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Antioxidant Efficacy of Curcuminoids from Turmeric ( Curcuma Longa L

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Antioxidant Efficacy of Curcuminoids from Turmeric ( Curcuma Longa L Downloaded from British Journal of Nutrition (2009), 102, 1629–1634 doi:10.1017/S0007114509990869 q The Authors 2009 https://www.cambridge.org/core Antioxidant efficacy of curcuminoids from turmeric (Curcuma longa L.) powder in broiler chickens fed diets containing aflatoxin B1 Nisarani K. S. Gowda1*, David R. Ledoux2, Goerge E. Rottinghaus2, Alex J. Bermudez2 and Yin C. Chen2 . IP address: 1National Institute of Animal Nutrition and Physiology, Bangalore 560030, India 2Fusarium/Poultry Research Laboratory, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO 65211, USA 170.106.33.22 (Received 6 November 2008 – Revised 21 May 2009 – Accepted 28 May 2009 – First published online 17 August 2009) , on A 3-week-feeding study (1–21 d post-hatch) was conducted to evaluate the efficacy of total curcuminoids (TCMN), as an antioxidant, to amelio- 30 Sep 2021 at 21:30:52 rate the adverse effects of aflatoxin B1 (AFB1) in broiler chickens. Turmeric powder (Curcuma longa L.) that contained 2·55 % TCMN was used as a source of TCMN. Six cage replicates of five chicks each were assigned to each of six dietary treatments, which included: basal diet; basal diet supplemented with 444 mg/kg TCMN; basal diet supplemented with 1·0 mg/kg AFB1; basal diet supplemented with 74 mg/kg TCMN and 1·0 mg/kg AFB1; basal diet supplemented with 222 mg/kg TCMN and 1·0 mg/kg AFB1; basal diet supplemented with 444 mg/kg TCMN and 1·0 mg/kg AFB1. The addition of 74 and 222 mg/kg TCMN to the AFB1 diet significantly (P,0·05) improved weight gain and feed efficiency. Increase (P,0·05) in relative liver weight in birds fed AFB1 was significantly reduced (P,0·05) with the addition of 74, 222 and , subject to the Cambridge Core terms of use, available at 444 mg/kg TCMN to the AFB1 diet. The inclusion of 222 mg/kg TCMN ameliorated the adverse effects of AFB1 on serum chemistry in terms of total protein, albumin and g-glutamyl transferase activity. The decreased antioxidant functions due to AFB1 were also alleviated by the inclusion of 222 mg/kg TCMN. It is concluded that the addition of 222 mg/kg TCMN to the 1·0 mg/kg AFB1 diet demonstrated maximum antioxidant activity against AFB1. Aflatoxin B1: Antioxidants: Curcuminoids: Free radicals: Turmeric powder Aflatoxins, a class of mycotoxins produced by the fungi in ameliorating aflatoxicosis in broiler chicks, and to demon- Aspergillus parasiticus and Aspergillus flavus, are major strate that the inclusion of TCMN in poultry diets would not contaminants of common feed ingredients used in poultry negatively affect the performance of chicks. rations(1). Poor on-farm storage of feeds is a primary reason (2) for aflatoxicosis in farm animals . Aflatoxin B1 (AFB1)is Materials and methods British Journal ofthe Nutrition most biologically active form of AF and causes poor per- (3,4) Experimental design and birds formance, liver lesions and immunosuppression in poultry . https://www.cambridge.org/core/terms Negative effects of AFB1 include cell damage, release of free £ (5) One hundred and eighty-day-old (Ross Ross) male broiler radicals and lipid peroxidation . Since lipid peroxidation chicks were purchased from a commercial hatchery, weighed, plays a major role in the toxicity of AF, a protective effect (6,7) wing banded and assigned to cages in stainless steel chick of antioxidants is possible . Synthetic antioxidants like batteries based on initial body weights. The chicks were butylated hydroxytoluene are known to reduce hepatic lesions maintained on a 24 h continuous light schedule and allowed caused by AFB1 through modulating the detoxification ad libitum (8) access to feed and water from hatch to day 21. The system . Plant compounds like coumarins, flavonoids and temperature of the shed ranged between 35–36·18C in the curcuminoids have inhibitory action on biotransformation of 8 (9) beginning and 30–31·1 C towards the end the the experiment. AF to their epoxide-active derivatives . Turmeric (Curcuma The animal care and use protocol was reviewed and approved longa L.), a medicinal plant native to the Asian subcontinent, by the University of Missouri–Columbia Animal Care and . https://doi.org/10.1017/S0007114509990869 is known to possess antimicrobial and antioxidant properties. Use Committee. A completely randomised design was used The powder of dried roots and rhizomes of turmeric are with six cage replicates of five chicks assigned to each of used as one of the spices in Indian curries and other cuisine. six dietary treatments. Mortality was recorded as it occurred The total curcuminoids (TCMN), yellowish pigments present and birds were inspected daily for any health related problems. in turmeric powder, have shown antioxidant/protective effects against AFB (10,11). Most antioxidants have a dose-dependent 1 Diets efficacy against free