reglazing door lites with tinted or colored glass, or painting out door lites; DooR TREATMENT • the installation of storm, screen, or REQUIRING REVIEW security doors that obscure the design of the historic door; or, Examples of work that would require • changing the configuration of the door, review include: rame, or surround. • repainting doors or door frames a different color; • installation of exterior storm doors; • installation of exterior shutters; • installation of awnings; • installation of exterior security grills; • replacement of doors or door frames; Gothis Reviva£ leaded glass door. 34 governors island historic district DESIGN & DEVELOPMENT GUIDELINES • Two illustrations ofstorm doors on Governors Island The installation on the left uses a full height glass storm door that does not obscure the design and detain ofthe historic door. The installation on the right uses a partial height door that obscures the historic fabric. 35 ------governors island historic district DESIGN & DEVELOPMENT GUIDELINES a special concern about ' ·EAN;.....· ·.. :V ,· ·", . ·,: z··' ··,\ . ' ·"'G ' ··. ' ' CL'i,>:>.,,..;.<(• ' ...,,.f .;..,.....::. .:.: ,.).. ,.<~ ·~· ·J.:~ -.<;., ' "~\. ~ ecause of the nature of materials used in This, in turn, will cause further damage as the For a majority of situations, a simple construction on Governors Island, and its material goes through the winter. There is no cleaning using a biodegradable soap, soft bristle location, a majority of the buildings and struc way of correcting this type of damage. Even brushes, and low pressure water (under 250psi) tures may require some level of cleaning. How tually, the masonry unit will require replace will clean normal dirt and grime off of a build this is undertaken is critical to preservation of ment. ing. For more difficult cleaning problems, such the fabric and character of the properties and The same type of damage can be caused as graffiti, water pressure up to 700psi may be the Historic District. when using abrasive cleaning on wood surfaces. allowed, and a number of manufactures have Abrasive cleaning, whether it is done The process would remove the outer protec solvents that are effective but will not damage with chemicals, sandblasting, walnut shells, tive surface of the wood, changing its visual the building fabric. In all cases, test panels corn cobs, high-pressure water, or any other character, texture, and making it more vulner should be used to assess the effectiveness of the method, should not be used on any properties able to moisture. cleaning system and its affect on the property in the Historic District. before proceeding. Cleaning should be undertaken using This is a critical issue in preserving and the gentlest means possible. maintaining the historic buildings. If inappro Although it is feasible to clean a build priate cleaning techniques are used on a build ing without damaging its fabric, the materials, ing, the damage is permanent. It cannot be equipment and techniques commonly used reversed, and the cost of maintaining the build normally do great harm. While abrasive clean ing will increase significantly over time. ing of a material, such as masonry, will cause a visual change to the property, a more signifi cant effect is how it changes the physical char acteristics of the material, shortening its usable life and contributing to higher maintenance costs, and eventual destruction of the build Typical ofdamage resulting from the surface ofthe masonry ing. Once the protective exterior surface of being abraded. The protective surface is removed, subjecting the unit to moisture penetration) which causes further the masonry units removed, the material will deterioration. absorb moisture from the outside rain, snow, high humidity. 36 governors island historic district DESIGN & DEVELOPMENT GUIDELINES • repair & maintenance of 1 ...c.c..: J< f£1$t1NRY~ ..&~ '/' ,.:P'..... he most critical issue surrounding the used if applied with care, caution, and the cor Actions that should be avoided when maintenance of masonry within the his rect proceedure. If power tools are necessary, a working on masonry surfaces include: toric district is proper tuckpointing. The meth 4 11 roundx 1/811 thick, high speed blade should • tuckpointing brick or stone with ods used in removing old deteriorated mortar be used, making one cut in the center of the mortar that does not match the between brick and stone, and the formula for joint to the tuckpointing depth. The edges of historic mortar; replacement mortar, will either extend the life the mortar can then be knocked off into the • taping brick in the tuckpointing of the building, or create significant, ongoing open cut joint. Care must be taken to ensure process; maintenance·problems. that the saw cuts are even, level, and that they • using caulking in brick ·or stone The reason for this is that, on the old do not touch any of the masonry edges or sur mortar JOints;• • est buildings, the mortar was designed to al faces. It is important that the cutting tool not • coating masonry with a waterproofing low moisture vapors originating inside the be used against the brick or stone itself Do material. Even though this material appears building to migrate out through the mortar. ing this artificially evens the edges of a natu to be transparent, and may allow vapors to To allow this to happen, the mortar was de rally uneven masonry unit, changing its char pass through the mortar, its application on un signed to be softer than the masonry units, ei acter. damaged masonry is unnecessary, and can cause ther stone or brick. When a replacement mor long-term problems. tar is used that is stronger and more dense than • painting previousely unpainted brick the masonry unit, the moisture migrates or stone; and, through the unit and causes damages as the • removing paint and leaving exposed building goes through freeze/thaw cycles. previousely painted brick or stone. In the best situation, tuckpointing would involve the removal of deteriorated mortar using hand tools, and replacing the ~ mortar with new material that matches the historic in strength, composition, joint con Extreme example ofthe use ofinappropriate masonry mortar (excessive Portland cement, insufficient lime, and improper figuration, and color. joints) in a stone wall showing deteriorated stone surface If, however, the current mortar is too caused by entrapped moisture. Appropriate mortar would hard to remove with hand tools without dam match the original in composition, texture, col01; andjoint aging the masonry units, power tools can be configuration. 