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Hutnan Ethology Bulletin

VOLUME 14, ISSUE 4 ISSN 0739-2036 DECEMBER 1999

© 1999 The International Society for Human Ethology

OUR BODIES ARE FR: So although the mice were from the smell of cats, this suffering is actually IMPERFECT, useful to them.

RN: Exactly. One of the main I have FOR GOOD pursued is that natural selection has shaped the capacities for . Negative emotions are just as useful as the positive ones. So Interview of Randolph N esse anxiety and boredom and jealousy and anger and low moodare all in their place. The temptation for doctors or psychologists is to By Frans Roes assume that if someone feels bad, that there is Lauriergracht 127-ll something wrong with them. That either their 1016 RKAmsterdam brain is not working right, or their cognitions tel. (3120) 6259399 are not working right, or something like that. [email protected] But in , if you take an evolutionary view, it is very likely that a whole lot of suffering is Randolph Nesse is a physician and just normal mechanisms working, usually in psychiatrist who used to be frustrated with situations that are not very favourable to us. psychiatry's lack of theoretical foundation. In ObViously, if you are experiencing pain, it is not 1985 at a meeting of a group that later a good situation, because your tissue is d.eveloped into the 'Human Behavior and damaged. You have got to get out of that Society', he met and discovered. situation. But the pain is not the problem, the share interests with George Williams. Their problem is whatever is damaging your tissue. cooperation resulted in several publications, Likewise, if you are feeling anxious or low, among them Why We Get Sick, The New probably bad things are going on in your life. Science of Darwinian Medicine (1995). The You should try to stop them. And if you stop following interview took place inTucson,Iune 7, them justby blocking that with a drug, 1997. that might not be the best thing. But I would like to stress that there shouldn't be any FR: There is a story in your book about mice clinical recommendation that comes out of that hate the smell of cats. What is it about? Darwinian medicine directly. Darwinian medicine should lead us to -projects we RN: I think we use that story to illustrate the never thought of before. benefits of fever. The mice did not like the smell of cats, and therefore they got a drug 00 FR: You write that medical professionals have they were not bothered so much by that smell. often been asking the kind of questions you are They felt better in the short run, but then they asking. What kind of questions are these, and died, because a cat obviously would eat them. why are your answers different from the ones We compare that to someone whose normal they gave? fever was blocked by doctors who block a defence without thinking about it. Human Ethology Bulletin, 14(4), 1999 2

Editorial Staff RN: If George Williams and I have contributed anything to this field, it is a very small change Editor in perspective that has fairly large implications. Ever since Darwin people have Peter LaFreniere talked about the evolution of disease. This is a 362 Little Hall mistake. Diseases don't evolve, but the body's Department ofPsychology vulnerabilities that lead to diseases, they are University of Maine a product of natural selection. What we are Orono, ME 04469 USA encouraging people to do is to try to understand tel. 1-207-581-2044 why the body is not better. Why can't natural fax 1-207-581-6128 selection make the body better? People used to e-mail: [email protected] say "Well, natural selection just isn't that good". That might not be the right answer. CurrentLiterature Editor Some people imagine that George and I are saying that the body is perfect, because natural JohanvanderDennen selection is such a strongforce, but we are saying Center for and Conflict Studies the exact opposite: The body is imperfect, -for University of Groningen good reasons. And that is not an that is Gude Kijk in 't Jatstraat 5/9 very comrnonarnongmedical researchers yet. 9712 EA Groningen,TheNetherlands tel. 31-50-3635649 FR: So why are there so many complaints about fax 31-50-3635635; e-mail: how ourbodies function? [email protected] RN: We list several categories of . Chief Book Review Editor One of them is that what seems to be a disease, is often a defence. So fever, cough, nausea, pain, Thomas R. Alley vomiting, diarrhoea, anxiety, low mood - those Department of Psychology are not problems, those are responses to Clemson University problems. Fever decreases the ability of Brackett Hall bacteria to reproduce. Even cold-blooded Clemson. SC 29634-1511, USA animals go to warmer places when they get a tel. 1-864-656-4974 bacterial infection, in order to kill off those fax 1-864-656-0358 bacteria. e-mail: [email protected]. When people go to the doctor they usually Associate Book Review Editor complain about these defences. They complain of fever, nausea or pain, fatigue or vomiting, Colleen Schaffner and about half of the medical practice is 1 Mendip Close blocking those defences. The next question is: Halewood Well, if all these defences are so great for us, Liverpool L261XU how can doctors get away with blocking them England all the ? I think there are two answers. tel: 44-151-475-0393 One is what George and I call the 'smoke e-mail: [email protected] detector '. That is, the defence is cheap, vomiting for instance only costs you a Call for Associate Book Review Editors: couple of hundred calories. Vomiting is really essential if youare about to die, or if you have We are seeking one additional international any chance of dying from a toxin that is scholar. for help organizing and editing reviews circulating in your system. So if there is any Those interested in this position should send chance of a toxin in your stomach, you should their CV and current research interests to the vomit. Likewise for fever. If there is much of editor orbookreview editor. any chance that there is a bacteria in your Human Ethology Bulletin, 14(4), 1999 3

system that might be damaging it, it is in your reproductive pay-off. Therefore men who do best interest to increase yourbody-temperature. more competitive things, and devote fewer resources to for instance defending against FR: So often your body-temperature is raised infection, have a reproductive advantage over while you could get healthy without raising menwho live longer. it? Another quote: Some current medical research RN: That's right. We fake aspmn and we seems a bit like trying to understand a clock's usually get better anyway, just as fast, without malfunctioning by analysing all its gears, having to go through a fever. The other without daring to ask about their functions. why doctors usually get away with blocking defences is that the body has redundant The distinction between proximate mechanisms. There are other mechanisms that explanations and evolutionary explanations is clothe same thing, it is not just high fever that very simple, very profound and very kills bacteria. So that is another reason why misunderstood. A proximate is how we can get away with blocking fever. something works, it is what the mechanisms This has the biggest implications I think for are like, how the gears are connected, how the newdrugsthat are being invented for regulating chemicals work, how development works from human emotions. Already we are getting pretty DNA to shaping the whole organism. An good at blocking low mood. And I ask myself evolutionary explanation explains why' the the question: What is going to happen in the DNA has the exact sequence of amino-acids next ten to twenty years if we develop all kindS that it does, in tum, why the organism is the of new drugs to block low mood and anxiety way it is. And that has to be framed in terms of safely without addiction? How should we use how a certain trait gives a selective those drugs? We have been thinking about advantage. This all soundsvery technical; it is those emotions as abnormal, and I am trying to much easier to do it with examples. The one I help people to see that these emotions as useful use a lot in lectures is: Why do polar bears have in certain circumstances. On the other hand, white furs? The proximate explanation is that given what I just said about the smoke detector the polar bears' body doesn't make pigment for principle and the redundancy principle, it the fur. The evolutionary explanation is that might well be that a high proportion of white polar bears catch more seals than brown emotional suffering that people experience, is ones. completely unnecessary. FR: A major cause of disease is infection. The FR: You write that survival is of no consequence accepted view is that hosts and parasites will in and of itself. Is the body not designed to slowly evolve to some cooperative state. Wha t survive? is yourcomment?

RN: You get a very different view on medicine RN: We are all taught this at school, and even and disease once you start taking the many microbiologists until the last couple of evolutionary perspective. Survival is just one years still imagined it to be like that. On the means by which genes make organisms that get surface it doesn't make sense to say that the moregenesinto the next generation. parasite or pathogen should kill its host, because how is it going to survive with()ut the So for instance youcould ask the question: Why host? It would be better if they could.live with is it that males die sooner than females in their hosts and gradually evolve into a mutual many different species? The proximate answer, where they don't hurt each other too -that is the biochemical an_swer-, is that they much, and both goalong. have more testosterone. The evolutionary answer has to do with: Why is there more That turned out to be a very naive view. Paul testosterone? The answer appears to be that for Ewald and a number of other people showed males, reproductive success varies a lot more that virulence, -that is how nasty a pathogen than for females, and increased investment in is-, is a trait that is shaped by natural competition early in life can have a big selection. He showed that if an infection is Human Ethology Bulletin, 14(4), 1999 4

transmitted by something that doesn't require parasite, because then we are likely to attack the person to be upand around, like a mosquito, ourselves. a nurse's hands, or a syringe, then whichever pathogen makes the most copies of itself the Once the parasite gets into our cells, the body fastest, is going to get passed on. So selection is has certain ways of identifying that something going to make it worse, more virulent; because is wrong, and the cell literally holds out a while making many copies of itself, the little flag to the rest of the immune-system parasite will exhaust the host. But if the saying: "Listen, I have been infected, kill me person has to be up and around to spread the off". And then the rest of the immune-system infection, like with a cold or like with cholera comes in and kills off that cell, with once good sewage-treatment comes in, then that is in it. But of course the those that kill off someone right away win be bacteria and viruses want to stop that from selected against, while those that are a little happening. So certain bacteria and viruses bit more mild will be selected for. If proper have the capacity to block that cell from sewers come in, the more nasty form of cholera signalling to the rest of the immune-system. But is quickly displaced by a milder form. then the body has other ways to getting around that, to otherwise detect that the cell is FR: Why was the cholera nasty in the first infected. So layer and layer of deception, place? detection of deception, and again deception in an arms-race that escalates. The reason that RN: Because the greatest advantage to the George and I have used the term arms-race, is cholera organismwas to make as many copies of because just like in a race for intercontinental itself as possible. Even if the person that was missiles or nuclear bombs, this one can absorb a lying in bed was unable to get out of bed, all of whole lot of an organism's energy, to the point the diarrhoea and copies of the cholera- where it gets detrimental to the whole. For organismflowed into the cOmn'lonpublic water- example, if you look at the amount of disease supplies. As soonas youhave proper sanitation, by auto-immune reactions, yourealise those are that road oftransmission is gone, and you have mostly caused by arms-races with pathogens. to get that personupand out of bed, to transmit Oursystem has to be to be able to make anti- it. bodies to attack parasites, and sometimes it goes off when it shouldn't, and it makes anti- FR: So the pathogen now needs its host to be bodies when it shouldn't. healthy... FR: You also give examples of how parasites RN: And of course, we all talk this way, "the can manipulate thebehavior of hosts, pathogen needs", and we all know when we talk that way, it is not that the pathogen RN: The simplest ones actually are not in needs anything, there is not any planning humans. There is a fluke that is so tiny that it involved, it is justthat those pathogens that do can enter t he brains of ants. The ants are cause a bit milder illness transmit themselves crawling around on the sheep-meadow. The better. fluke enters the brain in such a way, that sornehowit induces that ant to crawl up to the FR: You wrote about an arms-race going m top of grass, and grab on so it cannot let go. And between pathogen and host. of course, those are the ants most quickly eaten by the sheep, and they are the next host in the RN: Once you start realizing the layer and life-cycle. There is something very similar in layer and layer of complexity that goes m snails, they are infected by a different between bacteria or viruses and the host that is organism, and they crawl up on the beach and trying to control them, it is just astounding. are the first to be eaten by seagulls. Each one of these nasty things has to get into ourcells sometime. Andsothey usually imitate Rabies is even more dramatic. Once it gets into something useful to us, like a hormone. By the system of the host it gets into the nerves, imitating something that is naturally in our arid it arranges in a sophisticated mechanism body, it gets hard for our body to attack the for its own transport to the brain. Then it Human Ethology Bulletin, 14<4>, 1999 5

becomes concentrated in several areas in the RN: At least there is no such thing as a perfect brain, in the areas that regulate aggression, diet. I always thought before I came into this swallowing, and the salivary glands. So you field that there was some diet that we were end up with a host organism that has lots of meant to eat that was perfectly healthy. But saliva full of rabies-virus, that can't swallow, like every-thing else in the body, it is all a so the saliva builds up in the mouth, and that trade-off. You can eat vegetables constantly, becomesvery aggressive and bites. All of which but most of those vegetables have things in is to the advantage ofthe rabies-virus. Nobody them that are designed to keep them from being planned it this way, it justworks. eaten.

