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HOW ETHIOPIAN IS MANAGING the MAX CRISIS COMMENT ETHIOPIAN GÈRE LA CRISE DU B737MAX PAGE 15 Setting a New Benchmark in Passenger « » Comfort and Wellbeing
full page_Layout 1 25/06/2018 10:26 Page 1 africa27_cover_Layout 1 22/06/2019 11:20 Page 2 africa27_cover_Layout 1 22/06/2019 11:20 Page 1 ISSUE 3, VOLUME 7: JULY – SEPTEMBER 2019 AFRICAN AEROSPACE ISSUE 3 VOLUME 7: JULY – JULY 7: VOLUME 3 ISSUE 2019 SEPTEMBER THE MAGAZINE FOR AEROSPACE PROFESSIONALS IN AFRICA THE A330neo. www.africanaerospace.aero F LY The A330neo shares many of the same innovations as the groundbreaking A350 XWB, delivering a 25% saving in fuel consumption compared to others in the category. Both aircraft also bene t from a common type rating, which means pilot training costs are signi cantly lower too. And on top of that, they can be tted with our PUBLISHED BY TIMES GROUP AFTERMATAFTERMATH beautifully designed Airspace cabins, HOW ETHIOPIAN IS MANAGING THE MAX CRISIS COMMENT ETHIOPIAN GÈRE LA CRISE DU B737MAX PAGE 15 setting a new benchmark in passenger « » comfort and wellbeing. DEFENCE BUSINESS AVIATION HUMANITARIAN Innovation. We make it y. The battle The green Air for tactical light for response airlift industry to cyclone supremacy change devastation airbus.com PAGE 37 PAGE 50 PAGE 68 africa27_SECT_Layout 1 22/06/2019 13:45 Page 82 MAINTENANCE African aviation has a quandary: operators can’t afford to keep spending their maintenance budgets abroad, while establishing their own maintenance, repair and overhaul (MRO) facilities is prohibitively expensive. But there is movement in the right direction, as Chuck Grieve reports. Can Africa keep the wheels turning on its MRO potential? frica embodies “great unrealised importance of MRO” that the region does not The anticipated growth in African demand potential” in aircraft MRO, and a have its own facilities. -
Amended Master AFI RVSM Height Monitoring 26 Aug 2020.Xlsx
AFI RVSM DATABASE CURRENT AT 26 Aug 2020 ICAO Acft Type Reg. No. Operator Acft Op ICAO RVSM Yes/No RVSM Approval Date Operator Country B772 D2TED TAAG DTA Yes 23/09/2008 Angola B772 D2TEE TAAG DTA Yes 23/09/2008 Angola B772 D2TEF TAAG DTA Yes 23/09/2008 Angola B773 D2TEG TAAG DTA Yes 01/11/2011 Angola B773 D2TEH TAAG DTA Yes 01/11/2011 Angola B773 D2TEI TAAG DTA Yes 25/06/2014 Angola B773 D2TEJ TAAG DTA Yes 10/05/2016 Angola B773 D2TEK TAAG DTA Yes 15/02/2017 Angola B737 D2TBF TAAG DTA Yes 23/09/2008 Angola B737 D2TBG TAAG DTA Yes 23/09/2008 Angola B737 D2TBH TAAG DTA Yes 23/09/2008 Angola B737 D2TBJ TAAG DTA Yes 23/09/2008 Angola B737 D2TBK TAAG DTA Yes 19/12/2011 Angola C750 D2EZR Angolan Air Operator DCD Yes 18/02/2009 Angola E145 D2FDF AeroJet IGA Yes 23/07/2018 Angola C560 D2EBA AeroJet IGA Yes 29/07/2009 Angola E145 D2EBP AeroJet IGA Yes 29/08/2013 Angola C550 D2EPI EMCICA IGA Yes 30/11/2016 Angola F900 D2ANT Government of Angola IGA Yes 05/11/2014 Angola GLEX D2ANG Government of Angola IGA Yes 23/04/2008 Angola GLEX D2ANH Government of Angola IGA Yes 04/12/2017 Angola C550 D2GES Humbertico IGA Yes 19/12/2017 Angola E135 D2FIA SJL Aeronautica IGA Yes 08/02/2019 Angola C680 D2EPL Socolil-Aeronautica SOR Yes 28/03/2018 Angola B737 D2EWS Sonair SOR Yes 07/12/2010 Angola B737 D2EVW Sonair SOR Yes 07/12/2010 Angola B721 D2ESU Sonair SOR Yes 13/09/2006 Angola BE40 A2WIN NAC Botswana NAC Yes 29/04/2011 Botswana BE40 A2DBK FT Meat Packaging Processing IGA Yes 13/05/2011 Botswana