37 gov~rnors island historic district DESIGN & DEVELOPMENT GUIDELINES MAsoNRY stone and brick have been employed in the construction of streets, driveways, and walks. In many cases, the most distinctive Historically, masonry was used for both its building material used on a structure will be physical and visual strength. It can be both masonry. It provides color, texture, defini the most durable building material, and· the tion, and style to a building, while serving as most vulnerable to irreparable damage. a primary structural component. Within the The most damaging element to historic district stone of various types have masonry is water water leaking down from been used for foundation and wall construc roofs, water trapped behind the masonry, tion, as well as for decoration. Red brick has and water forced onto the material. Prevent been used exte.nsively as the primary building ing this damage is rel~tively easy. Taking Example ofinappropriate mortar used on a stone wall showing material on residential structures, administra steps to ensure that the roof and flashing the loss ofsurfoce material due to entrapped moisture) and the tive buildings, and support facilities. Both systems are properly maintained, that water visual impact ofpoor masonry work. Such work can signifi cantly increase maintenance costs. vapor inside the building has a means of escaping, and never power washing a ma MASONRY WORK sonry surface, will eliminate a vast majority REQUIRING REVIEW of the problems. Examples of masonry work that MAsoNRY WoRK would require review include any action that Nor REQUIRING REVIEW has the potential of damaging or changing the visual or physical characteristics of the Maintenance work that generally material. does not require review includes: • painting currently painted masonry • repainting currently painted masonry surfaces a different color; the same color; • removing paint from exterior • spot cleaning masonry to remove surfaces; graffiti using proprietary cleaning agents • cleaning exterior surfaces; Illustration ofdeteriorated stone typical ofthe effect trapped specifically designed and formulated for • repairing cracked joints or damaged moisture will have on masonry surfaces. This could be caused that purpose; and, masonry; by the use ofimproper mortar in tuckpointing and/or abrasive • spot repair of mortar or masonry cleaning ofthe masonry. • repainting, tuckpointing, or other • un1ts. wise changing or replacing existing mortar; and, •· application of anti-graffiti coatings. 38 • gov~rnors island historic district DESIGN & DEVELOPMENT GUIDELINES I MAsoNRY WoRK Below is an illustration ofhow tuckpointing with an inappro priately strong mortar can entrap moisture and result in the THAT SHOULD BE AVOIDED surfoce material falling off Because of the potential for perma nent damage to masonry surfaces, there are actions that should not be undertaken. They include: • abrasively cleaning masonry surfaces; • tuckpointing mortar joints with mortar not closely matching the existing; • use of_caulking in mortar joints; There is no one mortar joint style used throughout the Historic • application of waterproofing or District. In this case the stones are joined with a "butter joint': preservative coatings on masonry surfaces; This is a thin layer ofmortar placed on the stone like spreading • painting of previously unpainted butter. It is a very distinctive style ofjoint. Repairs to the Throughout the Historic District there are examples ofrubble, joints have ignored the style and spread the mortar on the ashlar, and dressed stone walls, all with their unique type of masonry surfaces; surface ofthe stone, changing its appearance and potentially mortar joint. The rubble stone wall below has smalL pieces of • resurfacing masonry; or, damaging the materiaL New mortar joints should match the stone set within the mortar bed joining the larger stones. • covering masonry with aluminum, historic in style, color, texture, composition and appearance. vinyl, wood, or other materials. Appropriate use of mortar on a historic stone and brick wall. This technique ofusing the mortar has preserved the unit Inappropriate use ofhigh strength mortar on a historic stone masonry. The type ofmortar used will allow moisture behind and brick wail. This technique ofusing the mortar has the masonry surfoce to escape, preventing damage. obscured the unit masonry. The type ofmortar used will entrap moisture behind the masonry surfoce, causing damage. 39 governors island historic district DESIGN & DEVELOPMENT GUIDELINES WooD SIDING, TRIM & that water is not forced under wood siding DECORATIVE BUILDING FEATURES by spraying up, but should always be washed from the top down, spraying water either A number of individual buildings directly at the siding, or down from above.) and groupings of structures within the historic district are covered with wood Wooo WoRK REQUIRING REVIEW siding. In addition, almost all of the build ings have some level of exterior wood trim. Work on exterior wood on a building Wood, similar to masonry, is vulnerable to that does require review includes: damage caused by moisture and water • repainting wood a different color; infiltration. Wood siding ~s not as durable as • chemical cleaning; . masonry but, when properly maintained, will • more than minor repairs to broken last the life of the structure, as will both siding, trim, or decorative features; decorative and functional trim pieces. and, • replacement of siding, trim, or decorative WooR WoRK NoT REQUIRING REVIEw features. Painted wood shiplap siding typical offrame buildings in the ; Basic, uniform maintenance of wood WooR Woruc THAT SHoULD BE AvoiDED Historic District. Deteriorated paint is easily replaced. • siding and trim generally does not require Deterioration is typically caused by excessive moisture generated inside the building. review, and will ensure continued protection Because of the potential for perma of the material. Such work on exterior wood nent damage to wood surfaces, there are may include: actions that should not be undertaken. They ·• repainting wood the same color using include: appropriate materials, including necessary • abrasively cleaning wood surfaces; sanding, scraping, and filing; • use of power tools in removing • minor repair or replacement of excessive• paint;• damaged siding, wood trim or decorative • covering wood with aluminum, piece; and, vinyl, or other materials. • washing wood using soft bristle brushes, a biodegradable soap or TriSodium Phosphate (TSP), and low-pressure water Decorative wood trim on a Nolan Park house reflecting the ( <200psi.) (Care should be taken to ensure Victorian architectural style ofthe building. 