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CHAPTER 19 Trends in Utilization of Fish and Shellfish GEORG BORGSTROM Department of Food Science, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan I. Introduction 638 II. Fish Catch per Capita 639 III. Marine and Fresh-Water Characteristics 644 A. Utilization Pattern 644 B. Comparisons between Relative and Absolute Quantities 645 IV. General Survey of Disposal Channels 649 V. Remote Fishing 654 A. Soviet Expansion 654 B. Japanese Endeavors 655 C. Other Countries 656 VI. Floating Factories 656 A. General 656 B. Freezing Trawlers 658 C. Floating Canneries 659 D. Barges 660 E. Salting Units 660 F. Factory and Motherships in General 661 G. Transporting Vessels 662 H. Fish Meal Factories 662 I. Fishing Vessels 662 VII. Fresh Market Fish 663 A. General 663 B. Utilization Pattern 663 C. Filleting 666 D. Investments 666 E. Miscellaneous 667 VIII. Curing, Smoking, and Drying 668 A. General 668 B. Drying 670 C. Salting 671 D. Smoking 672 E. Specialties 673 IX. Canning 674 X. Freezing 678 XL Industrial Fish Utilization 683 A. Terminology 683 B. Silage . 683 C. Meal 684 D. Flour 689 XII. Herring, Sardine, and Pilchard 689 637 638 GEORG BORGSTROM XIII. Redfish 691 XIV. Sand Eels 691 XV. Tuna 691 XVI. Shark 694 XVII. Crustaceans 694 A. General 694 B. King Crab 694 C. Rock Lobster 695 D. Shrimp 695 E. Centolla 695 XVIII. Cephalopods 698 XIX. Whale Utilization 698 A. General 700 B. Whale OÜ 700 XX. Special Fish Products 702 XXI. Fish Oils 702 A. Body Oils 704 B. Liver Oils 704 XXII. Factors in Utilization 705 A. Seasonality 705 B. Regionally 706 C. Consumption Trends 706 D. Fishing Trends 707 XXIII. Utilization Patterns in Selected Countries 707 A. Japan 707 B. United Kingdom 707 C. Iceland 708 XXIV. Waste Utilization 708 XXV. Trade Patterns 709 A. General 709 B. Fish: Fresh, Chilled, or Frozen 711 C. Fish: Dried, Salted, or Smoked 713 D. Crustaceans and Mollusks: Fresh, Dried, and Salted 714 E. Canned Seafood 715 F. Aquatic Oils and Fats 717 G. Imports in Food Balance 717 H. Fish Meal and Solubles 718 References 722 Introduction It is becoming increasingly difficult to differentiate major trends in the utilization of fish and shellfish catches. Primarily, this is due to the fact that a substantial portion of the fish catch nowadays is processed more than one way. In other words, there is an appreciable discrepancy between the methods employed for primary utilization and the preser­ vation methods which industry uses for final preparation of the prod­ ucts for market. In the future it would be most desirable if a clear distinction could be made between the handling and preservation of 19. TRENDS IN UTILIZATION OF FISH AND SHELLFISH 639 the original catch, and the final processing and marketing of the fish. The utilization pattern would then emerge as quite modified in many countries. A few examples will clearly illustrate these implications. More and more fresh market fish is not actually the original raw fish as captured but fish which has been frozen and then defrosted and, in many cases, also filleted. Another example: only very small quantities of fish are now preserved directly by smoking. Most of the raw material being used for this purpose consists of either salted or defrosted frozen fish. Further­ more, freezing has moved up as one of the major methods for rapid preservation of vast quantities of raw material and makes a substantial contribution to the canning industry by providing readily available, high-quality raw material. This is largely true in the Soviet Union, and applies to the French sardine industry as well as the salmon and tuna industries of the United States. Many more examples could be mentioned to illustrate this growing gap between the primary utilization and the final pattern, which might be some two or three stages removed from the initial preservation. Very few statistics allow an adequate analysis of this problem. The situation is further complicated by the fact that although most figures refer to primary utilization, some countries submit official figures showing the final use. A few such cases will be anayzed further below. There is no consistent ruling in this respect. In a few cases, the figures reflect both the primary and secondary utilization, that is, the same fish is counted both as frozen and canned or both as salted and smoked, which also contributes to the confusion. This means that often the total