FR: Sneezing, is this a host being manipulated? FR: But there are no toxins in meat usually, Why are there toxins in vegetables, and not in RN: Who knows what sneezing is? Is sneezing meat? for our b,enefit, for the viruses benefit, or for both? It might be that the virus is RN: Because vegetables cannot run away, so manipulating us, to spread itself in a cloud of they use other means to defend themselves. droplets. It might be that we are sneezing in order to clear up things from ournasal passages, FR: You give some advice about what to eat and to prevent the infection from getting into us. when you are starving in an unknown Orit might be for both ourbenefits, and at the wilderness. cost of everybody else that is around us. RN: This is not a where I would really FR: Many infectious diseases cannowbe treated want to follow the advice directly from with anti-biotics. What is an anti-biotic? Darwinian medicine, some expert advice from the locals would be better. But just RN: An anti-biotic is some chemical that kills theoretically, if some animal is advertising bacteria more readily than it kills us. Where itself to you because it is brightly coloured or they corne from is more interesting. It is really readily available, it probably means that it is neat to learn that they just don't corne out of not very good to eat, because otherwise nowhere. These are chemicals that are made by something would have eaten it. Why did bacteria and fungi, usually onesthat live in the natural selection favour it to have a bright soil. Why do they make nice things for us? Is colour? Because it warns other things to stay that some kind of divine force prOViding away. Deception may be going on here too: beneficent drugs for us in the natural Things that pretend to be poisonous, while they environment? No, it is because those bacteria are not. If onthe other hand something is hard have been fighting' each other for not just to get at, like it is inside a shell Or the like, millions of years, but hundreds of millions of that is an indicator that it is good to eat, if you years, and almost any compoundthey can make can get to it. But what you really should do in that inhibits the growth of their competitors the unknownwilderness is ask someone else to has beentried. In contact with some competitor first. they start maki_ng moreof these compounds,and sure enough, some of the very best antibiotics FR: How is it that unripe fruits, like some green that we have, are products that have been in apples, can give you a pain in the stomach? the eco- system for years, made by fungi and made by bacteria to defend themselves against RN: The proximate explanation is: because other living organisms. And we are just they have a bunch of bad chemicals in them. extracting those chemicals, purifying them, The evolutionary explanation is that apples and using them in humans. Weare borrOWing that are eaten prematurely don't spread their these things that have been created by natural seeds, while apples that have a way of selection in bacteria over millions of years for gradually developing'while they are safe from ourownuse. being eaten, are able to mature to the right FR: Yougive quite some attention to toxins, and moment, then suddenly turn the right colours, write: There is no such thing as a diet without express all the sugars, and take away the toxin. toxins. Fruits are obviously designed to be eaJen, Human Ethology Bulletin, 14(4), 1999 6

because those that are eaten spread the seeds of than they are. Because if you can pull off the plant. That is yourfirst choice in the jungle: convincing other people that you are more Find something that is a fruit that is designed valuable than you really are, then you get all to be eaten. the advantages that comes from that status. In fact, if you look at social life, there are all FR: You write about a mismatch between our kinds of social displays that are essentially design and the present environment. Out of this deception, where people are trying to act like mismatch arise perhaps the most preven- table they're richer then they are, or sexier than modemdiseases. Can yougive some examples? they are, or smarter than they are, or something, in order to convince people. If you RN: If you go and make rounds in modern believe it yourself, that works pretty well. hospitals, nearly half of the people who are there, are there because of diseases that are FR: Some people are worried by the idea that caused by the modem environment, that they because diseases are treated, the problem is just would not have gotten if they lived in a more moved to the next generation. natural ancestral environment. What are these diseases? Well, first of all, the diseases caused RN: Ah, the eugenics-question. Often when I by bad diets. Then there is the huge burden lecture somebody says: "Well, isn't medicine caused by substance abuse. The worst of which making the species less healthy?" That has is cigarettes, then alcohol, with cocaine and a II been a question that has been raised, since the the other drugs causing just a minute amount of middle-ages at least. The people who raised it problems compared with alcohol and tobacco. the most seriously were the Nazi's, who Breast-cancer may well have to do with a thought that doctors were making the stock change in reproductive patterns. It is muchmore worse by preserving the lives of some sick cornrnonnowthen it used to be. people. The whole eugenics movement took very seriously the possibility that you could Once you have taken those dis.eases away, you improve, quote, the genetic stock. have dealt with about half of the people in the hospitals. Does this mean that if we all First of all, according to my values, it is wrong lived in the African savanna without any to do that kind of thing, so-called for the medicine that we would be healthier? No, we benefit of the species instead of the individual. would be muchless healthy, we are not arguing More than that, there is very poor scientific that things were better off back then, we are justification. From what we now know about only arguing that nowadays most diseases are gene-frequencies and their relationships to the product of the mismatch between our disease, the amount of impact you would have environments and our bodies, which were from even very strict reproductive controls 01 designed for a very different situation. people with diabetes, heart-diseases, schizophrenia and other kinds of diseases, FR: You also wrote that frustration may result would be very small and only in many from consistently overestimating ourselves. generations. Plus a lot of the so-called genetic Why would we do this; overestimate diseases they were treating probably were not ourselves? genetic diseases anyway. So onequestionis: Are you really sure about what you are dealing RN: Ifyou ask people in large cooperations, do with? Who knows what inventions will be you think you are paid what you are worth? available for the next generation? There does Mostwill say: I am worth morethan I am being not seem to be any likely benefit that would be paid. On the average people over-assess their worth interfering with peoples . So own to the organisation. So let's ask George and I have tried as strongly as we can, to ourselves for a second: Wouldn't it be good for say that our purpose is not to use evolution for people to be objective about their usefulness for the benefit of the species. Our purpose is to use the group? Probably not. Probably people who natural selection theory in the of are completely objective about themselves don't mainstream medicine, for the benefit of the get the advantages that corne to some other individual patient. people who think that they are a little better· Human Ethology Bulletin, 14(4), 1999 7

Salmanca Conference Update CALL FORPAPERSAND SYMPOSIA Thanks to Sally and Paco Abati, orgalJization FOR ISHE 200Q is underway for the 15th biennial conference of the International Society of Human Ethology, Symposia, individual papers and poster which will be held at the Palacio Fonseca in proposals that address any aspect of research Salamanca, Spain, August9 -13, 2000. within Human Ethology are welcome.. 100 word abstracts for all papers and posters Salamanca is a beautiful city of about 180.000 (including symposium papers) should follow habitants, located 200 kilomeexs northeast of the follOWing format: Line 1: authors' names, Madrid, on the river Tormes. Founded in pre- last name first. Line 2: institutional Roman ; it was named Salmantica during address(es). Line 3: title of presentation in the Roman era and was an important point m capital letters. In addition, proposals for the 'Silver Road'. It later became Visigothic, symposia should II}clude a 250-word was occupied by the Arabs and reconquered by description of the symposium theme together the Christians in 1805. Its famous University with individual abstracts of the set of related was founded around 1200. Plan now to secure papers (usually 3 or4 papers plus discussant). airline tickets and take advantage .ot the this stimulating intellectual and culturaI site. All proposals should be submitted to our President-Elect, Linda Mealey. Submissionby Transportto Salamanca: e-mail is preferred, but hard copies with IBM, or Windows disk with the name of the FromMadrid the easiest way is to take a (apid operating system and word processing program bus(Bus Expres) which makes the trip in about will also be accepted. Abstracts for all 2 hours. The cost of a return ticket is (at this submissions have a deadline of 1 April 2000, moment) about 4.200 pesetas. The busrunsevery but earlier submissions are urged. Send hour. You can also take a train from Madrid to proposals to: Salamanca, but it takes longer (about 3 hours), they runonly four times a day, and are a little Linda Mealey cheaper than the express bus. You can also hire Psychology Department a car in the airport. .But in Salamanca it is not College of S1. Benedict necessary to use'a car, everything is within St. Joseph, MN 56374 USA walking distance. tel. 1-320-363-5481 ' fax 1-320-363-5582 Climate: e-mail: [email protected]

The climate is of the continental type. Normally in August it is quite hot, with temperatures at noon between 30 to 40 degrees Celsuis, cooling off at night. Lodging:

Social program: Salamanca boasts a wide variety of hotels which cost upto 70 dollars per person/per day. We will try to organize a visit through old For the meeting we have chosen 4 hotels and a Salamanca and a trip to the surroundings of Uruversity teacher residence, which is in the Salamanca. same building where the meetings will take place. For moreinformation contact: University teacher residence FONSECA: Conference fax number: +34 923 361 569 Conference telephone number: +34 636 354 913 Individual: 6.900 pesetas per night Conference e-mail: [email protected] Double: 5.700 pesetas per person per night Human Ethology Bulletin, 14(4), 1999 8

GranHotel orHotel Monterrey: currentTreasurer, and has elected to step down from her position because of health reasons. Individual: 8.560 pesetas per night We will are miss her active presence as an Double: 12.840 pesetas per night ISHE officer and wish her well.