40 governors island historic district DESIGN & DEVELOPMENT GUIDELINES ROOFS & ROOFING Slate or composition roofi offer a strong monolithic form when viewed from a distance, Close When viewing a building from a dis up slate reveals a texture and tance, the most distinctive feature is often its color variation not available in roof. It can reflect the style of the building composition shingles, adding to the character ofthe building. and its architectural lineage, as well as provid Existing slate roofi should be ing scale and texture to the visual landscape. retained and, ifnecessary, All of these are important to take into consid repaired. New roofi should be executed in either the same eration when undertaking any work. A ma material as the historic, or in a jority of the roofs within the Historic District sympathetic material. are covered with either slate or composition shingles, generally with copper flashing and metalwork. For the purposes of review, compo RooF WoRK REQUIRING REVIEW RooF WoRK THAT SHOULD BE AvoiDED nents of the roof includes the roof material (slate, shingle, metal), the roof flashing (cop Work that goes beyond routine main There are actions that could so dam per, galvanized metal, aluminum), gutters and tenance will require review . Examples of that age the architectural integrity of a property or rain water leaders [RWL] (copper, aluminum), work include: the district that they should not be undertaken. and fasteners (copper. iron, galvanized metal, • major roof repairs or replacement; Examples of these include: aluminum). • tnajor repair or replacement of flash • replacement ofslate roof shingles with ing, gutters, or RWL; composition shingles, synthetic slate, metal, RooF WoRK NoT REQUIRING REVIEW • repainting previously painted metal concrete tile, or any other material other than work a different color; slate that matches the existing material; Routine maintenance of a roof will • painting previously unpainted roof • replacement of copper flashing, gutters, generally not require review. Examples of such surfaces; RWL, hardware, or other metal work with alu work would include: • changing roofing materials, such as minum, vinyJ, stainless steel, or any other ma • routine cleaning of the roof surfaces, composition shingles to a metal roof; terial that does not match the existing copper; gutters, and rain water leaders; • changing the form of the roof, such as • the use of incompatible materials in • repainting of previously painted metal converting a flat roof into a sloped roof; and, conjunction with slate or copper, including work the same color, using appropriate mate • the addition of skylights or roof windows. fasteners; rials and methods; and, • painting previously unpainted copp.er; • minor repair of roof shingles, flashing, and, gutters, and rain water leaders. • the use of abrasive or acid cleaners on · roof materials. 41 • governors island historic district DESIGN & DEVELOPMENT GUIDELINES Standard #5: All work will be executed in a manner that minimizes damage to historically significant landscapes or site features associated with the building or structure. The primary concern under this stan dard is that construction activities, even if they are limited to non significant interiors, and do not require review, can result in damage to sur rounding property. The movement of con struction equipment, personnel, and staging of materials has a high potential for causing damage. Protective measures should be taken to avoid such occurrences. These actions can include: • locating materials and construction staging areas on sites that do not contain sig nificant landscaping; • establishing dedicated routes for per- sonnel and machine access to the construction site;• • providing protective coverings for · Fort jay Glacis walkways; • providing protective coverings for plants and landscaping; and, • ensuring that steps are taken to repair any damaged landscaping after work is com ~ pleted. 42 • governors island historic district DESIGN & DEVELOPMENT GUIDELINES 11 new construction within the historic district must be submitted to the State Historic Preservation Officer for review. Standard # 1: All new construction within the Governors Island Historic District will be designed to be compatible with, but not duplicate existing structures, and will not attempt to create ((his The primary identifying elements of a build toric" buzldings. ing are its scale, massing and form, followed by the rhythm and detail of its components, The Governors Island Historic District such as columns and window openings. To be is a product of over one hundred years of de compatible with historic buildings within the velopment. Architectural styles within the dis historic district, new construction must focus trict represent each of the periods of its growth, on being sensitive to these primary elements. from early fortifications to Colonial Revival. Detailing can vary considerably, but the scale, Together, as a historic district, the assembly of massing and form can be critical to providing these styles illustrates the grow and change of an aesthetically pleasing addition to the his the resource. To preserve the history of the toric district. district, and to continue the reflection of de Examples of ways in which new con Porch addition that includes decorative iron columns that are velopment and growth, new construction struction can be compatible with their sur out ofcharacter with the original architecture and building should represent current architectural styles, roundings include: style. while being compatible with the historic build • the new construction maintaining the ings and setting. Imaginative and contempo same setback from the front property line as rary design within the historic district is en adjacent buildings; • the perceived scale of new construction couraged. • the height of new construction being being similar to 'its adjacent buildings; and, This can be accomplished by maintain within one-half story of the immediately adja • the basic roof form of new construc ing the scale and basic form of the surround cent buildings, e.g., no more than or less than tion being consistent with adjacent buildings, ing buildings, while executing the design in one-half story higher or lower than adjacent e.g., gable roofs adjacent to gable roofs, hip contemporary style and detail. buildings; roofs adjacent to hip roofs, and so forth. 