GLEX OK1 Botswana Defence Force BDF Yes 21/10/2009 Botswana C550 A2BCL BCL BCL Yes 06/10/2011 Botswana H25B A2MCB Kalahari Air Services IGA Yes 23/01/2013 Botswana B722 XTBFA Government of Burkina Faso IGA Yes 12/04/2007 Burkina Faso E170 XTABS Air Burkina VBW Yes 29/12/2017 Burkina Faso E170 XTABT Air Burkina VBW Yes 29/12/2017 Burkina Faso E190 XTABV Air Burkina VBW Yes 27/06/2019 Burkina Faso E190 XTABY Air Burkina VBW Yes 27/06/2019 Burkina Faso E190 XTABZ Air Burkina VBW Yes 27/06/2019 Burkina Faso B752 D4CBP TACV. -
356 Partners Found. Check If Available in Your Market
367 partners found. Check if available in your market. Please always use Quick Check on www.hahnair.com/quickcheck prior to ticketing P4 Air Peace BG Biman Bangladesh Airl… T3 Eastern Airways 7C Jeju Air HR-169 HC Air Senegal NT Binter Canarias MS Egypt Air JQ Jetstar Airways A3 Aegean Airlines JU Air Serbia 0B Blue Air LY EL AL Israel Airlines 3K Jetstar Asia EI Aer Lingus HM Air Seychelles BV Blue Panorama Airlines EK Emirates GK Jetstar Japan AR Aerolineas Argentinas VT Air Tahiti OB Boliviana de Aviación E7 Equaflight BL Jetstar Pacific Airlines VW Aeromar TN Air Tahiti Nui TF Braathens Regional Av… ET Ethiopian Airlines 3J Jubba Airways AM Aeromexico NF Air Vanuatu 1X Branson AirExpress EY Etihad Airways HO Juneyao Airlines AW Africa World Airlines UM Air Zimbabwe SN Brussels Airlines 9F Eurostar RQ Kam Air 8U Afriqiyah Airways SB Aircalin FB Bulgaria Air BR EVA Air KQ Kenya Airways AH Air Algerie TL Airnorth VR Cabo Verde Airlines FN fastjet KE Korean Air 3S Air Antilles AS Alaska Airlines MO Calm Air FJ Fiji Airways KU Kuwait Airways KC Air Astana AZ Alitalia QC Camair-Co AY Finnair B0 La Compagnie UU Air Austral NH All Nippon Airways KR Cambodia Airways FZ flydubai LQ Lanmei Airlines BT Air Baltic Corporation Z8 Amaszonas K6 Cambodia Angkor Air XY flynas QV Lao Airlines KF Air Belgium Z7 Amaszonas Uruguay 9K Cape Air 5F FlyOne LA LATAM Airlines BP Air Botswana IZ Arkia Israel Airlines BW Caribbean Airlines FA FlySafair JJ LATAM Airlines Brasil 2J Air Burkina OZ Asiana Airlines KA Cathay Dragon GA Garuda Indonesia XL LATAM Airlines -
AFRAA Annual Report 2019
IRLINES ASS A PAGNIES O OM AERI C 20N S C EN 19 E N I A D ES A N A T C IO F I T R I I O R IA C C A I N F O N S E S A S A ANNUAL AFRAA REPORT Amadeus Airline Platform Bringing SIMPLICITY to airlines You can follow us on: AmadeusITGroup amadeus.com/airlineplatform AFRAA Executive Committee (EXC) Members 2019 AIR MAURITIUS (MK) RWANDAIR (WB) PRESIDENT OF AFRAA CHAIRPERSON OF THE EXECUTIVE COMMITTEE Mr. Somas Appavou Ms. Yvonne Makolo Chief Executive Officer Chief Executive Officer CONGO AIRWAYS (8Z) KENYA AIRWAYS (KQ) CAMAIR-CO (QC) Mr. Desire Balazire Esono Mr. Sebastian Mikosz Mr. Louis Roger Njipendi Kouotou 1st Vice Chairman of the EXC 2nd Vice Chairman of the EXC Chief Executive Officer Chief Executive Officer Chief Executive Officer ROYAL AIR MAROC (AT) EGYPTAIR (MS) TUNISAIR (TU) Mr. Abdelhamid Addou Capt. Ahmed Adel Mr. Ilyes Mnakbi Chief Executive Officer Chairman & Chief Executive Officer Chief Executive Officer ETHIOPIAN AIRLINES (ET) AIR ZIMBABWE (UM) AIR NAMIBIA (SW) MAURITANIA AIRLINES (L6) Mr. Tewolde GebreMariam Mr. Joseph Makonise Mr. Xavier Masule Mrs. Amal Mint Maoulod Chief Executive Officer Chief Executive Officer Chief Executive Officer Chief Executive Officer ANNUAL REPORT 2019 I Foreword raffic growth in Africa has been consistently increasing since 2011. The demand for air passenger services remained strong in 2018 with a 6.9% year Ton year growth. Those good results were supported by the good global economic environment particularly in the first half of the year. Unlike passenger traffic, air freight demand recorded a very weak performance in 2018 compared to 2017. -