Meli· Confort Salamanca: Nominations are to be submitted to the Secretary, Karl Grammer (at karl.grammer Individual: 11.985 pesetas per night @univie.ac.at or see Officer's box for address), Double: 15.195 pesetas per night who will ensure that the nominee is willing to stand for office. Ballotts for the election will be Silken Rona Dalba: included in the March Bulletin. The of the V-P/P-E include seeking invitations for Individual: 9.095 pesetas per night annual meetings, and assuring the scientific Double: 10.700 pesetas per night of the program, substit:uting for the Breakfast buffet: 1.285 pesetas President when necessary and assuming the role of president at the end of the- three year term. Las Torres: The Treasurer is responsible for the receipts and disbursementsof the Society's money, for an Individual: 9.630 pesetas per night accurate bookeeping of all credits and debits Double: 12.735 pesetas per night including the annual financial statement, and for consultation with anyone keeping a Society The are also a couple of camp sites nearby, so if operating account. The Treasurer also informs anyone is interested we would be pleased to the Bulletin Editor on the status of dues and lookfor prices, facilities, etc. maintains an up-to-date mailing list for the Bulletin. Meals: There is nolimit on the numberof terms that At the Conference Center (Fonseca) there is a a person may serve, except that the President restaurant/canteen where meals are served. may not serve consecutive terms. Each term is Costs for lunch: 990 pesetas; normally for three years. ISHE has followed a dinner: 790 pesetas. tradition of maintaining geographic and Please take account that although the legal disciplinary diversity among its officers, but time in Spain is like the rest of Europe, there is no set rule onthis. mealtimes are different. Lunch is about 2 pm, and dinner after 9 pm. Welcome Colleen!

We would like to welcome Colleen Schaffner as our incoming Associate Book Review Editor. Her address will now be listed in the editorial staff box.

Society News Mter much electronic discussion we have decided on a new policy of year-round renewal similar to a typical magazine subscription. Call for Nominations Starting with this month's bulletin your mailing label has a bottom line in boldface It is time once again to elect two officers: a type that reads "membership expires: mo/yr" -President-/President-Elect and Treasurer. indicating the date on which your ISHE Under our current by-, Linda Mealey membership and HEB subscription expires. becomes the new President on January 1st 2000 (mo/yr). You will then receive reminders (an auspicious date indeed!) Her current attached to the last two issues before your position of V-P/P-E therefore becomes vacant membership renewal is due. If you have at that time. In addition, Barbara Fuller, our recently renewed, but have not received back issues, these may be obtained by sending a Human Ethology Bulletin, 14(4), 1999 9

check for $5.00 to the Treasurer for each back issue requested. Officers of the Society Membership in the International Society for Human Ethology is $25.00/yt or $60.00 for 3 President years. You may pay by cash, check or a memo Charles B. Crawford (including e-mail memos) authorizing the Department of Psychology ISHE Treasurer to charge your VISA or Simon Fraser University Eurocard a specific amountplus your credit card Burnaby, B.c. V5A 1S6, Canad.a numberand expiration date.. tel. 1-604-291-3660 fax 1-604-291-3427 e-mail: [email protected]

ISHE Financial StatementJune1998 to July1999 Vice-President/ President-Elect Linda Mealey DEBITS Psychology Department credit card billing costs $239.70 College ofSt. Benedict Bulletin & editot's expenses (1998) , $4,026.00 St. Joseph, MN56374 USA Bulletin expenses (1999 to Juneonly) $1,866.42 tel. 1-320-363-5481 Treasurer's expenses $500.00 fax 1-320-363-5582 e-mail: [email protected] Debit Total $6,632.12 Vice-Presidentfor CREDITS Peter LaFreniere Bank interest $162.23 (see Editorial Staff box) 1998 Conferencerevenue $1,819.36 Sale of mailing list to SAGE $105.00 Secretary Member' dues . $4,347.53 Karl Grammer Ludwig-Boltzmann-Institute Credit Total $6,434.12 for UrbanEthology/Human Biology Althanstrasse 14 hl11el998 balance $18,083.33 A-1090 Vienna, Austria June1999 balance $17,855.22 tel. 49-815237355 e-mail: [email protected] 2000 ISHE Directory Treasurer Barbara F. Fuller We are now finalizing our preparations of the School ofNursing new membership directory 2000. If you have University of Colorado not yet submitted your personal informqtion, 4200 E. Ninth Ave. you should do so now! Your personal info can Denver, CO 80220 USA easily be sent via the internet. I will provide tel. 1 the form like the current email-form, which fax 1-303-315-5666 you can find at the old maillist-form-a.ddress: e-mail: [email protected] http://evolution.anthro.univie.ac.at/maillist /form.html MemberShipChilir Astrid Jutte If it is not possible for you to use the internet- Ludwig Boltzmann Institute for Urban form or email, please send your data via fax to Ethology, Institute for Human Biology Astrid Juette· (+43-1-31336-788) (Full name Althanstrasse 14 (first, last name), title, postal address, tel, fax, A-1090 Vienna, Austria working field (max 6 words), email, homepage) e-mail: [email protected] Human Ethology Bulletin, 14(4), 1999 10

ANNOUNCEMENTS Fondation Jean-Marie Delwart

The XVIII World Congress of the International Award of the Year 2000 Political Science Association (IPSA) will meet in Quebec City, August 1-6, 2000. This letter is Biology of Communication a call for papers for the panels that will be allotted to Research Committee # 12, The Jean-Marie Delwart Foundation will "Biology and Politics." If you are interested award in 2000 a Prize for an original work or in delivering a" paper, please send an abstract series of works, individual or , in the of the proposed paper, with your name, field of Chemical Communication, dealing address, institutional affiliation, e-mail (if with the specific action of certain substances on you have e-mail) to either: organisms and/or with the fundamental mechanisms governing the function of Dr. Albert Somit receptors. Room 256, Lesar Building Southern Illinois University Candidates can submit their own application Carbondale, IL 62901 or be nominated by a person competent in the relevant field. All applications should be Dr. Steven A. Peterson accompanied by a cover letter, a curriculum School of Public Affairs vitae, and a complete list of publications, in Penn State Harrisburg triplicate, as well as by the works to be 777. W. Harrisburg Pike considered. The Prize, in the amount of Middletown, PA 17037 $10,000, will be awarded to works written in Internet: [email protected] or translated in French or English, submitted prior to March 15th 2000 to the following In accordance with the IPSA deadline, please address: send your proposal to us by March 1st, 2000. Fondation Jean-Marie Delwart V.c.L. Batiment Pythagore 4, Place des Sciences (Bte 4) INTERNATIONAL SUNBELT SOCIAL B-1348 Louvain-Ia-Neuve NETWORK CONFERENCE Belgique

Vancouver, British Colulnbia April 2000 Request for Information The International Sunbelt Social Network Conference is a major forum for social scientists, Is there any for animal appreciation mathematicians, computer scientists, and a II of the "" of ? I am currently others interested in social networks. The writing a paper for which I would like to cite conference provides an opportunity for either published examples of or even personal individuals interested in theory, methods, or anecdotes from individuals who have observed applications of social networks to share ideas behavior in any animal that suggests an and common concerns. aesthetic appreciation of nature. I'm most interested in the great apes, but any species is For complete information on the conference, of interest. visit: http://www.sfu.ca/-insna. or contact Bill Please send information on this question to: Richards, School of Communication, Simon Fraser University, Burnaby, BC V5A 1S6, Judith Hand, 17615 Parlange Place, San Diego, Canada; [email protected]; (604) 251-3272. CA 92128, USA or [email protected]. Human Ethology Bulletin, 14(4), 1999 11

points out that traditionally researchers who BOOK REVIEWS study primate sociality tend to focus 00 ultimate, evolutionary explanations for Developing a , while researchers who study human focus on the proximate or Psychology immediate causes. of behavior. Chadwick-Jones argues that the fairly exclusive emphasis in ofMonkeys and Apes both fields on one of the two approaches is inappropriate: At best, doing so only enables U5 to draw partial conclusions about why we and By John Chadwick-Jones. Psychology Press, other social creatures behave the way we do. 1998, 192p. [Hdbk. $44.95, ISBN: 0-86377-820-8] The study of facial expressions is useful Reviewed by Jessica c. Flack, Psychology in illustrating this point. One reason that Department and Living Links Center, 202 social psychologists and behavioral Psychology Building, Emory University, primatologists ask about the contexts in which Atlanta, GA, 30022, [email protected] particular facial expressions are used is to extract the social meaning of these expressions. Upon discovering this book, my first Subsequent questions for social psychologists reaction was one of excitement and might, as Chadwick-Jones suggests, emphasize anticipation. Like, I suspect, many other understanding the level of intentionality that researchers in behavioral primatology, I have use of the signal or expression reflects. For been searching for literature that integrated primatologists, subsequent questions more the research on nonhuman primate social likely concern the evolutionary origins of facial behavior with human social psychological expressions. These questions are valuable in and approaches. The development of a dialogue of themselves and also because they between the two fields is potentially fruitful, complement each other: The first informs U5 not to mention intellectually stimulating, about the social and cognitive mechanics because each field has different strengths. Of underlying facial expressions, while the second course, a cross-disciplinary dialogue might be informs us about why we use facial expressions difficult to establish· because there are the way we do. theoretical and methodological differences that need be resolved or, at least clarified, Chadwick-Jones offers a solution to before any synthesis can be achieved. these disciplinary shortcomings. He suggests Fortunately, the synthesis of information is not that social psychologists employ an the only product of this merger worth seeking. evolutionary perspective so as to organize As interesting and useful as a synthesis of the social psychology's variety of independent two disciplines might be for understanding mini-theories, and that students of primate behavior, the most useful product of this behavior refocus their attention to the contexts integration is the transfer and application of and social triggers of behavior and, the theoretical and methodological temporarily, away from evolutionary causes. approaches from one discipline to the other. As a first step in this process, Chadwick-Jones attempts to show in this book how the In this book, Chadwick-Jones proximate approach has been, and can continue recognizes and emphasizes the value of to be, fruitfully utilized in the study of primate integrating the methods and theories of behavior. He sets out to accomplish this task primatology with those of human social by reviewing by topic the primate literature in psychology. His introduction indicates that the which researchers actually have addressed impetus for this book was his that the proximate causes and mechanisms. two disciplines not only share much in terms of Unfortunately, the author only refers objectives, but also have much to offer each sporadically back to the human social other in terms of how questions about behavior psychological research during his review. For are framed and empirically answered. He example, although his facial expression chapter discusses the work of social Human Ethology Bulletin, 14(4), 1999 12