43 governors island historic district DESIGN & DEVELOPMENT GUIDELINES Standard #2: All new construction within the • placing new construction on sites that Governors Island Historic District will be designed will not restrict views to or from the Historic to preserve the character and significant ftatures District; ofthe Island, including vistas and view sheds. • designing new construction in a man ner that preserves existing views and vistas The value of Governors Island as a stra within the historic district. This can be ac tegic fortification was its unobstructed views complished by maintaining existing side yard across Buttermilk Channel and New York spacing between buildings, and by avoiding Harbor, allowing the sighting of and ships at construction on sensitive sites; and, tempting to enter the harbor. Over years of • avoiding the installation of landscap- development and changes in use, those views ing in view corridors. have been changed and restricted. However, The heavy stone ofCastle Williams is a good material to reflect its initial use as a fortification, and later as a jail significant views and vistas remain to and from Standard #3: New construction within the Gov the historic district. New construction should ernors Island Historic District will use materials Ways in which this can be accom not diminish those views further. consistent with their setting and environment. plished include: Ways of preventing further diminution • new building materials being consis of the views and vistas include: The building materials used in the his tent with immediately adjacent buildings, e.g., toric district reflect the use of the structure, its brick next to brick, wood next to wood. How period of construction, and its architectural ever, the use of contrasting materials and de status. Heavy stone was used on the Island for tails can enhance the architectural diversity of fortifications, more for its strength than ap the district. Accordingly, each new construc pearance. Red brick was used for major ad tion design will be reviewed on its architec ministration and residential structures, and tural value and impact on its setting and the wood frame was used for secondary residential Historic District; and, buildings. Materials, to a great extent, reflects • the hierarchical use of materials, i.e., the hierarchy of buildings in the Historic Dis stone foundations and detailing, red brick and trict. The design of new construction should wood siding for primary building materials and maintain that pattern of use, and reflect the details. As with the use of materials similar to immediate environment in which it is being those on adjacent structures, the use of differ placed. ent materials in different situations can add design interest and diversity. Because of this, the use of materials in new design will be re View across Ft. jay toward Lower Manhattan illustrating important vistas that should be preserved viewed on the architectural merit of the pro posal, and its impact on the historic district. 44 governors island historic district DESIGN & DEVELOPMENT GUIDELINES Standard #4: New construction, including con • the use ofonly temporary security fenc struction staging, will be undertaken in a man ing to enclose construction materials, not in ner that avoids damage to existing buildings, volving ground disturbing activities. structures, landscapes, and landscape features. • the use ofonly temporary security fenc ing to enclose construction materials, not in volving ground disturbing activities. Photograph ofa wood~sided Nolan Park residence) illustrating the way materials have been used in the historic district to distinguish rank style) and use. Brick used in construction ofthe residential units along Colonels) Row illustrates the status ofthe residents and the importance ofthe buildings through the use ofmore expensive materials. Wherever new construction is under taken in the historic district steps should be taken to avoid collateral damage. These steps can include: • construction staging areas and materi als storage being placed on sites previously dis turbed, or paved; • construction equipment access only across existing paved roadways sufficiently strong to withstand the weight of the equip ment; and, 45 governors island historic district DESIGN & DEVELOPMENT GUIDELINES • • replacement of diseased or damaged plantings in-kind; • the installation of appropriate species of plantings to reestablish historic patterns; and, • the installation of drip irrigation sys tems that do not involve ground disturbing act1v1t1es• • • . lANDsCAPING WoRK REQUIRING REVIEW !though the Governors Island Historic For landscape projects not associated District was not designed with a unified with projects requiring the Commission review, Additional landscape work will-require landscape concept or plan, simple patterns have application can be made directly to the State review. Examples of these include: been developed over the years. These vary from office. Copies of correspondence should be • new landscaping, including regrading, tree- lined streets and walkways to park set provided to the Commission to prevent admin- proposed as part of a site development project; • • tings. Each is important within its defined 1stranve concerns. • redesign of existing landscape patterns physical environment, and as a contributing and materials; part of the historic district. Those patterns LANDsCAPE WoRK NoT REQUIRING REVIEW • removal of existing landscaping; and, should be preserved and maintained, and used • the installation of irrigation systems as a guide for new development. Landscaping There is some work that can be under that require ground disturbance. on the Island takes two forms. One is the taken on the landscaping that will not require plantings themselves, which can be measured review. Examples of these include: Standard #1: To the extent possible) existing, quantitatively. The other is the environment • normal, routine maintenance of significant landscape features and patterns will created by all elements of the landscape• plantings and site features, including pruning; be preserved, such as tree-lined streets> driveways) plantings, colors, textures, views, enclosures, and walks) open spaces> and the glacis surround and visual pathways. The measure of these is ing Fort jay. qualitative. The loss of either one would have ~ a negative impact on the historic district. To meet this standard, a number of The review oflandscaping work within steps should be considered, including: the historic district will be undertaken by the • maintenance of existing ma- New York State Office of Parks, Recreation and ture landscaping; Historic Preservation. A building courtyard illustrating unique exterior rooms and landscaping found in the Historic District. 