Issue 138 - September 2018 TABLE of CONTENTS
Issue 138 - September 2018 TABLE OF CONTENTS AIR TRANSPORT MARKET INSIGHTS 3 ARAB AIR TRAVEL MARKET 4 INTERNATIONAL TRAFFIC WITHIN THE ARAB WORLD 7 INTER-REGIONAL TRAFFIC UPDATES 10 FLEET 16 CAPACITY 18 AIRPORTS 20 TOURISM 23 AVIATION MARKET IN FOCUS 25 AEROPOLITICAL & WORLD NEWS 30 PARTNER AIRLINES 32 INDUSTRY PARTNERS 42 TRAINING CALENDAR & AACO MEETINGS 66 AACO COMMUNITY 68 AIR TRANSPORT MARKET INSIGHTS ARAB AIR TRAVEL MARKET MONTHLY INTERNATIONAL PASSENGER TRAFFIC GROWTH TO/FROM, WITHIN THE ARAB WORLD 20% To/From 15% 10% 5% Total Growth 0% -5% Within Int'l -10% -15% -20% -25% Source: AACO,IATA * ESTIMATED LATEST HIGHLIGHTS Saudia carries more than 3 million guests in July with a 16 per cent growth in international traffic and more than 20 million guests since the beginning of the year Saudia achieved a new leap in operating performance averages during the month of July compared to the same period last year. The July performance report showed that more than 3.13 million guests were transferred to 18,616 domestic and international flights with a growth of (9%) in the number of guests and (6%) in the number of flights. July’s 2018 daily average recorded operating more than (600) flights and transferring more than (100) thousand guests per day, bringing the total number of guests since the beginning Year to the end of July to more than (20) million guests and the number of flights to (124,716). The number of guests transferred to the domestic sector exceeded 1.52 million during the month of July (10,565) and international guests reached more than (1.61) million visitors, achieving a big leap of 16% ) Through more than (8) thousands of international flights. -
IATA Members
AIRLINE NAME COUNTRY / TERRITORY Aegean Airlines Greece Aer Lingus Ireland Aero Republica Colombia Aeroflot Russian Federation Aerolineas Argentinas Argentina Aeromar Mexico Aeromexico Mexico Africa World Airlines Ghana Air Algérie Algeria Air Arabia United Arab Emirates Air Astana Kazakhstan Air Austral Réunion Air Baltic Latvia Air Botswana Botswana Air Burkina Burkina Faso Air Cairo Egypt Air Caledonie New Caledonia Air Canada Canada Air Caraibes Guadeloupe Air China China (People's Republic of) Air Corsica France Air Dolomiti Italy Air Europa Spain Air France France Air Guilin China (People's Republic of) Air India India Air Koryo Korea, Democratic People's Republic of Air Macau Macao SAR, China Air Madagascar Madagascar Air Malta Malta Air Mauritius Mauritius AIRLINE NAME COUNTRY / TERRITORY Air Moldova Moldova, Republic of Air Namibia Namibia Air New Zealand New Zealand Air Niugini Independent State of Papua New Guinea Air Nostrum Spain Air Peace Nigeria Air Serbia Serbia Air Seychelles Seychelles Air Tahiti French Polynesia Air Tahiti Nui French Polynesia Air Tanzania Tanzania, United Republic of Air Transat Canada Air Vanuatu Vanuatu AirBridgeCargo Airlines Russian Federation Aircalin New Caledonia Airlink South Africa Alaska Airlines United States Albastar Spain Alitalia Italy Allied Air Nigeria AlMasria Universal Airlines Egypt American Airlines United States ANA Japan APG Airlines France Arik Air Nigeria Arkia Israeli Airlines Israel Asiana Airlines Korea ASKY Togo ASL Airlines France France Atlantic Airways Faroe Islands AIRLINE -