psychologists, such as Paul Ekman and Alan incomplete or even incorrect conclusions. In his Fridlund, as well as the work of primatologists, discussion of key signals, for example, he such as Jan van Hoof and Signe Preuschoft, he describes how 'genital touching' -- now fails in a later chapter on dominance and social understood as an important aspect of baboon relationships in nonhuman primates to even greeting behavior -- was ignored by researchers mention analogous studies in the human social who did not examine closely enough the psychological literature. This leaves the sequence of events that led to a successful reader grappling with several unanswered greeting. The identification of 'genital questions, particularly regarding why the touching' as a key signal in baboon greetings application of specific social psychological enabled researchers to operationally methods to primate research is warranted or distinguish successful from unsuccessful useful. Chadwick-Jones' failure to consistently greetings. Chadwick-Jones rightly uses this reference social psychological studies and use example to underscore the importance of them as examples also leaves the reader detailed descriptions of the contexts in which feeling that for no particular reason some topics the signals are given and received, and of were treated in less detail than others. The signals themselves, for understanding and best and most detailed chapters in the book are interpreting a signal's meaning. those covering primate vocal and nonvocal signaling. Although Chadwick-Jones clearly articulates his intention to improve our In his introduction, Chadwick-Jones understanding of proximate causes of behavior begins to address the question of why primate in primates, he devotes sections of his book to researchers who study behavior should bother questions outside of social psychology. His to focus on proximate mechanisms. I hoped t hat chapter on sexuality in monkeys and apes, for the remainder of the book would be devoted to example, includes a discussion of factors such as illustrating through examples and comparison sexual dimorphism that are thought to why this is useful and how it could be influence the of particular mating accomplished. I found, however, that even by systems. Although an important topic, this the end of the book these questions remain section seems out of place in this book because inadequately answered; the author provides its focus is not on immediate social or contextual little evidence of why and how studying the causes of behavior but on supposed determinants proximate causes of behavior has been a useful of social/mating systems. Inclusion of these approach in human social psychology. For kinds of sections would be more justified in a example, although Chadwick-Jones does book in which the evolutionary or ultimate emphasize how primatologists' understanding causes and the proximate causes of behavior of behavior could benefit from detailed, were treated in equivalent depth by the sequential analysis, he does not discuss the author. advantages of employing a social psychological version of this approach as Chadwick-Jones' title was well opposed to an ethological version. Furthennore, conceived both in tenns of its implications and it is not clear from the book why Chadwick- its timing. Although a few primatologists

within the two fields is required in order to Affective Neuroscience: extract a specific and logical agenda from the synthesis to serve as a guide for research. Perhaps the problem is not, however; with The Foundations ofHuman Chadwick-Jones' review but with the limitations of the two fields he sought to and Animal Emotions integrate. It may be that it is not possible to develop a detailed research plan for the study of the proximate of primate behavior by by Jaak Panksepp, Oxford University Press, drawing only from social psychology. Any 1998. serious attempt to fully understand primate behavior most likely requires that we draw Reviewed by Alan M. Rosenwasser, from and integrate behavioral neuroscience, Department of Psychology, University of behavioral endocrinology, and social Maine, Orono, ME 04469, USA anthropol9gy as well as social psychology.

At its most fundamental level, this is a book about the· neural representation of emotional and motivational states. The book is organized into three major sections: Part 1 Bulletin Submissions consists of several chapters laying out the scope, objectives, and conceptual foundations for All items of interest to ISHE members are the rest of the text, followed by a block of welcome: Society Matters; articles; replies to chapters providing an overview of articles; suggestions; announcements of neuroanatomy, neurophysiology, and meetings, journals or professional societies; etc. neurochemistry, with emphasis on topics of These sorts of submission should be sent to the special relevance to the study of affect. Part 2 editor. Book review inquiries should go to the consists of a series of chapters each devoted to a book review editor. All submissions should be consideration of the neural mechanisms of a in English, and sent to the appropriate editor specific basic affective-behavioral system, via e-mail, as an attachment in order including those systems controlling sleep and maintain formatting. If e-mail is impossible, arousal, appetitive motivation, homeostatic hard copies will be accepted, as long as they regulation (especially feeding), anger, and are accompanied by the same text on diskette fear. Finafly, Part 3 explores the neural (preferably in Microsoft Word version 6.0 or mechanisms underlyir,g the more complex social earlier). Shorter reviews are desirable (less emotions, including those related to sexuality, than 1000 words). Please include complete maternality and nurturance, and peer references for all publications c:ited. For book interactions. In the final and most speculative reviews, plea,se include publisher's mailing chapter, Panksepp explores linkages between address and the price of hardback and brain function, emotion, , and self- paperback editions. While this book presents primarily a neuroscience approach to understanding Submissions are usually reviewed only by the animal and human behavior, it should be editorial staff. However, some submissions are emphasized that Panksepp maintains strong rejected. Political is avoided, so as comparative and evolutionary perspectives to foster free and creative exchange of ideas throughout the text. In this vein, one of the among scholars. The fact that material author's major themes is that the behavioral appears in the newsletter never implies the functionS of neural circuits can 9nly be. of those ideas, ISHE's endorsement of understood if one is working within the them, or support for anythem. framework of a realistic behavioral taxonomy, which in tum can only be derived from a comparative perspective on behavior. Nevertheless, the focus is almost entirely 00 Human Ethology Bulletin, 14(4), 1999 14

vertebrate - and even more specifically, 00 circuits. According to this view, in addition to mammalian - brain and behavior. Indeed, the neural mechanisms producing stereotyped Panksepp argues forcefully throughout the text agonistic and aggressive behavior patterns, that the general homology of neuroanatomical there are also specific neural mechanisms organization across the Mammalia implies a generating anger and the mrresponding high degree of psychological continuity among motivation to attack. Panksepp is a champion these species. Invertebrates are mentioned only of the latter view, and then some. Indeed, the to make the point that the capacity of the text is sprinkled liberally with terms like rage, vertebrate brain to produce emotional and hope, lust, joy, eagerness, and even , used to motivational states imparts greatly increased describe the behavior of non-human animals. behavioral flexibility and learning Further, Panksepp is not simply emplOying capabilities in these species, and Panksepp these terms as a convenient shorthand, as one explicitly suggests that dramatic differences in commonly uses the label "fear conditioning" to the organizational plan of the vertebrate and refer a conditioned postural response such as invertebrate nervous systems mean that we may freezing. Instead, Panksepp is using these terms never fully understand the psycho-behavioral because he strongly that other world of the invertebrates. mammalian species experience basic emotions such as rage, hope, and fear in very much th e Indeed, Panksepp's objectives in this book same way we do, at least at the level of the are rather far-reaching and ambitious, and [gJ "raw" emotional feeling. Thus, differences in well beyond the presentation of a textbook- the subjective experience of fear between rats treatment of current research 00 and people reflect differences in the potential mammalian neurobehavioral dialectics. This for cognitive elaboration provided by an .is a book about ideas, induding several extensive neocortex, but not in the neural unpopular or at least controversial ideas in mechanisms or psychological phenomenology of behavioral neuroscience; it is definitely not a the basic emotions. comprehensive review of the primary literature on brain and emotion, nor is it a In making these , Panksepp at textbook. Researchers in the brain and times appears to view his work as an attempt behavioral sciences have long debated the to save psychology from an otherwise uncertain value of psychological constructs - and future. He argues that an enorrn:ms intellectual especially of psychological constructs related breech has opened between what has to various facets of emotion and motivation - traditionally been called physiological in the analysis of neurobehavioral systems. psychology and the other branches of One view has been that psychological psychology; indeed, this breech is manifest in constructs serve as temporarily useful' but the recent tendency of physiological ultimately misleading cover stories, obscuring psychologists to refer to themselves as our ignorance of the cellular, neurochemical, behavioral neuroscientists. Further, he and neuroanatomical mechanisms of behavior. attributes this breech to the lingering influence According to this view, as we mrre to better of behaviorism within behavioral understand these mechanisms, from sensory neuroscience. While the so-called cognitive input, through information processing, to motor has allowed psychologists in other output, the apparent utility of psychological sub-fields to once again be comfortable with the constructs will fade and eventually disappear. idea that subjective experience can be a valid Thus, the continued presence of terms Iike and important aspect of psychological science, drive, hunger, and fear in our analyses of brain- behavioral neuroscientists largely continue to behavior relationships only shows how far we explain behavior without reference to still must rP towards a complete mechanistic conscious, subjective experience, and largely explanation. Conversely, the opposing view continue to reject all forms of inference claims that specific emotional and concerning the mental activities of their motivational states arise from activity within subjects, especially when those subjects are specific neu·ral circuits, and indeed, that the animals. At most, behavioral neuroscientists production of affective states is seen as the tend towards an agnostic position regarding evolutionary adaptive function of these subjective experience, believing that even if Human Ethology Bulletin, 14<4>, 1999 15

such subjective phenomena do occur in animals, complex stereotyped movements; the midlevel they occur as epiphenomenal byproducts of 'paleomammalian' brain comprises a set of neuronal activity. According to Panksepp, structures (the limbic system) that the however, emotional feelings not only exist in elaboration of basic affective and motivational animals, but are a critical component of the processes; and the newest 'neomammalian' causal mechanisms of behavior, conferring upon brain systems (the neocortex) underlie high- emotional organisms a level of .behavioral level cognition, , and information p!.asticity and adaptability that would be processing. Since the reptilian and otherwise impossible. According to his view, it paleomammalian brains are essentiafIy is simply impossible to achieve a full preserved within the core of the understanding of mammalian behavior or of the neomammalian brain, the principle of functional organization of the mammalian evolutionary homology would suggest t hat brain without allowing a place for subjective . these structures would have very similar experience in one's modeling. Thus, Panksepp behavioral functions throughout the argues that the scientific psychology of the 21"1 vertebrates. To the extent that basic affective century must strive towards a coherent processes are regulated by and represented integration of physiological, behavioral and within limbic circuits of the paleomammalian experiential events. Perhaps most striking to brain, it is reasonable to assume that these one who.was trained in psychology when it was circuits a very similar role in aII still defined in textbooks as "the science of mammalian species including humans. behavior" is the way Panksepp repeatedly draws a distinction between behavioral and Now, most behavioral neuroscientists psychological (by which he means "mental") accept this general plan - to a point. Thus, it phenomena. From this perspective, I assume is widely agreed that neural circuits of the that the title of Panksepp's book was chosen to limbic; brain - defined broadly to include not emphasize the ani,llogy between affective only telencephalic structures slich as the neuroscience and the increasingly prominent amygdala and hippocampus, but also certain discipline of cognitive neuroscience, since the structures at the telencephalic-diencephalic latter has also struggled to find the best way to border (the so-called basal forebrain: e.g., view complex relationships among neural septum, preoptic area, bed .nucleus of. the stria acrivity, objective behavioral responses, and terminaJis) as well as hypothalamic and conscious subjective experience. Even in mesencephalic (i.e., the periaqueductal gray) cognitive neuroscience, however, researchers structures - play a preeminent role in the have typically approached such issues more display of the behavioral and physiological . cautiously than Panksepp, choosing to manifestations of emotional and motivational emphasize the relative importance of states. Fighting, fleeing, mating, and parenting unconscious internal 'representations,' rather behaviors, among others, as well as the than consciously-experienced 'thoughts.' autonomic and neuroendocrine concomitants of such behaviors, are clearly controlled and Panksepp's overall conceptualization of coordinated by limbic circuits. Unlike most brain-behavior relationships derives directly neuroscientists, however, Panksepp is not at a II from MacLean's conception of the triune brain. content to discuss the neural coordination of According to this well-known view, vertebrate emotional behaviors and corresponding brain evolution has been largely a process of physiological regulations. Instead, as caud_al-to-ros.ttal growth,· in which newer indicated above, Panksepp is at least as structures (and attendant behavioral interested in the possibility that animals also capabilities) are added 'above' older. possess "affective consciousness" in the form of structures, while retaining the basic subjec;tively-experienced, primary-process, organizational pla.n of the older underlying "raw" emotional feelings. According to structures. The hier<:HchicalIy lowest and Panksepp, if we accept (as we must) the pl1ylogenetically oldest level of the neuraxis, of emotional feelings in humans, and if such the 'reptilian' brain, comprises a set of feelings in humans can be shown to emerge from structures (the basal ganglia) that govern the activity within limbic circuits (in my view, the spatiotemporal patterning and sequencing of weak link in the ), then the general Human Ethology Bulletin, 14(4),1999 . 16