46 govrrnors island historic district DESIGN & DEVELOPMENT GUIDELINES • the installation of new be appropriate to the site, and consistent with Hedges that are planted should not plantings to reestablish the historic patterns; existing landscaping. Plant materials not na exceed four feet in height, and trees that are • the installation of plantings in tive to the region, or that are not present in planted as edges should be spaced to allow, at similar patterns as part of any new develop the Historic District, should not be introduced. minimum, filtered views. The exception to this ment; and, guidance would be where plantings were placed • no new landscaping should be Standard #3: New landscaping will be designed to screen utilities or other objects, such as air placed in open spaces, such as the Glacis around to be unobtrusive. conditioning units or trash containers. Fort Jay. The goal of this standard is to main Berms or other contouring of the land tain landscaping in the historic district at a scale should be limited, designed to avoid visual I Standard #2: New landscaping will be designed that preserves the openness of the site. Ac impacts, and not block views and vistas. and executed in a mann_er thatpreserves the char cordingly, new landscaping shpuld blend in • acter andfabric ofthe Governors Island Historic with the scale, texture, and color of the exist Standard #4: No property enclosure fencing will District, and will use similar plant materials in ing. Landscaping should not be used as visual be imtalled within the boundaries ofthe Gover similar situations. shields. nors Island Historic District. Whenever replacement plantings are There are locations within the historic required, or new landscaping as part of new Leeward promenade illustrating pubLic access to the wateredge district where decorative fencing has been in development, the species of plants used should estabLished by landscaping and pedestrian waLkways. stalled as part of either landscape features, or as part of historic building development. These decorative fences are part of the historic evolution of the site, and should be maintained. New fencing should be limited within the historic district. The goal of this standard is to avoid the use of chain link, wood, plastic, or other types of fences that form physical or visual barriers~, as well as masonry, or other types of walls that serve as fences. Types of fencing that can be used in clude electronic fences designed to restrict pets, andboundary fencing, such as edging that de fines a planting bed can be installed as part of a landscaping plan. 47 governors island historic district DESIGN & DEVELOPMENT GUIDELINES Standard#1: Demolition ofbuildings and struc tures within the Governors Island Historic Dis trict that are not significant (category 3 and 4) will be undertaken in a manner that avoids dam age to historic or archeological resources. Those buildings within the historic Before work is initiated, a demolition district that have been identified as either cat plan should be developed that addresses the egory 3 or 4 are neither individually signifi following: cant, nor do they contribute to the significance • access to and egress from the site by of the district. Accordingly, they can be re demolition and debris removal equipment; moved without damage to the_historic or ar • protection of adjacent buildings and chitectural integrity of the district. However, site features, including landscaping; in any demolition project, there is significant • removal of demolition materials; and, potential for collateral damage to buildings, • site clean-up and restoration. landscapes, and archeological sites. To prevent such damage, all proposed demolitions must Standard #2: Demolition activities on historic • be submitted to the SHPO for review. properties, such as removal ofprevious additions, In addition, proposed demolition of or removal ofnoncontrz'buting interiors, will be contributing buildings and structures (category undertaken in a manner that avoids, to the ex 1 or 2), landscapes, landscape features, or site tent possible, removal of or damage to original elements, must be submitted for review by the bXfilding fabric. SHPO. Care must be taken to avoid damage In some instances, when a building is to remaining building or site elements. The removed, its site may not be suitable for new steps that should be taken include: construction because of the interest to preserve • development of a demolition plan that or recapture important views and vistas. This addresses disconnecting building elements; can be determined in consultation with the • protection ofexposed building features SHPO staff. from natural elements and vandalism; · • removal ofdemolition materials from the site; • and, A decorative iron fence Located along a pedestrian walkway at the east side oft he Historic District. • clean-up of the site. 48 governors island historic district DESIGN & DEVELOPMENT GUIDELINES (. 