2020 Annual Report
IRLINES ASS A PAGNIES A O COM ERIE C N ES NN I A D ES A N A T C IO F I T R I A I O ANNUAL R I C C A F I N O N S E A S S A REPORT AFRAA 2020 AFRAA Executive Committee (EXC) Members 2020 TAAG ANGOLA (DT) RWANDAIR (WB) PRESIDENT OF AFRAA CHAIRPERSON OF THE EXECUTIVE COMMITTEE Mr. Rui Carreira Ms. Yvonne Makolo Chief Executive Officer Chief Executive Officer CONGO AIRWAYS (8Z) AIR MAURITIUS (MK) KENYA AIRWAYS (KQ) st nd 1 Vice Chairman of the EXC 2 Vice Chairman of the EXC Mr. Allan Kilavuka Mr. Desire Balazire Esono Mr. Indradev Raja Buton Chief Executive Officer Chief Executive Officer Officer-in-Charge& Accountable Manager CAMAIR-CO (QC) ROYAL AIR MAROC (AT) EGYPTAIR (MS) Mr. Louis Georges Njipendi Kuotu Mr. Abdelhamid Addou Capt. Roshdy Zakaria Chief Executive Officer Chief Executive Officer Chief Executive Officer TUNISAIR (TU) ETHIOPIAN AIRLINES (ET) AIR ZIMBABWE (UM) MAURITANIA AIRLINES (L6) Mr. Belgacem Tayaa Mr. Tewolde GebreMariam Mr. Joseph Makonise Mrs. Amal Mint Maoulod Chairman & Chief Executive Officer Chief Executive Officer Chief Executive Officer Chief Executive Officer ANNUAL REPORT 2020 I Foreword lobal economic activity decelerated in 2019. From 3% in 2018, the world’s GDP growth rate Gfell to 2.4%, mainly due to the trade tensions caused by the tariff war between United States and China. The travel and tourism sector suffered from this gloomy economic environment. International tourists’ arrivals reached 1.46 million worldwide, a 3.6% year on year growth versus 5.7% in 2018. -
Deliveries & Backlog 1Q21-INS-VRF-ENG-21-Final-Rev1
Embraer Delivers nine Commercial and 13 Executive Jets in 1Q21 São José dos Campos - Brazil, April 27, 2021 – Embraer (NYSE: ERJ; B3: BOVESPA: EMBR3) delivered a total of 22 jets in the first quarter of 2021, of which nine were commercial aircraft and 13 were executive jets (10 light and three large). As of March 31 st , the firm order backlog totaled USD 14.2 billion. Deliveries by Segment 1Q21 Commercial Aviation 9 EMBRAER 175 (E175) 2 EMBRAER 190-E2 (E190-E2) 2 EMBRAER 195-E2 (E195-E2) 5 Executive Aviation 13 Phenom 100 1 Phenom 300 9 Light Jets 10 Praetor 500 1 Praetor 600 2 Large Jets 3 TOTAL 22 During 1Q21, KLM Cityhopper, the regional subsidiary of KLM Royal Dutch Airlines, received its first E195-E2 jet. This first E2 delivery to KLM, and lessor ICBC Aviation Leasing, elevated the total number of Embraer jets in the KLM Cityhopper fleet to 50 aircraft. In the same period, Air Peace, Nigeria and West Africa’s largest airline, took delivery of its first E195-E2 aircraft. Air Peace is the launch customer in Africa for the E2. The airline is also the global launch customer for Embraer’s innovative premium staggered seating design. Also, during the first quarter, Embraer delivered the first conversion of a Legacy 450 to a Praetor 500 jet for AirSprint Private Aviation. The Canadian fractional ownership company has another Legacy 450 scheduled to convert to a Praetor 500 this year, in addition to the delivery of a brand-new Praetor 500, also expected in 2021. -
Annual Review 2019