neuroanatomical homology of the subcortical stimulate and satisfy readers with primary brain among all mammalian species strongly inte.rests in behavior, in evolution, or in implies similar subjective emotional neuroscience. On the other hand, in my view, experiences in these species. These ideas are this book may be less appropriate for the not the modal view within behavioral educated lay reader who may be seeking an neuroscience. It is probably true that most entertaining semi-popular treatise on brain and neuroscientists believe that subjective behavior..And, as mentioned above, this is not experience, whether 'cognitive' or 'affective,' really a textbook, and probably not even a is a high-level neocortical phenomenon. As graduate-level textbook, unless one is teaching Panksepp discusses, such a view fits well with a cadre of graduate students with substantial the prevalent social-constructionist view of theoretical and empirical background in emotion, in that evolutionarily advanced biology and psychology. cognitive neocortical processes underlie emotional experience. While leaving the door Finally, let me say what I liked 1eas t open to the possibility that certain higher- about this book. The author has chosen to forgo order manifestations of emotion

As should be apparent, I certainly found In sum, this book presents a provocative this book to be provocative and challenging. and bold treatment of some difficult issues in Even though I have emphasized the largest the biobehavioral sciences, and should provide theoretical issues, the book also contains an valuable reading for professionals and abundance of creative synthesis, analysis, and graduate students in biological psychology, interpretation of specific research areas within animal behavior, and neuroscience. mammalian emotion and motivation. Just to list a few selected examples, Panksepp has very interesting things to say about the evolutionary functions of REM sleep, about the distinct neural representation of appetitive and consummatory behaviors, and about the neurochemistry of social bonding. There should be enough food for thought in these pages to Human Ethology Bulletin, 14(4), 1999 17

This is Biology: In companion chapters, "How does science explain the natural world?" and "How does biology explain the living world? ", Mayr The Science ofthe Living covers such broad topics as verification and falsification in science, models of scientific World explanation, discovery and comrmn sense realism and also spends welcome time on clear definitions of ,theories, By ErnstMayr, The Belknap Press, Cambridge, laws, and . MA, 1997,332 pp. Mayr then goes on to more specific Reviewed by William R. Charlesworth, biological topics such as proximate and P.O.Box 18. Stockholm, WI 54769 US causation, "open and closed programs" (hIS elegant, conuron sense solution to the nature and nurture problem), and cognitive Human ethology has its historical and evolutionary . foundations in biology, a point Eibl- Eibesfeldt (1974,1984) the chief architect of In the chapter, "How are the life sciences the discipline has been making for decades. Yet Mayr sets the conceptual stage it appears that more than a few behavioral speCIfIcally for the study of evolution. In it he scientists (many leading developmental contrasts comparative and experimental psychologists for example--v. Ghiselin, 1986, dimensions of biology. Further on, he elaborates 1992) believe they could on biologists' traditional concern with three as.sImtlate to their own discipline questions--the historically-early "What?" wIthout havmg to accommodate to biology's questions (the study of biodiversity per se), the fundamental . increasingly-prominent "How?" questions (the making of a new individual) and finally the Accommodation to a scientific discipline "Why?"questions (the evolution of organisms) obviously requires that one understands its now SO familiar to contemporary evolutionary basic Getting properly exposed to theorists. the pnnciples, however, is often a problem. One must be motivated to make the effort. Also, In Chapter 9 Mayr presents his now weIl- some expert must spell out the principles for the known "diagram" of Darwin's model of non-expert concisely, and co1}erently, a evolution through natural selection (five facts task for WhICh only a few are capable. and three inferences). Included is a discussion of the importance of ecology for understanding In the discipline of biology, Mayr is one of evolution (.something many human ethologists few. The clarity of his style, the range of and psychologists could pay more hIS coverage, and his relentless insistence on a attentIOn to) and how humans fit into the clear understanding of what modem biology is evolutionary picture. all about makes the present volume a classic. Every ethologist should read it twice and at In all of this Mayr stresses the two least once again five d?minant viewpoints represented by Darwinian years later. blOlogy--a holistic view of life and its evolutionary . He also notes that both The volume's contribution to the viewpoints have lost much ground during the conceptual foundation of biology ranges across a present century under pressure from explanatory broad spectrum of general topics--the various models developed by physicists and the meanings of life as seen by many thinkers, the unprecedented technological advances flowing nature of science and how it explains the from them. In this context it should also be natural world, and the great abundance of that significance of evolutionary interlocking concepts that characterize hIStOry declIned during much of the 20th evolutionary theory. Century under the impact of (both scientific and ideological) which Human Ethology Bulletin, 14(4), 1999 18

downplays the role innate factors play in Eibl-Eibesfeldt, 1. (1984) Die biologie des animal and especiafIy human behavior. menschlichen Verhaltens: Grundriss der Humanethologie, Munchen: Piper. Throughout most of the volume, Mayr deals with the major concepts that specifically Ghiselin, M. (1986) The assimilation of make up current evolutionary theory Darwfnism in developmental psychology. biodiversity, population and typological Human Development, 29,12-21. thinking, selection, territory competition, reproduction, female choice, various forms of , as well as others. Entwined Lives: The weakest section of this book, in my estimation, is in his final chapter "Can Twins and What They Tell Us Evolution Account for ?". After a About Human Behavior. compelling defense of group selection, Mayr asks, and then tries to answer, the question By Nancy L. Segal. New York: Dutton (member "What moral system is best suited to ofPenguin Putnam Inc.). US$27.95, CAN$39.99. humankind?" ISBN 0-525-94465-6. Hard cover 396 pp. Black and white photographs. With this question Mayr moves from description and explanation to prescription. Reviewed by Susan A. Treloar (who is herself However, such a move, in my estimation, is an MZ twin) Queensland Institute of Medical neither necessary for a scientific treatise ror Research, and Joint Genetics Program, The logically derivative from evolutionary theory. University of Queensland PO Royal Brisbane "What is" and "what should be" the case is a Hospital Queensland 4029, Australia problem that has been struggled with for centuries. Grappling with it again is not The study of twins contributes necessary. enormously to about· genetic and environmental influences on behaviour, heal th But this is a negligible weakness. Overall, and development. A new book, Entwined Lives: this volume is a winning achievement by one of Twins and What They Tell Us About Human the original architects of the synthetic theory Behavior, offers privileged insights into these of evolution and by the theory's most articulate connections. The author, Nancy L. Segal Ph.D. spokesman. is well known and highly respected in the fields of twin research, genetic epidemiology For ethologists, not knowing the contents of and developmental psychology. Segal is this volume is like attempting to practice law currently Professor of Developmental in the U.S. without having read and understood Psychology and Director of the Twins Studies The Constitution of the United States. It won't Center at California State University, work. Fullerton, USA. Segal has published nwrerous scientific papers on twins. She was contributing If you had one volume on biology to begin the research editor of Twins magazine from 1984 to 21st Century this should be the one. 1998 and has co-edited a previous book entitled "Uniting Psychology and Biology", one of her References academic passions. However, she is particularly associated with the work of the Charlesworth, W.R. (1992) Darwin and Minnesota Center for Twin and Adoption developmental psychology. Research, where she served as Assistant Developmental Psychology, 28,5-16. Director from 1985 to 1991. The Center itself is best known for its studies of twins reared apart Eibl-Eibesfeldf, 1. (1975) Ethology: The biology and reunited later in their lives. of behaviodrev. ed.). New York: Holt, Rinehart and Winston. Entwined Lives is much more than a book about twins. It is also about research and Human Ethology Bulletin, 14(4), 1999 19

the acp.demic pursuit of scientific truth. Segal twins. There is a clear leaning towards the should inspire young students to follow a human psychological and the author's areas of research path. Entwined Lives would make expertise; for example, Chapter 4, Developing very useful required reading for undergraduate in Tandem: and Special Mental students in a wide range of fields. I think the Skills. Chapter 5, devoted to personality book will help students and academics (who traits, disorders and a typical are not necessarily in these fields and who are behaviors, provides a good example of the not necessarily twins) to enjoy the insights and book's style. Segal not only summarizes and experiences of the inside world of a researcher interprets twin study findings m recounted with honesty; warmth and empathy. psychopathology; she also adds many personal The researcher annes to life; she is touches. As an illustration, the question of professional, clever., a great communicator and whether higher MZ cotwin concordance for what she does! Nancy Segal writes with suicide reflected a genetic predisposition or the verve and enthusiasm in a style which wi 11 deeper sense of loss by MZ rather than DZ appeal to the general reader, as well as to the twins of a catwin's suicide, was important to academic interested in psychology, behavior resolve. Segal notes "I wondered if an answer genetics, evolutionary biology and ethology. lay hidden in our sea of data when the elusive Although packed with detaii, Segal's style is research strategy became clear: It was expansive, not intensely theoretical. There are important to compare suicidal attempts extensive notes and references for each chapter, between identical twins and fraternal twins and a Glossary to explain more technical terms, whose partners' deaths were not due to which are avoided where possible. suicide." (p.92). The chapter concludes. with a scan of problematic behaviors where genetic Insights frOm evolutionary psychology influences have been. identified. This is are provided; there are novel and stimulating preceded by some possible answers to the analogies, examples and links. For example, in evolutionary question why do these a chapter on twins' special relationship, Segal debilitating remain in the takes over three pages to simply and clear!y population when they cause such pain? explain Darwinian theory, natural selection, altruism, and inclusive fitness. She draws in There is much beyond the we11- other research and analyses evolutionary publicized tl}eme of reared-apart twins to predictions about altruistic behaviors, captivate readers, although it makes Chapter highlighting, Steven Pinker's distinction 7a most engaging chapter. Novel insights are between individuals' "real motives" and genes' provided -- for example, evolutionary reasons "metaphorical motives". But while noting the for the differing responses of identical and freshness of evolutionary psychological nonidentical twins to their newfound twinship, perspectives, Segal also raises the showing the importance of genetic and controversial effect of these views, concern environmental influences in shaping' social that researchers have slighted environmental relations. The explanatory relevance of effects. evolutionary theory to feelings of closeness between people with differing biological Readers will have different reasons for relatedness is also explored (especially pp. wanting to consult one or more of the book's 16 146-151). Other chapters also focus on twins' chapters -facts about twins and twinning, special relationships (Chapter 6, Friendship practical information, guidance, and Extraordinaire, and Chapter 9, Lonesome . There are interesting Crowd: Loss of a Twin). In the latter chapter, monochrome photographs in the book, which Segal briefly reviews evidence linking child illustrate important points about study designs, abuse and biological relatedness. In one of the zygosity, twin similarities and differences. book's longer direct discussions of evolqtionary That the chapters are relatively self- perspectives, Segal explores in Chapter 6 (pp. contained makes the book easy to dip into. 112-115) the notion of genetic sexual attraction Chapters cover a wide range of topics, including (GSA) between reunited relatives, and offers some unusual ones - twins in the courtroo"m, non- examples of married human twins, noteworthy twins and conjoined Human Ethology Bulletin, 14(4), 1999 20