1 ., 1lfff.:Jf ~ ~ . . . .! Tr . . . ~ r; · . ·"' . B lflJ.llllDlfNG Cr~ODE & DICAP AccESSIBILITY LIFE SAFETY From the 19th to the 20th centur~ building and fire safety codes in the United States shifted emphasis from protection of All work within the historic district • exterior stairs and ramps leading to and property to protection of life. This transition must comply with all applicable national, State, from buildings should be located to provide left many historic buildings lacking in provi and local fire safety and building codes. Alter minimal visual impact; sions for proper egress and fire protection. As native means of providing fire safety would be • when constructing new fire stairs, care fire protection laws became more stringent, reviewed in accordance with local procedures. should be taken to minimize destruction or historic properties fell further from compliance. In meeting fire safety requirements in historic removal of original building fabric; and, Attempts to retrofit buildings to meet contem buildings, there are some guidelines that should • existing exterior openings that may be porary codes often resulted in destruction of be followed. in conflict with new interior fire stairs should, the physical characteristics that made the prop if possible, not be "blocked up." erty significant. Means of Egress: To avoid such problems, each of the Fire Protection: governing organizations responsible for fire and • new fire stairs, to the extent possible, building code development adopted provisions should be installed in the interior of the build- • the installation of fire sprinklers, or • that allowed deviation from the letter of the 1ng; other mechanical fire protection systems, code if strict compliance would result in de • if new fire stairs cannot be accommo should be undertaken in a manner that mini struction of the significant character of the dated on the building interior, fire stairs on mizes visual intrusion on building exteriors, property. The condition of taking advantage the building exterior should be located on a and on identified significant interiors; of this exemption was that the intent of the secondary facade, and conform with the guid • exterior mounted fire supply outlets law must be followed, that alternative means ance provided under < 49 governors island historic district DESIGN & DEVELOPMENT GUIDELINES BuiLDING CooE CoMPLIANCE or handicap accessibility in the historic person whose mobility is impaired does not district there are three issues that should require an audible signal at a street crossing. As with fire safety codes, national be understood: Wherever provisions are made for handicap building codes allow discretion when apply • it is the intent to provide full access to accessibility within the historic district, whether ing code requirements to historic structures. programs and resources in a manner that does it is access to buildings, traveling across open This would apply only when strict adherence not damage the character or integrity of the space or parks, or getting to or from the Is to the letter of the code would destroy signifi historic district or individual contributing land, full consideration must be given to elimi cant elements of the property. properties;• • nating barriers to the disabled. Fortunately, the quality ofconstruction • the method of providing access should For properties privately owned and found in most of the contributing buildings be a well thought out, permanent solution; and, used for private purposes, such as a residence, within the historic district exceeds that required • the method of providing access should ADA does not apply. However, for buildings under contemporary codes. However, devia be inconspicuous, and made an integral part and sites that contain public services, or that tion from the code will require approval from of the building or site design. are public in nature, compliance with ADA is local enforcement agencies. required. This does not, however, mean that The purpose of the Americans with the historic character of the property should Disabilities Act of 1990 (P.L. 101-336, 104 stat be destroyed to meet the requirements of the 327) is "to provide a clear and comprehensive law. As with fire safety and building code com prohibition of discrimination on the basis of pliance, alternative means of providing access disability." The intent of the law and its imple to programs or space may be considered, as menting regulations is to provide equal access long as they meet the intent of the law. to programs and facilities. This can be accom Some basic guidance for providing ac plished in a number of ways. cessibility should be followed: It is important to recognize that there are many different types of disability, many • ramps to and from buildings should requiring different solutions visual and hear be located to avoid excessive damage or inter ing impairments do not require a ramp, and a ference with the fabric and architectural quali ties of the building; • 50 governors island historic district DESIGN & DEVELOPMENT GUIDELINES • to the extent possible, the use ofhandi- Before undertaking any accessibility The major guidance document avail cap lifts should be avoided; design, specific procedures should be followed: able for addressing handicap accessibility to • the design and choice of materials for • have a full understanding of the acces programs and services is the Americans with a ramp should be well thought out and com sibility needs of a specific building or site; Disabilities Act Accessibility Guidelines patible with the building and site; • have an understanding of the laws, (ADMG). • temporary materials should not be used regulations, and standards that apply to pro THREE IMPORTANT FACTORS MUST BE for permanent access solutions; viding accessibility; UNDERSTOOD WHEN ADDRESSING ACCESSIBILITY • to the extent possible, the natural or • have a full understanding of the con REQUIREMENTS: designed grading should be used to meet or tributing elements of the specific building or • NO ORGANIZATION OR BUSINESS IS assist in meeting ramping requirements; and, site within the historic district; EXEMPT FROM COMPLIANCE; • Braille directional, and other site and • fully ~xplore alternative treatments that • THE REQUIREMENT IS THAT PROGRAMS building signage designed to assist handi could meet accessibility responsibilities; and, AND SERVICES MUST BE ACCESSIBLE, NOT NECES capped, should be integrated into standard • develop an accessibility plan and de SARILY EVERY BUILDING AND SITE; AND, • s1gnage. sign that has a m inimum effect on the re • DISABILITIES COVER A FULL RANGE OF sources. PHYSICAL CONSTRAINTS, SUCH AS DISABILITIES Access within Buildings: RELATED TO HEARING, VISION, SPEECH, AND MOVEMENT. AnDING A RAMP TO A BUILDING DOES • to the extent possible, elevators and NOT MEAN THAT THE REQUIREMENTS OF ADA their associated mechanical systems