2019Annual Review Contents Contents Contents 04 Members’ list 06 Chairman’s message 08 Director General and CEO’s message 10 Industry story 16 Safety 22 Security 24 Regulation and taxation 30 Infrastructure 36 Environment 2 3 40 Cargo 46 Passenger experience 52 Financial services 56 About IATA IATA Annual Review 2019 Annual Review IATA Alexandre de Juniac Director General & CEO International Air Transport Association Annual Review 2019 75th Annual General Meeting, Seoul, June 2019 IATA Annual Review 2019 Annual Review IATA Note: Unless specified otherwise, all dollar ($) figures refer to US dollars (US$). Members’ list Members’ Members’ list Members’ M S V W Mahan Air S7 Airlines Vietjet Wamos Air Malaysia Airlines Safair Vietnam Airlines WDL Aviation Members’ list Malindo Air SAS Virgin Atlantic WestJet A Asiana Airlines Corsair International Mandarin Airlines SATA Air Acores Virgin Australia White Airways Atlantic Airways Croatia Airlines I Martinair Cargo Saudi Arabian Airlines Vistara Wideroe Adria Airways Atlas Air Cubana MasAir SaudiGulf Airlines Volaris Aegean Airlines AtlasGlobal Cyprus Airways Iberia Mauritania Airlines SCAT Airlines Volotea X Aer Lingus Austral Czech Airlines Icelandair International SF Airlines Vueling Aero Republica Austrian Interjet MEA Shandong Airlines Xiamen Airlines Aeroflot Avianca D Iran Air MIAT Mongolian Airlines Shanghai Airlines XL Airways France Aerolineas Argentinas Avianca Brasil Iran Airtour Airline Mistral Air Shenzhen Airlines Aeromexico Avianca Costa Rica Delta Air Lines Iran Aseman Airlines MNG Airlines Sichuan Airlines Africa World Airlines Avianca Ecuador DHL Air Israir Montenegro Airlines Silk Way West Airlines Aigle Azur Avianca Peru DHL Aviation Myanmar Airways SilkAir Air Algerie Azerbaijan Airlines J International Singapore Airlines Air Arabia Azores Airlines E SKY Airline New Members Air Astana Azul Brazilian Airlines Japan Airlines N Smartavia Air Austral Eastar Jet Jazeera Airways Solomon Airlines IATA’s membership continues to grow. -
AR 2018 AW Cvr BC IFC IBC.Indd
IRLINES ASS A PAGNIES AE O COM RIE C N ES NN I A D ES A N A T C IO F I T R I I O R IA C C A F I N O N S E S A S A Propelling sustainable aviation AFRAA ANNUAL REPORT 2018 2019 atr-aircraft.com ATR is the worldwideworldwi reference for regional aircraft, fl ying in almost 100 countries with 200200 operators. The unique versatility and fl exibility together with the abilityability toto serve challenging airports, make ATRs the right tools for creatingcreating new routesroute and consolidating existing markets. O O 17T0189_AP_ERA_Yearbook_2017_210x297_V1.indd 1 O 06/02/2017 11:42 O O O O O 2 0 1 8 Indian Ocean's Leading Airline Made in Mauritius ANNUAL REPORT 2018 I AFRAA Executive Committee (EXC) Members 2018 ROYAL AIR MAROC GROUP (AT) EGYPTAIR (MS) PRESIDENT OF AFRAA CHAIRMAN OF THE EXECUTIVE COMMITTEE Mr. Abdelhamid Addou Capt. Ahmed Adel Chief Executive Offi cer Chairman & Chief Executive Offi cer Royal Air Maroc Group EgyptAir Holding Company RWANDAIR (WB) KENYA AIRWAYS (KQ) ETHIOPIAN AIRLINES (ET) Ms. Yvonne Makolo Mr. Sebastian Mikosz Mr. Tewolde GebreMariam nd 1st Vice Chairman of the EXC 2 Vice Chairman of the EXC Chief Executive Offi cer Chief Executive Offi cer Group Managing Director & Chief Ethiopian Airlines Air Burkina Executive Offi cer Kenya Airways SOUTH AFRICAN AIRWAYS (SA) CONGO AIRWAYS (8Z) TUNISAIR (TU) Mr. Vuyani Jarani Mr. Desire Balazire Bantu Mr. Ilyes Mnakbi Chief Executive Offi cer Chief Executive Offi cer Chief Executive Offi cer South African Airways Congo Airways Tunisair AIR BURKINA (2J) CAMAIR-CO (QC) AIR ZIMBABWE (UM) Capt. -
Information Note Mauritania