couples who tum out to be Master Control Genes dizygotic twin pairs separated at birth. She suggests GSA as an area for further research. Segal introduces and explains the new field of in Development and Evolution: evolutionary towards the end of Chapter 14; on twins in the courtroom. The Honteobox Story

Many readers will find Chapter 10 - By Walter J. Gehring. Yale University Press, "Making Multiples: New Fertility Treatments P.O.Box 209040. New Haven, CT 06520-9040, and Beyond" -- of interest given the prevalence 1998, 236 pp. Hdbk, $37.00, ISBN 0-300-:-07409- of assisted reproductive technologies. Topical 3. issues such as cloning humans are dissected and challenging ideas are expounded. Chapter 8m Reviewed by Agnaldo Garcia, Institute of children adopted together will also be of Psychology, University of Sao Paulo, interest to the general reader, especially to Hungara, 396, Sao Paulo, SP, 05055-010, BraZIl. those from where children have been E-mail: [email protected]. adopted. Chapter 12 is to t,wins in nonhuman animal kingdom. ThIS chapter bnms The fruit fly Drosophila melanogaster is with facts about twinning in humans and other subject to several odd mutations. One of them animals, with ideas about evolutionary gives rise to a whole leg instead of an antennae influences on twinning, with discussions of on the head of the insect. In other cases, the subjects as diverse as olfactory identificat!on of mutant fly may present four wings instead of kin, parenting patterns, and the creahon of two wings and two halteres. These mutations, genetically identical animals by called homeotic transformations, have proved , transfer or embryo splitting. One delIghtful to be excellent material for the investigation of :., feature ofthis chapter is the personal touch of how genes act in development and including the names of many twin animals (for This was the subject of the Terry Lectures given example, the orangutans Trick and Dr. by Walter J. Gehring in the Fall of 1993 at Yale Jane Goodall's chimpanzees Gyre and Gimble, University, on which this book is based. and the Australian koalas Edward and Pooh). The author, a developmental biologist and The book concludes with a chapter professor in the Department of Cell Biology at (Chapter 16, Double Entendre: Twinship's the University of Basel, Switzerland, presents Many Meanings) in which Segal .draws and discusses the action of genes in development together and summarizes some key pomts. -- and evolution, including the role of genetic from findings of twin studies, methodologIcal control on these odd mutations. Gehring's own issues such as the equal environments investigations, which have reached the pages assumption, and other potential , e.g. of Science and Nature, among other important social, primary and recruitment. She defends sCientific journals (e.g., Gehring, 1987) are twin research methods clearly and well, interwoven with the contributions of other although quite briefly and with few references authors, supplying a vivid and clear historical to the many pertinent published papers, view of the field of developmental biology in thereby clearly aiming for the general reader. the last three decades. The author aimed at In this chapter, Segal is also not afraid to elucidating "the genetic program that controls tackle very serious issues head on, for example development and evolution" (p. xiii), Mengele's experiments on twins, child abuse, investigating how much of the developmental stresses on parents and siblings of twins, and program is written into our genes, and providing not-so-happy relationships between cotwins. key elements to the understanding of how multicellular organisms develop. In Sum, Segal raises and reviews many The investigation of these odd mutations in evolutionary issues throughout the book and the fruit fly, especially that transforming the brings behavior genetics to life with antennae on the head of the fly into a leg, has enthusiasm and offers it to all to enjoy. generated important discoveries concerning Human Ethology Bulletin, 14(4), 1999 21

hQmeotic genes. One of the first steps in suffering a different genetic control. In the Gehring's long term research program was the former, ancestry is what counts; Le., the cell isolation of the homeotic gene Antennapedia, will follow a developmental path already responsible for the transformation antennae- present in itself. In the latter, what counts are leg. the interactions with its neighbours; Le., development will depend on the interactions of The research about homeotic genes resulted a cell with those near to it. Although there is a in the discovery of the homeobox, in 1983, a great variety· of modes of development characteristic DNA segment found in the regarding fixity/flexibility, they are aII home6tic genes of different organisms, from the gel)etically controlled. Genes cOhtrolling fruit fly to humans. The homeobox was development may perform different tasks. In described as a small, 180-base-pair DNA morphogenesis, for instance, "the body plan is segment that becomes translated into the subdivided first by the gap genes into broad homeodomain, gene regulatory proteins t hat domains, then by the pair-rule genes into regulate batteries of target genes, whose segmentally repeated units, and last by molecular structure has also been investigated. segment-polarity genes into compartments" The proteins encoded in the homeoboxes of (p.121). different animal groups are quite similar. It was verified that fruit flies and humans share The way genes act in evolution and 98% of the structure of the homeodomain development is of utmost importance for proteins. The first 59 amino acids are the .same behavioral research. The master gene control of and they occupy the same position. Only the eye development and the wiring of the nervous last one is different! The discovery of the system are good of how this research homeobox contributed directly to the field Iruly give new answers and raise new understanding of how master control genes questions for behavioral scientists. control the developmentof organisms. I. Reference The development of the eye is the example Gehring, W.J. (1987). HOmeo boxes in the study examined by the author to show the universality of the genetic control of of development. Science. 236, 1245-1252. development. According to Gehring, eyes as different as those of humans, squids, and flies, develop under the same master control genes. It has been also demonstrated that the control of the wiring of the nervous system is made by homeotic genes, especially .in reading positional information.

Master control genes may be responsible for the control of hundreds or even thousands of target genes forming a genetic circuit in a signaling cascade. Apparently, a single master control gene can· switch on the eye developmental program, which involves more than 2,500 other genes needed for eye morphogenesis. Gehring, then, suggests that a single maturing system of developmental control has produced all the variety of biological life that we know today, from insects to man.

The way genes control development is a complex question. Gehring recognizes European and American ways of development, each way Human Ethology Bulletin, 14(4),1999 22

\ New Books'lor Review CURRENT LITERATURE

December 1999 Barnard, A., & Spencer, J. (eds.) (1999). Encyclopedia of Social and Cultural . Routledge. 688 p., US $39.99/UK Compiled byJohan van der Dennen £24.99 (pbk). ISBN/ISSN: 0-415-20318-X.

Blackmore, S. (1999). The MeIne Machine. NY: Abe, J.A.A. & Izard, C.E. (1999) The Oxford University Press.· 288 pp. $25. developmental functions of emotions: An analysis in terms of differential emotions theory. Cognition . Chisholm, J. S. (1999). Death, Hope and Sex: and Emotion, 13, 5, 523-549 (So Connecticut State Steps to an Evolutionary Ecology of Mind and Univ., Dept. Psychol., New Haven, CT 06515, . NY: Cambridge University Press. circa USA) 300p., $28 (pbk). ISBN 0-521-59708-0. Aber, J.L., Belsky, J, Slade, A. & Crnic, K. (1999) Courtillot, V. (1999). Evolutionary Catastrophes: Stability and change in mothers' representations The Science of Mass Extinction. Cambridge: of their relationship with their toddlers. Cambridge University Press. 173 pp. ; $24.95 Developmental Psychology, 35, 4, 1038-1047 ISBN:0-521-58392-6. (Columbia Univ., Natl. Or. Childrens Poverty, 154 Haven Ave, New York, NY 10032, USA) Cummins, D. D., & Allen, C. (1998). The Evolution of Mind. NY: Oxford University Press. 272 pp. $35. Aksan, N., GoldsmIth, H.R., Smider, N.A., Essex, MJ., Clark, R., Hyde, J.S., Klein, M.H. & Vandell, Cronk, Lee (1999). That Complex Whole: D.L. (1999) Derivation and prediction of and the Evolution of Human Behavior. Boulder, temperamental types among preschoolers. C: Westview Press. 175p. $20 (pbk.). ISBN 0- Developmental Psychology, 35, 4, 958-971 (Univ. 8133-3705-4 [hdbk., $40. ISBN 0-8133-3704-6] Wisconsin, Dept. Psychol., 1202 W Johnson St, Madison, WI 53706, USA) Fivaz-Depeursinge, E., & Corboz-Warnery, A. (1999). The Primary Triangle: A Developmental Arnold, D.H., Homrok, S, Ortiz, C. & Stowe, R.M. Systems View of Mothers, Fathers, and Infants. (1999) Direct of peer rejection acts and NY: Basic Books. 256pp, $42 (£28.95). ISBN 0- their temporal relation vvith aggressive acts. 465-09582-8. Early Childhood Research Quarterly, 14, 2, 183-196 (Univ. Massachusetts, Dept. Psychol., Houston, A.I. & McNamara, J.M. (1999). Models of Tobin Hall, Box 37710, Amherst, MA 01003, USA) Adaptive Behavior: An Approach based on State. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. 378 pp.; Bar-Yosef, O. & Kuhn, S.L. (1999) The big deal $80. ISBN:0-521-38480-X. about blades: Laminar technologies and human evolution. American Anthropologist, 101, 2, LaFreniere, P.J. (2000). Emotional Development: A 322-338 (Harvard Univ., Peabody Museum, Biosocial Perspective. Belmont, CA: Cambridge, MA 02138, USA) Wadsworth/ITP. 352 pp. $67.95. ISBN# 0-534- 34808-4, www.wadsworth.com Barnfield, A.M.C. (1999) Development of sex differences in spatial . Perceptual and Langer, J., & Killen, M. (1998). Piaget. Evolution, Motor Skills, 89,.1, 339-350 (Univ. Western and Development. NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum. 328pp., Ontario, Brescia Call., 1285 Western Rd, London, Hdbk., $55. ISBN 0-8058-2210-0. ON N6G 1H2, Canada)