should be HAVE BEEN MET. located within the building. A current handicap ramp installation within the Historic District. Although this Access to Programs: ramp functions properly, it has a negative visual impact on the historic building (as • consideration should be given to locat does installation ofthe air handling unit next to the front entrance.) A more ing public programs or services in buildings or successful installation at this Location could areas that would require little or no unique place the ramp behind a short brick wall. access provisions, such as locating public ser This would enhance the emphasis on the door entry, and diminish the added visual vices in first floor space that is already acces complexity created by the ramp (and the sible. mechanical unit) adjacent to the entrance. Another solution would be to locate the program in the building that doesn't require ramp accessibility, install an interior ramp, or place the ramp at a Less public entrance. 51 governors island historic district DESIGN & DEVELOPMENT GUIDELINES 1/:JBJCt!llf!ION! are must be taken when executing any resource. These methods could include the Within the historic district, archeologi ..... work with the historic district to avoid construction of temporary bridgework above cal artifacts can be located at any depth below damage to any of the significant resources. The the; resource to prevent direct loads from the the surface. To avoid unexpected encounters introduction of heavy vehicles, such as trucks equipment. Another method could be cover with these resources, ground disturbing activi and excavation equipment, can crush historic ing the resource with cushioning materials, ties, such as excavations, should either use ex paving materials or archeological resources lay such as dirt, to disburse the load, and to pre isting trenches, or completely avoid those iden ing close to the surface. The storage of build vent ground disturbance from the heavy equip tified sensitive areas (see Site Development). ing materials or excavation debris over the root ment; If the archeological sensitive areas cannot be ball of historic trees can cause long-term dam • all significant landscape elements, such avoided, a testing (and recovery) plan should age that might lead to the demise of that land as mature trees and bushes, surrounding the be developed in consultation with the SHPO scaping element. building site, or adjacent to the traveling route staff, and submitted for review. Before initiating any work in the his for heavy equipment, should be identified and Ifa previously unidentified archeologi toric district that has the potential of causing marked; and, cal resource is discovered during construction, collateral damage, specific steps should be • barriers should be placed around all work in the immediate area of the find should taken: identified significant landscape elements out be stopped immediately, and the SHPO con • a plan should be developed that iden side of their root parameter to prevent travel tacted. A preliminary determination will be tifies the traveling route for heavy equipment over the element by equipment, or placement made regarding the significance of the find. If from its landing point on the Island to the con of materials too close to the roots, or damage it is determined that the archeological resource struction site(s) and back. This route should, to branches by construction machinery. meets the criteria for recognition, a recovery to the extent possible, avoid crossing historic plan may be required. If it is determined that building materials and potential archeological Construction debris should be re the find is not significant, work can proceed. sites;• moved from the site as quickly as possible. In The determination ofsignificance will be made • in situations where either historic addition, in situations where hazardous mate by the SHPO in a timely manner to avoid un building materials or potential archeological rials, such as lead paint, are being removed from necessarily construction delays. sites cannot be avoided, a method should be a building, proper handling and disposal are • developed and used that would allow passage essential to prevent contamination of the of heavy equipment without damage to the ground around the property. 53 governors island historic district DESIGN & DEVELOPMENT GUIDELINES , ;e-,;~,.;~~~r.1U1 ··y ,F!~~· . . -..;,o;,R,~.l .... dl'l. ~..... ~ "· ·~· £~"'): ...... uk' :...... "§ ••• •• ;1' N All properties south of Division Road are outside of the Governors Island Historic District, and none are historically or architecturally significant. As such, development on this portion of the Island would not be subject to review by either the New York City Landmarks Commission or the New York State Of "j fice of Parks, Recreation and Historic Preservation. • 4~tl • ~-~Sl However, the design of new construction immediately south of Division Road, directly across from the his toric district, will have a relationship to and interact with elements in the National Historic Landmark. The transition zone provides an opportunity for a clear transition from the historic buildings north of the road, to new construction and development on AV' .74-+ $l."t the south. Development in the transition zone should be sensitive to the scale and massing of the existing buildings, their siting, and their design. Development in the transition zone should be neither diminutive nor overwhelming in scale, should r;t n recognize the appropriate setbacks and pedestrian ······ .. J \, r.. ..t)i visi0n"4Z~ati ·· · · ~·•. .:...r: .. ; ,~- 1 ••~ . ::::..?:.:.).-...... ~." ...... ~'-~-----i r;:--= ·~~ "' " 1 qualities of Division Road, and should maintain the character of the historic buildings to the north. ~ ~ <"',....,,.. w ···J . \ ~'. 