amount of fish which, according to the statistics, is being utilized may exceed the total catch, thus implying that the country imports, which may not be true. Recognizing these difficulties, certain general trends can still be envisoned and a few important con­ clusions drawn as to the present trends in fish and shellfish utilization (see Tables I and II). II. Fish Catch per Capita The utilization pattern naturally is largely determined by the size of the catch in relation to the population of each fishing nation. It is one thing to meet the domestic needs of a human population; to what degree profitable and reliable markets are developed in other countries is quite another matter. As one uses the term "subsistence fishing" in relation to the fisherman's own family, one may use this term in relation to a whole country. Most nations are in this sense either self-sustaining with fish, or short of their needs and have to resort to importation to fill the regular needs. The United States is the leading buyer on the TABLE I £ UTILIZATION OF TOTAL FISH CATCH BY AREA (1960) Total catch (1000 metric Fresh Freezing Curing Canning Reduction Miscellaneous Area tons) (%) (%) (%) (%) (%) (%) World 37,700 40.0 9.0 19.0 9.0 20.0 3 Japan 6192.5 22^6 12.8 43.6 67 13.9 04 Soviet Union 3500 15.5 30.5 30.2 11.8 10.8 0.1 Peru 3501.4 2.3 0.5 0.6 1.9 94.7 — o United States 2796.9 30.0 11.2 1.3 22.8 34.4 0.2 8 Norway 1598.9 10.8 9.7 26.8 3.0 48.8 0.1 8 India 1159.9 47.9 — 43.7 — 8.4 — United Kingdom 1070.6 79.8 11.2 2.6 0.9 3.0 2.4 § Canada 915.2 20.6 29.9 30.8 7.2 9.3 2.4 O Ί C/3 Spain» 836.7 65.9 — 8.9 12.4 2.8 — ?! West Germany 743.0 35.1 5.2 14.8 26.5 18.3 — o Indonesia 753.7 80ö — 20*> — — — Canada (excluding Newfoundland) 713.2 22.0 22.0 17.3 9.5 25.5 3.7 Denmark 581.2 22.7 12.1 2.6 3.1 50.1 9.4 Iceland 592.8 7.8 42.4 31.1 0.1 18.6 — France (including Algeria) 521.1 60.2 — 23.7 16.1 — — Philippines 475.8 62.1 — 37.9 — — — South Africa0 465.8 19.8 6.1 15.5 11.6 46.8 0.2 South Korea 342.5 82.4 0.1 14.0 2.5 — 1.0 Netherlands 314.7 47.5 3.7 29.0 8.5 4.8 5.1 Pakistan 304.5 71.8 0.5 22.6 — 5.1 — Newfoundland* 294.1 2.2 35.1 53.0 0.1 — 9.7 TABLE I (continued) 19 . Total TREND catch (1000 metric Fresh Freezing Curing Canning Reduction Miscellaneous S ES Area tons) (%) (%) (%) (%) (%) (%) T Chile» 272.8 24.7 2.8 0.1 9.4 63.0 — UTILIZATIO Italy 212.2 86.8 3.4 6.2 3.6 — — Portugal 202.8 7.7 — 92.3 — — — Morocco* 161.8 7.7 11.1 0.2 18.5 62.4 — Faeroe Islands 109.4 22.1 4.6 72.9 0.1 0.4 — N Argentina 100.9 51.7 4.8 0.8 37.8 5.0 O 0.3 Turkey* 96.7 72.7 1.2 24.2 1.8 1.3 F Venezuela0 83.3 39.4 — 20.9 39.7 — — FIS 0 82.0 62.8 5.0 13.0 1.2 — Greece — H Finland 66.0 65.8 15.2 11.5 1.5 6.1 — AN Australia 60.7 64.7 20.8 — 13.2 — 1.3 D Belgium 52.5 77.1 11.0 6.0 3.0 3.0 — SHELLFIS Ireland 42.8 83.4 2.0 12.6 — 2.3 — Colombia 29.7 74.1 — 14.1 — — 11.8 a Figures for 1958. & Figures for 1956. H 64 c Figures for 1959. 1 642 GEORG BORGSTROM TABLE II UTILIZATION OF FOOD FISH BY AREA (1960) Catch (1000 metric Fresh Freezing Curing Canning Area tons) (%) (%) (%) (%) World 29,300 51.9 11.7 24.7 11.7 Japan 5309.6 26.4 14.9 50.9 7.8 Soviet Union 3048.5 17.4 34.2 33.9 13.2 Peru 185.6 43.3 9.4 11.3 35.8 United States 1828.9 45.9 17.1 2.0 34.9 Norway 802.3 21.1 19.0 52.4 5.9 India 1062.5 52.3 — 47.7 — United Kingdom 1012.3 84.3 11.8 2.7 .95 Canada 808.1 23.3 33.9 34.9 8.2 Spain 813.0 67.8 — 19.4 12.8 West Germany 607.0 43.0 6.4 18.1 32.4 Indonesia 753.7 80.0 — 20.0 — Canada (excluding Newfoundland) 517.7 31.1 31.1 24.4 13.4 Denmark 235.5 56.0 29.9 6.4 7.6 Iceland 482.4 9.6 52.1 38.2 0.12 France (including Algeria) 521.1 60.2 — 23.7 16.1 Philippines 475.8 62.1 — 37.9 — South Africa 246.9 37.4 11.5 29.2 21.9 South Korea 339.1 83.2 0.10 14.1 2.5 Netherlands 283.4 52.7 4.1 32.2 9.4 Pakistan 289.1 75.6 0.52 23.8 — Newfoundland 265.6 24.4 38.9 58.7 0.11 Chile 101.0 66.8 7.6 0.27 25.4 Italy 212.2 86.8 3.4 6.2 3.6 Portugal 202.8 7.7 — 92.3 — Faeroe Islands 109.0 22.2 4.6 73.2 0.10 Venezuela 83.3 39.4 — 20.9 39.7 Argentina 95.9 54.4 5.1 0.84 39.8 Turkey 95.4 73.9 1.2 24.6 1.8 Finland 62.0 70.1 16.2 12.2 1.6 Greece 82.0 62.8 5.0 13.0 1.2 Australia 59.9 65.6 21.1 — 13.4 Belgium 51.0 79.5 11.3 6.2 3.1 Ireland 41.8 85.4 2.0 12.9 :— Colombia 26.2 84.0 16.0 ___ TABLE III FISH CATCH PER CAPITA0 Area 1959 1960 Area 1959 1960 Area 1959 1960 Iceland 3720.3 3368.2 Soviet Union 13.6 14.2 Ghana 7.3 4.7 19 .
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