Tiger, Lionel (1999). The Decline of Males. NY: Golden Books. 325p. $23 (hdbk). ISBN 1-58238- 014-7. Human Ethology Bulletin, 14(4), 1999 13

Benenson, J.F., Philippoussis, M. & Leeb, R. Busjahn, A., Faulhaber, H.D., Freier, K. & (1999) Sex differences in neonates' cuddliness. Luft, F.C (1999) Genetic and environmental Journal of Genetic Psychology, 160, 3, 332-342 influences on coping styles: A twin study. (McGill Univ., Dept. Educ. & Counselling Psychosomatic Medicine, 61, 4, 469-475 PsychoI., 3700 McTavish St, Montreal, PQ H3A (Humboldt Univ., Franz Volhard Clin., 1Y2, Canada) Wiltbergstr. 50, D-13122 Berlin, Germany)

Bird, R (1999) Cooperation and conflict: The Call, J., Aureli, F. & de Waal, F.B.M. (1999) behavioral ecology of the sexual division of Reconciliation patterns among stumptailed labor. Evolutionary Anthropology, 8, 2, 65-75 macaques: A multivariate approach. Animal (Univ. Arkansas, Dept. Anthropol., Behaviour, 58, Part 1,- 165-172 (Univ. Fayetteville, AR 72701, USA) Liverpool, 5th. BioI. ScL, Nicholson Bldg, Liverpool·L69 3BX, Merseyside, England) Blass, T. (1999) The Milgram after 35 years: Some things we row know abbut Campbell, D.W. & Eaton, W.O. (1999) Sex obedience to authority. Journal of Applied differences in the activity level of infants. Social Psychology, 29, 5, 955-978 (Univ. Infant and Child Development, 8, 1, 1-17 (Univ. Maryland Baltimore Cty, Dept. Psychol., 1000 Manitoba, Dept. Psychol., Winnipeg, MB R3T Hilltop Circle, Baltimore, MD 21250, USA) 2N2, Canada)

Bosacki, S. & Astington, J.W. (1999) Theory of Casey; M.B., Nuttall, RL. & Pezaris, E. (1999) mind in preadolescence: Relations between Evidence in support of a model that predicts sociai understanding and social competence. how biological and environmental factors Social Development, 8, 2, 237-255 (Dalhousie interact to influence spatial skills. Univ., Dept. Psychol., Halifax, NS 3BH 4Jl, Developmental Psychology, 35, 5, 1237-1247 Canada) (Boston CoIl., Dept. Counseling Dev. & Educ. PsychoI., 201 Campion Hall! Chestnut Hill, '\\. Brenner, V. & Fox, RA. (1999) An empirically MA 02467, USA) derived classification of parenting practices. Journal of Genetic Psychology, 160, 3, 343-356 Charlesworth, W.R. (1994). Evolutionary (Fox, RA.: Marquette Univ., Parenting Ctr., 749 theory: Ethological and sociobiological N 17th St, POB 1881, Milwaukee, WI 53201, aspects. In: T. Husen & T.N. Postlethwaite USA) (Eds.) International Encyclopedia of . 2nd. Ed. 4; 2167-2172, New York: Pergamon Bruce, C & Fox, G.L. (1999) Accounting for Press (P.O. Box 18, Stockholm, WI 54769, USA) patterns of father involvement: Age of child, father-child coresidence, and father role Charlesworth, W.R. (1995) An evolutionary salience. Sociological Inquiry, 69, 3, 458-476 approach to learning, cognition, and (Univ. Tennessee, Knoxville, 1N 37996, USA) development. In: CA. Nelson (Ed.) Basic and Applied Perspectives on Learning, Cognition, Burger, J.M. & Cosby, M. (1999) Do women and Development. 175-217, Mahwah NJ: prefer dominant men? The case of the missing Erlbaum (see above) control condition. Journal of Research in Personality, 33, 3, 358-368 (Santa Clara Univ., Charlesworth, W.R (1995) Children in cities: Dept. Psychol., Santa Clara, CA 95053, USA) An ethological!sociobiological approach. In: D. Gorlitz et aI. (Eds.) Children, Cities, and Burks, V.S., Laird, RD., Dodge, K.A., Pettit, Psychological Theories: D)veloping c;.s. & Bates, J.E. (1999) Knowledge structures, Relationships, 477-503, 512-513, New York: de social information processing, and children's Gruyter (see above) aggressive behavior. Social Development, 8, 2, 220-236 (Univ. Penn., Dept. Child Psychiat., Charlesworth, W.R (1996) Cooperation as Room 250, 111 North 49th St., Philadelphia, competition: Contributions to a developmental PA 19139, USA) and evolutionary model. International Journal Human Ethology Bulletin, 14(4),1999 24

of Developmental Psychology, 19, I, 25-39 (see Maisonneuve W, Montreal, PQ H3G IM8, above) Canada)

Charlesworth, W.R (1998) Review of Dwm, J. & Cutting, A.L. (1999) Understanding and the Origin of Species by M. others, and individual differences in Ghiselin. Human Development, 41, 372-376 (see friendship interactions in young children. above) Social Development, 8, 2, 201-219 (lnst. Psychiat., Social Genet. & Dev. Psychiat. Res. Coney, N.e. & Mackey, W.e. (1999) The Ctr., De Crespigny Pk., Denmark Hill, London feminization of domestic violence in America: SE5 8AF, England) The woozle effect goes beyond . Journal of Men's Studies, 8, I, 45-58 (W.e. Mackey: Ellis, RJ., McFadyen-Ketchum, 5., Dodge, Townshire Manor, Apt. #6, 401 Lake Street, K.A., Pettit, G.S. & Bates, J.E. (1999) Quality Bryan, TX 77801, USA) of early relationships and individual differences in the timing of pubertal maturation Corwyn, RF. & Bradley, RB. (1999) in girls: A longitudinal test of an evolutionary Detenninants of paternal and maternal model. Journal of Personality and Social investment in children. Infant Mental HeaIth Psychology, 77, 2, 387-401 (Univ.· Canterbury, Journal, 20, 3, 238-256 (Bradley, RH.: Univ. Dept. Psycho!., Private Bag 4800, Christchurch Arkansas, Ctr. Res. Teaching & Learning, 2801 I, New Zealand) S Univ Ave, Little Rock, AR 72204, USA) Evans, D.W., Gray, F.L. & Leckinan, J.F. (1999) Cosmides, L. & Tooby, J. (1999) Toward an The , fears and phobias of· young evolutionary taxonomy of treatable conditions. children: Insights from development, Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 108, 3, 453-464 psychopathology and neurobiology. Child (Tooby, J.: Univ. Calif. Santa Barbara, Dept. Psychiatry and Human Development, 29, 4, Anthropo!., Santa Barbara, CA 93106, USA) 261-276 (Bucknell Univ., Dept. Psycho!., Lewisburg, PA 17837, USA) De Weerth, e., van Geert, P. & Hoijtink, H. (1999) Intraindividual variability in infant Feeney, J.A (1999) Adult attachment, behavior. Developmental Psychology, 35, 4, emotional control, and marital satisfaction. 1102-1112 (Van Geert, P.: Univ. Groningen, Personal Relationships, 6, 2, 169-185 (Univ. Heymans Inst., Grote Kruisstr 2-1, TS Queensland, Dept. Psycho!., St Lucia, Qld 4072, Groningen, Netherlands) Australia)

Demetriou, A. & Raftopoulos, A. (1999) Feldman, R, Weller, A., Leckman, J.F., Kuint, J. Modeling the developing mind: From structure &.Eidelman, AI. (1999) The nature of the to change. Developmental Review, 19, 3, mother's tie to her infant: Maternal bonding 319-368 (Univ. Cyprus, Dept. Educ. Sci., POB under conditions of proximity, separation, and 537, CY-1678 Nicosia, Cyprus) potential loss. Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry and Allied Disciplines, 40, 6, Depue, R.A & Collins, P.F. (1999) 929-939 (Bar Ilan Univ., Dept. Psycho!., Neurobiology of the structure of personality: IL-52900 Ramat Gan, Israel) Dopamine, facilitation of incentive motivation, and extraversion. Behavioral and Freese, J. & Powell, B. (1999) Sociobiology, Brain Sciences, 22,3,491-517, 555-569 (Cornell status, and parental investment in sons and Univ., Dept. Human Dev., Ithaca, NY 14853, daughters: Testing the Trivers-Willard USA) hypothesis. American Journal of , 104, 6, 1704-1743 (Indiana Univ., Dept. Sociol., 744 Dubrow, L.V. & Howe, N. (1999) Parental play Ballantine Hall, Bloomington, IN 47405, USA) styles and sibling interaction during a problem-solving task. Infant and Chi Id Gaertner, L. & Foshee, V. (1999) Commitment Development, 8, 2, 101-115 (Howe, N.: and the perpetration of relationship violence. Concordia Univ., Dept. Educ., 1455 Personal Relationships, 6,2,227-239 (Univ. N Human Ethology Bulletin, 14(4), 1999 25