0 . \. \ along the south edge of Division Road Transition Zone, Governors Island Historic District 55 governors island historic district DESIGN & DEVELOPMENT GUIDEliNES he following are commonly used terms Context. Contexts or «historic contexts" are Category 3: Properties that are non-con in the fields associated with cultural re those patterns, themes, trends, or cultural af tribut£ng elements within the National Historic source conservation and preservation, and ap filiations in history by which a specific occur Landmark, and the NYC LPC Governors Island ply to work done in the Governors Island His rence, property, or site is understood and its Historic District. toric District. meaning (and ultimately its significance) Category 4: Properties that are intru within prehistory or history is made clear. sions into the Governors Island Historic District. Adaptive Use. The process of adapting a his 'toric building to meet the functional require Contributing Properties: Those buildings, District. A distriCt is a geographically defin ments of a use other than that for which it was structures, landscapes, archeological, and cul able urban or rural area possessing a signifi designed. tural resources that together, or individually, cant concentration, linkage, or continuity of assist in defining the historic, architectural, or sites, buildings, structures, elements, land Building. A construction intended to shelter cultural character of a district. scapes, or objects united by past or present any form of human activity. events, or aesthetically by plan or physical de Within the Governors Island Historic District velopment. A district may also comprise indi Commission (the): New York City Landmarks there are four categories of properties. vidual elements separated geographically but Preservation Commission. linked by association or history. Category 1: Properties that are individu Conservation. The protection, improvement, ally listed in the National Register of Historic Effect. A project, activity, or other undertak and use of cultural resources according to prin Places, or that have been designated as individual ing has an effect on a historic property when ciples that will support the federal agency mis landmarks by the New York City Landmarks the undertaking may alter characteristics of the sion and provide optimum public benefits. Preservation Commission, and that contribute to property that defines its significance. the significance ofthe Governors Island Historic ~ Consultation. A process by which the appli Distr£ct. Environment. The aggregate ofsocial, cul rural, cant confers with the staff of the New York Category 2: Properties that are contrib biological and geophysical conditions that in City Landmarks Commission, the New York uting resources within the National Histor£c fluence the life or condition of a resource, com State Office ofParks, Recreation, and Historic Landmark, and the NYC LPC Governors Island munity, people or lifeway. Preservation, or any other agency, organization, Historic Distr£ct. or interested group to seek ways to reduce or avoid adverse effects on historic properties. 57 governors island historic district DESIGN & DEVELOPMENT GUIDELINES Governors Island Historic District: That por Programmatic Agreement. A do cumen t used from other periods in its history and recon tion of Governors Island, NY, lying northeast when a program or classes of undertakings are struction of missing features from the restora of a line running through the centerline of repetitive in character or similar in affect. tion period. Division Road, extending from Buttermilk Channel to Upper New York Bay, excluding Protection. The act or process of applying Significant (Resource). Essential to under the Hudson River Tunnel Air Circulation measures designed to affect the physical con standing the meaning of some larger element, Tower. dition of a property by defending or guarding e.g., the significance of a single building to a it from deterioration, loss, or attack. In the historic theme, or the significance of a single Mitigation. Action(s) taken to lessen the ef case of buildings and structures, such treatment species of plant life to a community. fect of an undertaking on historic properties is generally of a temporary nature and antici or to offset that effect. pates future historic preservation treatment. In Site. The location of a significant event, a pre the case of archeological sites, the protection historic or historic occupation or activity, or a National Historic Landmark (NHL). Dis measure may be temporary or permanent. building or structure, whether standing, ru tricts, sites, buildings, structures, or objects that ined, or vanished, where the location itself have been determined by the Secretary of the Reconstruction. The act or process of depict possesses historic, cultural, or archeological Interior to be nationally significant in Ameri ing, by means of new construction, the form, value regardless of the value of any existing can history. Such properties are also included features, and detailing of a non-surviving site, structure. on the National Register of Historic Places. landscape, building, structure, or object for the The Governors Island Historic District is a des purpose of replicating its appearance at a spe Standards (design): Governors Island Historic ignated NHL, and selected individual build cific period of time and in its historic location. District Preservation & Design Standards. ings within the Historic District are also design ted NHLs. Rehabilitation. The act or process of making State Historic Preservation Office (for the possible a compatible use for a property purposes of review of projects on Governors National Register of Historic Places. An in through repair, alterations, and additions while Island Historic District): New York State Of ventory of districts, sites, buildings, structures, preserving those portions of features which fice of Parks, Recreation, and Historic Preser and objects significant in American history, convey its historical, cultural, or architectural vation, Historic Preservation Field Service Bu architecture, engineering, archeology, landscap values. reau. ing, and culture, and evaluated as significant at the national, State, or local level. Restoration. The act or process of accurately Structure. A construction intended for some depicting the form, features, and character of purpose other than to shelter human activity. Preservation. The act or process of applying a property as it appeared at a particular period measures necessary to sustain the existing form, of time by means of the removal of features integrity, and materials of a historic property. 58 govtrnors island historic district DESIGN & DEVELOPMENT GUIDELINES View: A field of vision, of something that is seen from a given vantage point. Vista: A distant view seen through a passage, as between buildings or rows of trees. l; !iii.J :t, 'f:: BOQ defining the north edge ofNolan Park. ~ • 59