4thCONFERENCE OF AFRICAN MINISTERS IN CHARGE OF CIVIL REGISTRATION Nouakchott, Mauritania, 4 – 8 December 2017 INFORMATION NOTE Theme: Accelerating a coordinated improvement of civil registration and vital statisticsfor implementation and monitoring of development agenda in Africa: Review of progress and the way forward 1 Contents I. GENERAL INFORMATION ON MAURITANIA .......................... 3 a) Geographic location ....................................... 3 b) Climate: .................................................. 3 In December, average temperature varies between 20 to 30 degrees in Nouakchott. ................................................ 3 c) Economy and industry ...................................... 3 d) Art ....................................................... 3 e) Population ................................................ 4 f) Languages: ................................................ 4 g) Religion .................................................. 4 h) Traditional cloths ........................................ 5 i) Housing: .................................................. 5 j) Food: ..................................................... 5 k) Souvenirs from Mauritania ................................. 5 II. USEFUL INFORMATION ......................................... 6 a) Entry into Mauritania: Visa ............................... 6 b) Health .................................................... 6 c) Flights to Mauritania ..................................... 6 III. WELCOME AT NOUAKCHOTT AIRPORT ............................ -
Authorised Third Country Operators the Air Carriers on This List Hold an Authorisation As Third Country Operator Pursuant to Part-TCO¹
Authorised Third Country Operators The air carriers on this list hold an authorisation as third country operator pursuant to Part-TCO¹. State Name AOC Operator Name Doing Business As AOC Number EASA TCO code Albania AIR ALBANIA SH.P.K. AIR ALBANIA AL-02-ABN ALB-0002 Albania ALBAWINGS SHPK n/a AL-01-AWT ALB-0001 Algeria AIR ALGERIE, COMPAGNIE DE TRANSPORT AERIEN n/a TA/001/1998 DZA-0001 Algeria STAR AVIATION spa STAR AVIATION spa TA/003/2002 DZA-0002 Algeria TASSILI AIRLINES n/a TA/002/1998 DZA-0003 Angola TAAG-LINHAS AEREAS DE ANGOLA, S.A. TAAG-ANGOLA AIRLINES AO-001/09-13/21DTA AGO-0001 Anguilla ANGUILLA AIR SERVICES LTD n/a A/322 AIA-0002 Anguilla TRANS ANGUILLA AIRWAYS (2000) LTD TRANS ANGUILLA AIRWAYS (2000) LTD A/413 AIA-0001 Antigua and Barbuda CALVINAIR HELICOPTERS LIMITED n/a 2A/12/003BH ATG-0003 Antigua and Barbuda LIAT (1974) LIMITED n/a 2A/12/003 A ATG-0002 Argentina AEROLINEAS ARGENTINAS S.A. n/a ANAC-101 ARG-0001 Aruba AEGLE AVIATION (ARUBA) N.V. AEGLE AVIATION (ARUBA) AUAAPN-2018/01 ABW-0004 Aruba COMLUX ARUBA N.V. n/a CXBAPN002 ABW-0001 ¹ Commission Regulation (EU) No 452/2014 of 29 April 2014 laying down technical requirements and administrative procedures related to air operations of third country operators pursuant to Regulation (EC) No 2016/2008 of the European Parliament and of the Council ² Persuant to ART.205(b) of Commission Regulation (EU) No 452/2014 ³ Regulation (EC) No 2111/2005 of the European Parliament and of the Counsil of 14 December 2005 on the establishment of a Community list of air carriers subject to an operating ban within the Community and on informing air transport passengers of the identity of the Last updated on: 23/09/2021 13:00:53 operating air carrier, and repealing Article 9 of Directive 2004/36/EC (OJ 344, 27.12.2005, p.