Carolina, Dept. Psychol., eB 3270, Chapel Howell, F.c. (1999) Paleo-demes, species Hill, NC 27599, USA) clades, and extinctions in the pleistocene hominin record. Journal of Anthropological Ghazanfar, AA. & Hauser, M.D. (1999) The Research, 55, 2, 191-243 (Univ. Calif. Berkeley, neuroethology of primate vocal communication: Museum Vertebrate Zool., Berkeley, CA 94720, substrates for the evolution of speech. Trends in USA) Cognitive Sciences, 3, 10, 377-384 (Harvard Univ., Dept. Psychol., 33 Kirkland St, Hughes, c., Deater-Deckard, K. & Cutting, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA) AL. (1999) 'Speak roughly to your little boy'? Sex differences in the relations between Goldsmith, H.H., Lemery, K.S., Buss, K.A. & parenting and preschoolers'· understanding of Campos, J.J. (1999) Genetic analyses of focal mind. Social Development, 8, 2, 143-160 (Inst. aspects of inJant temperament. Developmental Psychiat., MRC, De Crespigny Pk., London SE5 Psychology, 35, 4, 972-985 (Univ. Wisconsin, 8AF, England) Dept. Psychol., 1202 W Johnson St, Madison, WI 53706, USA) Jackendoff, R. (1999) Possible stages in the evolution of the language capacity. Trends in Grych, J.B. & Clark, R. (1999) Maternal Cognitive Sciences, 3, 7, 272-279 (Brandeis and development of the Univ., Volen Or Complex Syst., Waltham, MA father-infant relationship in the first year. 02454, USA) Developmental Psychology., 35, 4, 893-903 (Marquette Univ., Dept. Psychol., POB 1881, Kagan, J., Snidman, N., Zentner, M. & Peterson, Milwaukee, WI 53201, USA) E. (1999) Infant temperament and anxious symptoms in school age children. Development Gutierres, S.E., Kenrick, D.T. & Partch, J.J. and Psychopathology, 11, 2, 209-224 (Harvard (1999) Beauty, dominance, and the mating Univ., Dept. Psychol., 33 Kirkland St., : Contrast effects in self-assessment reflect Cambridge, MA 02138, USA) gender differences in mate selection. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 25, Keltner, D. & Gross, J.J. (1999) Functional 9, 1126-1134 (Arizona State Univ. W, Dept. accounts of emotions. Cognition and Emotion, 13, Social & Behav. Sci., POB 37100, 4701 W 5, 467-480 (Univ. Calif. Berkeley, Dept. Thunderbird Rd, Phoenix, AZ 85069, USA) Psychol., 3210 Tolman Hall, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA) Hattori, K. (1999) Two origins of language evolution: Unilateral gestural language and Killgore, W.D.S. & Gangestad, S.W. (1999) Sex bilateral vocal language, hypotheses from IQ differences in asymmetrically perceiving the test data. Mankind Quarterly, 39, 4, 399-436 intensity of facial expressions. Perceptual and (Natl. Rehabil. Or. Disabled, 4-1 Namiki, Motor Skills, 89, 1,311-314 (Univ. Penn., Med. Tokorozawa, Saitama 3590042, Japan) Or., 3rd Roor Gates Bldg, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA) Herlitz, A, Airaksinen, E. & Nordstrom, E. (1999) Sex differences in episodic memory: The Legrand, L.N., McGue, M. & Iacono, W.G. (1999) impact of verbaland visuospatial ability. A twin study of state and trait anxiety in Neuropsych, 13, 4, 590-597 (Univ. Stockholm, childhood and adolescence. Journal of Chi1d Dept. PsychoI., 5-10691 Stockholm, Sweden) Psychology and Psychiatry and Allied Disciplines, 40, 6, 953-958 (Univ. Minnesota, Holigrocki, R.J., Kaminski, P.L. & Frieswyk, Dept. Psycho}" 75 E River Rd, Minneapolis, S.H. Introduction to the parent-child MN 55455, USA) interaction assessment. Bulletin of the Menninger Clinic, 63, 3, 413-428 (Menninger Levine, S.c., Huttenlocher, J., Taylor, A. & Clin., Karl Menninger Sch. Psychiat. & Mental Langrock, A. (1999) Early sex differences in Hlth. Sci., Box 829, Topeka, KS 66601, USA) spatial skill. Developmental Psychology, 35, 4, 940-949 (Univ. Chicago, Dept. Psychol., 5848 S Univ. Ave., Chicago, IL 60637, USA) Human Ethology Bulletin, 14(4),1999 26

Univ., Fac. Sci., Kitashirakawa Oiwakecho, Lilienfeld, 5.0. & Marino, L. (1999) Kyoto, Japan) Essentialism revisited: Evolutionary theory and the of mental disorder. TOUT/wi of O'Connor, T.G. & Hirsch, N. (1999) Abnonnal Psychology, 108, 3, 400-411 (Emory Intra-individual differences and relationship Univ., Dept. Psychol., Room 206, Atlanta, GA -specificity of mentalising in early adolescence. 30322, USA) Social Development, 8, 2, 256-274 (Inst. Psychiat., Social Genet. & Dev. Psychiat. Res. Locke, J.L. & Hauser, M.D. (1999) Sex and status Ctr., 111 Denmark Hill, London SE5 8AF, effects 00 primate volubility: Clues to the England) origin of vocal languages? Evolution and Human Behavior, 20, 3, 151-158· (Univ. Ollendick, T.H. & King, N.J. (1999) Child Sheffield, Dept. Human Comrnun Sei., 18 behavioral assessment and Claremont Crescent, Sheffield 510 2TA, S cognitive-behavioral interventions in schools. Yorkshire, England) Psychology in the Schools, 36, 5, 427-436 (Virginia Polytech Inst. & State Vniv., Dept. Lowinger, S. (1999) Infant irritability and PsychoI., Blacksburg, VA 24061, USA) early reciprocity patterns. Infant and Child Development, 8, 2, 71-84 (Bar Pawlowski, B. (1999) Permanent breasts as a Han Univ., Dept. Educ., IL-52900 Ramat Gan, side effect of subcutaneous fat tissue increase in Israel) human evolution. Homo, 50, 2, 149-162 (Unlv. Wroclaw, Dept. Anthropol., VI Kuznicza 35, Mikach, S.M. & Bailey, J.M. (1999) What PL-50138 Wroclaw, Poland) distinguishes women with unusually high nwnbers of sex partners? Evolution and Human Rochat, P., Querido, J.G. & Striano, T. (999) Behavior, 20, 3, 141-150 (Bailey, J.M.: Emerging sensitivity to the timing and structure Northwestern Univ., Dept. Psychol., Evanston, of protoconversation in early infancy. IL 60208, USA) Developrhental Psychology, 35, 4, 950-957 (Emory Univ., Dept. Psychol., Atlanta, GA Morehead, D. (1999) Oedipus, Darwin, and 30322, USA) Freud:.One big, happy family? Psychoanalytic Quarterly, 68, 3, 347-375 (Menninger Clin., Box Senior, c., Barnes, J., Jenkins, R., Land(iu, S., 0829, 5800 SW6th, Topeka, KS 66601, USA) Phillips, M.L. & David, A.S. (1999) Attribution of social dominance and maleness to Morrongiello, B.A. & Dawber, T. (1999) schematic faces. Social Behavior and Parental influences on toddlers' injury-risk Personality, 27, 4, 331-337 (Inst. Psychiat., 103 behaviors: Are sons and daughters socialized Denmark Hill, London SE5 8AZ, England) differently? Journal of Applied Developmental Psychology, 20, 2, 227-251 (Univ. Guelph, Dept. Simonton, D.K. (l999>. Talent and its Psychol., Guelph, ON NIG 2Wl, Canada) development: An emergenic and epigenetic model. Psychological Review, 106, 3, 435-457 Murray, L., Woolgar, M., Briers, S. & Hipwell, (Univ. Calif. Davis, Dept. Psychol., 1 Shields A. (1999) Children's social representations in Ave, Davis, CA 95616, USA) dolls' house play and theory of mind tasks, and their relation to family adversity and child Spiro, M.E. (1999) Anthropology and human disturbance. Social Development, 8, 2, 179-200 nature. Ethos, 27, 1, 7-14 (Univ. Calif. San (Univ. Reading, Dept. Psychol., 3 Earley Gate, Diego, San Diego, CA 92103, USA) Whiteknights, POB 238, Reading RG6 6AL, Berks, England) Stamps, J.A. & Krishnan, V.V. (1999) A learning-based model of territory Nishida, T., Kano, T.., Goodall, J., MCGrew, establishment. Quarterly Review of Biology, W.c. & Nakamura, M. (1999) Ethogram and 74,3,291-318 (Vniv. Calif. Davis, Sect. Evolut. ethnography of Mahale chimpanzees. & Ecol., Davis, CA 95616, USA) Anthropological 107,2, 141-188 (Kyoto Human Ethology Bulletin, 14(4), 1999 27

Steele, H., Steele, M., Croft, C & Fonagy, P. (1999) Infant-mother attachment at one year Darwin Awards predicts children's understanding of mixed emotions at six years. Social Development, 8, 2, 161-178 (Univ. Call. London, Sub Dept. Clin. A true high point of the e-mail year has Hlth. Psycho!., Gower St., London WClE 6BT, arrived. Yes, it is the 1999 Darwin Awards. England) For those sheltered few of you who are not fully aware of the Darwin Awards; these awards are Thornhill, R. & Gangestad, S.W. (1999) The given annually (and posthumously) to those scent of symmetry: A human sex pheromone individuals who did the most for the human that signals fitness? Evolution and Human gene pool by removing themselves from it. Behavior, 20, 3, 175-201 (Univ. New Mexico Dept. Biol., Albuquerque, NM 87131, USA) , GRAVITY KILLS

Van IJzendoom, M.H., Schuengel, C & A 22-year-old Reston man was found dead Bakermans-Kranenburg, M.J.T. (1999) yesterday after he tried to use 'occy' straps (the Disorganized att.achment in early childhood: stretchy little ropes with hooks on each end) to Meta-analysis of precursors, concomitants, and bungee jump off a 70-foot railroad trestle, police sequelae. Development and Psychopathology, said. Fairfax County police said Eric A. Barcia, 11, 2, 225-249 (Leiden Univ., Or. Family & a fast-food worker, taped a bunch of these Child Studies, POB 9555, NL-2300 RB Leiden, straps together, wrapped an end around one Netherlands) foot, anchored the other end to the trestle at Lake Accotink Park, jumped... and hit the Wakefield, J.C (1999) Evolutionary versus pavement. Warren Carmichael, a police prototype analyses of the concept of disorder. spokesman, said investigators think Barcia Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 108, 3, 374-399 was alone because his car was found nearby. (309 W l04th St, Apartment 9C, New York, NY "The length of the cord that he had assembled 10025, USA) was greater than the distance between the trestle and the ground," Carmichael said. Young, S.K., Fox, N.A. & Zahn-Waxler, C. ( Police say the apparent cause of death was (1999) The relations between temperament and "major trauma." An autopsy is scheduled for empathy in 2-year-olds. Developmental later in the week. Psychol9gy, 35,5, 1189-1197 (Fox, N.A.: Univ. Maryland, Inst. Child Study, College Pk, MD CATCH! 20742, USA) A man in Alabama died from rattlesnake bites. Young, S.N. & Palmour, R.M. (1999) Research Big deal you may say, but there's a twist here on genes: promises and limitations. Journal of that makes him a candidate. It seems he and a Psychiatry and Neuroscience, 24, 4, 300-303 friend were playing catch with a rattlesnake. (McGill Univ., Dept. Psychiat., 1033 Pine Ave You can guess what happened from here. The W, Montreal, PQ H3A lAl, Canada) friend (a future Darwin Awards candidate) was hospitalized. .

Happy Holidays and a productive New Millenium! INTERNATIONAL SOCIETY FOR HUMAN ETHOLOGY

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The International Society for Human Ethology aims at promoting ethological perspectives in the scientific study of humans worldwide. It encourages empirical research in all fields of human behavior using the full range of methods developed in biology and the human behavioral sciences and operating within the provided by evolutionary theory. Founded in 1972, the Society fosters the exchange of knowledge and opinions concerning human ethology with all the other empirical sciences of human behavior. A not-far-profit scientific society, ISHE administers its funds to support this purpose.

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