radicals and hence need to be evaluated accordingly(12). The objectives of the present study were to A maize–soyabean meal-based basal diet (mash form) was evaluate the antioxidant efficacy of graded levels of TCMN formulated to meet or exceed the nutritional requirements of Abbreviations: AFB1, aflatoxin B1; ppb, parts per billion; TCMN, total curcuminoids. * Corresponding author: Nisarani K. S. Gowda, fax þ918025711420, email [email protected] Downloaded from 1630 N. K. S. Gowda et al. broiler starters (1–21 d post-hatch) as recommended by the fumonisins and ochratoxin A(16,17) before the start of the https://www.cambridge.org/core National Research Council(13) (Table 1). Trace mineral and experiment and were found to be negative. The detection vitamin premixes (0·2 %) were added to the basal diet, but limits for these mycotoxins were as follows: aflatoxin B1, no commercial antioxidant was included in the basal diet. 10 parts per billion (ppb); ochratoxin A, 50 ppb; zearalenone, Dietary treatments evaluated included: basal diet containing 500 ppb; vomitoxin, 500 ppb; citrinin, 500 ppb; T-2 toxin, neither TCMN nor AFB1 (control); basal diet supplemented 1000 ppb and fumonisins, 500 ppb. with 444 mg/kg TCMN; basal diet supplemented with 1·0 mg/kg AFB by including ground aflatoxin culture 1 Sample collection material that contained 760 mg/kg of AFB1 produced on . IP address: rice using Aspergillus parasiticus (NRRL 2999)(14); basal On day 21, all birds were weighed by cage and total feed con- diet supplemented with 1·0 mg/kg AFB1 and 74 mg/kg sumption recorded for each cage. Average feed intake was TCMN; basal diet supplemented with 1·0 mg/kg AFB and corrected for mortality when calculating feed conversion for 1 170.106.33.22 222 mg/kg TCMN; basal diet supplemented with 1·0 mg/kg each cage by considering the total bird days. Twelve birds AFB1 and 444 mg/kg TCMN. Commercially available food (six replicates of two birds each) from each treatment were grade turmeric powder (Curcuma longa L.) containing an selected randomly, weighed and euthanised with carbon diox- analysed TCMN content of 2·55 % was used as a source ide, and blood was collected via cardiac puncture for serum , on of antioxidant. The graded levels of TCMN and 1·0 mg/kg chemistry analysis. Liver weight of each bird was recorded, 30 Sep 2021 at 21:30:52 AFB1were selected in the present study based on our previous and a piece of liver tissue (2–3 g) was collected, rinsed with findings(11). ice cold PBS (pH 7·4) containing 0·16 mg per ml heparin to Dietary AFB1 concentrations were confirmed by prevent blood clot formation. The liver tissue was quickly analysis(15). In brief, feed samples were extracted with aceto- preserved in a pre-weighed centrifuge tube under ice-cold nitrile–water (86:14), and an aliquot of this extract was passed conditions for assay of antioxidant status. through a puriTox TC-M160 cleanup column (Trilogy , subject to the Cambridge Core terms of use, available at Analytical Laboratory, Inc., Washington, MO, USA) and suit- Serum chemistry and liver antioxidant status ably diluted with water before analysis using HPLC with Kobra cell (R-Biopharm, Inc., Marshall, MI, USA) post- Blood was centrifuged at 1400 g at 88C for 30 min (Sorvall, column derivatisation with fluorescence detection at 365 nm RC 3 B plus) and serum was separated and preserved at excitation and 440 nm emission. All diets were screened for 2208C until submitted for biochemical analysis. Serum the presence of citrinin, T-2 toxin, vomitoxin, zearalenone, samples were analysed for glucose, total protein, albumin, globulin, g-glutamyl transferase (EC 2.3.2.2), aspartate amino- transferase (EC 2.6.1.1), uric acid and Ca using an auto Table 1. Ingredient composition and calculated analyser (Kodak Ektachem Analyser, Eastman Kodak Co., analysis of the basal diet Rochester, NY, USA). Liver tissue was diluted with ice cold PBS (pH 7·4) without Ingredient Composition (%) heparin at a ratio of 1:9, homogenised in a homogeniser Maize 53·38 (Tekmar, SDT 1810, Cincinnati, OH, USA) and centrifuged British Journal of Nutrition Soyabean meal 34·61 (10 000 g,48C, 15 min). The clear supernatant was aspirated Maize oil 5·89 https://www.cambridge.org/core/terms Pork meal 3·54 into vials and preserved in several aliquots at 2808C until Dicalcium phosphate 1·03 antioxidant status was determined. The parameters measured Limestone 0·75 included total antioxidant concentration, lipid peroxide, aqu- Salt 0·41 eous peroxide, superoxide dismutase (EC 1.15.1.1), catalase DL-Methionine 0·19 (EC 1.11.1.1.6) and total protein using assay kits (Sigma Trace minerals mixture* 0·10 Se premix† 0·05 Diagnostics, Sigma Chemical Co., St Louis, MO, USA). Vitamin mixture‡ 0·05 Copper sulphate 0·004 Nutrient composition (calculated) Total curcuminoid analysis Crude protein (%) 23·00 Metabolisable energy (MJ/kg) 13·39 Turmeric rhizome powder was analysed for curcumin, bisde- methoxycurcumin, and demethoxycurcumin and totalled to .
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